Yoga in Britain

File:Banyans Yogis.jpegs under a banyan tree, from Collections of Travels Through Turky into Persia and the East-Indies by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, 1688]]

The yoga scholar Mark Singleton notes that early British travellers who visited India considered yoga practitioners to be unpleasant, vagrants at best and libertines at worst. John Ovington in his A Voyage to Suratt, In the Year, 1689{{cite book |last1=Ovington |first1=John |title=A Voyage to Suratt, In the Year, 1689 |date=1696 |location=London |publisher=Jacob Tomson |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79805/page/n24}} described them as "holy mendicants" who had a "sordid aspect";{{efn|David Gordon White writes of "a variety of mendicant orders—variously called Yogis, Gosains, Fakirs, or Sanyasis by the British, who had difficulty distinguishing between them".{{sfn|White|Magee|2019|p=69}}}} he attributed their taking solemn vows to remain in strange postures all their lives as "Delusions of Satan".{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=38–39}} Similarly, John Fryer in his 1698 A New Account of East-India and Persia{{cite book |last1=Fryer |first1=John |author-link=John Fryer (travel writer) |title=A New Account of East-India and Persia |date=1698 |location=London |publisher=Richard Chiswell |url=https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast00whitgoog/page/n6}} recorded a "Jougie" who had a gold ring in his "Virile Member" to keep him from sexual activity, and wrote of ascetics who held postures until their limbs withered; he called such people "Vagabonds" who pretended to be pious.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=38–39}}

File:Seal posture Mollie Bagot Stack 1931.jpg in "Seal" posture (now Salabhasana, locust pose) in Building the Body Beautiful, the Bagot Stack Stretch-and-Swing System, 1931]]

Early in the 1900s, the occultist Aleister Crowley travelled to India, devoting himself to Rāja yoga at the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai. He learnt some asanas and studied Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. He wrote that he had attained the spiritual state of dhyana, which he called the seventh stage of the path to enlightenment, interpreting Patanjali's eight limbs of yoga as a sequence.{{sfnm |1a1=Booth |1y=2000 |1pp=144–147 |2a1=Churton |2y=2011 |2pp=78–83 |3a1=Kaczynski |3y=2010 |3pp=96–98 |4a1=Singleton |4y=2010 |4pp=64–66 |5a1=Sutin |5y=2000 |5pp=94–98}} In 1939, Crowley gave a series of lectures on yoga, under the "modest"{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=64–66}} pseudonym of Mahatma Guru Sri Paramahansa Shivaji,{{efn|Crowley's pseudonym means "Great Spirit Teacher Respected Supreme Swan Respected [God] Shiva".}} which were published the same year under the title Eight Lectures on Yoga.{{sfn|Wasserman|2007|p=26}} This work helped to link yoga in the mind of the British public with magic, yogis with fakirs, and tantra with "Western esoteric sexual practices".{{sfnm |1a1=Newcombe |1y=2019 |1pp=24–27 |2a1=Singleton |2y=2010 |2pp=64–66}}

In the 1930s, Health and Strength magazine ran two kinds of article relating to yoga. The first spoke of "yoga" but without mentioning asanas; the second, which it did not call "yoga", for women, including postures such as those now called Trikonasana, Paschimottanasana, and Salabhasana.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=157-159}} In July 1935, the magazine featured Adonia Wallace demonstrating the "Exercises Which Gave Me Fame"{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=158-159}} as "The Girl with the Perfect Figure",{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=158-159}} with the poses now called Rajakapotasana, Urdhva Dhanurasana, Natarajasana, and Eka Pada Viparita Dandasana.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=158-159}} Similar postures were taught to the Women's League of Health and Beauty in Britain by Mary Bagot Stack in the period between the world wars with the "Bagot Stack Stretch-and-Swing System". Stack had travelled to India, and had learnt some yoga poses there.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=160–162}}

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{{see|Yoga for women}}

File:Yogini_Sunita.jpg in the 1960s.{{sfn|Newcombe|2014|pp=148–153}}]]

The BBC broadcast the first yoga television programmes in 1948 and 1949 to a small audience,{{efn|At that time, only a small percentage of households in Britain had a television; but the programmes attracted only a minority of the available audience.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=179–184}}}} presented by the ex-MI6 agent Sir Paul Dukes, who had an interest in spirituality; he had visited Pierre Bernard's Country Club in Nyack, New York which taught hatha yoga. A still shows three women in Shirshasana (tripod headstand) on a circular stage.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=177–202}}

Classes in yoga as exercise started to appear across Britain in the 1960s, and asana sessions became a common option among adult education evening classes. For example, in Birmingham, a local newspaper editor, Wilfred Clark, gave a lecture on yoga to the Workers' Educational Association in 1961, meeting such an enthusiastic response that he proposed yoga classes to the local education authority, and founded in turn the Birmingham Yoga Club, the Midlands Yoga Association, and finally the British Wheel of Yoga in 1965. Yoga groups soon sprang up all over Britain.{{sfnm |1a1=Newcombe |1y=2007 |2a1=Newcombe |2y=2019 |2pp=40–74}}

The yoga researcher Suzanne Newcombe states that yoga in Birmingham was largely inspired by a Brahmin woman from a devout Catholic family in Bombay, born as Bernadette Bocarro. She trained as a Franciscan nun but left the convent and then learnt "Pranayama Yoga" in Bombay, marrying another Indian Catholic, Roydon Cabral. In 1960 she moved to Birmingham, taught yoga to a few friends, and by 1961 presented herself in a sari as "Yogini Sunita", exciting curiosity by sitting on the floor. An interviewer described her at that time as "wearing a flame-coloured sari, sandals and long silver earrings with her dark hair swept back in a chignon."{{sfn|Newcombe|2014|pp=148-153}} She was a charismatic teacher, attracting many middle-class women with her calm, relaxed manner, her skill and air of authority when teaching relaxation, and her ability to combine bringing up a family with a busy schedule of teaching and writing.{{sfn|Newcombe|2014|pp=148-153}}{{cite web |last1=Newcombe |first1=Suzanne |author-link1=Suzanne Newcombe |title=How Yoga Conquered Britain: The Feminist Legacy of Yogini Sunita and Kailash Puri |url=https://theconversation.com/how-yoga-conquered-britain-the-feminist-legacy-of-yogini-sunita-and-kailash-puri-118780 |website=The Conversation |access-date=6 October 2019 |date=20 June 2019 |ref=none}}

File:BKS Iyengar Centre House.jpg
B. K. S. Iyengar with yoga teacher Malcolm Strutt at Iyengar Centre House, London, 1971]]

Yoga reached London's evening classes in 1967. The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) stated that classes in "Hatha Yoga (sic)" should not cover the philosophy of Yoga, favouring "Keep Fit" classes in asanas and "pranayamas (sic)" especially for people aged over 40, and expressing concern about the risk of "exhibitionism" and the lack of suitably qualified teachers. The ILEA's Peter McIntosh watched some classes taught by B. K. S. Iyengar, was impressed by his 1966 book Light on Yoga, and from 1970 ILEA-approved yoga teacher training was run by one of Iyengar's pupils, Silva Mehta. Since the ILEA had insisted that classes should be free of yoga philosophy, Iyengar was careful to encourage students to follow their own religious traditions, rather than trying to follow his own family's Visistadvaita, a qualified non-dualism within Hinduism.{{sfnm |1a1=Newcombe |1y=2007 |2a1=Newcombe |2y=2019 |2pp=99, 236–239}} The ILEA had considered the British Wheel of Yoga, but, Newcombe suggests, since the Wheel had argued that yoga was not a physical education topic, McIntosh doubted they would be able to provide good quality yoga as ILEA physical education.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|p=96}}

In 1968, the rock music group The Beatles led counter-cultural interest, travelling to India and practising Transcendental Meditation with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in his ashram at the "yoga capital of the world",{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-s-identity-as-yoga-capital-to-be-maintained/48548.html|title=Rishikesh's Identity as Yoga Capital to Be Maintained|newspaper=The Tribune|date=2 March 2015|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506212519/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-s-identity-as-yoga-capital-to-be-maintained/48548.html|url-status=dead}} Rishikesh.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=134-176}} In Crosby, on Merseyside, Kailash Puri, a Sikh woman from Punjab, taught yoga, pranayama and relaxation in the wave of interest generated by The Beatles; her students Frank and Hazel Wills ran a yoga slot on the BBC lunchtime programme Pebble Mill at One starting in 1973.

Yoga classes grew beyond those of local education authorities when ITV screened Yoga for Health from 1971, watched by an audience estimated at 4 million. Richard Hittleman was brought in from the United States for want of a suitable British presenter. The model and ballerina Lyn Marshall was chosen to demonstrate the poses under his instruction, on the grounds that "any reasonably fit person"{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=188-194}} could benefit from yoga, even though, as Newcombe remarks, Marshall was, as a trained dancer, hardly average.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=188-194}} Marshall went on to publish a series of illustrated guides to yoga, including Wake Up to Yoga (1975) and Keep Up with Yoga (1976).{{cite web |title=ti:yoga au:Lyn Marshall |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3Ayoga+au%3ALyn+Marshall&fq=x0%3Abook+%3E+ln%3Aeng&qt=advanced&dblist=638 |publisher=WorldCat |access-date=6 October 2019}} Newcombe estimates that the number of people, mainly middle-class women,{{efn|In British usage, the middle class is relatively comfortable, above the working class, well-educated with good jobs.{{cite web |title=Middle Class |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/middle-class |work=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=25 April 2019}}}} practising yoga in Britain rose from about 5,000 in 1967 to 50,000 in 1973 and 100,000 by 1979; most of their teachers were also women. With the rise of feminism and higher education for women, middle-class British women were starting to resent being housewives, and given their relative economic freedom, were ready to experiment with new lifestyles such as yoga. Newcombe speculates that their husbands may have found having their wives attending "course on traditionally feminine subjects like flower arranging or cooking ... less threatening and more respectable than employment outside the home."{{sfn|Newcombe|2007}} The women saw evening classes as safe, interesting, and a good place to make friends with like-minded people. Further, women in Britain were accustomed to gendered physical education, dating back to Mary Bagot Stack before the Second World War.{{sfnm |1a1=Newcombe |1y=2007 |2a1=Newcombe |2y=2019 |2pp=109–133}}

{{further|Yoga as exercise}}

File:People take part in a Yoga camp, organised by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, ahead of the International Day of Yoga - 2016, in Oxford, UK on June 19, 2016.jpg, 2016]]

Adult education funding was cut sharply in the 1980s when Margaret Thatcher was prime minister, and yoga moved from public to private classes.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=258-270}} In the 1990s, commercial yoga studios started to appear in city centres. At the same time, yoga was recognised as a valid sporting activity by the UK Sports Council; it recognised the British Wheel of Yoga as yoga's governing body, without giving it powers to enforce yoga teaching standards.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=258-270}} A more energetic style, Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga, became popular in the new studios with their audience of young, ambitious and often male practitioners. The style, founded by K. Pattabhi Jois, made yoga into an aerobic exercise with continuous flowing movements, the asanas linked by vinyasa sequences based on Surya Namaskar, the salute to the sun.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=258-270}}

File:BKS_Iyengar_at_new_yoga_centre_London_1984.jpg, London, May 1984, with the institute's committee of yoga teachers. From left Mira Mehta, Genie Hammond, unknown, Peter Ballard, Iyengar, Silvia Prescott, and Silva Mehta.]]

The first Iyengar Yoga Institute (IYI) outside India was founded in Maida Vale, London, in 1983.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|p=384}} Silva Mehta and her children Shyam Mehta and Mira Mehta, both yoga teachers taught by Iyengar, helped to run the institute, initially largely unpaid.{{cite web |title=Pranic Pathways and the Inner Journey with Mira Mehta |url=https://yogaloftlondon.com/workshops/pranic-pathways-and-the-inner-journey-with-mira-mehta/ |publisher=Yoga Loft |access-date=20 March 2019 |date=3 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903131021/https://yogaloftlondon.com/workshops/pranic-pathways-and-the-inner-journey-with-mira-mehta/ |archive-date=3 September 2019}}{{cite web |title=40 Years of Iyengar yoga in Maida Vale |url=https://iyengaryogalondon.co.uk/history-iyengar-yoga-maida-vale/ |publisher=Iyengar Yoga London |access-date=10 March 2025 |date=19 November 2021}} The old IYI building was replaced in 1994, and the new one was officially opened by Iyengar in person in 1997. From the start, Iyengar personally assessed the quality of the teaching every year.{{cite web |last1=Redfern |first1=Helen |title=Stepping Inside the Iyengar Yoga Institute in Maida Vale |url=https://www.yogamatters.com/blog/iyengar-yoga-institute-maida-vale/ |publisher=Yoga Matters |access-date=5 April 2019 |date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903130954/https://www.yogamatters.com/blog/iyengar-yoga-institute-maida-vale/ |archive-date=3 September 2019 |url-status=live}}

Alongside the yoga brands, many teachers, for example in England, offer an unbranded "hatha yoga", often mainly to women, creating their own combinations of poses. These may be in flowing sequences (vinyasas), and new variants of poses are often created.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=152}}{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Jennifer |title=Find Your Match Among the Many Types of Yoga |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/not-all-yoga-is-created-equal |work=Yoga Journal |date=28 August 2007}}{{cite news |last1=Beirne |first1=Geraldine |title=Yoga: A Beginner's Guide to the Different Styles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jan/10/yoga-beginners-guide-different-styles |access-date=1 February 2019 |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=10 January 2014}} The gender imbalance has sometimes been marked; in Britain in the 1970s, women formed between 70 and 90 per cent of most yoga classes, as well as most of the yoga teachers.{{sfn|Newcombe|2007}} This caused yoga to evolve as a female practice, taught by women to women.{{sfn|Hodges|2007|p=70}}

{{anchor|Brighton Yoga Festival}}

In 2013, the Brighton Yoga Festival was founded by Davy Jones and Mikaela Perera.{{cite web |title=BYF Trustees: Davy Jones - Chair |url=https://www.brightonyogafoundation.org/team/ |website=Brighton Yoga Foundation |access-date=2 March 2025}}{{cite web |title=Davy Jones |url=https://www.yogacampus.com/teachers/davy-jones |website=Yoga Campus |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929075624/https://www.yogacampus.com/teachers/davy-jones |archive-date=29 September 2023 |url-status=live}} Since then it has run annually, with a day of classes in different styles of yoga and meditative practices, held in the Brighton area during the summer.{{cite web |title=Brighton Yoga Festival 2025 |url=https://brightonyogafestival.com/ |publisher=Brighton Yoga Festival |access-date=2 March 2025}}

By 2019, yoga had become "massively popular" in Britain, to the extent that its practice was altogether "unremarkable";{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|p=x}} some 500,000 people practise it regularly each week, and as many as 3 million have at least tried it.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|p=1}}

{{further|Yoga teacher training}}

In 1993, the Sports Council gave the British Wheel of Yoga the status of "National Governing Body" for yoga as a "sports activity", effectively taking control away from local authorities. The Wheel ran yoga teacher training programmes and accredited the programmes of other organisations.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=260-261}}

By the 21st century, yoga teaching in Britain had changed from mainly publicly funded (by local education authorities) to mainly private, whether in small local groups, advertised classes in venues such as church halls (often British Wheel of Yoga), organised groups like Iyengar Yoga, Ashtanga yoga and Bikram Yoga, or commercial studios providing many different styles of yoga.{{sfn|Newcombe|2019|pp=258–270}}{{cite web |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |title=Yoga in Britain |url=https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/yoga-in-britain/ |publisher=Religion Media Centre |date=5 August 2019 |ref=none}}{{cite web |title=Bikram Yoga: The Story of How Yoga Got Hot |url=https://www.iyogalondon.co.uk/blog/bikram-yoga-how-yoga-got-hot/ |publisher=I Yoga London |date=23 June 2016}}

A 2019 project bringing yoga into schools has had "a profound impact" on Norfolk primary school children with special needs such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism.{{cite news |title=Yoga in Schools Has 'Profound Impact' on Behaviour |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-norfolk-47489958/yoga-in-schools-has-profound-impact-on-behaviour |work=BBC News |date=8 March 2019}} The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence has recommended that employers should arrange lunchtime yoga classes to help reduce obesity.{{cite news |last1=Lyons |first1=Izzy |title=Spinning and Yoga Classes Should Be Introduced by Employers During Lunchtime, NICE Says |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/06/05/spinning-yogaclasses-should-introduced-employers-lunchtime-nice/ |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=6 June 2019 |location=London}}

Yoga in Britain is practised in varied settings and in many hybrid forms, from ashrams to village halls to prisons; with dogs, paddleboards, and aerially; for children and for those with Parkinson's; to awaken Kundalini, and as Christian "PraiseMoves".{{sfn|Gowing|2019|loc=especially pp. ix–x}} A hotel in the Lake District offers yoga with ring-tailed lemurs.{{cite web |title=Lake District Hotel Launches Lemur Yoga Classes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-47783459 |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 April 2019 |date=2 April 2019}}

File:Hatha Yoga Project, SOAS University of London.webm and colleagues at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London including Mark Singleton and Jason Birch introduce the 2015–2020 Hatha Yoga Project]]

Britain has pioneered the academic study of yoga: the School of Oriental and African Studies in London has created a Centre of Yoga Studies, hosting the Hatha Yoga Project which traced the history of physical yoga. The school teaches a master's degree in yoga and meditation.{{cite web |title=Centre of Yoga Studies |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/yoga-studies/ |publisher=SOAS |access-date=22 May 2019}} Its researchers have included scholar practitioners such as Singleton and James Mallinson who do yoga themselves,{{sfn|Newcombe|2009}} and Suzanne Newcombe, who has specifically investigated yoga in Britain in its period of rapid growth and acceptance from 1960 to 1980, as documented in her book Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis.{{cite web |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |title=Dr Suzanne Newcombe |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/people/shn44 |publisher=Open University |access-date=17 March 2019}}

• Yoga in France
• Yoga in Germany
• Yoga in Italy
• Yoga in Russia
• Yoga in Sweden
• Yoga in the United States

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{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}

• {{cite book |last=Booth |first=Martin |title=A Magick Life: The Biography of Aleister Crowley |author-link=Martin Booth |year=2000 |location=London |publisher=Coronet Books |isbn=978-0-340-71806-3}}
• {{cite book |last=Churton |first=Tobias |title=Aleister Crowley: The Biography |author-link=Tobias Churton |year= 2011 |publisher=Watkins Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-78028-012-7 }}
• {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Elliott |author-link=Elliott Goldberg |title=The Path of Modern Yoga: The History of an Embodied Spiritual Practice |location=Rochester, Vermont |publisher=Inner Traditions |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-62055-567-5}}
• {{cite book |last=Gowing |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Gowing |title=Unlikely Positions (in Unlikely Places): A Yoga Journey Around Britain |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |location=England |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-78477-640-4}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Hodges |first=Julie |year=2007 |title=The Practice of Iyengar Yoga by Mid-aged Women: An Ancient Tradition in a Modern Life |url=https://lismoreyogastudio.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/juliehodges.phd_.2007.pdf |degree=PhD |location=Newcastle, New South Wales |publisher=University of Newcastle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325150720/https://lismoreyogastudio.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/juliehodges.phd_.2007.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=4 June 2019}}
• {{cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Richard |title=Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley |edition=2nd |author-link=Richard Kaczynski |year=2010 |publisher=North Atlantic Books |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=978-0-312-25243-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dowhatthouwiltli0000suti }}
• {{cite journal |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |year=2007 |title=Stretching for Health and Well-Being: Yoga and Women in Britain, 1960–1980 |journal=Asian Medicine

|volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–63 |doi=10.1163/157342107X207209 |doi-access=free|url=https://brill.com/fileasset/downloads_products/Author_Instructions/ASME.pdf }}

• {{cite journal |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=2009 |title=The Development of Modern Yoga: A Survey of the Field |journal=Religion Compass |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=986–1002 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00171.x}}
• {{cite book |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |author-mask={{long dash}} |editor1-last=Singleton |editor1-first=Mark |editor1-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |editor2-last=Goldberg |editor2-first=Ellen |chapter=The Institutionalization of the Yoga Tradition: 'Gurus' B. K. S. Iyengar and Yogini Sunita in Britain |title=Gurus of Modern Yoga |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi= 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199938704.003.0008 |isbn=978-0-19-993871-1 |pages=147–167}}
• {{cite book |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=2019 |title=Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis |location=Bristol |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=978-1-78179-661-0}}
• {{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |year=2010 |title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395358.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-539534-1}}
• {{cite book |title=Do What Thou Wilt: A Life of Aleister Crowley |last=Sutin |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Sutin |year=2000 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-25243-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dowhatthouwiltli0000suti }}
• {{cite book |last=Wasserman |first=Nancy |year=2007 |title=The Weiser Concise Guide to Yoga for Magick |publisher=Red Wheel Weiser |isbn=978-1-60925-204-5}}
• {{cite book |last1=White |first1=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White |last2=Magee |first2=Daren |date=2019|title=The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcmXDwAAQBAJ |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19707-4}}

{{refend}}

{{Yoga as exercise}}

Category:Articles containing video clips

Britain