War crimes in the Gaza war#By Israel

{{See also|Palestinian war crimes|Palestinian political violence}}

File:Hamas gunmen shooting into civilian car on October 7 2023.png

Determining the applicability of laws of war to militant groups is a difficult question, as both the Council of Europe and International Committee of the Red Cross note that international law treats war and terrorism as separate legal categories.{{cite web |title=War and terrorism |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/war-and-terrorism |website=Council of Europe |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031041143/https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/war-and-terrorism |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Thynne |first1=Kelisiana |title=Better a war criminal or a terrorist? A comparative study of war crimes and counterterrorism legislation |url=https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/better-a-war-criminal-or-a-terrorist-a-comparative-study-916 |website=International Review of the Red Cross |date=18 February 2022 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031042646/https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/better-a-war-criminal-or-a-terrorist-a-comparative-study-916 |url-status=live }} The Israeli, American, EU, UK, Japanese, and Canadian governments define Hamas as a terrorist group. However, some disagree with this characterization and claim Hamas are not terrorists.{{cite web |last1=Marks |first1=Monica |title=What the World Gets Wrong About Hamas |url=https://time.com/6329776/hamas-isis-gaza/ |website=Time Magazine |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031004527/https://time.com/6329776/hamas-isis-gaza/ |url-status=live }} While the term "international law" pertains to states, it also applies to insurgent and terrorist armed forces. Even if an insurgency is deemed lawful — meaning it meets the criteria of "just cause", it must adhere to the principles of "just means". Regarding Hamas and its combatants, even if they have a presumptive right to fight against what they term as an "Israeli occupation," they must still abide by legal rules of "discrimination", "proportionality", and "military necessity".

On 9 October 2023 Human Rights Watch stated that Hamas's apparent targeting of civilians, indiscriminate attacks, and taking of hostages amounted to war crimes.{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/israel/palestine-devastating-civilian-toll-parties-flout-legal-obligations|title=Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=9 October 2023|date=9 October 2023|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009202840/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/israel/palestine-devastating-civilian-toll-parties-flout-legal-obligations|url-status=live}}

On 10 October 2023 the OHCHR stated the taking of hostages and use of human shields were war crimes. United Nations Human Rights chief Volker Türk noted that militant groups' "horrifying mass killings" were violations of international law.

{{see also|October 7 Hamas-led attacks on Israel|label 1=|Executions and assassinations during the Gaza war|label 2=|Allegations of genocide in the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel|label 3=Allegations of genocide|}}

File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO03).jpg carried out by Hamas]]

File:Disaster Victim Identification after 2023 Hamas attack on Israel (ZAKA1052)..jpg

On 12 October, Jens David Ohlin argued Hamas's attacks potentially violated Articles 6-8 of the Rome Statute.{{Cite news|last=Ohlin|first=Jens David|title=International Criminal Law Analysis of the Situation in Israel|url=https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/12/international-criminal-law-analysis-of-the-situation-in-israel/|date=12 October 2023|work=Opinio Juris|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010014/https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/12/international-criminal-law-analysis-of-the-situation-in-israel/|url-status=live}} Ohlin asserted the attacks might violate Article 6, if it could be proved the perpetrators had "genocidal intent". On 7 October, as his forces were massacring civilians, Ismail Haniyeh, the head of the Hamas Political Bureau, stated in a speech the intent of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, saying, "We want to liberate our land, our holy sites, our Al-Aqsa Mosque, our prisoners." He concluded with the statement "To [the enemy], we have only one thing to say to you: get out of our land. Get out of our sight. Get out of our city of Al-Quds [Jerusalem] and our al-Aqsa mosque. We no longer wish to see you on this land. This land is ours, Al-Quds is ours, everything [here] is ours. You are strangers in this pure and blessed land. There is no place of safety for you."{{cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Graham-Harrison |first3=Emma |last4=Kierszenbaum |first4=Quique |last5=Balousha |first5=Hazem |last6=Taha |first6=Sufian |last7=Sherwood |first7=Harriet |last8=Beaumont |first8=Peter |title=Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |newspaper=The Observer |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020003656/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |url-status=live }}

According to Ohlin, militant groups violated Article 7 if there was evidence the attacks had been part of an organized "plan or policy". Finally, Ohlin argued, the militant groups violated Article 8 by killing civilians. On 7 October, the militant groups killed civilians.{{cite news|last1=Kingsley|first1=Patrick|last2=Bergman|first2=Ronen|title=The Secrets Hamas Knew About Israel's Military|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-attack-gaza.html|access-date=15 October 2023|work=The New York Times|date=13 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014235033/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-attack-gaza.html|url-status=live}} 260 were killed at the Nova music festival, 112 at Be'eri, and 73 at Kfar Aza.{{cite news|last1=Srivastava|first1=Mehul|last2=Clark|first2=Dan|last3=Williams|first3=Justine|last4=Joiner|first4=Sam|last5=Andringa|first5=Peter|last6=Campbell|first6=Chris|last7=Hemingway|first7=Eade|last8=Zilber|first8=Neri|last9=Reed|first9=John|title=Seventeen hours of terror: how Hamas invaded one Israeli community|url=https://www.ft.com/content/209de510-e4d7-44c1-8bb1-b086af6a1f8a|access-date=15 October 2023|work=Financial Times|date=13 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231013183640/https://www.ft.com/content/209de510-e4d7-44c1-8bb1-b086af6a1f8a|url-status=live}} Victims were allegedly subject to immolation, dismemberment, and beheading.{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Kelly|Cahlan|2023}}|{{cite news|title=Kfar Aza, el kibutz donde Hamas asesinó a 40 niños|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2023/10/10/652565d5e4d4d891578b457e.html|access-date=15 October 2023|work=El Mundo|date=10 October 2023|language=es|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193700/https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2023/10/10/652565d5e4d4d891578b457e.html|url-status=live}}|{{harvnb|Williams|Lyall|2023}}|{{harvnb|Tenbarge|Chan|2023}}|{{harvnb|Joffre|2023}}}}{{cite news |title=עדויות תושבי העוטף ממתקפת הפתע על ישראל: "טובחים כאן בתינוקות" |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14679668 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=Israel Hayom |date=7 October 2023|language=he |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009173239/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14679668 |url-status=live }} On 15 October, a group of 100 Israeli and international law experts argued videos released on social media showed war crimes.{{cite news |last1=Winer |first1=Stuart |date=15 October 2023 |title=Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015112831/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/ |archive-date=15 October 2023}}{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite news|title=Is Israel acting within the laws of war in Gaza?|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613}}|{{harvnb|Sharon|2023a}}}}{{Cite magazine|date=9 October 2023|title=Images of the Mass Kidnapping of Israelis by Hamas|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/|access-date=10 October 2023|magazine=The Atlantic|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010012057/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/|url-status=live}} In early December 2023, ICC chief prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan visited Israel in response to a request from a group representing families of victims of the 7 October Hamas attack on Israel. He said that the attacks against Israeli civilians on 7 October constituted some of the most serious international crimes that shock the conscience of humanity—crimes that the ICC was established to address. Khan emphasized the crimes were not random murders," and noted that Hamas "hunted down people" and that "children were kidnapped from their cots". He added that his office is willing to cooperate with Israel in investigating the events of October 7.{{Cite news |title=ICC Prosecutor in Israel for First-ever Visit: 'Reason to Believe' Hamas Committed War Crimes on Oct 7 |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-02/ty-article/.premium/icc-prosecutor-in-first-ever-israel-visit-reason-to-believe-hamas-committed-war-crimes/0000018c-2a67-d5f2-a5cc-6e7798c80000 |access-date=2023-12-07 |archive-date=2023-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202175510/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-02/ty-article/.premium/icc-prosecutor-in-first-ever-israel-visit-reason-to-believe-hamas-committed-war-crimes/0000018c-2a67-d5f2-a5cc-6e7798c80000 |url-status=live }}https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-concludes-first-visit-israel-and-state-palestine-icc-prosecutor {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118205222/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-concludes-first-visit-israel-and-state-palestine-icc-prosecutor |date=2024-01-18 }} ICC Prosecutor, Karim A. A. Khan KC, concludes first visit to Israel and State of Palestine by an ICC Prosecutor: "We must show that the law is there, on the front lines, and that it is capable of protecting all". 3 December 2023, Cour pénale internationale (CPI) - | International Criminal Court

At the Nova music festival massacre, Hamas militants killed 270 civilians, methodically shooting fleeing and hiding attendees, as well as taking hostages, in the largest terror attack against a concert in history. Witnesses reported that some of the women were raped.{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Marisa |date=25 November 2023 |title=UN and Women's Groups Ignore or Deny the Systematic Rape of Israeli Women by Hamas |language= |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/un-ignores-systematic-rape-of-israeli-women-by-hamas |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125192430/https://www.thedailybeast.com/un-ignores-systematic-rape-of-israeli-women-by-hamas |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=How Biden condemned Hamas for rape before the IDF officially confirmed it happened |url=https://forward.com/news/564318/sexual-assault-rape-proof-hamas-idf-israel-gaza/ |work=The Forward |date=11 October 2023 |language=en |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011233557/https://forward.com/news/564318/sexual-assault-rape-proof-hamas-idf-israel-gaza/ |url-status=live }}{{cite magazine |last1=Browne |first1=David |last2=Dillon |first2=Nancy |last3=Grow |first3=Kory |title='They Wanted to Dance in Peace. And They Got Slaughtered' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/hamas-israel-nova-music-festival-massacre-1234854306/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018015038/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/hamas-israel-nova-music-festival-massacre-1234854306/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Israeli music festival: 260 bodies recovered from site where people fled in hail of bullets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=BBC News |date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |url-status=live }}

At the Be'eri massacre, approximately 70 Hamas militants killed at least 130 people, approximately 10% of the population of Be'eri, including women, children, and one{{Cite news |last1=Hasson |first1=Nir |last2=Rozovsky |first2=Liza |date=4 December 2023 |title=Hamas Committed Documented Atrocities. But a Few False Stories Feed the Deniers |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-04/ty-article-magazine/.premium/hamas-committed-documented-atrocities-but-a-few-false-stories-feed-the-deniers/0000018c-34f3-da74-afce-b5fbe24f0000 |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=Haaretz}}{{Cite web |last=Scahill |first=Jeremy |date=14 December 2023 |title=Joe Biden Keeps Repeating His False Claim That He Saw Pictures of Beheaded Babies |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/12/14/israel-biden-beheaded-babies-false/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}} infant. When inside the kibbutz they went house to house, shooting or capturing the residents.{{cite news |last1=Tanno |first1=Sophie |last2=Murphy |first2=Paul P. |last3=Goodwin |first3=Allegra |last4=Brown |first4=Benjamin |last5=Gold |first5=Hadas |last6=Salman |first6=Abeer |last7=Dahman |first7=Ibrahim |last8=Khadder |first8=Kareem |last9=Mezzofiore |first9=Gianluca |last10=Stambaugh |first10=Alex |title=Festivalgoers, children, soldiers: What we know about the people captured by Hamas |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/08/europe/israel-hostages-hamas-what-we-know-intl/index.html |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=CNN |date=8 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008223556/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/08/europe/israel-hostages-hamas-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/israeli-victims-families-urge-international-criminal-court-to-investigate-hamas-attacks-101698790699126.html|title=Israeli victims' families urge ICC to investigate Hamas attacks|date=November 2023|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118095138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/israeli-victims-families-urge-international-criminal-court-to-investigate-hamas-attacks-101698790699126.html|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Gaza war hostage crisis}}

File:Nova_massacre_dashcam.jpg that left at least 360 people dead and others taken hostage]]

Hostage-taking is outlawed in non-international armed conflicts as per Article 1(b) of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and customary international humanitarian law, and is recognized as a war crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Hostage-taking is defined as detaining a person with threats to harm them to compel a third party to act or abstain from acting as a condition for the hostage's safety. Hostages can be civilians or individuals not actively partaking in hostilities, including surrendered or detained armed forces members.

Human Rights Watch has stated that "Hamas and Islamic Jihad are committing war crimes by holding scores of Israelis and others as hostages in Gaza". They also added that "Civilians, including children, people with disabilities, and older people, should never be treated as bargaining chips", and "The armed groups should immediately and safely release all civilians detained".{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/19/hamas-islamic-jihad-holding-hostages-war-crime |title=Hamas, Islamic Jihad: Holding Hostages is a War Crime |work=Human Rights Watch |date=19 October 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020003656/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/19/hamas-islamic-jihad-holding-hostages-war-crime |url-status=live}} The secretary-general of Amnesty International urged the immediate release of "all civilians who were abducted, including children", and supported an investigation into these incidents "as part of the International Criminal Court's ongoing investigation into crimes committed by all parties in the current conflict".{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-palestinian-armed-groups-must-be-held-accountable-for-deliberate-civilian-killings-abductions-and-indiscriminate-attacks/ |title=Israel: Palestinian armed groups must be held accountable for deliberate civilian killings, abductions and indiscriminate attacks |work=Amnesty International |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010015/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-palestinian-armed-groups-must-be-held-accountable-for-deliberate-civilian-killings-abductions-and-indiscriminate-attacks/ |url-status=live}}

During the Hamas attack approximately 200 people were taken hostage by militants.{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Subramaniam|Raine|Poole|Berlinger|Chowdhury|Meyer|Yeung|2023}}|{{harvnb|Fabian|2023a}}}} Hostages included women, children, elderly and even babies.{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Hamas hostages: Stories of the people taken from Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67053011 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125203131/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67053011 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Dan |date=28 November 2023 |title=Baby remains hostage in Gaza as others go free in Israel-Hamas deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/baby-remains-hostage-gaza-others-go-free-israel-hamas-deal-2023-11-28/ |work=reuters |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208202339/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/baby-remains-hostage-gaza-others-go-free-israel-hamas-deal-2023-11-28/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Nesi |first1=Chris |date=13 October 2023 |title=Hamas seen holding kidnapped Israeli children, babies in footage |url=https://nypost.com/2023/10/13/hamas-seen-holding-kidnapped-israeli-children-babies-in-footage/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130082949/https://nypost.com/2023/10/13/hamas-seen-holding-kidnapped-israeli-children-babies-in-footage/ |url-status=live }} Under the Geneva Convention, taking hostages is described as a "grave breach".{{cite news |date=15 October 2023 |title=Rules of war: international law and the Israel-Hamas conflict |language=en |work=Australian Financial Review |url=https://www.afr.com/world/middle-east/rules-of-war-international-law-and-the-israel-hamas-conflict-20231015-p5ecef |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015043121/https://www.afr.com/world/middle-east/rules-of-war-international-law-and-the-israel-hamas-conflict-20231015-p5ecef |archive-date=15 October 2023}}{{cite news |title=Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza? |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/13/war-crimes-israel-gaza-hamas/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022002635/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/13/war-crimes-israel-gaza-hamas/ |archive-date=22 October 2023}} In response to Israeli airstrikes on civilian residences, Hamas threatened on 13 October to execute a hostage every time Israel bombed a home without giving advance warning.{{cite news |last1=Harwell |first1=Drew |date=13 October 2023 |title=Hamas vows to broadcast hostage executions. Tech firms can't stop them. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/hamas-hostage-video-threat/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/hamas-hostage-video-threat/ |archive-date=22 October 2023}} Omar Shakir, Israel and Palestine director of Human Rights Watch, asserted hostage-taking was a "heinous crime" with no justification. Amnesty International noted the militant groups' actions — including hostage-taking — "flagrantly violated international law".

On 31 August 2024, the IDF recovered the bodies of six hostages kidnapped during the Nova festival massacre, including Hersh Goldberg-Polin, from a tunnel in Rafah. Autopsies revealed that they had been killed from close range just 1–2 days earlier. Subsequently, it was reported that Hamas militants holding Israeli hostages in Gaza were given new orders to execute them if Israeli forces approached.{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Christian |date=3 September 2024 |title=Hamas' brutal new tactics signal new phase in war and hostage crisis |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/03/middleeast/hamas-israel-hostage-deal-raise-stakes-intl/index.html |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}} Following the recovery and burial of the hostages, Hamas released a propaganda video showing one of the slain captives before her death, seemingly intended to inflict psychological distress on the families of the hostages. Additionally, Hamas issued a warning that it would execute any remaining hostages if Israel attempted a rescue operation.{{Cite web |last=Hjelmgaard |first=Kim |title='Last message': As Israel buried six killed hostages, Hamas releases propaganda video |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/09/03/hamas-propaganda-video-israel-hostages-killed/75053163007/ |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}

{{see also| Nahal Oz attack }}

{{See also|Use of human shields by Hamas}}

The Israel Defense Forces allege that Hamas uses civilians as human shields.{{Cite web |last=Berlinger |first=Joshua |date=15 October 2023 |title=The 'Gaza metro': The mysterious subterranean tunnel network used by Hamas |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/15/middleeast/hamas-tunnels-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026040445/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/15/middleeast/hamas-tunnels-gaza-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=EXPLAINER: Are Israel, Hamas committing war crimes in Gaza? |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-explainer-87fc72d73fae1664d3a42a8bf79d10b5 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025223548/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-explainer-87fc72d73fae1664d3a42a8bf79d10b5 |url-status=live }} This allegation has received support from the UK, the US, Australia, and European Commission.{{Unbulleted list citebundle |{{harvnb|O'Grady|2023}}|{{harvnb|Stacey|2023}}|{{Cite AV media|title=Israel War: What a ground war in Gaza could look like|date=18 October 2023|type=News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QzYT7Z9hB8&t=83s|access-date=19 October 2023|publisher=Bloomberg Television|language=en|via=YouTube|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022003722/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QzYT7Z9hB8&t=83s|url-status=live}}|{{Cite AV media|title=Hamas will use Palestinians as 'human shields' during Israeli ground invasion|date=17 October 2023|type=News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8DaINiII_Y&t=42s|access-date=19 October 2023|publisher=Sky News Australia|language=en|via=YouTube|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022003726/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8DaINiII_Y&t=42s|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|date=14 October 2023|title=Hamas Leader Behind Attacks Killed in Airstrike; Biden Speaker with Families of Missing Americans; IDF Sets Safe Passage Window for Gaza Civilians; Tens of Thousands Flee from Northern Gaza; Interview with Australian Strategic Policy Institute Senior Analyst and Military Analyst Malcolm Davis|url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/cnr/date/2023-10-14/segment/22|access-date=19 October 2023|via=CNN Transcripts|agency=CNN Newsroom|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022005145/https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/cnr/date/2023-10-14/segment/22|url-status=live}}}} The Israeli army further argued the militant groups' hostages were being used as human shields. Human Rights Watch noted that using hostages, or any other person held in custody, as human shields is illegal.{{cite web|title=Questions and Answers: October 2023 Hostilities between Israel and Palestinian Armed Groups|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/questions-and-answers-october-2023-hostilities-between-israel-and-palestinian-armed|website=Human Rights Watch|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en|date=9 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015070706/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/questions-and-answers-october-2023-hostilities-between-israel-and-palestinian-armed|url-status=live}} On the counter side, Israeli Defense Forces have been accused of making no, or an inadequate distinction between Hamas forces and civilians.{{Cite web |title=How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206045355/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |url-status=live }}

All combatants, including insurgents, are bound by the law of war. Louis René Beres has analyzed the placing of military assets amid Palestinian civilian populations, in previous anti-terror wars against Hamas, categorizing this as a clear and punishable crime under international law. The act of perfidy is described as a "grave breach" in Article 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. Placing military assets or personnel in civilian populated areas is forbidden by the Hague Regulations.Beres, Louis René. "[https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2023/10/hamas-terror-attacks-and-international-law/ Hamas Terror Attacks and International Law.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204173730/https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2023/10/hamas-terror-attacks-and-international-law/ |date=2023-12-04 }}" Jurist, 9 October 2023, edited by Ingrid Burke Friedman. Neve Gordon, professor of international law and human rights at Queen Mary University of London and co-author of the 2020 book Human Shields: A History of People in the Line of Fire,{{sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} has stated that the Israeli military and government's claims of Hamas using Palestinian civilians as human shields "should be understood as a pre-emptive legal defence against accusations that Israel is committing war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza."{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Neve |date=1 December 2023 |title=Neve Gordon {{!}} On Human Shields |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2023/december/on-human-shields |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=LRB Blog |language=en}} Janina Dill, a laws of war professor at University of Oxford, stated, "Even if Hamas uses civilians as human shields, those civilians are entitled to full protection under international law unless they directly participate in the fighting".{{cite news |last1=Yee |first1=Vivian |title=More Than 100 Members of This Gaza Clan Have Been Killed in War |work=The New York Times |date=17 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/17/world/middleeast/gaza-al-astal-loss.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219005736/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/17/world/middleeast/gaza-al-astal-loss.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare |url-status=live }}

Hamas militants allegedly disguise themselves as civilians and hide weapons in schools, mosques and hospitals, which are violations of international law.{{cite news |title=The Civilian Death Toll in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/07/briefing/the-civilian-death-toll-in-gaza.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220102910/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/07/briefing/the-civilian-death-toll-in-gaza.html |url-status=live }} The Rome Statute and the Geneva Conventions article 37, require distinguishing combatants from civilians, and providing for medical treatment of the wounded by designated units.{{Cite news |last=Taub |first=Amanda |date=16 November 2023 |title=How International Law Views Military Action at a Hospital |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/16/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-al-shifa-hospital-law.html |access-date=26 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117143428/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/16/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-al-shifa-hospital-law.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=13 January 2009 |title=Law professor: Hamas is a war crimes 'case study' |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel/law-professor-hamas-is-a-war-crimes-case-study |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226110155/https://www.jpost.com/israel/law-professor-hamas-is-a-war-crimes-case-study |url-status=live }}

• {{harvnb|Beres|2016}}
• {{Cite web |date=20 May 2021 |title=Israel versus Hamas: Proportionality, Perfidy and the Law of War |url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/05/louis-rene-beres-israel-hamas-war/ |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=www.jurist.org |language=en-US |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226112527/https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/05/louis-rene-beres-israel-hamas-war/ |url-status=live }}
• {{harvnb|Beres|2023}}{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Abraham |date=2010 |title=A Critique of the Goldstone Report and Its Treatment of International Humanitarian Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5305/procannmeetasil.104.0079 |journal=Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting |volume=104 |pages=79–86 |doi=10.5305/procannmeetasil.104.0079 |jstor=10.5305/procannmeetasil.104.0079 |s2cid=155388918 |issn=0272-5037 |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226113107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5305/procannmeetasil.104.0079 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
• {{Cite magazine |date=5 August 2014 |title=No Easy Answers to Charges of War Crimes in Gaza |url=https://time.com/3082458/gaza-war-crimes-israel-palestine/ |access-date=26 December 2023 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226112849/https://time.com/3082458/gaza-war-crimes-israel-palestine/ |url-status=live }}{{excessive citations inline|date=December 2023}}

File:SoI-War 23-10-27 IDF 07-03.jpg compound]]

{{further |Alleged military use of al-Shifa hospital|Al-Rantisi Hospital#Claims of military use}}

During wartime, medical facilities are considered protected objects, and the use of them for military purposes is a war crime. Hamas has been condemned by the EU for using "hospitals and civilians as human shields".{{Cite news |date=12 November 2023 |title=EU condemns Hamas for using 'hospitals as human shields', urges Israeli restraint |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-condemns-hamas-using-hospitals-human-shields-urges-israeli-restraint-2023-11-12/ |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112235636/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-condemns-hamas-using-hospitals-human-shields-urges-israeli-restraint-2023-11-12/ |url-status=live }} Israel alleges it operates a major command and control center beneath Al-Shiba hospital. According to Amer Abu Awash, a member of Hamas' elite Nukhba Force, much of Hamas' underground infrastructure is beneath hospitals, placed there so that Israel "won't strike them".{{cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |title=What is a human shield and how has Hamas been accused of using them? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/human-shield-israel-claim-hamas-command-centre-under-hospital-palestinian-civilian-gaza-city |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107212606/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/human-shield-israel-claim-hamas-command-centre-under-hospital-palestinian-civilian-gaza-city |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=How Hamas uses hospitals as shields during war |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/hamas-hospitals-israel |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524132928/https://nationalpost.com/news/hamas-hospitals-israel |url-status=live }} Abu Awash made this claim while handcuffed and undergoing IDF interrogation.

Israel's claims have been contradicted by medical staff and by some international bodies.{{cite web |title=Gaza City: Babies dying in hospital amid scenes of devastation |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143497 |website=United Nations |date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113122106/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143497 |url-status=live }} Ghassan Abu-Sittah, a resident doctor at al-Shifa, called Israel's assertion of Hamas using the hospital an "outlandish excuse" to bomb it.{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-accuses-hamas-of-commanding-attacks-from-inside-gaza-hospital-12994074|title=Israel accuses Hamas of launching attacks from inside Gaza hospitals - and signals it could target medical facilities|publisher=Sky News|first=Deborah|last=Haynes|date=27 October 2023|access-date=9 November 2023|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113183916/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-accuses-hamas-of-commanding-attacks-from-inside-gaza-hospital-12994074|url-status=live}} In response to the IDF allegations, Norwegian doctor Mads Gilbert, who has worked both at al-Shifa and al-Quds, said that Israel had a well-documented history of attacking civilian healthcare facilities without ever providing real evidence they were used in military capacities.{{cite web |title=Hamas using hospitals as command centres? No proof says aid doctor on the ground |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/hamas-using-hospitals-as-command-centres-no-proof-says-aid-doctor-on-the-ground/ar-AA1jcD0l |website=MSN |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114753/https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/hamas-using-hospitals-as-command-centres-no-proof-says-aid-doctor-on-the-ground/ar-AA1jcD0l |url-status=live }}

The IDF claimed they found bullets, grenades, and an assortment of other small weapons at the Al-Shifa Hospital,{{cite news | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bjnydarr6 | title=גלנט: "מסתור המחבלים הפך למלכודת מוות" - תיעוד: מעטפות כסף עם "ברכות" בשיפא | newspaper=Ynet | date=18 March 2024 | last1=זיתון | first1=יואב }} and other hospitals in the Gaza Strip. However, the majority of what the IDF have shown is explicitly allowed to be present at a hospital in an urban war zone, according to the 1949 Geneva Conventions - Convention(I), Article 22, Paragraph 3 - because small arms and ammunition can arrive with wounded combatants and may be difficult to dispose of in a timely manner.{{Cite web| title= Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary of 2016. Article 22 - Conditions not depriving medical units and establishments of protection | url= https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gci-1949/article-22/ |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org | quote = The following conditions shall not be considered as depriving a medical unit or establishment of the protection guaranteed by Article 19: ... (3) That small arms and ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and not yet handed to the proper service, are found in the unit or establishment. }}{{cite web | title= Convention (I) Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary of 2016. Article 22 - Paragraph 3: The presence of small arms and ammunition |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gci-1949/article-22/commentary/2016#_Toc452045665 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org |access-date=24 June 2024}} Combatants and civilians are allowed to be treated at the same shared facilities,{{cite web |title= Paragraph 5: Care for wounded and sick civilians |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gci-1949/article-22/commentary/2016#_Toc452045667 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org |access-date=24 June 2024}} and both groups of patients are protected. The presence of small arms alone would not disqualify the hospitals from protected status as medical facilities, and it would remain illegal to attack the hospitals or to obstruct medical staff doing their duties.{{cite web |title= Convention (I) Geneva, 1949, Article 19 - Protection of medical units and establishments |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gci-1949/article-19 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org |access-date=24 June 2024}}

On 5 November, during the invasion of Gaza, the IDF released videos claiming Hamas fighters fired from the Sheikh Hamad Hospital. In response, Qatari official Mohammed El Emadi condemned Israel's claim, stating it was made "without concrete evidence or an independent investigation" and was a "blatant attempt to justify the occupation's targeting of civilian facilities."{{cite web |title=Qatar rejects Israeli claims of tunnel network under Gaza hospital |url=https://aje.io/91bdr3?update=2467061 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/6/israel-hamas-live-news-communications-blackout-across-gaza?update=2467061 |url-status=live }} The IDF video also showed an entrance to an underground complex, which according to the IDF led to the Hamas tunnel network.{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=IDF releases new intel detailing Hamas use of Gaza hospitals for terror |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-releases-new-intel-detailing-hamas-use-of-gaza-hospitals-for-terror/ |date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105151648/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-releases-new-intel-detailing-hamas-use-of-gaza-hospitals-for-terror/ |url-status=live }} An Al-Jazeera investigation found that the claimed "tunnel entrance" was instead a hatch for the hospital's water reservoir, which has existed since the hospital's construction.{{cite news |title=Investigation disproves Israel claim of Hamas tunnel under Gaza hospital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/investigation-disproves-israel-claim-of-hamas-tunnel-under-gaza-hospital |access-date=8 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108153346/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/investigation-disproves-israel-claim-of-hamas-tunnel-under-gaza-hospital |url-status=live }} In response to Israel's allegations, Hamas requested the United Nations to form an international committee to inspect hospitals and verify what it called Israel's "false claims" that it uses them to fire rockets.{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |title=Israel rebuffs calls for ceasefire; Lebanon strike angers Hezbollah |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-world-us-split-gaza-ceasefire-israeli-offensive-presses-2023-11-05/ |website=Reuters |date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105135247/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-world-us-split-gaza-ceasefire-israeli-offensive-presses-2023-11-05/ |url-status=live }}

On 14 November, CNN visited what Israel described as a Hamas commander's house, situated between a school and a hospital, and saw a tunnel beneath it that Israel said led in one direction to the school, and in the other direction to the hospital. Visiting the hospital, Israel showed weapons that they said they found in an armory there, as well as unconfirmed indications that hostages may have been held there.{{cite news |title=Israel shows CNN an underground tunnel between a school and hospital in Gaza |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/13/cnn-inside-gaza-hospital-israel-defense-forces-hamas-robertson-pkg-src-vpx.cnn |access-date=15 November 2023 |date=14 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124095513/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/13/cnn-inside-gaza-hospital-israel-defense-forces-hamas-robertson-pkg-src-vpx.cnn |url-status=live }} According to The New York Times, the origins of the weapons shown in the video could not be independently verified.{{cite news |last1=Gavrielov |first1=Nadav |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Matthew |title=Israel shows videos of a Gaza hospital basement it says was used by Hamas. |work=The New York Times |date=14 November 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/11/13/world/israel-hamas-gaza-war-news/israel-shows-videos-of-a-gaza-hospital-basement-it-says-was-used-by-hamas?smid=url-share |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115012657/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/11/13/world/israel-hamas-gaza-war-news/israel-shows-videos-of-a-gaza-hospital-basement-it-says-was-used-by-hamas?smid=url-share |url-status=live }} Charles Lister, Director of the Counterterrorism and Extremism Program at the Middle East Institute, stated the IDF footage clearly indicated that the basement was a bomb shelter.{{cite web |title=Israeli propaganda in Gaza: Experts debunk incubator, hostage hideout claims |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-propaganda-incubators-hostage-hideout-backfires |website=The New Arab |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114185640/https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-propaganda-incubators-hostage-hideout-backfires |url-status=live }} Mohammed Zaqout, a Gaza Health Ministry official responsible for Gaza's hospitals, stated the basement was a shelter for women and children.{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Nic |title=Israel shows alleged Hamas 'armory' under children's hospital in Gaza. Local health officials dismiss the claims |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/middleeast/israel-alleges-hamas-armory-under-hospital-in-gaza-hnk-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118175010/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/middleeast/israel-alleges-hamas-armory-under-hospital-in-gaza-hnk-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}

In December 2023, The Washington Post analyzed the publicly released material by Israel, along with satellite imagery and other publicly available material, and concluded the rooms connected to a tunnel network did not show any evidence of being used by Hamas, and that each of the buildings IDF spokesman Daniel Hagari had identified as being "directly involved" in Hamas's military activity did not appear to be connected to any tunnel network. The Post stated there was no evidence released that showed a tunnel network could be accessed from the hospital wards.{{cite news | last1=Loveluck | first1=Louisa | last2=Hill | first2=Evan | last3=Baran | first3=Jonathan | last4=Ley | first4=Jarrett | last5=Nakashima | first5=Ellen | title=The case of al-Shifa: Investigating the assault on Gaza's largest hospital | newspaper=Washington Post | date=21 December 2023 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/21/al-shifa-hospital-gaza-hamas-israel/ | access-date=21 December 2023 | archive-date=21 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221174128/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/21/al-shifa-hospital-gaza-hamas-israel/ | url-status=live }}

In February 2024, The New York Times analyzed the evidence, concluding that the tunnel likely connected to the broader tunnel network and that it could be accessed from buildings within the hospital complex, although not the individual wards.{{cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Matthew |last2=Bergman |first2=Ronen |last3=Toler |first3=Aric |last4=Rosales |first4=Helmuth |title=A Tunnel Offers Clues to How Hamas Uses Gaza's Hospitals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/02/12/world/middleeast/gaza-tunnel-israel-hamas.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407025131/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/02/12/world/middleeast/gaza-tunnel-israel-hamas.html |url-status=live }}

File:نمایی از راهروی ساختمان بیمارستان اشکلون در جنوب اسرائیل که هدف راکت گروه حماس قرار گرفته.png, a hospital in southern Israel, during the Hamas-led attack on Israel{{cite news

| last = Efrati

| first = Ido

| title = Direct Rocket Hits, Partial Protection: How a Hospital Operates in Israel's Most Bombarded City

| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-01/ty-article/.premium/hospital-serving-israels-most-bombarded-city-operating-at-30-percent-capacity/0000018b-8887-dd28-a7df-9897d1dd0000

| work = Haaretz

| date = 1 November 2023

| accessdate = 10 December 2023

| archive-date = 1 November 2023

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231101073615/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-01/ty-article/.premium/hospital-serving-israels-most-bombarded-city-operating-at-30-percent-capacity/0000018b-8887-dd28-a7df-9897d1dd0000

| url-status = live

}}]]

{{further |List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023}}

The 7 October attack included at least 4,300 rockets aimed toward Israel,{{Cite web |date=31 August 2024 |title=Probe reveals 6,000 Gazans infiltrated Israel during October 7 massacre - report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817176 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Report: New IDF assessment shows some 6,000 Gazans invaded Israel on Oct. 7 |website=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-new-idf-assessment-shows-some-6000-gazans-invaded-israel-on-oct-7/}} with over 8000 being fired since the war began.{{cite news |title=Over 8000 rockets fired at Israel, 2,50,000 civilians evacuated from their homes: IDF |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/over-8000-rockets-fired-at-israel-250000-civilians-evacuated-from-their-homes-idf/articleshow/104937424.cms |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103182605/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/over-8000-rockets-fired-at-israel-250000-civilians-evacuated-from-their-homes-idf/articleshow/104937424.cms |url-status=live }}{{Cite news|date=8 October 2023|title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes|work=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |archive-date=8 October 2023}} The rockets hit as far away as Tel Aviv and the outskirts of Jerusalem.{{cite news|last1=Martínez|first1=Andrés R.|last2=Bubola|first2=Emma|last3=Pronczuk|first3=Monika|title=What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel's Response|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html|access-date=15 October 2023|work=The New York Times|date=15 October 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143358/https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html|url-status=live}} Human Rights Watch termed the rocket attacks as indiscriminate.{{cite news|title=The Rules of War and Human Rights in the Israel-Hamas War|url=https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/the-rules-of-war-and-human-rights-in-the-israel-hamas-war|access-date=15 October 2023|work=publichealth.jhu.edu|date=12 October 2023|language=en|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015200256/https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/the-rules-of-war-and-human-rights-in-the-israel-hamas-war|url-status=live}} These have included repeated direct strikes on medical facilities, such as the Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon, including pediatric facilities at the Child Development Institute.{{cite journal |last1=Givaty |first1=Gili |last2=Ovadia |first2=Yaniv S |last3=Saban |first3=Mor |title=Insights from the nearest Israeli hospital to the Gaza Strip |journal=The Lancet |date=October 2023 |volume=402 |issue=10412 |pages=1521–1522 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02334-6|pmid=37865106 |s2cid=264296135 |doi-access=free }} Human right organizations and scholars have condemned indiscriminate rocket attacks as a war crime.{{cite news|title=Palestinian Rockets in May Killed Civilians in Israel, Gaza|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/12/palestinian-rockets-may-killed-civilians-israel-gaza|access-date=15 October 2023|date=12 August 2021|language=en|website=Human Rights Watch|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011172605/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/12/palestinian-rockets-may-killed-civilians-israel-gaza|url-status=live}}

{{Excerpt|Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel|only=paragraphs}}

On 6 January 2024 Israeli military accused Hamas of using child soldiers,{{ambiguous|date=June 2024}} including to deliver explosive devices and to scout the battlefield in order to "assess the damage" on battlefields. They added that Hamas and Islamic Jihad had for years run summer camps in the Gaza Strip where children underwent military training.{{cite news |title=IDF destroys Shifa Hospital tunnels, accuses Hamas of using child soldiers |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-destroys-shifa-hospital-tunnels-as-fighting-intensifies-in-central-southern-gaza/ |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105230952/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-destroys-shifa-hospital-tunnels-as-fighting-intensifies-in-central-southern-gaza/ |url-status=live }} Previously Ynet had reported that "a senior Hamas militant" captured by Israel had testified during interrogation that Hamas used children to carry explosives.{{cite news |title=מפקד בחמאס הודה בחקירתו: משתמשים בילדים כדי להעביר חומרי נפץ בעזה {{!}} צפו |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkqvj1xvt |access-date=22 December 2023 |publisher=Ynet |date=22 December 2023 |language=he |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222105701/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkqvj1xvt |url-status=live }}

The use and recruitment of children under 15 as soldiers is a war crime.{{cite news |title='Horrible things': Unseen impact of Israel-Hamas war on children |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/horrible-things-unseen-impact-of-israelhamas-war-on-children/news-story/1c46459e99468c1491aec063cf8d6066 |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019154319/https://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/horrible-things-unseen-impact-of-israelhamas-war-on-children/news-story/1c46459e99468c1491aec063cf8d6066 |url-status=live }} But the IDF did not specify an age for the alleged child soldiers.

File:Hamas gunmen seen looting stores in Israel.jpg

Looting took place in several kibbutzim and at Nova festival.{{cite news |title=More than 100 bodies found in Israeli kibbutz Be'eri after Hamas attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/10/middleeast/israel-beeri-bodies-found-idf-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=10 March 2024 |publisher=CNN |date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224223230/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/10/middleeast/israel-beeri-bodies-found-idf-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Hamas attack thrusts kibbutzniks into strange and terrible twilight |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/18/kibbutz-beeri-hamas-attack-gaza-israel/ |access-date=10 March 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 November 2023}} Videos published by the Times of Israel showed that the looting in kibbutz Be'eri was done by Palestinian civilians, who arrived at the kibbutz after the Hamas militants, stealing agricultural equipment, motorbikes, and televisions.{{cite news |title=New footage shows dozens of Hamas terrorists entering Kibbutz Be'eri |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/new-footage-shows-dozens-of-hamas-terrorists-entering-kibbutz-beeri/ |access-date=10 March 2024 |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329042106/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/new-footage-shows-dozens-of-hamas-terrorists-entering-kibbutz-beeri/ |url-status=live }}

{{main|Red Sea crisis}}

As part of their participation in the Gaza war the Houthi militant group that rules part of Yemen has launched attacks against four civilian ships, and captured the Galaxy Leader and detained its crew. According to Human Rights Watch, such attacks and the taking of hostages constitute war crimes "if carried out deliberately or recklessly".{{cite news |title=Yemen: Houthis Attack Civilian Ships {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/13/yemen-houthis-attack-civilian-ships |access-date=6 January 2024 |date=13 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101120755/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/13/yemen-houthis-attack-civilian-ships |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war|Gaza genocide}}

Numerous charges of war crimes have been levied against Israel for its actions against civilians. These charges have come from Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, B'tselem, and human rights groups and experts, including UN rapporteurs.{{multiref|{{cite web|title=Revenge policy in motion; Israel committing war crimes in Gaza|url=https://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20231010_revenge_policy_in_motion_israel_committing_war_crimes_in_gaza|website=B'tselem|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010521/https://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20231010_revenge_policy_in_motion_israel_committing_war_crimes_in_gaza|url-status=live}}|{{harvnb|Robertson|2023a}}|{{harvnb|Speri|2023}}}} Antony Blinken indicated the Biden administration has a "high tolerance" for whatever happens in Gaza.{{cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Edward|last2=Crowley|first2=Michael|title=U.S. Tells World to Back Israel's Gaza Strikes as Civilian Toll Rises|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/us/politics/blinken-israel-gaza-war.html|work=The New York Times|date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017232138/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/us/politics/blinken-israel-gaza-war.html|url-status=live}} In October 2023, the White House stated it had no red lines for Israeli actions.{{cite web |title=White House says 'not drawing red lines for Israel' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/white-house-says-not-drawing-red-lines-for-israel/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027225035/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/white-house-says-not-drawing-red-lines-for-israel/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite SSRN|title=Israeli War Crimes in the Gaza Strip During the Year 2023|date=6 December 2023|ssrn=4656038|last1=Eid|first1=Osama}}

File:Fars Photo of Destruction in Gaza Strip during 2023 War 18.jpg

Israel's adherence to the principles of discrimination and proportionality as required by the laws of war has been questioned.{{#invoke:cite|news|date=14 October 2023 |title=Is Israel acting within the laws of war? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/is-israel-acting-within-the-laws-of-war-in-gaza |access-date=2 January 2024}}{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=13 December 2023 |title=Under Rules of War, 'Proportionality' in Gaza Is Not About Evening the Score |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-proportionality-law-of-war.html |access-date=2 January 2024 |issn=0362-4331}} Human Rights Watch has stated that the overall civilian death toll, and Israel's use of powerful weapons in Gaza's densely-populated neighbourhoods, raised "serious questions" about the legality of Israel's conduct. Human Rights Watch further argued that a higher proportion of casualties among women and children is indicative of a lack of proportionality, demonstrating what they describe as "a disregard toward Palestinian lives". Amnesty International accused Israel of war crimes in a report where it analyzed five incidents between 7 and 12 October where the IDF targeted residential areas in Gaza. It found that in several cases the IDF struck targets with no evidence of military activity and that these attacks were "indiscriminate" in nature. Anonymous IDF officials cited in a report by +972 Magazine indicated a "loosening of constraints" in the rules of engagement, and that in numerous cases the IDF struck targets despite no evidence of military activity. The report claims that the rationale behind such attacks was "to harm Palestinian civil society" and, according to one source cited by the report, to "lead civilians to put pressure on Hamas".

Experts cited by The Washington Post argue that certain Israeli airstrikes show that Israel has a tolerance for civilian casualties "orders of magnitude greater" than that of the US in its war against ISIS.{{cite news |title=As Gaza death toll soars, secrecy shrouds Israel's targeting process |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/05/israel-strike-targets-gaza-civilians-hamas/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226140439/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/05/israel-strike-targets-gaza-civilians-hamas/ |url-status=live}} United Nations officials and human rights groups have argued that Israel has not done enough to protect civilians. In March 2024, the United Nations said that more children were killed in Gaza in four months than in four years of worldwide wars.{{cite web |first=Nataliya |last=Vasilyeva |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/03/13/children-killed-gaza-united-nations-wars-worldwide/ |title=More children killed in Gaza in four months than in four years of worldwide wars, says UN |work=The Telegraph |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240313165714/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/03/13/children-killed-gaza-united-nations-wars-worldwide/ |url-status=live}} Philippe Lazzarini, head of the UN's agency for Palestinian refugees, declared: "This war is a war on children". Mark Perlmutter, an American doctor working in Gaza, reported that Israeli snipers were targeting children, stating, "No toddler gets shot twice by mistake by the 'world's best sniper.' And they're dead-center shots."{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/children-of-gaza/|title=Children of Gaza|last=Smith|first=Tracy|date=21 July 2024|work=CBS News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005205814/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/children-of-gaza/|archive-date=5 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=6 October 2024}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 23.jpg in Jabalia refugee camp, October 2023.]]

Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, an associate fellow at Chatham House, argued that, given the size and nature of the 7 October attacks, Israel has a right of self-defence that could include its stated military aim of destroying Hamas, which has threatened to repeat its assault and eradicate the state of Israel. According to The Economist, the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and international humanitarian law (IHL) grant Israel flexibility when it comes to taking military action against Hamas, but in its view, Israel's "definition of military targets is being stretched to breaking-point".

Amichai Cohen, an Israeli lawyer, alleges that Israel does not deliberately target civilians but that Hamas's tactics make it hard to take action without affecting civilians. Jill Goldenziel, a professor at the United States National Defense University and Marine Corps University, states that if Israel conducted every strike legally and with utmost precision, civilian casualties in war would remain, and the goal of a proportionality analysis is to decide whether they are excessive.{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Goldenziel |first=Jill |title=Proportionality Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means In Gaza |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillgoldenziel/2023/10/31/proportionality-doesnt-mean-what-you-think-it-means-in-gaza/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=Forbes}} Israeli security officials state that their proportionality criteria in this conflict are unchanged and that they receive legal advice in relation to strikes. Other Israeli officials, speaking anonymously, acknowledged that Israel has struck "private residences and public structures, like the Gaza Parliament and the Islamic University", which would not previously have been considered valuable enough to justify the risk to civilian life.

In April 2024, Human Rights Watch found that Israel violated international law by launching an airstrike on an apartment building in Gaza, killing 106 people, including 54 children, as there were no viable military targets in the area.{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=Gaza: Israeli Strike Killing 106 Civilians an Apparent War Crime |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/gaza-israeli-strike-killing-106-civilians-apparent-war-crime |access-date=6 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513053930/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/gaza-israeli-strike-killing-106-civilians-apparent-war-crime |url-status=live }} In October 2024, The New York Times reported compiled testimony from 44 doctors, nurses, and paramedics who treated multiple cases of preteen children with gunshot wounds to the head or chest in Gaza. Inquiries sent to the IDF regarding the experiences of these health care workers received a statement from a spokesperson that did not directly confirm whether investigations into the shootings of preteen children had been conducted or if any soldiers faced disciplinary action for firing at them.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/09/opinion/gaza-doctor-interviews.html|title=65 Doctors, Nurses and Paramedics: What We Saw in Gaza|last=Sidhwa|first=Feroze|date=9 October 2024|work=The New York Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012012500/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/09/opinion/gaza-doctor-interviews.html|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} In response to claims alleging that the report was based on "fabricated evidence", The New York Times issued a statement defending the integrity of the piece, emphasizing that it had undergone rigorous editing and verification, including consultations with experts and the use of supporting photographs, which they deemed "too horrific for publication".

• {{cite web|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/nyt-rebuts-claims-fake-images-gaza-children-shot-head|title=NYT rebuts pro-Israeli denial of scans showing Gaza children shot in head by soldiers|date=16 October 2024|work=The New Arab|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241022011857/https://www.newarab.com/news/nyt-rebuts-claims-fake-images-gaza-children-shot-head|archive-date=22 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2024}}
• {{harvnb|Dickey|2024}}

In October 2024, the New York Times published an investigation claiming that Israel's military leadership issued an order allowing officers to risk up to 20 civilian deaths per target. Some strikes exceeded that threshold with over 100 civilian deaths for killing one target. The investigation also accuses Israel of dropping excessively big and imprecise bombs on targets where smaller and more precise bombs would've been usable.{{cite web | last=Kingsley | first=Patrick | last2=Odenheimer | first2=Natan | last3=Shbair | first3=Bilal | last4=Bergman | first4=Ronen | last5=Ismay | first5=John | last6=Frenkel | first6=Sheera | last7=Sella | first7=Adam | title=Israel Loosened Its Rules to Bomb Hamas Fighters, Killing Many More Civilians | website=The New York Times | date=26 December 2024 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/26/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-bombing.html | access-date=1 January 2025}}

{{main|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip|Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza}}

{{see also|Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza|Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 16.jpg, 8 October]]

In the first week of the war, the IDF carried out 6,000 airstrikes across Gaza, killing over 3,300 civilians and injuring over 12,000.{{cite news |last1=Abdel-Baqui |first1=Omar |title=Israeli Air Force Says It Has Dropped 6,000 Bombs on Gaza |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/israeli-air-force-says-it-has-dropped-6-000-bombs-on-gaza-QK1aSnupiGqytMVO86PU |newspaper=WSJ |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019112444/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/israeli-air-force-says-it-has-dropped-6-000-bombs-on-gaza-QK1aSnupiGqytMVO86PU |url-status=live }}{{cite news|last1=Ott|first1=Haley|first2=Tucker|last2=Reals|first3=Kerry|last3=Breen|title=Israel-Hamas war: More airstrikes on Gaza today as aid remains stuck in Egypt; Israeli troops told to "be ready" to invade|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-hamas-war-palestinians-biden-speech-after-gaza-hospital-blast/|access-date=20 October 2023|agency=CBS News|date=19 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019235338/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-hamas-war-palestinians-biden-speech-after-gaza-hospital-blast/|url-status=live}} The strikes hit specifically protected locations, including hospitals, markets, refugee camps, mosques, educational facilities, and entire neighborhoods.{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Elise|title=Hamas's actions are war crimes. Israel should not respond with further war crimes.|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/hamas-israel-war-crimes/|access-date=19 October 2023|work=The Guardian|date=16 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011548/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/hamas-israel-war-crimes/|url-status=live}} A group of UN special rapporteurs asserted that Israel's airstrikes are indiscriminate, stating that the airstrikes are "absolutely prohibited under international law and amounts to a war crime".{{cite news|title=UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment'|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/|work=Reuters|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012232721/https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/|url-status=live}}

A +972 Magazine investigation found the IDF had expanded authorization for bombing non-military targets.{{cite web |last1=Abraham |first1=Yuval |title='A mass assassination factory': Inside Israel's calculated bombing of Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ |website=+972 Magazine |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203003813/https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ |url-status=live }} Research conducted by Dr. Yagil Levy at the Open University of Israel confirmed the +972 report, stating Israel was "deliberately targeting residential blocks to cause mass civilian casualties".{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |title=Civilians make up 61% of Gaza deaths from airstrikes, Israeli study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/09/civilian-toll-israeli-airstrikes-gaza-unprecedented-killing-study#:~:text=Haaretz%20published%20an%20analysis%20by,airstrikes%20hovered%20at%20about%2040%25. |website=The Guardian |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209212750/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/09/civilian-toll-israeli-airstrikes-gaza-unprecedented-killing-study#:~:text=Haaretz%20published%20an%20analysis%20by,airstrikes%20hovered%20at%20about%2040%25. |url-status=live }}

During two airstrikes on 10 and 22 October, the IDF used Joint Direct Attack Munitions in attacks described by Amnesty International as "either direct attacks on civilians" or "indiscriminate attacks".{{cite web |title=US-made munitions killed 43 civilians in two documented Israeli air strikes in Gaza – new investigation |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israelopt-us-made-munitions-killed-43-civilians-two-documented-israeli-air-strikes-gaza-new-investigation#:~:text=US%2Dmade%20Joint%20Direct%20Attack,new%20investigation%20into%20those%20strikes. |website=ReliefWeb |date=6 December 2023 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114804/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israelopt-us-made-munitions-killed-43-civilians-two-documented-israeli-air-strikes-gaza-new-investigation-enar#:~:text=US%2Dmade%20Joint%20Direct%20Attack,new%20investigation%20into%20those%20strikes. |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Hammer |first1=Matthias |title=U.S. Military Equipment Traced to Possible War Crimes in Gaza, Report Finds |url=https://time.com/6342821/israel-airstrike-us-military-war-crimes/ |website=Time Magazine |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212141927/https://time.com/6342821/israel-airstrike-us-military-war-crimes/ |url-status=live }} On 24 October, UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for an immediate ceasefire, after stating Israel had committed "clear violations" of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title='Clear violations' of international law in Gaza: UN chief |url=https://aje.io/j9jahf?update=2434460 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024213223/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/23/israel-hamas-war-live-hundreds-killed-israeli-strikes-gaza?update=2434460 |url-status=live }} On 13 November, Israel shelled the Gaza Reconstruction Committee, leading three Arab states to condemn the attack, with Jordan calling it "a heinous war crime to add to Israel's criminal record."{{cite web |title=Oman, Saudi Arabia and Jordan condemn Israeli shelling of Qatari organisation in Gaza |url=https://aje.io/jui07c?update=2483900 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114637/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/13/israel-hamas-war-live-gazas-two-largest-hospitals-shut-amid-nonstop-raids?update=2483900 |url-status=live }} On 12 January 2024, the spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights stated Israel's attacks were failing to account for distinction, proportionality and precautions, thus leaving Israeli exposed to liability for war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |title=UN deplores Israel's 'systematic' refusal to grant access to north Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-deplores-israels-systematic-refusal-grant-access-north-gaza-2024-01-12/#:~:text=%22We%27ve%20repeatedly%20highlighted%20Israel%27s,for%20Human%20Rights%20(OHCHR). |website=Reuters |access-date=13 January 2024}}

Analyses by CNN, The New York Times, and Sky News all found that Israel had bombed areas it had previously told civilians to evacuate to. The Sky News investigation also concluded that Israel's evacuation orders had been "chaotic and contradictory",{{cite web |last1=van der Merwe |first1=Ben |last2=Olive |first2=Michelle Inez |last3=Enokido-Lineham |first3=Simon |title=Israel said Gazans could flee to this neighbourhood - then it was hit |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-said-gazans-could-flee-to-this-neighbourhood-then-it-was-hit-13034936 |website=Sky News |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222002011/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-said-gazans-could-flee-to-this-neighbourhood-then-it-was-hit-13034936 |url-status=live }} NYT found that Israel had dropped 2,000-pound bombs in those areas,{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Robin |last2=Willis |first2=Haley |last3=Jhaveri |first3=Ishaan |last4=Miller |first4=Danielle |last5=Byrd |first5=Aaron |last6=Reneau |first6=Natalie |title=Visual Evidence Shows Israel Dropped 2,000-Pound Bombs Where It Ordered Gaza's Civilians to Move for Safety |work=The New York Times |date=22 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/100000009208814/israel-gaza-bomb-civilians.html?smid=url-share |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222184304/https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/100000009208814/israel-gaza-bomb-civilians.html?smid=url-share |url-status=live }} while CNN stated it had verified at least three locations Israel bombed after telling civilians it was safe to go there.{{cite web |last1=Tacchi |first1=Jake |title=Israel struck some areas it directed civilians to in Gaza, CNN analysis shows |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/21/middleeast/israel-strikes-evacuation-zones-gaza-intl-cmd/index.html |website=CNN |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222001352/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/21/middleeast/israel-strikes-evacuation-zones-gaza-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live }} An NBC news investigation found Palestinians were killed in airstrikes in seven areas that the military had designated as safe zones.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/palestinians-killed-israeli-strikes-safe-zones-exclusive-nbc-report-rcna148008|title=NBC News investigation reveals Israel strikes on Gaza areas it said were safe|date=26 April 2024|website=NBC News|access-date=28 April 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524132917/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/palestinians-killed-israeli-strikes-safe-zones-exclusive-nbc-report-rcna148008|url-status=live}}

In February 2024, the IDF bombed and destroyed the Belgium government's Gaza development office.{{cite web |title=Belgium Summons Israeli Ambassador After Agency Hit In Gaza |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-after-agency-hit-in-gaza-72785245 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204012359/https://www.barrons.com/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-after-agency-hit-in-gaza-72785245 |url-status=live }} In response, Belgium summoned the Israeli ambassador and condemned the "destruction of civilian infrastructure" as a violation of international law.{{cite web |title=Belgium summons Israeli ambassador and strongly condemns bombing of Belgian development agency Enabel |url=https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-and-strongly-condemns-bombing-belgian-development-agency-enabel |website=Kingdom of Belgium |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204012400/https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-and-strongly-condemns-bombing-belgian-development-agency-enabel |url-status=live }}{{efn|Two weeks after the bombing, the Belgian Minister of Development Cooperation Caroline Gennez stated Israel had still not responded to a request for an investigation.{{cite web |title=Belgium receives no clarification from Israel on Gaza building bombing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-planning-rafah-assault-as-talks-continue?update=2703330 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214025432/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-planning-rafah-assault-as-talks-continue?update=2703330 |url-status=live }}}} On 6 February, the UN stated an Israeli assault on Rafah could lead to war crimes.{{cite web |title=War crimes fears over Israeli ground invasion of Rafah |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146242 |website=UN News |date=6 February 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207054343/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146242 |url-status=live }}

On 22 March, Al Jazeera released a video retrieved from an Israeli drone showing four unarmed Palestinians in Khan Younis who were killed by Israeli air attacks. Two were killed instantly, and the others were killed while trying to stumble and crawl away.{{cite web | title=Gaza drone video shows killing of Palestinians in Israeli air attack | website=Al Jazeera | date=22 March 2024 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/3/22/gaza-drone-video-shows-killing-of-palestinians-in-israeli-air-attack | access-date=23 March 2024 | archive-date=22 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322170319/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/3/22/gaza-drone-video-shows-killing-of-palestinians-in-israeli-air-attack | url-status=live }} Al-Jazeera reported that "it is clear from the pictures that these Palestinians were unarmed and posed no threat to anything or anyone".{{cite web | title=IDF probes video of 'unarmed' Palestinians gunned down by drone in Gaza | website=The Jerusalem Post | date=22 March 2024 | url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-793273 | access-date=23 March 2024 | archive-date=22 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322184042/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-793273 | url-status=live }} This footage was described by the UN's special rapporteur Francesca Albanese as a part of the "colossal amount of evidence" of war crimes committed in Gaza by Israel. The IDF started the investigation of the footage and said that they had encountered militants in civilian clothes retrieving previously hidden weapons in that area.{{cite web | title=Israel to investigate drone attack on unarmed Palestinians | website=The Telegraph | date=22 March 2024 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/03/22/israel-drone-attack-palestine-gaza/ | access-date=24 March 2024 | archive-date=24 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524132805/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/03/22/israel-drone-attack-palestine-gaza/ | url-status=live }}

In 24 July, during Israel's second incursion in Khan Yunis, eyewitnesses claimed that Israeli snipers that were deployed there would shoot "anyone who is moving", causing over 20 casualties of mostly women and children.{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title='Snipers shooting anyone who moves' in Khan Younis |url=https://aje.io/xvhqez?update=3070745 |website=Al Jazeera}}

Amnesty International called Israel's indiscriminate attacks illegal and a violation of international law. Secretary General of Amnesty International Agnès Callamard said the 16-year-old "illegal blockade has made Gaza the world's biggest open-air prison", and the international community must now act to avert it from becoming a giant cemetery.{{cite web |title=Damning evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |website=Amnesty International |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020141613/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |url-status=live }} Human Rights Watch reported that Israel has completely shut down communications and put lives at risk in Gaza by carrying out relentless airstrikes and damage to the main communications infrastructure, electricity cuts, fuel blockades, and deliberate shutdowns through technical measures. Deborah Brown, senior technology researcher at Human Rights Watch, said a deliberate shutdown, or restriction of Internet access, is a human rights violation and can be deadly during a crisis. A complete disruption of communications, such as that experienced in Gaza, can provide cover for crimes and impunity, while further undermining humanitarian efforts and putting lives at risk.{{cite web |title=Gaza: Communications Blackout Imminent Due to Fuel Shortage |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/15/gaza-communications-blackout-imminent-due-fuel-shortage#:~:text=(Jerusalem)%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Israeli%20government's,Human%20Rights%20Watch%20said%20today. |website=Human Rights Watch |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207091621/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/15/gaza-communications-blackout-imminent-due-fuel-shortage#:~:text=(Jerusalem)%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Israeli%20government's,Human%20Rights%20Watch%20said%20today. |url-status=live }}

According to Reuters, Israel laid siege to Gaza, home to 2.3 million people, and launched the most powerful bombing campaign in the 75-year-old history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, destroying entire neighbourhoods. Israeli ground forces then swept into Gaza with the stated aim of annihilating Hamas, which runs the enclave.[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-war-crimes-laws-apply-israel-palestinian-conflict-2023-11-16/ WHAT ACTS COULD VIOLATE WAR CRIMES LAW?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127203415/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-war-crimes-laws-apply-israel-palestinian-conflict-2023-11-16/ |date=27 November 2023 }} Retrieved 12 February 2024 Following reports about Israel's use of automated systems for target selection, experts in international humanitarian law stated they were alarmed by accounts that the IDF was accepting "damage ratios as high as 20 civilians", even for lower-ranking militants.{{cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Davies |first2=Harry |title='The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes |website=The Guardian |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524132931/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes |url-status=live }}

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stated on 20 December it had received allegations of Israeli soldiers summarily killing at least eleven unarmed men in Rimal.{{cite web |title=UN Human Rights Office - OPT: Unlawful killings in Gaza City |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-unlawful-killings-gaza-city |website=ReliefWeb |date=20 December 2023 |publisher=OHCHR |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224110520/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-unlawful-killings-gaza-city |url-status=live }} Al Jazeera reported that the number summarily executed was 15, killed during an apartment raid. The execution was witnessed by the families of the men.{{Cite web |title=Video shows aftermath of a summary execution of 15 men in a Gaza apartment |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/18/video-shows-aftermath-of-a-summary-execution-of-15-men-in-a-gaza-apartment |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120020001/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/18/video-shows-aftermath-of-a-summary-execution-of-15-men-in-a-gaza-apartment |url-status=live }} Middlesex University professor William Schabas stated, "It's not really important to demonstrate that they're civilians. Summary executions even of fighters, even of combatants is a war crime."{{cite web |title='Summary execution is a war crime' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2634326 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119165218/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2634326 |url-status=live }} Euro-Med Monitor told Al Jazeera they believe there is a pattern of "systematic" killing, that "In at least 13 of field executions, we corroborated that it was arbitrary on the part of the Israeli forces."{{cite web | title=Palestinians accuse Israeli forces of executing 19 civilians in Gaza | website=Al Jazeera | date=20 January 2024 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/20/palestinians-accuse-israeli-forces-of-executing-19-civilians-in-gaza | access-date=18 April 2024 | archive-date=16 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416111102/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/20/palestinians-accuse-israeli-forces-of-executing-19-civilians-in-gaza | url-status=live }} On 26 December 2023, Euro-Med Monitor submitted a file to the International Criminal Court and United Nations special rapporteurs documenting dozens of cases of field executions carried out by Israeli forces and calling for an investigation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231226-euro-med-submits-findings-on-israeli-army-executions-in-gaza-to-icc-un-calling-them-genocide/|title=Euro-Med submits findings on Israeli army executions in Gaza to ICC, UN, calling them 'genocide' – Middle East Monitor|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213949/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231226-euro-med-submits-findings-on-israeli-army-executions-in-gaza-to-icc-un-calling-them-genocide/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/israeli-executions|title=Watchdog Submits Evidence of Israeli Executions of Gaza Civilians to UN, ICC|website=www.commondreams.org|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213151431/https://www.commondreams.org/news/israeli-executions|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/105179|title=جريدة القدس|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114657/https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/105179|url-status=live}} In March 2024, video of an IDF soldier bragging about killing an elderly deaf man hiding under his bed was released, leading the Council on American-Islamic Relations to condemn the killing as an execution and war crime.{{cite web |title=Video of Israeli soldier bragging about killing elderly Palestinian condemned |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-by-ramadan-looking-tough-biden-says?update=2761177 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183750/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-by-ramadan-looking-tough-biden-says?update=2761177 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Palestinian killed by Israeli soldier identified as elderly deaf man |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-is-restricting-lifesaving-aid-unrwa?update=2762212 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313021719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-is-restricting-lifesaving-aid-unrwa?update=2762212 |url-status=live }} The Israeli military stated they would begin a probe into the incident.{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Laura |title=Israeli military to probe killing of unarmed, elderly and disabled Palestinian |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2764061 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314213254/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2764061 |url-status=live }}

Defense officials told Haaretz that the Israeli army had created kill zones in Gaza, in which any person who crossed an "invisible line" was killed.{{cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Israel Created 'Kill Zones' in Gaza. Anyone Who Crosses Into Them Is Shot |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-03-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-created-kill-zones-in-gaza-anyone-who-crosses-into-them-is-shot/0000018e-946c-d4de-afee-f46da9ee0000 |website=Haaretz |date=31 March 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401001912/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-03-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-created-kill-zones-in-gaza-anyone-who-crosses-into-them-is-shot/0000018e-946c-d4de-afee-f46da9ee0000 |url-status=live }}

{{main|Gaza Strip mass graves}}

A mass grave with 283 bodies was uncovered in April 2024 at Khan Younis's Nasser medical complex in the southern Gaza city. 30 bodies were buried in two graves in the courtyard of Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City.{{cite web |title=Nearly 300 bodies found in mass grave at Gaza hospital, authorities say |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-khan-younis-israel-war-1.7181040 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=Cbc.ca |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422175944/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-khan-younis-israel-war-1.7181040 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Nearly 200 bodies found in mass grave at hospital in Gaza's Khan Younis |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/21/nearly-200-bodies-found-in-mass-grave-at-hospital-in-gazas-khan-younis |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422210426/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/21/nearly-200-bodies-found-in-mass-grave-at-hospital-in-gazas-khan-younis |url-status=live }} Reportedly, bodies were found with their hands and feet tied.{{Cite web |last1=Salman |first1=Abeer |last2=Dahman |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Lister |first3=Tim |date=22 April 2024 |title=Nearly 300 bodies found in mass grave at Gaza hospital, says Gaza Civil Defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/22/middleeast/khan-younis-nasser-hospital-mass-grave-intl/index.html |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055513/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/22/middleeast/khan-younis-nasser-hospital-mass-grave-intl/index.html |url-status=live }} Following the discovery of the mass graves, UN human rights chief Volker Türk called for an independent investigation on the intentional killing of civilians by the IDF and stated the "intentional killing of civilians, detainees, and others who are hors de combat is a war crime".{{Cite web |date=23 April 2024 |title=Mass graves in Gaza show victims' hands were tied, says UN rights office {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148876 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=news.un.org |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424005326/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148876 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Gritten |first1=David |title=UN rights chief 'horrified' by mass grave reports at Gaza hospitals |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/un-rights-chief-horrified-mass-181544829.html |website=Yahoo! News |date=24 April 2024 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504232721/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/un-rights-chief-horrified-mass-181544829.html |url-status=live }} A spokesperson for the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights described the discoveries, stating, "Some of them had their hands tied, which of course indicates serious violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and these need to be subjected to further investigations".{{cite web |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |title=UN rights chief 'horrified' by mass grave reports at Gaza hospitals |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-chief-horrified-by-mass-grave-reports-gaza-hospitals-2024-04-23/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423182757/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-chief-horrified-by-mass-grave-reports-gaza-hospitals-2024-04-23/ |url-status=live }} William Schabas, a Canadian expert on international human rights law, stated mass graves have "always been an indication that war crimes have been committed".{{cite web |title=Mass graves 'an indication that war crimes have been committed' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mother-child-among-killed-in-new-rafah-strike?update=2851884 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424023955/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mother-child-among-killed-in-new-rafah-strike?update=2851884 |url-status=live }}

The CNN reported of an Israeli military base in the Negev desert that functions as a detention center for Palestinians.{{cite web | last=Qiblawi | first=Tamara | title=Israeli whistleblowers detail horror of shadowy detention facility for Palestinians | website=CNN | date=10 May 2024 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/10/middleeast/israel-sde-teiman-detention-whistleblowers-intl-cmd/index.html | access-date=11 May 2024 | archive-date=10 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510233624/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/10/middleeast/israel-sde-teiman-detention-whistleblowers-intl-cmd/index.html | url-status=live }}

{{main|Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war}}

Reports from human rights organizations, media outlets and testimonies from Palestinians have confirmed that Israeli male and female soldiers, guards as well as medical staff have committed wartime sexual violence against Palestinians children, women and men; including rape, gang-rape, sexualized torture and mutilation.{{cite news |last=Robertson |first=Nick |date=19 February 2024 |title=UN experts condemn 'credible' reports of executions, sexual assault by Israeli soldiers |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4477340-un-experts-reports-executions-sexual-assault-israeli-soldiers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409122432/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4477340-un-experts-reports-executions-sexual-assault-israeli-soldiers/ |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=The Hill |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Video appears to show IDF soldiers sexually abusing Palestinian detainee |url=https://news.sky.com/story/video-appears-to-show-idf-soldiers-sexually-abusing-palestinian-detainee-13193857 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Sky News |language=en}}{{Cite web |title='Raped by female soldiers': Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/raped-female-soldiers-palestinian-leaked-sde-teiman-photo-speaks-out |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}{{cite web |date=10 August 2024 |title=Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WKeKZ6Csro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811152052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WKeKZ6Csro |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Middle East Eye}}{{Cite news |date=29 July 2024 |title=Palestinians recount deadly abuse in Israeli prisons: 'It is Guantánamo' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/29/palestinian-prisoners-israel-jails-abuse/ |access-date=16 August 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=5 August 2024 |title=Welcome to Hell: The Israeli Prison System as a Network of Torture Camps |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/202408_welcome_to_hell |website=B'Tselem}} In February UN experts cited at least two cases of Palestinian women being raped by male Israeli soldiers.{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=22 February 2024 |title=Claims of Israeli sexual assault of Palestinian women are credible, UN panel says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/22/claims-of-israeli-sexual-assault-of-palestinian-women-are-credible-un-panel-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410160540/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/22/claims-of-israeli-sexual-assault-of-palestinian-women-are-credible-un-panel-says |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Palestinian boys and men have also been raped and subjected to torture, including at the Sde Teiman detention camp, and in some cases the torture has led to the victim's death.{{Cite news |date=28 April 2024 |title=Palestinian Released From Israeli Prison Describes Beatings, Sexual Abuse and Torture |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/twilight-zone/2024-04-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/palestinian-released-from-israeli-prison-describes-beatings-sexual-abuse-and-torture/0000018f-15e9-d2e1-a7df-15efb6590000 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240730200510/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/twilight-zone/2024-04-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/palestinian-released-from-israeli-prison-describes-beatings-sexual-abuse-and-torture/0000018f-15e9-d2e1-a7df-15efb6590000 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date= |work=Haaretz}}{{Cite news |date=30 July 2024 |title=Sde Teiman Doctor Who Saw Abused Gazan Detainee: 'I Couldn't Believe an Israeli Prison Guard Could Do Such a Thing' |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-30/ty-article/.premium/doctor-who-saw-abused-gazan-detainee-i-couldnt-believe-an-israeli-jailer-could-do-this/00000191-0436-df85-a399-ed36f4800000 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240730195050/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-30/ty-article/.premium/doctor-who-saw-abused-gazan-detainee-i-couldnt-believe-an-israeli-jailer-could-do-this/00000191-0436-df85-a399-ed36f4800000 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date= |work=Haaretz}}{{Cite web |last=Iraqi |first=Amjad |date=27 June 2024 |title='More horrific than Abu Ghraib': Lawyer recounts visit to Israeli detention center |url=https://www.972mag.com/sde-teiman-prisoners-lawyer-mahajneh/ |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=+972 Magazine |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |date=12 July 2024 |title=Beatings, deprivation, torture, rape: Palestinians speak of the 'hell' of Israeli prisons |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/07/12/beatings-deprivation-torture-rape-palestinians-speak-of-the-hell-of-israeli-prisons_6682380_4.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Le Monde |language=en}}

In June 2024, men detained at the Sde Teiman detention camp stated Israeli forces had inserted "hot metal sticks" and "electric sticks" into their rectums, resulting in the death of at least one man.{{cite web |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Shbair |first2=Bilal |title=Inside the Base Where Israel Has Detained Thousands of Gazans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-detention-base.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=The New York Times}}

In June 2024, a Palestinian prisoner released from the Sde Teiman detention camp gave testimony that prisoners were raped by dogs.{{cite news |last1=Zoubi |first1=Baker |date=27 June 2024 |title=More horrific than Abu Ghraib': Lawyer recounts visit to Israeli detention center |url=https://www.972mag.com/sde-teiman-prisoners-lawyer-mahajneh/?utm_source=972+Magazine+Newsletter |access-date=1 July 2024 |agency=+972 Magazine}}

In its legally mandated June 2024 investigative report, the UN's Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory (CoI) concluded: "The frequency, prevalence and severity of sexual and gender-based crimes perpetrated against Palestinians since 7 October across the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) indicate that specific forms of Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) are part of Israeli Security Forces (ISF) operating procedures."{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Israeli authorities, Palestinian armed groups are responsible for war crimes, other grave violations of international law, UN Inquiry finds |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/israeli-authorities-palestinian-armed-groups-are-responsible-war-crimes |website=UN Human Rights Office}}

In early August, Ibrahim Salem, who appeared in one of the first leaked photos from Sde Teiman, was released after being held there for 52 days without charge. He reported widespread torture, including by medical staff, as well as electrocution during interrogations, sexual abuse, constant beatings, forced stripping, genital grabbing, and frequent occurrences of rape committed by both male and female soldiers. Children were also subjected to rape.{{Cite web |last=Ebrahim |first=Nadeen |date=25 August 2024 |title='They told me to strip.' Former Palestinian detainee says he was sexually abused in an Israeli prison |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/25/middleeast/former-palestinian-detainee-sexually-abused-in-israeli-prison-mime-intl/index.html |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}} In one instance, a prisoner in his 40s was handcuffed and forced to bend over a desk while a female soldier inserted her fingers and other objects into his rectum. If the prisoner moved, a male soldier positioned in front of him would beat him and compel him to remain in that position. According to Salem, "Most of the prisoners will come out with rectal injuries [caused by the sexual assault]."

In August 2024 Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem released a report on systematic Israeli abuse, torture, sexual violence and rape of Palestinian detainees, calling the Israeli prison system a "network of torture camps".{{Cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |last2=Taha |first2=Sufian |last3=McKernan |first3=Bethan |last4=Kierszenbaum |first4=Quique |date=5 August 2024 |title=Torture, abuse and humiliation: Palestinians on Israeli prison 'hell' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/05/torture-abuse-and-humiliation-palestinians-on-israeli-prison-hell |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} The report includes extensive testimonies from Palestinians. The Guardian also interviewed Palestinian detainees, and reported they "back up [the] report by rights group B'Tselem, which says jails should now be labelled 'torture camps'."{{Cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Graham-Harrison |first2=Emma |last3=Kierszenbaum |first3=Quique |last4=Taha |first4=Sufian |date=5 August 2024 |title=Palestinian prisoners describe systemic abuse in Israel's jails |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/05/palestinian-prisoners-describe-widespread-abuse-in-israels-jails |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

In August 2024, testimony from released Palestinian detainees collected by Channel 4 found "shocking allegations of physical, psychological and sexual abuse" committed by Israeli forces. In one testimony, a Palestinian victim of sexual violence recounts: "When the female soldier grabbed me by the balls and penis, she wounded me with her nails, digging them into my penis. I started screaming and biting the wire."{{cite web |last1=Kermani |first1=Secunder |title=Palestinian detainees allege torture and sexual abuse by Israeli captors |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/palestinian-detainees-allege-torture-and-sexual-abuse-by-israeli-captors |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Channel 4|date=19 August 2024 }}

In October 2024, a UN inquiry examined the detention of Palestinians in Israeli military camps and facilities, finding that thousands of child and adult detainees, many arbitrarily detained, faced widespread abuse, including physical and psychological violence, rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence, and conditions amounting to torture. Male detainees were subjected to rape and forced to endure humiliating acts as a means of punishment. The report highlighted that deaths resulting from such abuse or neglect constituted war crimes and violations of the right to life. Israel refused to cooperate with the investigation, contending that it had an "anti-Israel" bias.

• {{cite press release|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks|title=UN Commission finds war crimes and crimes against humanity in Israeli attacks on Gaza health facilities and treatment of detainees, hostages|date=10 October 2024|agency=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012003905/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-of-deliberately-hitting-gaza-health-facilities|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of crime of 'extermination' in Gaza|date=10 October 2024|work=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241011095557/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-of-deliberately-hitting-gaza-health-facilities|archive-date=11 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{harvnb|Kennedy|Darwish|2024}}
• {{harvnb|Foulkes|2024}}
• {{harvnb|Farge|2024}}

{{Main|Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}

File:Great Mosque of Gaza (Omari Mosque).jpg, which Israel destroyed]]

A report in early November 2023 listed over 100 significant archeological and antiquities sites, libraries, religious sites and places of ancient historical importance that Israel had partly or completely destroyed.{{cite web |title=Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip - Palestine |url=https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1adISTNx0oAWoqXuYDF0lCoxruPnP5dBylyFG7C0JmfATOiy0ciEK3Gyk |website=Heritage for Peace |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114065536/http://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1adISTNx0oAWoqXuYDF0lCoxruPnP5dBylyFG7C0JmfATOiy0ciEK3Gyk |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Chamaa |first1=Mohamad El |title=Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=28 January 2024 |date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229210059/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Bombing of Gaza has damaged or destroyed more than 100 heritage sites, NGO report reveals |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/11/28/bombing-of-gaza-has-damaged-or-destroyed-more-than-100-heritage-sites-ngo-report-reveals |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events |date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128215553/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/11/28/bombing-of-gaza-has-damaged-or-destroyed-more-than-100-heritage-sites-ngo-report-reveals |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Gilad |first1=Moshe |title=Bombing Historical Sites in Gaza:'Israel Is Destroying Everything Beautiful': The 13th century Great Omari Mosque, the Church of Saint Porphyrius, the excavation site at the ancient port: Alongside thousands of dead and hundreds of thousands of displaced, dozens of heritage sites in the Gaza Strip have been destroyed by Israeli bombardment |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-26/ty-article-magazine/.premium/bombing-historical-sites-in-gaza-israel-is-destroying-everything-beautiful/0000018c-a565-df1f-a7bf-b7e53e8e0000 |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Haaretz |date=26 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131242/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-26/ty-article-magazine/.premium/bombing-historical-sites-in-gaza-israel-is-destroying-everything-beautiful/0000018c-a565-df1f-a7bf-b7e53e8e0000 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=New report details 104 Gaza cultural landmarks destoyed or damaged |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=NPR |date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127172320/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel |url-status=live }}

In January 2024, The Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in Gaza estimated that 104 mosques had been damaged or destroyed since the start of the conflict.{{Cite web |last=Saber |first=Indlieb Farazi |title=A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127233431/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed |url-status=live }} BBC has verified 74 cases where religious sites were damaged or destroyed, of which 72 were mosques and two were churches.{{cite news |last1=Kansara |first1=Reha |last2=Nour |first2=Ahmed |title=Israel-Gaza war: Counting the destruction of religious sites |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67983018 |website=BBC |date=30 January 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201054751/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67983018 |url-status=live }} The Nation wrote that the destruction of the Great Omari Mosque in particular, originally a fifth-century Byzantine church, was "a crime against cultural heritage. But more importantly... part of a campaign of total annihilation... a deliberate element of the Israeli campaign to erase all traces of Palestinian life.".{{cite news |last1=Wagner |first1=Kate |title=What Israel's Destruction of the Great Omari Mosque Means |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/great-omari-mosque-urbicide-gaza/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127063347/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/great-omari-mosque-urbicide-gaza/ |url-status=live }}

{{See also|Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians}}

{{CSS crop

|Location=right

|Description=Map of the 12 northernmost cemeteries that Israel has damaged or destroyed in the Gaza Strip so far during the war.
*approximate location

|bSize=350

|cWidth=350

|cHeight=250

|oLeft=

|oTop=25

|Content=

{{Location map many | Palestine Gaza

| caption =

| width=350px

| alt=.

| coordinates1 = {{coord|31.498|34.4733}} | label1 =
Tunisian Cemetery | position1 = right

| coordinates2 = {{coord|31.524167|34.444167}} | label2 = Al-Batsh* | position2 = left

| coordinates3 = {{coord|31.5009016|34.4653459}} | label3 = ↑
Shajaiye small* | position3 = bottom

| coordinates4 = {{coord|31.502778|34.415278}} | label4 = Sheikh
Ijlin* | position4 = right

| coordinates5 = {{coord|31.535997|34.465486}} | label5 = Sheikh Radwan* | position5 = left

| coordinates6 = {{coord|31.5226327|34.4453522}} | label6 = Sheikh Shaaban | position6 =

| coordinates7 = {{coord|31.5033228|34.4574368}} | label7 = St. Por- phyrius | position7 = left

| coordinates8 = {{coord|31.5124547|34.4734622}} | label8 = Al-Tuffah* | position8 = right

| coordinates9 = {{coord|31.504164|34.469014}} | label9 = Ali ibn-Marwan | position9 = right

| coordinates10 = {{coord|31.534045|34.4897366}} | label10 = Al-Falouja | position10 = top

| coordinates11 = {{coord|31.5344632|34.5258105}} | label11 = Beit
Hanoun* | position11 = left

| coordinates12 = {{coord|31.5513064|34.4989008}} | label12 = Beit Lahia* | position12 = top

| coordinates13 = {{coord|31.4305301|34.3954921}} | label13 = New Bureij | position13 =

| coordinates14 = {{coord|31.3437206|34.2882929}} | label14 = Khan Yunis Central | position14 = left

| coordinates15 = {{coord|31.3421572|34.3148899}} | label15 = Bani Suheila* 1.7km east of Khan Younis

}}

}}

Israel has damaged or destroyed at least sixteen cemeteries across the Gaza Strip,{{cite web |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |title=At least 16 cemeteries in Gaza have been desecrated by Israeli forces, satellite imagery and videos reveal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/20/middleeast/israel-gaza-cemeteries-desecrated-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html |website=CNN |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120225627/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/20/middleeast/israel-gaza-cemeteries-desecrated-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live }} in some cases, creating dirt roads across them or establishing military positions. The intentional destruction of religious sites without military necessity is a possible war crime.{{cite news |title=Satellite Imagery and Video Shows Some Gazan Cemeteries Razed by Israeli Forces |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/14/world/middleeast/gaza-cemeteries-damage-israel.html |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=14 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216001940/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/14/world/middleeast/gaza-cemeteries-damage-israel.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Destruction of Cemeteries |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-09/2021%20Factsheet%20-%20Destruction%20of%20Cemeteries.pdf |website=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415164700/https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-09/2021%20Factsheet%20-%20Destruction%20of%20Cemeteries.pdf |url-status=live }} On 21 December, bulldozers destroyed a cemetery in the Al-Saha neighborhood in eastern Gaza.{{cite web |title=Israeli forces bulldoze cemetery in eastern Gaza, crushing the dead |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/israeli-forces-bulldoze-cemetery-in-eastern-gaza-crushing-the-dead/vi-AA1lQLMf#details |website=MSN |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222005956/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/israeli-forces-bulldoze-cemetery-in-eastern-gaza-crushing-the-dead/vi-AA1lQLMf#details |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Allison |first1=Ismail |title=CAIR Calls Israel's New Ethnic Cleansing, Bulldozing of Bodies in Cemetery, Forced Starvation of Gaza Children the Latest 'Israeli War Crimes of the Day' |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-calls-israels-new-ethnic-cleansing-bulldozing-of-bodies-in-cemetery-forced-starvation-of-gaza-children-the-latest-israeli-war-crimes-of-the-day/ |website=Council on American Islamic Relations |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222005956/https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-calls-israels-new-ethnic-cleansing-bulldozing-of-bodies-in-cemetery-forced-starvation-of-gaza-children-the-latest-israeli-war-crimes-of-the-day/ |url-status=live }} On 6 January 2024, Palestinians in Tuffah reburied bodies after the Israeli army reportedly exhumed them and smashed their graves.{{cite web |title=Palestinians Rebury Bodies Exhumed From Gaza Cemetery |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/palestinians-rebury-bodies-exhumed-from-gaza-cemetery-78208338 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107002054/https://www.barrons.com/news/palestinians-rebury-bodies-exhumed-from-gaza-cemetery-78208338 |url-status=live }} Gazans in Khan Younis reported the Israeli army raided a cemetery and took corpses.{{cite web |last1=Talmazan |first1=Yuliya |title=Gazans in Khan Younis allege Israeli soldiers raided cemetery |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna134245/rcrd31194?canonicalCard=true |website=NBC News |date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118035157/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna134245/rcrd31194?canonicalCard=true |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #95 |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-95 |website=UNOCHA |date=17 January 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119002114/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-95 |url-status=live }} The Khan Younis cemetery was reportedly bulldozed over, tombstones crushed, and human remains were visible.{{cite web |title=Israeli military indicates it searched Gaza cemetery for bodies of hostages |url=https://news.sky.com/story/middle-east-crisis-us-uk-launch-strikes-houthi-targets-israel-gaza-hamas-12978800?postid=7088248#liveblog-body |website=Sky News |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119031436/https://news.sky.com/story/middle-east-crisis-us-uk-launch-strikes-houthi-targets-israel-gaza-hamas-12978800?postid=7088248#liveblog-body |url-status=live }} Muna Haddad, a lawyer on the treatment of the dead, stated, "What is happening is... considered a war crime of 'committing outrages upon personal dignity' under the Rome Statute." On 27 January 2024, Israeli forces escorted CNN into Gaza in an attempt to explain the destruction of Bani Suheila cemetery, through which a tunnel ran, according to the IDF; but during the three hour visit, Israeli commanders failed to prove their claim.{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/29/world/israel-cemetery-bani-suheila-intl/index.html|title=Israel claims a tunnel ran through this Gaza cemetery it destroyed. A visit to the site raised more questions than answers|first=Jeremy|last=Diamond|date=29 January 2024|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201170334/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/29/world/israel-cemetery-bani-suheila-intl/index.html|url-status=live}} Moreover, the IDF did not permit CNN to see any alleged entrance to the tunnel inside the cemetery, and later provided drone footage of two tunnel entrances, both located outside the cemetery. CNN broadcast footage of completely destroyed, and dug-up cemetery grounds.{{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |title=IDF says they destroyed this Gaza graveyard because of Hamas activity. CNN can't find the evidence {{!}} CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2024/01/29/idf-gaza-graveyard-destruction-diamond-pkg-lead-vpx.cnn |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=CNN |date=29 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131143452/https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2024/01/29/idf-gaza-graveyard-destruction-diamond-pkg-lead-vpx.cnn |url-status=live }}

{{main|Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)}}

{{see also|Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|Structural abuse}}

{{Rquote|right|It is an entire nation out there that is responsible. It is not true this rhetoric about civilians not being aware, not involved. It's absolutely not true. They could have risen up. They could have fought against that evil regime which took over Gaza in a coup d'etat.|Isaac Herzog{{cite web|title='No Innocent Civilians in Gaza', Israel President Says as Northern Gaza Struggles to Flee Israeli Bombs|url=https://thewire.in/world/northern-gaza-israel-palestine-conflict|website=The Wire|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011552/https://thewire.in/world/northern-gaza-israel-palestine-conflict|url-status=live}}}}

Several actions taken by the Israeli army, including its blockade on electricity, food, fuel and water, were characterized as collective punishment, a war crime prohibited by treaty in both international and non-international armed conflicts, more specifically Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II.{{cite book |editor1-last=Garner |editor1-first=Bryan A. |editor1-link=Bryan A. Garner|title=Black's Law Dictionary|date=2007|publisher=Thomson West|location=St. Paul, MN|isbn=978-0314151995|page=280|edition=8th|quote=Collective punishment was outlawed in 1949 by the Geneva Convention.}}{{cite book|last=Klocker|first=Cornelia|title=Collective Punishment and Human Rights Law: Addressing Gaps in International Law|publisher=Routledge}} Israel's president Isaac Herzog accused the residents of Gaza of collective responsibility for the war.{{cite news|last1=Reed|first1=John|last2=Srivastava|first2=Mehul|title=Israel tells 1.1mn people to leave northern Gaza|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231013142041/https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa |archive-date=13 October 2023}}{{efn|The Financial Times later silently deleted Herzog's quote from its article, cf. [https://archive.today/20231013224947/https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa archive] copy of the article from the evening of 13 October.{{Cite news|last=El-Kurd|first=Mohammed|date=20 October 2023|title=Western Journalists Have Palestinian Blood on Their Hands|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/western-journalists-have-palestinian-blood-on-their-hands/|work=The Nation|access-date=21 October 2023|issn=0027-8378|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021072332/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/western-journalists-have-palestinian-blood-on-their-hands/|url-status=live}}}}{{cite web|last1=Blumenthal|first1=Paul|title=Israeli President Says There Are No Innocent Civilians In Gaza|url=https://news.yahoo.com/israeli-president-says-no-innocent-154330724.html|website=Y! News|publisher=HuffPost|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011553/https://news.yahoo.com/israeli-president-says-no-innocent-154330724.html|url-status=live}} Doctors Without Borders international president Christos Christou said millions of civilians in Gaza faced "collective punishment" due to Israel's blockade on fuel and medicine.{{cite news|last1=Regan|first1=Helen|title=Israel calls on 1.1 million Gazans to evacuate south in order UN warns is 'impossible'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/13/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-war-friday-intl-hnk/index.html|work=CNN|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012054/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/13/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-war-friday-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Indiscriminate violence and the collective punishment of Gaza must cease|url=https://www.msf.org/indiscriminate-violence-and-collective-punishment-gaza-must-cease|website=Doctors Without Borders|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012057/https://www.msf.org/indiscriminate-violence-and-collective-punishment-gaza-must-cease|url-status=live}}

In an interview with The New Yorker, human rights expert Sari Bashi noted the historical uniqueness of Israeli officials openly admitting they are engaging in collective punishment.{{cite magazine|last1=Chotiner|first1=Isaac|title=The Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-humanitarian-catastrophe-in-gaza|magazine=The New Yorker|date=15 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=16 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016023052/https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-humanitarian-catastrophe-in-gaza|url-status=live}} On 18 October, UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated Hamas' attacks "cannot justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people."{{cite web|title=UN's Guterres Says Hamas Attacks Do Not Justify 'Collective Punishment' Of Palestinians|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/un-s-guterres-says-hamas-attacks-do-not-justify-collective-punishment-of-palestinians-d56430f0|work=Barron's|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018171445/https://www.barrons.com/news/un-s-guterres-says-hamas-attacks-do-not-justify-collective-punishment-of-palestinians-d56430f0|url-status=live}} On 24 October, Human Rights Watch criticized Israel's refusal to allow fuel or water into a Gaza, terming it a war crime.{{cite web |title=HRW slams Israel for committing war crimes against Palestinians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/23/israel-hamas-war-live-hundreds-killed-israeli-strikes-gaza?update=2434221 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024213227/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/23/israel-hamas-war-live-hundreds-killed-israeli-strikes-gaza?update=2434221 |url-status=live }} On 29 October, Karim Ahmad Khan stated Israel's impeding aid to Gaza may constitute a crime under the International Criminal Court.{{cite web |title=Impeding aid to Gaza may constitute crime under ICC jurisdiction |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/28/israel-hamas-war-live-invasion-under-way-as-gaza-cut-off-from-the-world?update=2447182 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029225458/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/28/israel-hamas-war-live-invasion-under-way-as-gaza-cut-off-from-the-world?update=2447182 |url-status=live }} On 7 December, Khan again stated "wilfully impeding relief supplies" may constitute a war crime under the Rome Statute.{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Washington faces UN showdown over fresh resolution for Gaza ceasefire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/07/washington-faces-showdown-over-fresh-un-resolution-for-gaza-ceasefire-us-israel |website=The Guardian |date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207125502/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/07/washington-faces-showdown-over-fresh-un-resolution-for-gaza-ceasefire-us-israel |url-status=live }} On 20 January 2024, the IDF dropped leaflets with hostages' images on Rafah, stating, "Do you want to return home? Please make the call if you recognise one of them."{{cite web |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |title=Fighting across Gaza as Israel drops leaflets seeking its hostages |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fighting-across-gaza-israel-drops-leaflets-seeking-its-hostages-2024-01-20/ |website=Reuters |access-date=21 January 2024}} On 25 January 2024, the Gaza Health Ministry reported that Israeli troops had fired upon and killed twenty civilians seeking humanitarian aid in Gaza City.{{cite web |last1=Jobain |first1=Najib |title=Gaza's Health Ministry blames Israeli troops for deadly shooting as crowd waited for aid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-01-25-2024-e5592d58f88fd04a87363b0137025926 |website=Associated Press |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125211606/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-01-25-2024-e5592d58f88fd04a87363b0137025926 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=U.N. slams Israel for deadly strike on Gaza shelter as war with Hamas leaves hospitals under siege |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-idf-unrwa-shelter-khan-younis-hospitals-under-siege/ |website=CBS News |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024701/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-idf-unrwa-shelter-khan-younis-hospitals-under-siege/ |url-status=live }}

On 31 January 2024, Haaretz reported that Israeli army commanders were ordering troops to burn down and destroy unoccupied buildings in Gaza.{{cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Israeli Army Occupies Gaza Homes – Then Burns Them Down |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-31/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-occupies-gaza-homes-then-burns-them-down/0000018d-6021-d16e-a39f-7f3f01e30000 |website=Haaretz |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201165613/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-31/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-occupies-gaza-homes-then-burns-them-down/0000018d-6021-d16e-a39f-7f3f01e30000 |url-status=live }} According to Human Rights Watch: "Unlawful and wanton excessive destruction of property that is not militarily justified, is also a war crime."{{cite web |title=Deadly Attacks Kill, Injure Civilians, Destroy Homes |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/18/ukraine-deadly-attacks-kill-injure-civilians-destroy-homes |website=Human Rights Watch |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404131119/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/18/ukraine-deadly-attacks-kill-injure-civilians-destroy-homes |url-status=live }} On 16 April 2024, a spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office stated, "Israel continues to impose unlawful restrictions on the entry and distribution of humanitarian assistance, and to carry out widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure".{{cite web |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |title=Israel still imposing 'unlawful' restrictions on Gaza aid, UN rights office says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-still-imposing-unlawful-restrictions-gaza-aid-un-rights-office-says-2024-04-16/#:~:text=%22Israel%20continues%20to%20impose%20unlawful,reiterating%20calls%20for%20unfettered%20access. |website=Reuters |access-date=19 April 2024}} The Irish foreign minister Micheál Martin called Israel's actions "fully disproportionate and... a breach of humanitarian law in terms of the destruction of Gaza".{{cite news |title=Ireland accuses Israel of war crime in Gaza |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/04/22/israel-hamas-gaza-war-iran-latest-news-jerusalem-car-terror/ |website=The Telegraph |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |last1=Henderson |first1=Cameron |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425004003/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/04/22/israel-hamas-gaza-war-iran-latest-news-jerusalem-car-terror/ |url-status=live }}

{{main|Gaza Strip famine}}

Israel imposed a "complete siege" on Gaza in the first ten days of the war, due to alleged security concerns that weapons, fuel, and armaments would be transferred to Hamas in the guise of humanitarian aid.{{#invoke:cite|news|date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel denies humanitarian aid wasn't checked for weapons before entering Gaza |work=Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-denies-humanitarian-aid-not-checked-for-weapons-before-entering-gaza/}}{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Baruch |first1=Pnina Sharvit |last2=Caner |first2=Tammy |date=26 October 2023 |title=What are Israel's humanitarian obligations toward the civilians in Gaza? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/israel-duties/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The Institute for National Security Studies}} Israel later allowed the delivery of limited humanitarian aid following security checks.{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Live Updates: Current US assessment is Israel 'not responsible' for Gaza hospital blast, White House says |url=https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=AP News}} Israel's restriction of the flow of food, fuel, water, and other humanitarian aid was criticized as a war crime by human rights organizations.{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Human Rights Watch: Gaza siege is a 'clear-cut war crime' |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=15 October 2023 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/video/video/2023/10/15/human-rights-watch-gaza-siege-is-a-clear-cut-war-crime/ |ref={{sfnref|The Irish Times|2023}} |access-date=22 October 2023}}

File:International Criminal Court 2018.jpg in The Hague, Netherlands. In applying for the arrest warrants, ICC Prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan alleged that Netanyahu and Gallant committed the war crime of starvation.]]

In March 2024, the European Union's top diplomat, Josep Borrell, stated Israel was using starvation as a weapon of war.{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Gregory |title=Israel Gaza war: EU says starvation being used as a weapon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68550937 |website=BBC |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316071418/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68550937 |url-status=live }} Similarly, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, Volker Türk, stated, "The extent of Israel's continued restrictions on entry of aid into Gaza, together with the manner in which it continues to conduct hostilities, may amount to the use of starvation as a method of war, which is a war crime".{{cite web |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |title=Israel's restrictions to Gaza aid may be war crime, says UN rights office |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-restrictions-gaza-aid-may-amount-war-crime-says-un-rights-office-2024-03-19/#:~:text=%22The%20extent%20of%20Israel's%20continued,for%20Human%20Rights%2C%20Volker%20Turk. |website=Reuters |access-date=22 March 2024}}

Human Rights Watch stated Israel was committing a war crime by using starvation as a method of warfare.{{cite web |title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |website=Human Rights Watch |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110222554/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |url-status=live }} Alex de Waal stated it was the worst man-made famine in 75 years.{{cite news |last1=Nolen |first1=Stephanie |title=Looming Starvation in Gaza Shows Resurgence of Civilian Sieges in Warfare |work=The New York Times |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/health/gaza-israel-hunger-starvation.html |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113173728/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/health/gaza-israel-hunger-starvation.html |url-status=live }} Luis Moreno Ocampo, the former chief prosecutor for the ICC, stated, "Stopping aid in particular to destroy civilian life – with intention to destroy a historical community – is genocide."{{cite web |title=Israeli incitement and aid blocking should be investigated: Former ICC prosecutor |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-staggering-destruction-in-north-gaza-unrwa?update=2684111 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207044423/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-staggering-destruction-in-north-gaza-unrwa?update=2684111 |url-status=live }} In April 2024, the United Nations human rights office stated Israel was placing "unlawful restrictions" on humanitarian aid.{{cite web |title=UN says Israel unlawfully restricting Gaza aid |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-says-israel-unlawfully-restricting-gaza-aid/7572020.html |website=VOA |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428000136/https://www.voanews.com/a/un-says-israel-unlawfully-restricting-gaza-aid/7572020.html |url-status=live }}

EuroMed Monitor described the situation as a war of starvation against civilians in the Gaza Strip. EuroMed noted living conditions had reached catastrophic levels by Israel cutting off all food supplies to the Northern half, and bombing and destroying factories, bakeries, food stores, water stations, and tanks throughout the entire enclave. EuroMed additionally noted Israel deliberately focused its attacks on targeting electrical generators and solar energy units, on which commercial facilities and restaurants depend, to maintain the minimum possible level of their work. Israel also targeted the agricultural areas east of Gaza, flour stores, and fishermen's boats, as well as relief organizations' centers, including those belonging to the UNRWA. As a result, over 90% of the children in Gaza suffered from varying health issues, including malnutrition, anemia, and weakened immunity.{{Cite web |date=5 November 2023 |title=Israel is Waging an Extensive War of Starvation against Gaza's Civilian Population [EN/AR] - occupied Palestinian territory {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-waging-extensive-war-starvation-against-gazas-civilian-population-enar |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110042658/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-waging-extensive-war-starvation-against-gazas-civilian-population-enar |url-status=live }} Israeli snipers reportedly targeted people waiting for humanitarian aid.{{cite web |last1=Abu Azzoum |first1=Tareq |title=Israel using starvation as 'weapon of war' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716291 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218202937/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716291 |url-status=live }}

The ICJ ruled as part of the interim measures that Israel facilitate the flow of aid and lessen humanitarian suffering in Gaza.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/7/israels-blocking-of-aid-creating-apocalyptic-conditions-in-gaza|title=Israel's blocking of aid creating 'apocalyptic' conditions in Gaza|author=Al Jazeera Staff|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316103101/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/7/israels-blocking-of-aid-creating-apocalyptic-conditions-in-gaza|url-status=live}} In its March 2024 interim ruling, the ICJ stated, "The court observes that Palestinians in Gaza are no longer facing only a risk of famine (...) but that famine is setting in."{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/world-court-orders-israel-take-measures-ensure-food-gets-into-gaza-2024-03-28/|title=World court orders Israel to take action to address Gaza famine|date=28 March 2024|website=Reuters }}

Israel has challenged the IPC's past methodology, citing academics in the Israeli public health sector.{{Cite news |last=SHARON |first=JEREMY |date=31 May 2024 |title=Key Gaza famine report cited by UN, ICJ has systematic flaws, Israeli review finds |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/key-gaza-famine-report-cited-by-un-icj-has-systematic-flaws-israeli-review-finds/ |work=The Times of Israel}} An independent study by researchers from Columbia University found that "sufficient amounts of food are being supplied into Gaza", though, "it may not always be distributed to people due to other factors, such as war and Hamas control".{{Cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=Experts: ICC and UN blamed Israel for a famine that never happened in Gaza - exclusive |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-806739 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}

On 5 August 2024 Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich stated that Israel "bring[s] in aid because there is no choice" and he believes that blocking humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip is "justified and moral" even if it causes two million Gazans to die of hunger, but the international community won't allow that to happen.{{Cite web |date=5 August 2024 |title=Smotrich: It may be 'justified' to starve 2 million Gazans, but world won't let us |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich-it-may-be-justified-to-starve-2-million-gazans-but-world-wont-let-us/#:~:text=Finance%20Minister%20Bezalel%20Smotrich%20implied,t%20allow%20that%20to%20happen. |website=The Times of Israel}}

{{main|Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|Killing of health workers in the Gaza war}}

File:Palestine ambulance strike.png ambulance destroyed by an Israeli airstrike]]

Israel is alleged to have broken medical neutrality, a war crime under the Geneva Conventions as hospitals are given special protection under international humanitarian law.{{cite web|last1=Le Poidevin|first1=Olivia|last2=Fleming-Farrell|first2=Niamh|last3=Jadah|first3=Malek|last4=Hamadi|first4=Ghadir|title=Hundreds of Palestinians killed in Israeli airstrike on Gaza hospital: Day 11 of the Hamas-Israel war|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1353474/biden-to-visit-israel-wednesday-iran-threatens-possible-pre-emptive-action-day-11-of-the-israel-hamas-war.html|website=L'Orient Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019201203/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1353474/biden-to-visit-israel-wednesday-iran-threatens-possible-pre-emptive-action-day-11-of-the-israel-hamas-war.html |access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023 }}{{cite web|title=Doctors observe black day against Israeli atrocities in Gaza|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2441900/doctors-observe-black-day-against-israeli-atrocities-in-gaza|website=The Express Tribune |date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019201447/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2441900/doctors-observe-black-day-against-israeli-atrocities-in-gaza |access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023 }} These attacks have been carried out in a manner that aid groups and international bodies are increasingly referring to as systematic.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-hospitals-medical-system.html|title=Israel's Military Campaign Has Left Gaza's Medical System Near Collapse|first1=Vivian|last1=Nereim|first2=Abu Bakr|last2=Bashir|work=The New York Times|date=26 April 2024|access-date=27 April 2024|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427122433/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-hospitals-medical-system.html|url-status=live}} According to Gaza officials, the IDF deliberately targeted ambulances and health facilities with airstrikes.{{cite news|last1=Basu|first1=Brishti|title=Health-care and relief workers killed in Gaza as humanitarian groups navigate full blockade|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/health-workers-gaza-killed-1.6992828|work=CBC|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013221713/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/health-workers-gaza-killed-1.6992828|url-status=live}}{{multiref|{{cite news|title=Ambulances hit during Israeli air attack in Gaza|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/14/ambulances-hit-during-israeli-air-attack-in-gazavideo-shows-the-moment-a-co|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=14 October 2023|date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014184414/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/14/ambulances-hit-during-israeli-air-attack-in-gazavideo-shows-the-moment-a-co|url-status=live}}|{{harvnb|Abu Riash|Marsi|2023}}}} In a statement, the Palestine Red Crescent demanded "accountability for this war crime".{{cite web |last1=Abu Riash and Marsi |first1=Abed and Federica |title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |website=aljazeera |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |url-status=live }} The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNRWA, and Medecins Sans Frontieres reported the deaths of their medical personnel.{{cite news|title=Eleven workers with UN refugee agency, five IFRC members killed in Gaza|website=Reuters|date=11 October 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nine-staffers-working-with-un-palestinian-refugee-agency-killed-air-strikes-gaza-2023-10-11/|access-date=11 October 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011182301/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nine-staffers-working-with-un-palestinian-refugee-agency-killed-air-strikes-gaza-2023-10-11/|url-status=live}} On 14 October, the World Health Organization said the killing of health care workers and the destruction of health facilities "denies civilians the basic human right of life-saving health" and is prohibited by International Humanitarian Law.{{cite web|title=Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured|url=https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured.html|website=World Health Organization|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011030/https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Gaza: Forcing patients to flee hospitals a 'death sentence' warns WHO|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142347|website=United Nations|date=14 October 2023|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017075513/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142347|url-status=live}} On 17 October, WHO stated 51 health facilities had been attacked by Israel.{{cite news|title=In Gaza's deadliest day, hospital strike kills about 500|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/in-gazas-deadliest-day-hospital-strike-kills-about-500/articleshow/104506456.cms|website=The Economic Times|date=18 October 2023|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018133423/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/in-gazas-deadliest-day-hospital-strike-kills-about-500/articleshow/104506456.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Ortiz|first1=Jorge L.|last2=Bacon|first2=John|title=After Gaza hospital bombing kills hundreds, Israel and Hamas blame each other: Updates|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-live-updates/71212615007/|work=USA Today|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018133436/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-live-updates/71212615007/|url-status=live}} On 4 November, the Gaza Health Ministry stated 105 medical facilities had been deliberately targeted.{{cite web |title=105 medical facilities 'deliberately targeted' by Israeli forces: Health ministry |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2461707 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115326/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/4/israel-hamas-war-live-20-dead-in-israeli-attack-on-school-ministry?update=2461707 |url-status=live }} Law professor Neve Gordon said Israel makes use of limited exceptions in the law to justify attacking hospitals by asserting Hamas use of same.{{cite web |title=Israel abusing laws of war to justify attacks on hospitals, ambulances: Analyst |url=https://aje.io/jui07c?update=2484346 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114637/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/13/israel-hamas-war-live-gazas-two-largest-hospitals-shut-amid-nonstop-raids?update=2484346 |url-status=live }}

On 21 October, the Ministry of Health noted Israel had attacked 69 health facilities, 24 ambulances, put 7 hospitals out of commission, and killed 37 medical staff.{{cite web|title=250 attacks on medical staff and health facilities: Health ministry|url=https://aje.io/tkd154?|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022180346/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/20/israel-gaza-war-live-hamas-releases-two-american-captives-from-gaza|url-status=live}} Health workers and aid groups said several hospitals in Gaza were hit by airstrikes and shelling. The Palestine Red Crescent Society accused Israel of "deliberately" carrying out airstrikes "directly around" Gaza's second-largest hospital, al-Quds Hospital, in north Gaza, to force them to evacuate the facility. The World Health Organization (WHO) found it impossible to evacuate the hospital. According to CNN, even those who evacuated south have not been safe.{{cite web |last1=Salman |last2=Kottasová |last3=Tal |last4=Meilhan |last5=Murphy |last6=McCarthy |first1=Abeer |first2=Ivana |first3=Amir |first4=Pierre |first5=Paul P. |first6=Simone |title=Israeli troops advance in Gaza, hostage freed and 'impossible' hospital evacuation: What to know Monday |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/29/middleeast/israel-second-stage-war-ground-forces-gaza-sunday-hnk-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106034840/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/29/middleeast/israel-second-stage-war-ground-forces-gaza-sunday-hnk-intl/index.html |url-status=live }} On 30 October 2023, a Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, located in the south of Gaza, was struck by a "direct hit", causing damage and injuries.{{cite web |title=Israel-Hamas war live: Israeli attacks near Gaza City |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/31/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-air-attacks-continue-across-gaza |website=Al Jazeera |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129052657/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/31/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-air-attacks-continue-across-gaza |url-status=live }}

On 3 November, an Israeli airstrike hit an ambulance convoy departing from al-Shifa Hospital carrying, according to a Palestinian Health Ministry spokesman, 15-20 critically injured patients.{{cite news |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-strikes-hit-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-al-rashid-road |title=New Israeli airstrikes hit Al-Shifa hospital, al-Rashid road as Israel's bombardment of the Gaza Strip continues |publisher=The New Arab |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107192212/https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-strikes-hit-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-al-rashid-road |url-status=live }} The Israeli military confirmed the strike, saying one of the ambulances was being used by a "Hamas terrorist cell", and was close to their position.{{cite news |date=3 November 2023 |title=Israel strikes ambulance near Gaza hospital, 15 reported killed |work=Reuters |publisher= |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/health-ministry-gaza-says-israel-targeted-convoy-ambulances-leaving-al-shifa-2023-11-03/#:~:text=GAZA%2C%20Nov%203%20(Reuters),the%20south%20of%20the%20territory. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103235417/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/health-ministry-gaza-says-israel-targeted-convoy-ambulances-leaving-al-shifa-2023-11-03/ |archive-date=3 November 2023}} In response, Yanis Varoufakis noted, "Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention."{{cite web |title=Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention. |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2460653 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115319/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/4/israel-hamas-war-live-20-dead-in-israeli-attack-on-school-ministry?update=2460653 |url-status=live }} UN chief António Guterres stated he was "horrified" by the attack.{{cite web |title=UN secretary-general 'horrified' by Israel's attack on ambulances |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2460796 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115126/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/4/israel-hamas-war-live-20-dead-in-israeli-attack-on-school-ministry?update=2460796 |url-status=live }} In prior weeks, Israel had released an animated video stating Al-Shifa hospital contained a hidden, top-secret underground military center.{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|John|Flower|2023}}|{{harvnb|Bettini|2014}}|{{harvnb|Beaumont|2023a}}}} This was flatly denied, with Hamas stating Israel was using "prefabricated" evidence to pre-empt a military strike on a hospital.{{cite web |title=Hamas rejects Israeli claim over installations under al-Shifa hospital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/hamas-rejects-israeli-claim-over-installations-under-al-shifa-hospital |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115182224/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/hamas-rejects-israeli-claim-over-installations-under-al-shifa-hospital |url-status=live }} Laws of war provide limited protections to medical facilities used in such capacities.{{cite web |title=Practice relating to Rule 28. Medical Units I. Treaties |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v2/rule28 |website=International Order of the Red Cross |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104135422/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v2/rule28 |url-status=live }} HRW stated the strikes were apparently unlawful and should be investigated as a possible war crime.{{cite web |title=Gaza: Israeli Ambulance Strike Apparently Unlawful |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/07/gaza-israeli-ambulance-strike-apparently-unlawful |website=Human Rights Watch |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115152357/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/07/gaza-israeli-ambulance-strike-apparently-unlawful |url-status=live }}

During the Siege of Gaza City, Israeli snipers reportedly fired on the intensive care unit in Al-Quds Hospital, killing one person and wounding 28.{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/10/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-benjamin-netanyahu-gaza-fighting-pauses-un-palestine?CMP=share_btn_tw&page=with%3Ablock-654e637a8f08a95ef07ec2be#block-654e637a8f08a95ef07ec2be |title= One person killed, many children wounded after Israeli snipers target al-Quds hospital, according to Palestinian Red Crescent |work= The Guardian |access-date= 12 November 2023 |archive-date= 16 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231116152921/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/10/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-benjamin-netanyahu-gaza-fighting-pauses-un-palestine?CMP=share_btn_tw&page=with%3Ablock-654e637a8f08a95ef07ec2be#block-654e637a8f08a95ef07ec2be |url-status= live }} Doctors in Al-Shifa Hospital reported snipers at the outskirts of the complex were firing at "any moving person".{{cite web | url= https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/who-loses-contact-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-737686 | title= WHO loses contact with Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital | work= Business Standard | date= 12 November 2023 | access-date= 12 November 2023 | archive-date= 12 November 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231112080718/https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/who-loses-contact-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-737686 | url-status= live }} Fabrizio Carbone, the Middle East regional head of the International Committee of the Red Cross, stated Israel's attacks on al-Shifa Hospital could not continue, stressing patients and hospital staff should be "protected in line with the laws of war".{{cite web |title='Distressing' information coming from al-Shifa Hospital: ICRC |url=https://aje.io/jmh2l8?update=2478828 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115330/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-live-pleas-for-help-as-israel-bombards-gaza-hospitals?update=2478828 |url-status=live }} In response to the Al-Shifa Hospital siege, Human Rights Watch stated Israel's actions against hospitals need to be investigated as war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Moran |first1=Mark |last2=Godfrey |first2=Paul |title=HRW: Israeli attacks on Gaza hospitals should be investigated as war crimes |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2023/11/14/Israel-claims-evidence-of-Hamas-headquarters-in-Gaza-childrens-hospital/9471699948488/ |website=UPI |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114081653/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2023/11/14/Israel-claims-evidence-of-Hamas-headquarters-in-Gaza-childrens-hospital/9471699948488/ |url-status=live }} Jennifer Cassidy, a legal expert at University of Oxford, stated Israel's siege on al-Shifa was a war crime "plain and simple".{{cite web |title=Israel's hospital raid 'a war crime plain and simple' |url=https://aje.io/rpfpqc?update=2489446 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115621/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2489446 |url-status=live }} Following an Israeli attack on Indonesia Hospital, the Indonesian Foreign Minister called it a clear violation of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=Indonesia condemns Israeli 'attack' on Gaza hospital |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774171 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=20 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120142351/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774171 |url-status=live }}

File:Cardiff Solidarity for Palestine protest, 25 November 2023 142309 (redacted).jpg

On 18 November 2023, two people were killed while traveling in a clearly identified Doctors Without Borders evacuation convoy in Gaza City.{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Nick |title=Doctors Without Borders: Attack on organization's convoy 'deliberate,' calling for investigation |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4338868-msf-attack-convoy-deliberate-demanding-investigation/#:~:text=On%20Nov.%2018%2C%20a%20convoy,the%20clinic%2C%20the%20organization%20said. |website=The Hill |date=2 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203012656/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4338868-msf-attack-convoy-deliberate-demanding-investigation/#:~:text=On%20Nov.%2018%2C%20a%20convoy,the%20clinic%2C%20the%20organization%20said. |url-status=live }} Doctors Without Borders termed it a "deliberate attack".{{cite web |title=MSF convoy attacked in Gaza: all elements point to Israeli army responsibility |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-convoy-attacked-gaza-all-elements-point-israeli-army-responsibility |website=Doctors Without Borders |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202223835/https://www.msf.org/msf-convoy-attacked-gaza-all-elements-point-israeli-army-responsibility |url-status=live }} On 16 December, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor called for an international investigation into Israeli war crimes at the Kamal Adwan Hospital.{{cite web |title=Urgent int'l investigation needed to probe Israeli war crimes after Palestinian civilians buried alive at Gaza's Kamal Adwan Hospital |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6039/Urgent-int%E2%80%99l-investigation-needed-to-probe-Israeli-war-crimes-after-Palestinian-civilians-buried-alive-at-Gaza%E2%80%99s-Kamal-Adwan-Hospital |website=Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216224752/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6039/Urgent-int%E2%80%99l-investigation-needed-to-probe-Israeli-war-crimes-after-Palestinian-civilians-buried-alive-at-Gaza%E2%80%99s-Kamal-Adwan-Hospital |url-status=live }} On 17 January 2024, Israeli fire damaged the Jordanian field hospital, leading the Jordanian army to call it a "flagrant breach of international law".{{cite web |last1=Barbakh |first1=Arafat |title=Israel presses southern Gaza assault, Jordan decries damage to hospital |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-southern-gaza-hospital-badly-damaged-by-israeli-shelling-nearby-2024-01-17/#:~:text=The%20Jordanian%20army%20said%20it,cell%22%20next%20to%20the%20hospital. |website=Reuters |access-date=18 January 2024}} On 19 January, Jordan stated Israel had "deliberately" targeted the hospital.{{cite web |last1=Arraf |first1=Jane |title=Jordan accuses Israel of deliberately targeting its Gaza field hospital |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/19/1225623652/jordan-field-hospital-gaza-israel |website=NPR |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120025517/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/19/1225623652/jordan-field-hospital-gaza-israel |url-status=live }} The World Health Organization stated on 24 January it had recorded 660 Israel attacks on healthcare facilities, calling them "a flagrant violation of international humanitarian law".{{cite news | title=Israel continues to target health institutions in Gaza, says WHO regional director | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/middle-east-crisis-live-updates-us-military-strikes-houthi-rebels-yemen-red-sea-israel-gaza-war-hamas-hostages?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-65b11bf28f0898882cc4fbfe#block-65b11bf28f0898882cc4fbfe | website=The Guardian | date=24 January 2024 | access-date=25 January 2024 | last1=Chao-Fong | first1=Léonie | last2=Sedghi | first2=Amy | last3=Belam | first3=Martin | last4=Ahmad | first4=Reged | archive-date=25 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000009/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/middle-east-crisis-live-updates-us-military-strikes-houthi-rebels-yemen-red-sea-israel-gaza-war-hamas-hostages?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-65b11bf28f0898882cc4fbfe#block-65b11bf28f0898882cc4fbfe | url-status=live }} On 31 January, Doctors Without Borders stated Israel had conducted "systematic attacks on health facilities" which they stated was unprecedented for their organization.{{cite web |title=Facing a 'massacre' in Gaza, MSF laments limited ability to help |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240131-facing-a-massacre-in-gaza-msf-laments-limited-ability-to-help |website=France24 |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131205209/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240131-facing-a-massacre-in-gaza-msf-laments-limited-ability-to-help |url-status=live }}

On 8 February, the Palestinian Red Crescent accused the IDF of deliberately killing one of their paramedics.{{cite web |title=PRCS: Killing of paramedic was 'deliberate' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/8/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-says-space-for-truce-deal-israel-vows-war?update=2691193 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208114341/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/8/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-says-space-for-truce-deal-israel-vows-war?update=2691193 |url-status=live }} On 11 February, the Red Crescent accused the IDF of deliberately targeting and killing two of their paramedics sent to rescue Hind Rajab, calling the killing a war crime.{{cite web |title=Attacking paramedics a 'war crime': Red Crescent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2701166 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 February 2024 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211215058/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2701166 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=The Palestine Red Crescent Society renews its calls to the international community to ensure the protection of its personnel and facilities and to provide a safe humanitarian space |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/palestine-red-crescent-society-renews-its-calls-international-community-ensure-protection-its-personnel-and-facilities-and-provide-safe-humanitarian-space-enar |website=ReliefWeb |date=12 February 2024 |publisher=Palestine Red Crescent Society |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115621/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/palestine-red-crescent-society-renews-its-calls-international-community-ensure-protection-its-personnel-and-facilities-and-provide-safe-humanitarian-space-enar |url-status=live }} In response to an Israeli attack at the Al-Aqsa Hospital on 31 March 2024, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated, "The ongoing attacks and militarisation of hospitals must stop. International humanitarian law must be respected."{{cite news |last1=Abualouf |first1=Rushdi |last2=Wright |first2=George |title=Journalists injured in al-Aqsa hospital air strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68704280 |website=BBC |date=31 March 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024}}

In October 2024, a UN inquiry accused Israel of "committing war crimes and the crime against humanity of extermination with relentless and deliberate attacks on medical personnel and facilities", as well as accusing the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza.

{{See also|Killing of journalists in the Gaza war|Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)}}

On 1 November, Reporters Without Borders asked the International Criminal Court to begin a priority war crimes investigation into the killing of nine journalists.{{cite web |title=Media watchdog files war crimes complaint with ICC |url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2453874 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 November 2023}} RSF noted that of the 41 journalists killed in the first month of the conflict, 36 among them were Palestinian reporters killed by Israeli strikes in the Gaza Strip.{{cite web |title=Israel/Palestine war: 41 journalists, more than one a day, killed in first month of Israel-Palestine war |url=https://rsf.org/en/israelpalestine-war-41-journalists-more-one-day-killed-first-month-israel-palestine-war |website=Reporters Without Borders |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}}

In an interview with NPR, Jodie Ginsberg, the president of the Committee to Protect Journalists, called for an ICC investigation into the killing of journalists in Gaza, stating the killings "appear to have been targeted".{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Michel |title=Number of journalists killed in Gaza since Oct. 7 attacks called unprecedented loss |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1220210900/number-of-journalists-killed-in-gaza-since-oct-7-attacks-called-unprecedented-lo |website=NPR |access-date=20 December 2023}} On 27 January 2024, the International Federation of Journalists wrote an open-letter to Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant stating they would take Israel to court if it did not comply with the ICJ's order to avoid targeting journalists.{{cite web |title=IFJ will take Israel to court if journalists are targeted |url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/article/ifj-will-take-israel-to-court-if-journalists-are-targeted |website=International Federation of Journalists |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=28 January 2024}} In February 2024, the deputy director of the International Federation of Journalists stated, "There appears to have been a systematic campaign to kill and terrify and maim journalists in Gaza".{{cite web |title=Israel carrying out campaign to 'terrify' journalists in Gaza: Advocate |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705425 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}}

On 13 February 2024, the Al Jazeera Media Network stated Israel had attacked two of its journalists in Gaza, calling it "a full-fledged crime added to Israel's crimes against journalists, and a new part in the series of the deliberate targeting of Al Jazeera's journalists".{{cite web |title=Statement: Al Jazeera condemns Israeli army's 'deliberate targeting' of its correspondent in Rafah, Ismail Abu Omar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705289 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}} A representative from Media Defence stated, "Journalists are civilians so they are entitled to all the protections that civilians should have in times of conflict".{{cite web |title=Journalists entitled to protections as civilians in times of conflict: Legal network |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705296 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}} The director of the International Press Institute stated, "We see journalists clearly targeted... Our organisation has been monitoring press freedom for almost 75 years and this is the worst attack we have seen on journalists in any conflict".{{cite web |title=Journalists 'clearly targeted' in Israel's war on Gaza: IPI |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705188 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}}

{{main|Gaza Strip evacuations}}

On 13 October, the Israeli army ordered the evacuation of 1.1 million people from north Gaza, saying that they needed to separate the civilian population from the militants embedded among them, and that the population would be allowed to return after the war.{{cite news|last1=Debre|first1=Isabel|title=Israel orders evacuation of 1 million in northern Gaza in 24 hours|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-orders-evacuation-of-1-million-in-northern-gaza-in-24-hours|work=PBS News|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011029/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-orders-evacuation-of-1-million-in-northern-gaza-in-24-hours|url-status=live}} Gazan officials initially asked residents to ignore the order, with the Interior Ministry stating Israel sought to "displace us once again from our land".{{Unbulleted list citebundle |{{harvnb|Batrawy|Sullivan|2023}}|{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Hamas tells Gaza residents to stay put as Israel ground offensive looms |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tells-gaza-residents-stay-home-israel-ground-offensive-looms-2023-10-13/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013165455/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tells-gaza-residents-stay-home-israel-ground-offensive-looms-2023-10-13/ |url-status=live }}|{{harvnb|Sharon|2023b}}}} The evacuation was characterized as a forcible transfer by Jan Egeland, a Norwegian diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.{{cite news|last1=Srivastava|first1=Mehul|title=Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment|url=https://www.ft.com/content/eb4717fc-432e-4251-b778-7a365f8de825?accessToken=zwAGB63wDZbYkdPrRxf8Qy5CUdO3eHo2X43oJQ.MEQCIQDcwGudDMv5bHMEEl000xy4DPGx7c0vFLiArY6aUdpF2AIfL1wVgRM8vtVUAlUm6FxWr3LlBBJD1XlhZAq_ln33rw&sharetype=gift&token=37a455ea-c676-4b2f-9449-fbbae0077868|work=Financial Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014132458/https://www.ft.com/content/eb4717fc-432e-4251-b778-7a365f8de825?accessToken=zwAGB63wDZbYkdPrRxf8Qy5CUdO3eHo2X43oJQ.MEQCIQDcwGudDMv5bHMEEl000xy4DPGx7c0vFLiArY6aUdpF2AIfL1wVgRM8vtVUAlUm6FxWr3LlBBJD1XlhZAq_ln33rw&sharetype=gift&token=37a455ea-c676-4b2f-9449-fbbae0077868 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023}} Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva Convention is a war crime." UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.{{cite web|title=UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls|website=UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014150546/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls|url-status=live}} Israeli historian Raz Segal termed it a "textbook case of genocide."{{cite web|last1=Segal|first1=Raz|title=A Textbook Case of Genocide|url=https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide|website=Jewish Currents|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014034453/https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide|url-status=live}} The action was condemned by the UN, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, and the IRC.{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web|title=WHO pleads for immediate reversal of Gaza evacuation order to protect health and reduce suffering|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering|access-date=14 October 2023|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013232108/https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering|url-status=live}}|{{cite web|title=MSF: Israeli order to evacuate northern Gaza 'outrageous'|website=Doctors Without Borders|date=13 October 2023|url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013220725/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|title=Time is running out for children in Gaza—UNICEF|url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/time-running-out-children-gazaunicef|access-date=14 October 2023|website=www.unicef.org|language=en|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014103535/https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/time-running-out-children-gazaunicef|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory: The IRC calls for protection of civilians and upholding of International Humanitarian Law|url=https://www.rescue.org/press-release/occupied-palestinian-territory-irc-calls-protection-civilians-and-upholding|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042335/https://www.rescue.org/press-release/occupied-palestinian-territory-irc-calls-protection-civilians-and-upholding |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023|website=www.rescue.org|language=en}}}}

On 14 October, the World Health Organization issued a statement condemning Israel's order to evacuate 22 hospitals in northern Gaza, calling it a "death sentence".{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Steff Danielle|title=WHO condemns Israel's Gaza evacuation order as 'death sentence' for sick, injured|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4256422-who-condemns-israel-gaza-evacuation-order/|work=The Hill|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011035/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4256422-who-condemns-israel-gaza-evacuation-order/|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured |url=https://www-who-int.translate.goog/news/item/14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured?_x_tr_sl=fa&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp |website=World Health Organization |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022174722/https://www-who-int.translate.goog/news/item/14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured?_x_tr_sl=fa&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp |url-status=live }} Doctors noted both the southern Gaza Strip's lack of hospital beds and the impossibility of transporting patients, such as newborns in incubators and patients on ventilators.{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Tétrault-Farber|2023}}|{{harvnb|Abdulrahim|2023}}|{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=UN chief 'horrified' by strike on Gaza hospital, as warring sides blame each other |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142472|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018041701/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142472 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=UN News |language=en}}|{{harvnb|Abdel-Baqui|Jones|AbdulKarim|2023}}}} Nevertheless, on 22 October, the IDF dropped leaflets in northern Gaza stating anyone who did not comply with the evacuation would be considered a "terrorist".{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Loveday |last2=Berger |first2=Miriam |title=IDF leaflets says civilians that don't evacuate Gaza can be seen as accomplices |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/22/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-aid-updates/#link-HW6X3JZXDFGWLPYFA6667YB4G4 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022053342/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/22/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-aid-updates/#link-HW6X3JZXDFGWLPYFA6667YB4G4 |url-status=live }} On 20 December, Human Rights Watch stated the risk of forced displacement was growing.{{cite web |last1=Hardman |first1=Nadia |title=Most of Gaza's Population Remains Displaced and in Harm's Way |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/20/most-gazas-population-remains-displaced-and-harms-way#:~:text=Repeated%20attacks%20by%20the%20Israeli,Gaza%27s%20hospitals%20have%20been%20damaged. |website=Human Rights Watch |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220222612/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/20/most-gazas-population-remains-displaced-and-harms-way#:~:text=Repeated%20attacks%20by%20the%20Israeli,Gaza%27s%20hospitals%20have%20been%20damaged. |url-status=live }} On 12 January, the Assistant Secretary General for Human Rights stated that Israel's compelled evacuations had failed to ensure protections required under international law, thus constituting a potential war crime.{{cite web |title=ASG Brands Kehris briefs Security Council on situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/01/asg-brands-kehris-briefs-security-council-on-situation-israel-occupied-palestinian-territory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113003219/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/01/asg-brands-kehris-briefs-security-council-on-situation-israel-occupied-palestinian-territory |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=OHCHR |publisher=United Nations}} In March 2024, Forensic Architecture stated that Israel's "humanitarian evacuations" might amount to the war crime of forced displacement.{{cite web |title=Gaza 'safe zones' led to displacement, Israeli attacks on civilians: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/gaza-safe-zones-led-to-displacement-israeli-attacks-on-civilians-report |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317040054/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/gaza-safe-zones-led-to-displacement-israeli-attacks-on-civilians-report |url-status=live }}

In March 2024, Paula Gaviria Betancur, the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of internally displaced persons, stated ahead of Israel's planned Rafah offensive: "Any evacuation order imposed on Rafah under the current circumstances, with the rest of Gaza reduced to rubble, would be a flagrant violation of international humanitarian and human rights law."{{cite web |title=Israel's evacuation orders in Gaza illegal: UN special rapporteur |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/7/israels-war-on-gaza-live-20-starve-to-death-in-gaza-more-feared-dead?update=2755187 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309190842/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/7/israels-war-on-gaza-live-20-starve-to-death-in-gaza-more-feared-dead?update=2755187 |url-status=live }} French president Emmanuel Macron told Netanyahu that a forced transfer of the population from Rafah would be a war crime.{{cite news |title=Macron tells Israel forced displacement of people from Rafah would be 'war crime' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/25/macron-tells-israel-forced-transfer-of-people-would-be-war-crime_6650612_4.html#:~:text=French%20President%20Emmanuel%20Macron%20on,constitute%20%22a%20war%20crime.%22 |newspaper=Le Monde.fr | date=25 March 2024 |publisher=AFP |access-date=26 March 2024}} In May 2024, Volker Türk condemned Israel's evacuation orders in Rafah, stating, "This is inhumane. It runs contrary to the basic principles of international humanitarian and human rights laws".{{cite web |title=Israel's Rafah Evacuation Order 'Inhumane': UN |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/rafah-evacuation-order-inhumane-un-f61df640 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=10 May 2024}} A UNOCHA spokesperson said of the Rafah evacuation: "There are strong indications that this is being conducted in violation of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=UN agencies slam Israeli offensive in Rafah as 'darkest' day |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/un-agencies-slam-israeli-offensive-124845028.html |website=Yahoo! News |date=7 May 2024 |publisher=DPA |access-date=12 May 2024}}

Israel sought to create an expanded buffer zone in Gaza. Satellite analysis by researchers at Hebrew University found the buffer zone was already in advanced stages.{{cite web |title=Almost 40% of buildings within planned Gaza buffer zone said demolished |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/almost-40-of-buildings-within-planned-gaza-buffer-zone-said-demolished/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125125317/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/almost-40-of-buildings-within-planned-gaza-buffer-zone-said-demolished/ |url-status=live }} By January 2024, Israel had destroyed more than 1,000 buildings for the planned zone.{{cite news |last1=Shotter |first1=James |title=Israel demolishes buildings to create buffer zone within Gaza |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0694ab13-a291-4b4a-81c2-53ec91ae1cad |website=Financial Times |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126042136/https://www.ft.com/content/0694ab13-a291-4b4a-81c2-53ec91ae1cad |url-status=live }} In April 2024, UNOSAT found that around 90 percent of the 4,000 buildings on Gaza's eastern border had been damaged or destroyed.{{cite web |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #153 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-153-enarhe |website=ReliefWeb |date=15 April 2024 |publisher=UNOCHA |access-date=19 April 2024}} The Palestinian Center for Human Rights stated such civilian properties were protected under international humanitarian law.{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Loveday |title=What to know about Israel's controversial 'buffer zone' in Gaza |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/24/israel-buffer-zone-gaza-war/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125060625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/24/israel-buffer-zone-gaza-war/ |url-status=live }} Shaul Arieli, a former IDF colonel and expert on Israeli borders, stated that the creation of a permanent buffer zone was illegal, since Israel is prohibited from altering the boundaries of Gaza as an occupying power.{{cite news |last1=Lieber |first1=Dov |title=Israel Builds Buffer Zone Along Gaza Border, Risking New Rift With U.S. |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-border-gaza-buffer-zone-4131020d |newspaper=WSJ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125211342/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-border-gaza-buffer-zone-4131020d |url-status=live }} Geoffrey Nice, a war crimes prosecutor, stated, "It is unjustified, by any view, under international law."{{cite web |title=Israel's Gaza landgrab 'unjustified, by any view, under international law' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648250 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126042136/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648250 |url-status=live }} Volker Türk, the UN human rights chief, stated, "Extensive destruction of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly, amounts to a grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and a war crime."{{cite web |title=Gaza 'buffer zone' possible war crime: UN human rights chief |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146352 |website=UN News |date=8 February 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208164744/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146352 |url-status=live }} An analysis by Haaretz found the buffer zone could occupy as much as 16 percent of Gaza's overall territory.{{cite news |last1=Michaeli |first1=Yarden |last2=Avi |first2=Scharf |title=Buffer Zone and Control Corridor: What the Israeli Army's Entrenchment in Gaza Looks Like |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-03-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/buffer-zone-and-control-corridor-what-israeli-armys-entrenchment-in-gaza-looks-like/0000018e-8556-df92-a5ff-e77e0d6a0000 |website=Haaretz |date=28 March 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024}}

During the war, soldiers looted Palestinian homes in Gaza, reportedly taking "whatever is easy and accessible".{{cite web |last1=Ziv |first1=Oren |title=Rugs, cosmetics, motorbikes: Israeli soldiers are looting Gaza homes en masse |url=https://www.972mag.com/israeli-soldiers-looting-gaza/ |website=+972 Magazine |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222112333/https://www.972mag.com/israeli-soldiers-looting-gaza/ |url-status=live }} On 21 February 2024, Yifat Tomer-Yerushalmi, the IDF's Military Advocate General, stated that some soldiers' actions — including looting and the removal of private property — had "crossed the criminal threshold".{{cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Top IDF Lawyer: Some Soldiers' Behavior in Gaza Has 'Crossed the Criminal Threshold' |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-21/ty-article/.premium/top-idf-lawyer-some-israeli-soldiers-have-engaged-in-criminal-behavior-during-war/0000018d-cbb5-d6e9-a38d-fbbdc0610000 |website=Haaretz |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240221152828/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-21/ty-article/.premium/top-idf-lawyer-some-israeli-soldiers-have-engaged-in-criminal-behavior-during-war/0000018d-cbb5-d6e9-a38d-fbbdc0610000 |url-status=live }} Tomer-Yerushalmi stated such cases were under investigation.{{cite web |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=IDF's top lawyer warns against 'cases of unacceptable conduct' by troops in Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idfs-top-lawyer-warns-against-unacceptable-cases-of-conduct-by-troops-in-gaza/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223041151/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idfs-top-lawyer-warns-against-unacceptable-cases-of-conduct-by-troops-in-gaza/ |url-status=live }} The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the looting a war crime and demanded the Biden administration to condemn them.{{cite web |title=US Muslim group condemns Israeli soldiers looting Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-ceasefire-veto-a-new-low-as-hunger-spreads?update=2721700 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223023611/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-ceasefire-veto-a-new-low-as-hunger-spreads?update=2721700 |url-status=live }} The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 explicitly prohibits the looting of civilian property during wartime.[https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule52 Rule 52. Pillage is prohibited.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140301/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule52// |date=8 March 2021 }}, Customary IHL Database, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)/Cambridge University Press.Hague Convention on the Law and Customs of War on Land (Hague II), [https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hague02.asp article 28] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804035218/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hague02.asp |date=4 August 2023 }}.E. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, Marc Weller, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5xVSkGtcT5YC&pg=PA154 The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115623/https://books.google.com/books?id=5xVSkGtcT5YC&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=24 March 2024 }}, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 154. {{ISBN|0521463084}}

{{further|Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war}}

During the war, the Israeli military was increasingly active in the West Bank. According to Amnesty International, Israel violated international humanitarian law by using disproportionate force during arrest raids, blocking medical assistance to people with life-threatening injuries, attacking paramedics, and conducting unlawful killings.{{cite web |title=Israel/OPT: Israel has unleashed wave of unlawful attacks on Palestinians in West Bank - new research |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/israelopt-israel-has-unleashed-wave-unlawful-attacks-palestinians-west-bank-new |website=Amnesty International UK |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206050003/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/israelopt-israel-has-unleashed-wave-unlawful-attacks-palestinians-west-bank-new |url-status=live }} Erika Guevara Rosas, Amnesty's director of global research, stated, "These unlawful killings are in blatant violation of international human rights law and are committed with impunity".{{cite web |title=Shocking spike in use of unlawful lethal force by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/shocking-spike-in-use-of-unlawful-lethal-force-by-israeli-forces-against-palestinians-in-the-occupied-west-bank/#:~:text=These%20unlawful%20killings%20are%20in,International%27s%20Director%20of%20Global%20Research%2C |website=Amnesty International |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205145134/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/shocking-spike-in-use-of-unlawful-lethal-force-by-israeli-forces-against-palestinians-in-the-occupied-west-bank/#:~:text=These%20unlawful%20killings%20are%20in,International%27s%20Director%20of%20Global%20Research%2C |url-status=live }} Ben Saul, UN special rapporteur on human rights, stated that a November 2023 IDF killing of two boys appeared to be a war crime.{{cite web |last1=Yeung |first1=Isabel |title=Israel accused of possible war crime over killing of West Bank boy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw07wgrwzywo?xtor=AL-72-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Bbbc.news.twitter%5D-%5Bheadline%5D-%5Bnews%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D&at_link_type=web_link&at_link_id=83D388F6-0844-11EF-84E8-B6B516B552E7&at_campaign=Social_Flow&at_format=link&at_ptr_name=twitter&at_link_origin=BBCWorld&at_campaign_type=owned&at_bbc_team=editorial&at_medium=social |website=BBC |access-date=18 May 2024}} On 5 March 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated that it had recorded 427 violations against its medical mission by Israel in the West Bank, terming these a violation of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=PRCS says Israel committed hundreds of violations against its medical teams in West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/5/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-on-aid-seekers-continue?update=2750410 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308031640/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/5/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-on-aid-seekers-continue?update=2750410 |url-status=live }}

Israeli forces disguised as medical staff and civilians have shot dead three Palestinians inside a hospital in the city of Jenin in the occupied West Bank. Hospital says the men were 'assassinated'. Israel says they belonged to a 'Hamas terrorist cell'.{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/30/israel-troops-kill-three-palestinians-in-west-bank-hospital-ministry | title=Israeli forces kill three Palestinians in West Bank hospital raid | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130084728/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/30/israel-troops-kill-three-palestinians-in-west-bank-hospital-ministry | archive-date=30 January 2024 }} The BBC called them "members of Palestinian armed groups".{{cite news |title=Israeli forces kill three Palestinian fighters in West Bank hospital raid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68137050 |access-date=24 June 2024 |date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130103051/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68137050 |archive-date=30 January 2024}} But, even if they are militants, it is a war crime to gadget them when wounded, and a war crime to impersonate doctors in the process.{{cite web |title=Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary of 2016 Article 12 - Protection and care of the wounded and sick. |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gci-1949/article-12/commentary/2016 | website=ihl-databases.icrc.org |publisher=ICRC |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324103938/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gci-1949/article-12/commentary/2016 |archive-date=24 March 2023}} According to UN exports, the killing of three Palestinian men in a hospital in the occupied West Bank by Israeli commandos disguised as medical workers and Muslim women may amount to war crimes.{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/undercover-israeli-killings-west-bank-hospital-may-be-war-crimes-un-experts-2024-02-09/ | title=Undercover Israeli killings in West Bank hospital may be war crimes: UN experts | work=Reuters | date=9 February 2024 }}{{dead link|date=May 2025}}

Following the demolition of a Palestinian activist's family home in East Jerusalem — part of a broader wave of forced displacement in the West Bank{{efn|On 27 December 2023, UNOCHA stated that since 7 October, 1,208 people had been displaced due settler violence, 393 due to lacking Israeli building permits, 95 on punitive grounds, and 483 due to army demolitions.{{cite web |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #77 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77#:~:text=Since%207%20October%2C%20OCHA%20has,to%20property%20(46%20incidents). |website=ReliefWeb |date=27 December 2023 |publisher=UNOCHA |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227150543/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77#:~:text=Since%207%20October%2C%20OCHA%20has,to%20property%20(46%20incidents).}}}} — the European Union External Action Service stated, "Such acts are in violation of International Humanitarian Law".{{cite web |title=EU condemns demolition of Abu Diab's home in occupied East Jerusalem |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-four-dead-as-israel-hits-city-in-lebanons-south?update=2710530 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 February 2024}} George Noll, head of the U.S. Office of Palestinian Affairs, condemned the demolition.{{cite web |title=US official condemns demolition of Palestinian activist's home |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-food-convoy-blocked-from-north-gaza-by-israel?update=2752516 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 March 2024}} Following the Israeli approval of around 3,500 new illegal settlements in the West Bank, UN human rights chief Volker Türk stated the transfer of Israel's population into the occupied territories was a "war crime under international law".{{cite web |title=Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories amount to 'war crime': UN |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3254714/israeli-settlements-palestinian-territories-amount-war-crime-un |website=South China Morning Post |date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Agence France-Presse and Reuters |access-date=10 March 2024}}{{cite web |title=Israeli settlements in Palestinian areas amount to a 'war crime' says UN rights office |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israeli-settlements-in-palestinian-areas-amount-to-a-war-crime-says-un-rights-office |website=PBS |date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=10 March 2024}} Following the announcement that Israel was seizing 800 hectares of Palestinian land in the West Bank, the Federal Foreign Office stated, "The settlements violate international law and fuel further tensions in this extremely fragile situation."{{cite web |last1=Schrader |first1=Adam |title=German Foreign Ministry condemns illegal Israeli settlements |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/03/24/germany-german-foreign-ministry-condemns-illegal-israel-settlements/7191711311409/ |website=UPI |access-date=27 March 2024}} French president Emmanuel Macron condemned the expanded settlements, stating they "are contrary to international law".{{cite web |title=France Threatens New Sanctions Against West Bank Settlers |url=https://www.barrons.com/amp/news/france-threatens-new-sanctions-against-west-bank-settlers-7d3157b4# |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=28 April 2024}}

BBC News reported in May 2024 that 11 soldiers of the Kfir Brigade (which is primarily active in the West Bank) posted on social media 45 photos and videos showing detained Palestinians; the Israeli Defence Forces did not respond when asked about the individual incidents or individual soldiers involved and identified, instead broadly stating: "In the event of unacceptable behavior, soldiers were disciplined and even suspended from reserve duty."{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |last2=Ryan |first2=Jamie |last3=Brown |first3=Paul |title=Israel troops continue posting abuse footage despite pledge to act |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69020237 |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=BBC News |date=17 May 2024}} BBC News further reported that the soldiers did not obscure their identities, with some of them posting under names of Yohai Vazana, Ofer Bobrov, Sammy Ben, and Ori Dahbash. According to BBC News, the "detained Palestinians are frequently shown blindfolded and restrained, having been forced to either lie on the floor, or squat, with their hands bound behind their backs", with some detainees being covered in Israeli flags.

File:White Phosphorus near Lebanon, October 16, 2023.jpg

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International's Crisis Evidence Lab shared evidence that Israeli military units striking in Gaza and Lebanon have employed white phosphorus artillery rounds; Israel denied the report, calling the accusation "unequivocally false". White phosphorus munitions are allowed on battlefields for specific purposes such as creating smokescreens, generating illumination, and marking targets. They are not banned as chemical weapons under international conventions due to these legitimate uses.{{Cite magazine|last=Serhan|first=Yasmeen|date=13 October 2023|title=Israel Accused of Using White Phosphorus in Gaza|url=https://time.com/6323482/israel-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon/|access-date=14 October 2023|magazine=TIME|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011038/https://time.com/6323482/israel-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon|website=Human Rights Watch|date=12 October 2023|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011547/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon|url-status=live}}{{multiref|{{cite web|title=Amnesty International shares evidence that Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza|url=https://www.anews.com.tr/middle-east/2023/10/14/amnesty-international-shares-evidence-that-israel-used-white-phosphorus-in-gaza|website=A News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014235439/https://www.anews.com.tr/middle-east/2023/10/14/amnesty-international-shares-evidence-that-israel-used-white-phosphorus-in-gaza|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023}}|{{harvnb|Lyon|2023}}}}

White phosphorus is used in smoke, illumination, and incendiary munitions, and ignites when exposed to atmospheric oxygen. Upon contact, it can cause deep and severe injuries, potentially leading to multiple organ failure, and even minor burns can be fatal. White phosphorus is considered an incendiary weapon, and Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons prohibits their use against military targets located among civilians, although Israel is not a signatory.{{Cite news|date=13 October 2023|title=Human Rights Watch says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003409/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/|url-status=live}} According to Human Rights Watch, the use of white phosphorus is "unlawfully indiscriminate when airburst in populated urban areas, where it can burn down houses and cause egregious harm to civilians", and "violates the requirement under international humanitarian law to take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian injury and loss of life".

According to Amnesty International weapons investigator Brian Castner, whether this particular case constitutes a war crime depends on "the intended target of this attack, and the intended use", but that, "generally, any attacks that fail to discriminate between civilians and military forces can potentially be a violation of the laws of war".{{cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Meg|title=Israel appears to use white phosphorus in Gaza, video shows|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/white-phosphorus-israel-gaza-strike-video/|access-date=17 October 2023|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003118/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/white-phosphorus-israel-gaza-strike-video/|url-status=live}} On 31 October, after an investigation, Amnesty International stated that a 16 October Israeli white phosphorus attack was indiscriminate, unlawful, and "must be investigated as a war crime", due to its use on the populated Lebanese town of Dhayra, which injured at least nine civilians.{{Cite news |last=null |date=31 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas War: Update from Euan Ward |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/31/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |access-date=31 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Evidence of Israel's unlawful use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon as cross-border hostilities escalate |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/lebanon-evidence-of-israels-unlawful-use-of-white-phosphorus-in-southern-lebanon-as-cross-border-hostilities-escalate/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}} On 2 November, Amnesty International stated its investigations into four incidents on 10, 11, 16 and 17 October showed Israel had used white phosphorus munitions.{{cite web |title=Amnesty International says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon |url=https://aje.io/k8y4b6?update=2458373 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 November 2023}} In Lebanon, Israel's white phosphorus bombs have destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon with the economic loses being valued at nearly 20 million dollars.{{Cite news |last=Baaklini |first=Suzanne |date=8 November 2023 |title=Israel's phosphorous bombs destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon |work=L'Orient Today |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1356622/israels-phosphorous-bombs-destroyed-over-45-million-sq-m-of-forest-in-southern-lebanon.html}} An investigation by the Washington Post uncovered that white phosphorus used in an October attack that injured 9 people in Lebanon were supplied by the US.{{Cite news |last=Christou |first=William |date=11 December 2023 |title=Israel used U.S.-supplied white phosphorus in Lebanon attack |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/12/11/israel-us-white-phosphorus-lebanon/}}

On 10 October, the Israeli Defence Force published a video that appeared to show IDF soldiers shooting four surrendering Palestinians.{{cite web |last1=Naffakh |first1=Mahmoud |title=Israeli army tweets video that appears to show soldiers shooting Palestinians who surrendered |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231013-israeli-army-tweets-video-that-appears-to-show-soldiers-shooting-palestinians-who-surrendered |website=The Observers |date=13 October 2023 |publisher=France24 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016201330/https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231013-israeli-army-tweets-video-that-appears-to-show-soldiers-shooting-palestinians-who-surrendered |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=X post by Al Jazeera English |url=https://twitter.com/AJEnglish/status/1712907775301365989 |website=X |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022172824/https://twitter.com/AJEnglish/status/1712907775301365989 |url-status=live }} Footage analysis indicated the men appeared to be surrendering, with three men getting on the ground with their arms raised, one waving a piece of white clothing. None of them appeared to be armed at the time of the shooting, while a subsequent video showed the bodies had been moved, with weapons placed near them on the ground. The analysis concluded the four men were unarmed Palestinians who left Gaza through a breach in the separation wall. An IDF spokesman said he had no comment. Killing surrendered civilians or combatants is a war crime.{{cite web | last1=Gadzo | first1=Mersiha | last2=Rasheed | first2=Zaheena | last3=Rowlands | first3=Lyndal | last4=Regencia | first4=Ted | last5=Mohamed | first5=Hamza | last6=Pietromarchi | first6=Virginia | title=Israel-Hamas war updates: Hamas claims release of woman and children | website=Al Jazeera | date=10 October 2023 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/10/israel-hamas-war-live-us-redoubles-israel-support-as-bombs-rain-on-gaza | access-date=23 October 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022225033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/10/israel-hamas-war-live-us-redoubles-israel-support-as-bombs-rain-on-gaza | url-status=live }}{{Cite tweet |user=EuroMedHR |number=1711987472358347201 |title=The crime scene has then been doctored & assault rifles appear to have been added to the bodies. These individuals may have been civilians who crossed the fence after its collapse. Their killing as they surrendered is an act of extrajudicial execution that constitutes a war crime}}

In video footage dated 8 December 2023, the Israeli military is seen killing two Palestinians from the West Bank's Far'a refugee camp in what B'Tselem described as "illegal executions". One man holding a canister was shot, and was then gunned down while he laid bleeding on the ground. A second man, who was completely unarmed and hiding under a car, was shot and killed instantly. The Israeli military later said they would investigate the attacks.{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |date=15 December 2023 |title=Israeli military opens probe after videos show Israeli forces killing 2 Palestinians at close range |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-gaza-war-east-jerusalem-shooting-army-23338c903c08bdd3e5fade3e2a048ab1 |website=AP News}}

Human rights groups documented multiple instances of civilians in Gaza being shot by Israeli soldiers while waving white flags.{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Mehul |last2=England |first2=Andrew |title=Israeli soldiers kill hostages waving white flag after mistaking them for Hamas fighters |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e299603-2fed-4855-9694-9801008c48dc?shareType=nongift |website=Financial Times |date=17 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023}} The Human Rights Watch Israel-Palestine director stated Israel had a "track record of unlawfully firing at unarmed people who pose no threat with impunity – even those waving white flags".{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Doha |title=Hostage killings underscore IDF's shoot-first practice, HRW director says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna130129# |website=NBC News |access-date=17 December 2023}}{{efn|The director stated that in prior cases, "There were statements that they would be investigated but no one was held into account".{{cite web |title=Gaza shooting video shows 'flagrant disregard for Palestinian life' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2804167 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 April 2024}}}} In early January, a video surfaced dating to 12 November showing displaced Palestinians evacuating Gaza City, including a woman and her child. Despite the group clearly carrying white flags, the woman was reportedly shot and killed by an Israeli sniper.{{cite web|url= https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Video-shows-Israeli-sniper-killing-a-Palestinian-woman-with-white-flag-33501#:~:text=World%20Jordan%20News-,GAZA%20–%20On%20Monday%2C%20video%20footage%20was%20released%20documenting%20an%20Israeli,while%20holding%20a%20white%20flag. | title= Video shows Israeli sniper killing a Palestinian woman with white flag |work=Jordan News| date=8 January 2024 }}

On 24 January 2024, British network ITV released footage of an Israeli sniper shooting and killing a man carrying a white flag whom the journalist had interviewed only moments before his death.{{cite web |last1=Irvine |first1=John |title=Moment innocent civilian brandishing white flag in Gaza 'safe zone' is shot dead in the street |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-23/moment-civilian-brandishing-white-flag-in-gaza-safe-zone-is-shot-dead |website=ITV |access-date=25 January 2024}} Both the Norwegian Refugee Council and Amnesty International termed it a possible war crime.{{cite web |title='It's a war crime': ITV News' Gaza clip sparks outrage from charities, US officials and Westminster |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-24/pm-questioned-over-itv-news-footage-of-man-with-white-flag-shot-dead-in-gaza |website=ITV |access-date=25 January 2024}} An IDF senior commander later stated, "There are mistakes, it is war."{{cite web |title='There are mistakes, it is war': Israeli commander indicates IDF were behind white flag shooting |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-30/senior-israeli-commander-indicates-idf-were-behind-gaza-white-flag-shooting |website=ITV |access-date=31 January 2024}}

According to a witness interviewed by Al Jazeera, the corpses of 30 people were found on 31 January 2024 inside a schoolyard in northern Gaza, with the bodies reportedly blindfolded, and their legs and hands tied.{{cite web |title=Shocked to find dozens of dead bodies: Witness |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-severe-hunger-in-gaza-as-aid-trucks-surrounded?update=2665536 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 February 2024}}{{cite web |title="30 Palestinian Bodies Found In Gaza", Six-Week Ceasefire In New Israel-Hamas Hostage Deal? |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/world/30-palestinian-bodies-found-in-gaza-six-week-ceasefire-in-new-israel-hamas-hostage-deal-8761519.html |website=News18 |access-date=1 February 2024}}{{cite web |title=Palestinian ngo calls for inquiry into forced disappearance after mass grave found in Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201210701/https://www.laprensalatina.com/palestinian-ngo-calls-for-inquiry-into-forced-disappearance-after-mass-grave-found-in-gaza/|archive-date=1 February 2024|url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/palestinian-ngo-calls-for-inquiry-into-forced-disappearance-after-mass-grave-found-in-gaza/ |website=La Prensa |publisher=EFE |access-date=3 February 2024}} The Council on American-Islamic Relations said the incident should be probed and added to South Africa's ICJ case against Israel.{{cite web |last1=Allison |first1=Ismail |title=CAIR Says ICJ Should Probe Israeli Massacre of Bound Palestinians Dumped in Mass Grave |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-says-icj-should-probe-israeli-massacre-of-bound-palestinians-dumped-in-mass-grave/ |website=Council on American-Islamic Relations |access-date=1 February 2024}} The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called it a "violation of all relevant international norms and laws".{{cite web |title=Palestinian foreign affairs ministry calls for investigation after discovery of mass grave |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-severe-hunger-in-gaza-as-aid-trucks-surrounded?update=2665444 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 February 2024}} The Canadian-Palestinian former peace negotiator Diana Buttu stated the incident was "clearly a war crime".{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Sharon |title=Palestinians Uncover Dozens Killed Execution-Style in Schoolyard in Gaza |url=https://truthout.org/articles/palestinians-uncover-dozens-killed-execution-style-in-schoolyard-in-gaza/ |website=Truthout |access-date=3 February 2024}} In March 2024, a man in Zeitoun was deliberately run over by an Israeli tank while handcuffed, according to the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.{{cite web |title=Israeli tanks have deliberately run over dozens of Palestinian civilians alive |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israeli-tanks-have-deliberately-run-over-dozens-palestinian-civilians-alive-enar |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=Euro-Med Monitor |access-date=6 March 2024}}{{cite web |title=Euro-Med Monitor: Israeli tanks ran over dozens of Palestinians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/3/israels-war-on-gaza-live-every-minute-counts-as-hunger-kills-in-gaza?update=2745754 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 March 2024}}

Footage obtained by Al Jazeera English showed two men waving white flags being killed by Israeli forces, then buried by army bulldozers.{{cite web |title=More on shooting of two men in Gaza by Israeli forces |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-bombing-intensifies-despite-un-truce-call?update=2802953 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 March 2024}} The IDF confirmed the killing of the two men, stating they had been acting in a "suspicious manner" and didn't respond to warning shots; they said they buried them with bulldozers as they feared they were carrying explosives.{{cite web |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Goodwin |first2=Allegra |last3=Mezzofiore |first3=Gianluca |last4=Salman |first4=Abeer |last5=Stambaugh |first5=Alex |last6=Murphy |first6=Paul P. |title=Israel admits killing 2 Palestinians and then burying them with a bulldozer after shocking video surfaces |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-03-29-24/h_ee1132d10e9161991d227bb90a32d120 |website=CNN |access-date=30 March 2024}} The Palestine Red Crescent Society condemned Israel's actions as "extrajudicial killings".{{cite web |title=PRCS says Israel must be held accountable after unarmed Palestinians shot in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2803835 |access-date=2 April 2024}} The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the killings a "heinous war crime".{{cite web |title=CAIR calls for UN probe of unarmed Palestinians killed by Israeli army |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2803190 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 April 2024}}

{{Further|Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka}}

On 15 December, the IDF released a statement announcing that they had killed three of their own hostages by friendly fire. According to the Israeli military, they "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in Shuja'iyya and subsequently fired at them, killing them.{{cite news |last1=Tabachnick |first1=Cara |date=15 December 2023 |title=3 hostages in Gaza were killed by friendly fire, Israeli military says - CBS News |work=www.cbsnews.com |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/3-hostages-in-gaza-killed-by-friendly-fire-israeli-military-says/ |access-date=15 December 2023}}{{cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war live updates: IDF says it mistakenly killed 3 Israeli hostages during fighting |language=en |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna129901 |access-date=15 December 2023}}{{cite web |title=IDF troops mistakenly open fire and kill 3 hostages in northern Gaza battlefield |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-troops-mistakenly-open-fire-and-kill-3-hostages-in-northern-gaza-battlefield/ |publisher=Times of Israel}} According to an Israeli military official on 16 December, the three hostages were shirtless and waving a white flag. The official claimed that one soldier responded to this by "open[ing] fire" and "declar[ing] that they're terrorists"; more Israeli forces fired, killing two hostages "immediately" and wounding the third hostage, who appealed for help in Hebrew.{{cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |date=16 December 2023 |title=Israeli hostages killed in Gaza were holding white flag, official says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-hostages-killed-mistakenly-gaza-were-holding-white-flag-official-says-2023-12-16/ |access-date=16 December 2023}} The wounded hostage was pursued into a nearby building by IDF soldiers, where he was killed despite continued pleas for help.{{Cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=16 December 2023 |title=IDF says Israeli hostages it killed in Gaza were bare chested and waving white flag |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/16/idf-says-hostages-it-killed-were-bare-chested-and-waving-white-flag |access-date= |issn=0029-7712}} Though he claimed that the soldiers were "under pressure" when this happened, Lieutenant General Herzi Halevi also stated that "It is forbidden to shoot at someone who raises a white flag and seeks to surrender", a sentiment echoed by the former head of Mossad, Danny Yatom.{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Cloud |first2=David S. |last3=Keller-Lynn |first3=Carrie |date=16 December 2023 |title=Israel Says Its Soldiers Killed Israeli Hostages as They Held Up White Flag |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-and-qatar-explore-revival-of-deal-for-gaza-hostages-ff7af151 |website=WSJ}} Nahum Barnea wrote that the killing of the hostages, unarmed and waving a white flag, was a "war crime" and that "international law is very clear on the issue".{{cite web | last=Erlanger | first=Steven | title=Gaza Hostage Deaths Weaken Netanyahu's Grip on Power | website=The New York Times | date=17 December 2023 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/17/world/middleeast/netanyahu-israel-gaza-hostages-politics.html | access-date=18 December 2023}}{{cite news | last=ברנע | first=נחום | title=בשג'אעיה זו לא הייתה רק טרגדיה | website=ynet | date=16 December 2023 | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13720297 | language=he | access-date=18 December 2023}} A preliminary IDF investigation found the soldiers were told to open fire on all fighting-age men who approached them, after a number of incidents where militants disguised themselves as civilians to approach soldiers.{{cite web |last1=Bohbot |first1=Amir |title=IDF troops who killed hostages told to shoot fighting-age men in Gaza - report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-778896 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=25 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023}}

On 30 January 2024, Israeli forces entered the Ibn Sina hospital in Jenin disguised as medics and civilians while carrying concealed rifles.{{cite web |last1=Tufaha |first1=Aref |title=Israeli forces dressed as women and medics kill 3 militants in West Bank hospital |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-01-30-2024-b1ba33c7c0c5c62f85932a20c2a0bc92 |website=Associated Press |access-date=31 January 2024}} After entering the hospital they drew their weapons and killed three militants — one member of Hamas and two members of Palestinian Islamic Jihad — one of whom was a patient.{{Cite magazine |date=30 January 2024 |title=IDF Storms Jenin Hospital, Killing 3 Palestinian Militants |url=https://time.com/6589954/israel-deadly-raid-ibn-sina-hospital/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Kaufman |first1=Ellie |date=30 January 2024 |title=Israeli Security Forces may have violated international law in West Bank hospital raid, experts say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/idf-may-have-violated-international-law-west-bank-hospital-raid/story?id=106810456 |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=ABC News |language=en}}{{cite web |last1=Al-Shalchi |first1=Hadeel |title=Israeli forces raid a West Bank hospital, killing three Palestinians |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/30/1227832688/israeli-forces-raid-west-bank-hospital-jenin |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=NPR}} The International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern that the raid was a violation of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |last1=Berg |first1=Raffi |title=Israeli forces kill three Palestinian fighters in West Bank hospital raid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68137050 |website=BBC |access-date=31 January 2024}} Aurel Sari, a professor of international law at the University of Exeter, stated, "By disguising themselves as civilians and as medical personnel, the Israeli forces involved in the operation appear to have resorted to perfidy in violation of the applicable rules."{{cite news |last1=Fahim |first1=Kareem |title=Israeli agents disguised as doctors, patients kill 3 at West Bank hospital |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/30/israel-forces-jenin-hospital-raid-west-bank/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=31 January 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Salman |first1=Abeer |last2=Edwards |first2=Christian |title=Undercover Israeli troops dressed as medical staff kill three militants in West Bank hospital raid, officials say |url=https://cnn.com/2024/01/30/middleeast/israel-undercover-raid-jenin-west-bank-hamas-intl |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=CNN |date=30 January 2024}} Tom Dannenbaum, a professor of international law, stated, "Someone who is paralyzed is incapacitated in that respect, so an attack on that individual would be prohibited. Violating that prohibition would be a war crime." The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the shootings a crime against humanity.{{cite web |title=Israel undercover agents kill 3 Palestinians in West Bank hospital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240130-israel-undercover-agents-kill-3-palestinians-in-west-bank-hospital |website=France24 |access-date=31 January 2024}} The Independent Commission for Human Rights called the attack "an assault on an institution protected by international law".{{cite web |last1=Nobani |first1=Ayman |title=Assassination in Jenin hospital a 'war crime': Palestinian rights group |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-forces-detain-dozens-in-un-shelter-raid?update=2663231 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 January 2024}} OHCHR stated it was a "seemingly planned extrajudicial execution."{{cite web |title=Israeli Forces Strike Northern and Southern Gaza Amid Push for New Halt in Fighting |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/israeli-forces-strike-northern-and-southern-gaza-amid-push-for-new-halt-in-fighting-/7464643.html |website=VOA |access-date=1 February 2024}} The Economist and The Intercept separately wrote that the attack was "likely" or "probably" broke international law on the grounds of perfidy.{{cite news |title=Did an Israeli hospital raid breach the laws of war? |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2024/01/31/did-an-israeli-hospital-raid-breach-the-laws-of-war |access-date=18 July 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |date=31 January 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Schwarz |first1=Jon |title=Here are the laws plausibly broken by Israel in its raid on a West Bank hospital |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/01/31/israel-west-bank-hospital-raid/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=The Intercept |date=31 January 2024}}

The IDF initially said the raid had been a "joint IDF, ISA, and Israel Police counterterrorism activity", and later said that none of their soldiers were physically present during the raid. A panel of human rights experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council stated the raid could constitute a war crime and recommended an investigation.{{cite web |title=Israel Undercover Killings In West Bank Hospital May Be War Crime: UN Experts |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-undercover-killings-in-west-bank-hospital-may-be-war-crime-un-experts-1863421f?refsec=topics_afp-news |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=11 February 2024}}

{{further|Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict#Use by Israeli forces}}

On 17 January 2024, Israeli soldiers were recorded using a Palestinian shop-owner in Dura, Hebron, West Bank, as a human shield.{{cite web |title=Palestinian shop-owner used as human shield by Israeli forces |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/17/palestinian-shop-owner-used-as-human-shield-by-israeli-forces#:~:text=A%20Palestinian%20shop%2Downer%20was,there%20for%20almost%20two%20decades. |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 January 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Shawer |first1=Mosab |title=West Bank human shield describes '100 breathless minutes' held by Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/31/west-bank-human-shield-describes-100-breathless-minutes-held-by-israel |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 February 2024}} In an interview with Reuters, the shop-owner stated, "He (the first soldier) told me that he will use me as a human shield, that young people shouldn't hurl stones."{{cite web |last1=Holton |first1=Kate |title=Palestinian says Israeli soldiers used him as human shield in West Bank |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-says-israeli-soldiers-used-him-human-shield-west-bank-2024-01-16/ |website=Reuters |access-date=20 January 2024}} On 9 February, the Palestinian Red Crescent Society stated that an ambulance crew in Beita, Nablus, West Bank had been detained by Israeli forces and used as human shields.{{cite web |last1=Nobani |first1=Ayman |title=Palestinian ambulance crew 'detained' while trying to help victims of Israeli West Bank shooting |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2695221 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 February 2024}} A 21-year-old man from Gaza City stated to Al Jazeera that he had been used as a human shield by Israeli forces.{{cite web |last1=Humaid |first1=Maram |title='Beaten, stripped, used as human shield': Gaza victim recalls Israel terror |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/2/23/beaten-stripped-used-as-a-human-shield-gaza-man-recounts-israel-terror |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 February 2024}}

On 22 June 2024, a video was posted of an injured Palestinian man strapped to the hood of an Israeli jeep driving through Jenin. Another eyewitness asserted that the IDF paraded the wounded man around on the hood, keeping the victim under the hot sun for several minutes, until handing him over to a Palestinian Red Cross ambulance which was parked nearby. This, the source argued, was evidence that the wounded man was not a suspect, as the IDF later maintained.Shatha Hanaysha, [https://mondoweiss.net/2024/06/wounded-palestinian-man-strapped-to-front-of-israeli-army-vehicle-used-as-human-shield/ Wounded Palestinian man strapped to front of Israeli army vehicle, used as human shield] Mondoweiss 22 June 2024Robert Plummer, [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjqq5n8911do 'Israeli army strapped wounded Palestinian to jeep,'] BBC News 22 June 2024 A UN expert said the incident amounted to the use of human shields.{{cite news |date=23 June 2024 |title='Human shielding in action': Israeli forces strap Palestinian man to jeep |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/23/human-shielding-in-action-israeli-forces-strap-palestinian-man-to-jeep |publisher=Al Jazeera}}

{{main|Torture during the Gaza war}}

Video evidence surfaced of what was described as a "flagrant violation of international laws related to the protection of civilians" by Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. Israeli soldiers were shown surrounding detainees in Yatta, Hebron who were being dragged and assaulted by the Israeli soldiers. Many of the detainees had been stripped naked, having both their arms and feet bound, and beaten with the butts of rifles and trampled.{{cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Egregious acts of torture, abuse committed by Israeli army against Palestinian civilians in the West Bank |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5906 |work=Euromed}} Video evidence depicting degradation towards detainees shows Israeli soldiers transporting Palestinians from Ofer prison, all of whom are blindfolded and stripped completely naked.{{cite web|url= https://arn.ps/post/277763.html | title= ت الاحتلال ينقل أسرى من سجن عوفر وهم عراة |work=Ajeel}} In another video uploaded by an Israeli soldier, a blindfolded and bound Palestinian is shown kneeling on the ground. The soldier taunts him in Arabic, telling him "صباح الخير يا قحبة" (Good morning, whore) before repeatedly kicking and spitting on him.{{cite web |title=IDF soldiers film themselves abusing, humiliating West Bank Palestinians|date=1 November 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldiers-film-themselves-abusing-humiliating-west-bank-palestinians/amp/ |work=The Times of Israel|first=Gianluca|last=Pacchiani|access-date=24 November 2023}} In December 2023, Human Rights Watch director Omar Shakir stated the blindfolding and stripping of Palestinian detainees represented a war crime.{{cite web |title=HRW says inhumane treatment of Palestinian detainees amounts to 'war crime' |url=https://aje.io/2hwa2q?update=2550195 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=12 December 2023}}{{cite web |title=Both sides of the Israeli-Hamas war are being accused of war crimes|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/12/1212534838/both-sides-of-the-israeli-hamas-war-are-being-accused-of-war-crimes|access-date=12 February 2024|publisher=NPR|last=Northam|first=Jackie|date=12 November 2023}}

In December 2023, Amnesty International called for an investigation into mass detentions, disappearances, inhumane treatment, and detainee deaths.{{cite web |title=Urgently investigate inhumane treatment and enforced disappearance of Palestinians detainees from Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/urgently-investigate-inhumane-treatment-and-enforced-disappearance-of-palestinians-detainees-from-gaza/ |website=Amnesty International |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023}} In February 2024, the BBC published a report detailing documented instances of Israeli soldiers abusing and humiliating Palestinian detainees, which Mark Ellis, an expert on international criminal tribunals, said showed possible violations of laws regarding prisoners of war.{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |title=Israeli soldier videos from Gaza could breach international law, experts say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68249962 |website=BBC |access-date=15 February 2024}} After the IDF dismissed one of the reservists shown in the video, Sir Geoffrey Nice, an expert on war crimes, stated a wider investigation was needed beyond the dismissal.{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |title=Israel to act on soldier misconduct after BBC investigation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68277124 |website=BBC |access-date=15 February 2024}} In March 2024, the United Nations stated that Israel had detained and tortured its employees in Gaza, extracting forced confessions.{{cite web |title=UN Agency For Palestinians Says Israel Authorities Tortured Detained Staff |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/un-agency-for-palestinians-says-israel-authorities-tortured-detained-staff-e55739f8 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=6 March 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |title=UN agency accuses Israel of detaining, coercing staffers into false confessions about ties to Hamas |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/04/middleeast/un-israel-confessions-allegations-intl/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=6 March 2024}} A Bellingcat analysis found instances of a collection of images and videos showing the IDF degrading Palestinian detainees, which Queen's University Belfast war crimes professor Luke Moffett stated showed potential war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Tirawi |first1=Younis |title=Social Media Posts Show Off Blindfolded and Bound Palestinian Detainees |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2024/03/05/social-media-posts-show-off-blindfolded-and-bound-palestinian-detainees/?utm_source=twitter |website=Bellingcat |access-date=8 March 2024}}

In August 2024, a group of United National special rapporteurs stated they had received substantiated reports of widespread abuse, torture, and rape, possibly amounting to crimes against humanity.{{cite web |title=Israel's escalating use of torture against Palestinians in custody a preventable crime against humanity: UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/08/israels-escalating-use-torture-against-palestinians-custody-preventable |website=OHCHR |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 August 2024}} In October 2024, human rights activist Aryeh Neier wrote that Israel's torture of detainees had violated "many norms and provisions of international law that the country has signed and ratified or that are so accepted worldwide that they have the status of customary international law and bind all governments".{{cite web |last1=Neier |first1=Aryeh |title=Torture in Israel's Prisons |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/10/17/torture-in-israels-prisons-aryeh-neier/?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=2024-09-27_Neier-IsraeliPrisons-1 |website=The New York Review |access-date=8 October 2024}}

{{see also|Nicaragua v. Germany}}

States transferring weapons to Israel faced charges of violations of international law. In February 2024, a group of more than a dozen United Nations special rapporteurs stated that any export of weapons or munitions to Israel was "likely to violate international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=UN rights officials call for Israel arms embargo; FM: They're cooperating with Hamas |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-rights-officials-call-for-israel-arms-embargo-fm-theyre-cooperating-with-hamas/ |website=Times of Israel |access-date=4 March 2024}} The UN experts stated that parties signed to the Arms Trade Treaty have additional obligations to deny arms exports if the weapons could be used for serious violations of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=Arms exports to Israel must stop immediately: UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/arms-exports-israel-must-stop-immediately-un-experts |website=United Nations |publisher=OHCHR |access-date=4 March 2024}} The group called for an arms embargo.{{cite web |title=UN Experts Call for Arms Embargo Against Israel Over Gaza War |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-24/ty-article/un-experts-call-for-arms-embargo-against-israel-over-gaza-war/0000018d-dba2-d47b-a1af-dff6bda60000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=4 March 2024}} In a statement, Human Rights Watch stated that the United Kingdom's refusal to suspend arms transfer to Israel put it "at risk of failing to prevent and being complicit in serious violations of international law, including war crimes and crimes against humanity".{{cite web |title=UK Government's Public Position on Weapons Licences to Israel Inconsistent, Explanation Requested |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/28/uk-governments-public-position-weapons-licences-israel-inconsistent-explanation |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=4 March 2024}} In March 2024, Nicaragua filed a lawsuit at the International Court of Justice against Germany, stating that its financial and military support to Israel was facilitating genocide in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Nicaragua says Germany facilitates genocide by aiding Israel |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nicaragua-says-germany-facilitates-genocide-by-aiding-israel/a-68422846 |website=DW |access-date=4 March 2024}}

Canadian Foreign Minister Melanie Joly was sued by the Canadian Lawyers for International Human Rights group for authorizing the export of weapons used by Israel to violate international law.{{cite web |last1=Yousif |first1=Nadine |title=Canada faces lawsuit over military exports to Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68451085 |website=BBC |access-date=8 March 2024}} Soon after, Joly stated the Canadian government was no longer issuing new weapons export licenses to the Israeli military.{{cite web |last1=Ljunggren |first1=David |title=Canadian freeze on new arms export permits to Israel to stay |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/canadian-freeze-new-arms-export-permits-israel-stay-2024-03-20/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 March 2024}} The Government of Denmark was sued by Oxfam, Amnesty International, Action Aid, and Al-Haq for their arms transfers to Israel, with the organizations stating, "Denmark violates international rules on arms trade and risks becoming complicit in violations of international humanitarian law – including war crimes – and a plausible genocide."{{cite web |title=Denmark: NGOs sue the Danish state to stop arms exports to Israel |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/denmark-ngos-sue-the-danish-state-to-stop-arms-exports-to-israel/ |website=Amnesty International |access-date=15 March 2024}} In March 2024, Human Rights Watch and Oxfam stated that Israel was committing violations of international humanitarian law with weapons provided by the United States.{{cite web |title=Israeli Assurances to Use US Arms Legally Are Not Credible |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/19/israeli-assurances-use-us-arms-legally-are-not-credible |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=22 March 2024}}

After the UK Foreign Office minister Andrew Mitchell stated Israeli compliance with international humanitarian law was under review, the UK shadow foreign secretary David Lammy stated arms export licenses should be denied if "there is a clear risk that the items might be used to commit or facilitate a serious violation of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Cameron urged to publish Foreign Office legal advice on Israel's war in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/22/david-cameron-urged-publish-foreign-office-legal-advice-israel-war-gaza |website=The Guardian |access-date=24 March 2024}} 600 UK lawyers, including three former justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, stated the UK's arming of Israel was a breach of international law.{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Haroon |last2=Courea |first2=Eleni |last3=Wintour |first3=Patrick |title=Former supreme court judges say UK arming Israel breaches international law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/former-supreme-court-judges-say-uk-arming-israel-breaches-international-law |website=The Guardian |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024}} Following reports the UK Foreign Office found Israel had violated international humanitarian law, Geoffrey Nice stated, "Countries supplying arms to Israel may now be complicit in criminal warfare."{{cite news |last1=Helm |first1=Toby |title=UK government lawyers say Israel is breaking international law, claims top Tory in leaked recording |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/30/uk-government-lawyers-say-israel-is-breaking-international-law-claims-top-tory-in-leaked-recording |newspaper=The Observer |date=30 March 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024}}

In May 2024, Amnesty International called on all states to cease weapons transfers to Israel and Palestine while there is "a risk they could be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international law".{{cite web |title=Amnesty calls on 'all states' to halt weapons transfers to Israel, Palestinian groups |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-admits-israel-used-us-bombs-on-civilians?update=2890729 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 May 2024}}

In August 2024, the Human Rights Watch called the Israeli strikes on Yemen in July 2024 a possible war crime since they were apparently an "indiscriminate or disproportionate attack on civilians".{{Cite web |date=19 August 2024 |title=Yemen: Israeli Port Attack Possible War Crime |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/19/yemen-israeli-port-attack-possible-war-crime |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=19 August 2024 |title=Israel's July strikes on Yemen's Hodeidah port a 'possible war crime', HR Watch says |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-815298 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}

{{Main|Allegations of genocide in the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel}}

Several experts in international law and genocide studies characterized Hamas' assault as genocide.{{#invoke:cite|web|date=19 October 2023 |title=Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Genocide Watch}}{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Deadly Hamas Rampage Constitutes 'International Crime of Genocide,' Hundreds of Legal Experts Say |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-16/ty-article/hamas-deadly-rampage-constitutes-crime-of-genocide-hundreds-of-legal-experts-say/0000018b-37d1-d450-a3af-7fddda070000 |access-date=7 December 2023}} Legal and genocide experts have condemned the attack, during which 1,139 people were killed, including 695 Israeli civilians. They argue that these actions by Hamas constitute a significant violation of international law and were carried out with the intent to destroy the Israeli national group. Some commentators have pointed toward Hamas's founding charter, which contains antisemitic language, advocates for the destruction of Israel, and, according to some of the researchers, implies a call for the genocide of Jews. This has led to suggestions that the 7 October attacks were an effort to fulfill this agenda.{{Cite news |title=How the term "genocide" is misused in the Israel-Hamas war |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/11/10/how-the-term-genocide-is-misused-in-the-israel-hamas-war |access-date=7 December 2023 |issn=0013-0613}}{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Hoffman |first1=Bruce |title=Understanding Hamas's Genocidal Ideology |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/hamas-covenant-israel-attack-war-genocide/675602/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=The Atlantic |date=10 October 2023}}{{cite book |last1=Bayefsky |first1=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Incitement to Terrorism |last2=Blank |first2=Laurie R. |date=22 March 2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-35982-6 |quote=The governing charter of Hamas, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement," openly dedicates Hamas to genocide against the Jewish people.}}{{cite journal |last=Breedon |first=Jennifer R. |date=2015–2016 |title=Why the Combination of Universal Jurisdiction and Political Lawfare Will Destroy the Sacred Sovereignty of States |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection= |journal=Journal of Global Justice and Public Policy |volume=2 |pages=389 |quote=The Hamas Charter not only calls for the militant, perhaps genocidal, liberation of Palestine (e.g., "raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine"), but also demonstrates anti-Semitic, murderous intent.}}{{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=2014–2015 |title=Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection= |journal=Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion |volume=16 |pages=352 |quote=For Jews, the Holocaust remains a real concern in an age when Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist organization, continues to advocate genocide in its core Charter.}}

In a 12 October preliminary legal assessment condemning Hamas's attacks in Israel, international humanitarian law scholar and Dean of Cornell Law School Jens David Ohlin said the evidence suggested Hamas's "killings and kidnappings" potentially violated Articles 6–8 of the Rome Statute as well as the Genocide Convention and were "crimes against humanity"; over a hundred international scholars expressed support for this position.

In the West, Hamas has long been considered to harbor aspirations of genocide against Israel and its Jewish population, as an interpretation of their founding charter referenced a hadith (saying attributed to Muhammad) that in the End Times, Jews will follow the false Messiah, after which Muslims will kill and be victorious over Jews.{{cite web |title=Al-Dajjāl {{!}} Antichrist, End Times & Eschatology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Dajjal |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=6 February 2024 |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Religious Textbooks {{!}} PBS - Saudi Time Bomb? {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/textbooks.html |website=PBS |access-date=6 February 2024 |quote=Hadif is a statement of Prophet Mohammed. This is a book that start for ninth graders. This is talking about the victory of Muslims over Jews. This is a hadif that I truly believe it's not true, as a Muslim: "The day of judgment will not arrive until Muslims fight Jews, and Muslim will kill Jews until the Jew hides behind a tree or a stone. Then the tree and the stone will say, 'Oh Muslim, oh, servant of God, this is a Jew behind me. Come and kill him.' Except one type of a tree, which is a Jew tree. That will not say that."}}{{cite book |last1=Bayefsky |first1=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ |title=Incitement to Terrorism |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-35981-9 |editor-last=Bayefsky |editor-first=Anne F. |editor-link=Anne Bayefsky |publication-place=Leiden; Boston |page=91 |chapter=The UN and Incitement |author-link=Anne Bayefsky |access-date=20 December 2023 |editor-last2=Blank |editor-first2=Laurie R. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&dq=Anne+F.+Bayefsky+%22The+Role+of+the+Security+Council%22&pg=PA91 |via=Google Books}}{{Cite magazine |last=Gourevitch |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Gourevitch |date=2 August 2014 |title=An Honest Voice in Israel |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/honest-voice-israel |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804230744/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/honest-voice-israel |archive-date=4 August 2014}}{{cite news |last1=Goldberg |first1=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Goldberg |date=4 August 2014 |title=What Would Hamas Do If It Could Do Whatever It Wanted? |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/what-would-hamas-do-if-it-could-do-whatever-it-wanted/375545/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806235652/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/what-would-hamas-do-if-it-could-do-whatever-it-wanted/375545/?single_page=true |archive-date=6 August 2014}} Legal and genocide experts condemned the attack as a severe violation of international law, asserting that Hamas executed these acts with the intent to destroy the Israeli national group.{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Genocide |date=18 October 2023 |title=Legal Experts: Hamas committed War Crimes, Genocide |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/legal-experts-hamas-committed-war-crimes-genocide |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}} Over 100 international scholars describing the actions as likely meeting the definition of genocide, saying "As these widespread, horrendous acts appear to have been carried out with an 'intent to destroy, in whole or in part' a national group – Israelis – a goal explicitly declared by Hamas, they most probably constitute an international crime of genocide, proscribed by the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court".

Other groups, including Genocide Watch, have supported these allegations, saying "Hamas targeted Israelis simply because they were Israelis. It was the deadliest recorded massacre of Jews since the Holocaust. Iran, Hamas, Hezbollah, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad have expressed their genocidal intent to destroy the nation of Israel. The massacres by Hamas constituted acts of genocide."

{{main|Gaza genocide|South Africa's genocide case against Israel}}

{{further|Palestinian genocide accusation|Israeli war crimes#Genocide}}

Israel has been accused of committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza during the war.

The Israeli defence minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October: "we are fighting human animals".{{cite news |last1=Karanth |first1=Sanjana |title=Israeli Defence Minister Announces Siege On Gaza To Fight 'Human Animals |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/israel-defence-minister-human-animals-gaza-palestine_uk_65245ebae4b0a32c15bfe6b6 |access-date=9 April 2024 |publisher=Huffingtonpost |date=9 October 2023}}{{cite news |title=Harsh Israeli rhetoric against Palestinians becomes central to South Africa's genocide case |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-south-africa-genocide-hate-speech-97a9e4a84a3a6bebeddfb80f8a030724 |access-date=9 April 2024 |publisher=Apnews.com |date=18 January 2024}} As mentioned by the Times, Gallant promised "a complete siege" on Gaza, with "no electricity, no food, no fuel". The next day he told Israeli troops he had "released all restraints". Giora Eiland, a former Israeli general, wrote the same month: "To make the siege effective, we have to prevent others from giving assistance to Gaza."{{cite web |last1=Syed |first1=Matthew |title=Like Ali with Foreman, Hamas has 'rope-a-doped' Israel |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/like-ali-with-foreman-hamas-has-rope-a-doped-israel-5g8km095b |website=The Times |date=7 April 2024 |access-date= 9 April 2024}}

On 15 October, Third World approaches to international law published a statement signed by over 800 legal scholars expressing "alarm about the possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip".{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza |url=https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |date=17 October 2023 |work=Third World Approaches to International Law Review}} On 17 October, Genocide Watch declared a "Genocide Emergency Alert" for the conflict in Gaza. Several scholars have cited numerous Israeli statements that they argue constitute an "intent to destroy" the population of Gaza, a necessary condition for the legal threshold of genocide to be met.{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Komnenic |first1=Ana |title=Experts, advocates deeply divided on question of 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/genocide-gaza-debate-1.7042809 |work=CBC |access-date=31 December 2023}} On 16 November, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) experts said that Israel's violations "point to a genocide in the making".{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against |title=Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people |date=16 November 2023 |website=OHCHR |access-date=22 December 2023 |quote=Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224050530/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against |archive-date=24 December 2023}} Several world leaders have accused Israel of genocide, including Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Gustavo Petro of Colombia.{{Cite news |date=24 February 2024 |title=Brazil's Lula doubles down on claim Israel committing genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/brazils-lula-doubles-down-on-claim-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza/ |work=Times of Israel}}{{Cite web |title='Genocide', Colombia says as Latin American states condemn Israel over Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/genocide-colombia-says-as-latin-american-states-condemn-israel-over-gaza |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} President Hage Geingob of Namibia called the actions of the Israeli government "genocidal and gruesome".{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Germany 'unable to draw lessons from history' – DW – 01/24/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/namibia-germany-unable-to-draw-lessons-from-its-horrific-history/a-68065159 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=dw.com |language=en}}

On 29 December, South Africa submitted a case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) alleging that Israel was committing genocide in Gaza and requested provisional measures for Israel to suspend its military campaign in Gaza.{{cite web |title=South Africa files case at ICJ accusing Israel of 'genocidal acts' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/29/south-africa-files-case-at-icj-accusing-israel-of-genocidal-acts-in-gaza |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108083945/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/29/south-africa-files-case-at-icj-accusing-israel-of-genocidal-acts-in-gaza |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:cite|news|title=South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21 |work=AP News |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=29 December 2023}} In its filing, South Africa alleged that Israel's actions were "intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group".{{#invoke:cite|web|date=29 December 2023 |title=Application instituting proceedings and request for the indication of provisional measures |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=International Court of Justice |at=Paragraph 1}} South Africa's case was backed by Belgium, Ireland and Spain in Europe,{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Mared Gwyn |title=Why is the EU mostly silent on South Africa's genocide case against Israel? |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/01/12/where-do-eu-countries-stand-on-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=Euronews.com |date=12 January 2024}} the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, as well as the Arab League. Malaysia, Namibia and Pakistan independently backed the case.{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=Genocide case against Israel: Where does the rest of the world stand on the momentous allegations? |url=https://apnews.com/article/genocide-israel-palestinians-gaza-court-fbd7fe4af10b542a1a4e2c7563029bfb |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}} The ICJ issued an Order in relation to the provisional measures request on 26 January 2024 in which it ordered Israel to take all measures to prevent any acts that could be considered genocidal but stopped short of calling for a ceasefire.{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=Order respecting South Africa's request for provisional measures |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf |website=International Court of Justice}} The interim judgement was interpreted that the ICJ had determined that it was "plausible" that some of Israel's actions may violate the Genocide Convention, however, Joan Donoghue, the president of the ICJ at the time of that ruling, corrected in an interview that this was not what the court had ruled, rather that Palestinians had "plausible rights to protection from genocide".{{cite web |last1=Casciani |first1=Dominic |title=What did ICJ ruling mean in South Africa's genocide case against Israel? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g9g63jl17o |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240530123509/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g9g63jl17o |url-status=live}} The final ruling is expected to take years.{{cite web |last1=Al-Kassab |first1=Fatima |title=A top U.N. court says Gaza genocide is 'plausible' but does not order cease-fire |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/26/1227078791/icj-israel-genocide-gaza-palestinians-south-africa |publisher=National Public Radio |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126161636/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/26/1227078791/icj-israel-genocide-gaza-palestinians-south-africa |url-status=live}}

Some researchers in the fields of urban planning and architecture have alleged that the destruction in Gaza, particularly the destruction of historic buildings and essential infrastructure such as hospitals and universities, amounts to domicide, or urbicide.{{Cite web |last=Heathcote |first=Edwin |date=7 March 2024 |title="There can be no doubt that this is urbicide" |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2024/03/07/gaza-urbicide-edwin-heathcote-opinion/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=Dezeen |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Al-Daffaie |first=Yousif |date=20 February 2024 |title=The destruction of Gazaʼs historic buildings is an act of 'urbicide' |url=http://theconversation.com/the-destruction-of-gaza-s-historic-buildings-is-an-act-of-urbicide-223672 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Becky |date=9 February 2024 |title=What is 'domicide,' and why has war in Gaza brought new attention to the term? |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/02/09/1229625376/domicide-israel-gaza-palestinians |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209110911/https://www.npr.org/2024/02/09/1229625376/domicide-israel-gaza-palestinians |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=NPR}}{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=7 December 2023 |title=Widespread destruction in Gaza puts concept of 'domicide' in focus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/widespread-destruction-in-gaza-puts-concept-of-domicide-in-focus |work=The Guardian |access-date=15 February 2024 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231142429/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/widespread-destruction-in-gaza-puts-concept-of-domicide-in-focus |url-status=live}} In June 2024, the IDF reported that their own analysis of digital aerial mapping shows that only 16% of Gaza's buildings have been destroyed during the war.{{Cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=27 June 2024 |title=IDF says 16% of Gaza buildings destroyed; disputes higher UN figures |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s199ndcir |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=Ynetnews |language=en}}

According to Pehr Lodhammar, a senior official at the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), under certain conditions it can take up to 14 years to remove debris, including debris from destroyed buildings. The war left an estimated 37 million tons of debris in a widely urbanized, densely populated area.{{Cite web | title=UN Official Says It Could Take 14 Years to Clear Debris in Gaza | url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-04-26/un-official-says-it-could-take-14-years-to-clear-debris-in-gaza | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426113555/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-04-26/un-official-says-it-could-take-14-years-to-clear-debris-in-gaza | access-date=2025-05-18 | archive-date=2024-04-26}}{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1149051|title=Gaza's unexploded ordnance could take 14 years to clear|date=26 April 2024|website=UN News}}

• Casualties of the Gaza war
• Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)#War Crimes
• Violent incidents in reaction to the Gaza war
• International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
• Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)
• Outline of the Gaza war
• Palestinian genocide accusation
• Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war
• War and genocide

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

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• {{cite news |last1=Bettini |first1=Daniel |title=Foreign journalists reveal Hamas' false front |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4556016,00.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=Ynetnews |date=7 August 2014 |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104081743/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4556016,00.html |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |last=Conley |first=Julia |date=3 January 2024b |title=100+ Global Rights Groups Urge Support for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ |work=Common Dreams |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/support-south-africa-icj |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123613/https://www.commondreams.org/news/support-south-africa-icj |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |title=Cuba apoya la demanda de Sudáfrica ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia contra el genocidio de Israel en Palestina |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://cubaminrex.cu/es/cuba-apoya-la-demanda-de-sudafrica-ante-la-corte-internacional-de-justicia-contra-el-genocidio-de |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=es |trans-title=Cuba supports South Africa's lawsuit before the International Court of Justice against Israel's genocide in Palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181941/http://cubaminrex.cu/es/cuba-apoya-la-demanda-de-sudafrica-ante-la-corte-internacional-de-justicia-contra-el-genocidio-de |archive-date=11 January 2024 |ref={{sfnref |Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs |2024}} }}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/new-york-times-stands-by-report-child-gunshot-wounds-gaza/|title=New York Times Stands By Report of Child Gunshot Wounds in Gaza: 'Rigorously Edited' and Double-Vetted|last=Dickey|first=Josh|date=16 October 2024|work=The Wrap|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241022013025/https://www.thewrap.com/new-york-times-stands-by-report-child-gunshot-wounds-gaza/|archive-date=22 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel confirms civilians and soldiers abducted by Hamas into Gaza |work=Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-claims-to-capture-soldiers-civilians-in-deadly-assault-on-gaza-border-towns/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009225156/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-claims-to-capture-soldiers-civilians-in-deadly-assault-on-gaza-border-towns/ |archive-date=9 October 2023 |ref={{harvid|Fabian|2023a}}}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of seeking to destroy Gaza healthcare system|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=10 October 2024|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010193354/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/|archive-date=10 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lnw2gvllxo|title=UN accuses Israel of war crimes over attacks on Gaza hospitals|last=Foulkes|first=Imogen|date=10 October 2024|work=BBC|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241011105921/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lnw2gvllxo|archive-date=11 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
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• {{cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |author1-link=Jeffrey Gettleman |last2=Sella |first2=Adam |last3=Schwartz |first3=Anat |author3-link=Anat Schwartz |date=4 December 2023 |title=What We Know About Sexual Violence During the Oct. 7 Attacks on Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/04/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-israel-hamas-sexual-violence.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204200541/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/04/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-israel-hamas-sexual-violence.html |archive-date=4 December 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Neve |author-link=Neve Gordon |title=Human shields: a history of people in the line of fire |last2=Perugini |first2=Nicola | author2-link = Nicola Perugini |publisher=University of California Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-520-97228-5 |location=Oakland, California}}
• {{cite web |website=Human Rights Watch |title=World Court to hear Genocide Case Against Israel |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/10/world-court-hear-genocide-case-against-israel |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110151152/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/10/world-court-hear-genocide-case-against-israel |archive-date=10 January 2024 |ref={{sfnref |Human Rights Watch |2024}} }}
• {{cite web |last=Jimoh |first=Abdullahi |date=4 January 2024 |title=Over 100 Global Organisations Rally for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ |website=News Central TV |url=https://newscentral.africa/over-100-global-organisations-rally-for-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj/ |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123615/https://newscentral.africa/over-100-global-organisations-rally-for-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news|title=Photos of babies being burnt, decapitated confirmed|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-767951|access-date=15 October 2023|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Tzvi|last=Joffre|date=12 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013045824/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-767951|url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=John |first1=Tara |last2=Flower |first2=Kevin |title=Israel admits airstrike on ambulance near hospital that witnesses say killed and wounded dozens |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/03/middleeast/casualties-gazas-shifa-hospital-idf/index.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=CNN |date=3 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104002513/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/03/middleeast/casualties-gazas-shifa-hospital-idf/index.html |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news|title=Video shows apparent death of Israeli hostages in Hamas custody|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-hostage-death/|access-date=15 October 2023|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=9 October 2023|first1=Meg|last1=Kelly|first2=Sarah|last2=Cahlan|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009204926/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-hostage-death/|url-status=live}}
• {{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/middleeast/un-israel-war-crimes-gaza-health-system-intl/index.html|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of 'crime of extermination' through deliberate destruction of Gaza's health care system|last1=Kennedy|first1=Niamh|last2=Darwish|first2=Muhammad|date=11 October 2024|work=CNN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012174219/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/middleeast/un-israel-war-crimes-gaza-health-system-intl/index.html|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |author1-link=Patrick Kingsley (journalist) |last2=Bergman |first2=Ronen |author2-link=Ronen Bergman |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |last4=Kershner |first4=Isabel |author-link4=Isabel Kershner |date=26 March 2024 |title=Israeli Hostage Says She Was Sexually Assaulted and Tortured in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/26/world/middleeast/hamas-hostage-sexual-assault.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326195932/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/26/world/middleeast/hamas-hostage-sexual-assault.html |archive-date=26 March 2024 |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=The New York Times}}
• {{cite news|last1=Lyon|first1=Emmett|title=Israel accused of using controversial white phosphorus shells in Gaza amid war with Hamas|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-white-phosphorous-gaza-palestinians-amnesty-hrw-reports/|work=CBS News|access-date=14 October 2023|date=14 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011719/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-white-phosphorous-gaza-palestinians-amnesty-hrw-reports/|url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web|last=O'Grady|first=Sean|date=13 October 2023|title=A million Palestinians have become human shields for Hamas|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-hamas-palestine-invasion-human-shields-war-b2429205.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231018174741/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-hamas-palestine-invasion-human-shields-war-b2429205.html |archive-date=18 October 2023|website=The Independent|language=en}}
• {{cite web |last1=Philp |first1=Catherine |last2=Weiniger |first2=Gabrielle |date=7 June 2024 |title=Israel says Hamas weaponised rape. Does the evidence add up? |url=https://www.thetimes.com/magazines/the-times-magazine/article/israel-hamas-rape-investigation-evidence-october-7-6kzphszsj |work=The Times }}
• {{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Nick|title=UN experts condemn attacks on civilians in Israel, Gaza as 'war crimes'|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4251899-un-civilians-israel-gaza-war-crimes/|work=The Hill|access-date=12 October 2023|date=12 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012140640/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4251899-un-civilians-israel-gaza-war-crimes/|url-status=live|ref={{harvid|Robertson|2023a}}}}
• {{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Shira |date=25 November 2023 |title=Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128081253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}
• {{cite news |title=South Africa's ICJ Case Against Israel Backed by Over 1,000 Organizations |work=The Palestine Chronicle |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-backed-by-over-1000-organizations/ |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112210235/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-backed-by-over-1000-organizations/ |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref |The Palestine Chronicle |2024b}} }}
• {{cite news |last1=Shamim |first1=Sarah |date=11 January 2024 |title=Which countries back South Africa's genocide case against Israel at ICJ? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/9/which-countries-back-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126071244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/9/which-countries-back-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj |archive-date=26 January 2024}}
• {{Cite web |last=Sharon |first=Itamar |date=14 October 2023 |title=IDF says it's completing preparations to strike Gaza 'from air, sea and land' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014232648/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Sharon|2023b}} }}
• {{Cite news|last=Sharon|first=Jeremy|title=Footage of Hamas assault on civilians shows likely war crimes, experts say|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/footage-of-hamas-assault-on-civilians-shows-likely-war-crimes-experts-say/|access-date=10 October 2023|work=The Times of Israel|date=8 October 2023|language=en-US|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008204916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/footage-of-hamas-assault-on-civilians-shows-likely-war-crimes-experts-say/|url-status=live|ref={{harvid|Sharon|2023a}}}}
• {{cite news|last1=Speri|first1=Alice|title=Israel Responds to Hamas Crimes by Ordering Mass War Crimes in Gaza|url=https://theintercept.com/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-war-crimes-palestinians/|work=The Intercept|access-date=12 October 2023|date=9 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010546/https://theintercept.com/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-war-crimes-palestinians/|url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news|last=Stacey|first=Kiran|date=15 October 2023|title=UK foreign secretary urges Israel to show 'restraint' in Gaza offensive|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/15/israel-gaza-hamas-uk-foreign-secretary-james-cleverly|access-date=19 October 2023|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018143541/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/15/israel-gaza-hamas-uk-foreign-secretary-james-cleverly|url-status=live}}
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• {{cite journal |last1=Tanielian |first1=Melanie S. |title=The Silent Slow Killer of Famine: Humanitarian Management and Permanent Security |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=5 February 2024 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2310866 |s2cid=}}
• {{cite news|title=Unverified reports of '40 babies beheaded' in Israel-Hamas war inflame social media|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902|access-date=15 October 2023|work=NBC News|first1=Kat|last1=Tenbarge|first2=Melissa|last2=Chan|date=12 October 2023|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182948/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902|url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Tétrault-Farber |first=Gabrielle |date=17 October 2023 |title=Attack on Gaza hospital 'unprecedented' in scale, WHO says |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/attack-gaza-hospital-unprecedented-scale-who-says-2023-10-17/ |url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017223550/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/attack-gaza-hospital-unprecedented-scale-who-says-2023-10-17/ |archive-date=17 October 2023}}
• {{cite news|title=Israel kibbutz the scene of a Hamas "massacre", first responders say: "The depravity of it is haunting"|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-babies-killed-hamas-terror-attack-kibbutz-kfar-aza-first-responders-say/|access-date=15 October 2023|work=CBS News|first1=Holly|last1=Williams|first2=Erin|last2=Lyall|date=11 October 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011133214/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-babies-killed-hamas-terror-attack-kibbutz-kfar-aza-first-responders-say/|url-status=live}}

• "[https://www.ifj.org/war-in-gaza War in Gaza: Journalists are under attack]", per International Federation of Journalists
• [https://gaza-hospitals.forensic-architecture.org IDF attacks on Gaza Strip healthcare facilities], per Forensic Architecture

{{Human rights in the Middle East}}

{{Gaza war}}

{{War crimes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:War crimes in the Gaza war}}

Hamas war

Category:2023 in the Gaza Strip

Category:2024 in the Gaza Strip

Category:21st-century human rights abuses

Category:Gaza war

Category:Mass murder in the Gaza Strip

Category:Massacres in Palestine