Zen (microarchitecture)#Enhanced security and virtualization support
{{about|the CPU architecture family|the first generation of the microarchitecture|Zen (first generation)}}
{{short description|Microarchitecture family by AMD}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
Zen is a family of computer processor microarchitectures from AMD, first launched in February 2017 with the first generation of Ryzen CPUs. It is used in Ryzen (desktop and mobile), Ryzen Threadripper (workstation and high-end desktop), and Epyc (server). Zen 5 is the latest iteration of the architecture.
Comparison
{{mw-datatable}}
| class="wikitable mw-datatable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ! colspan="4" |Microarchitecture ! colspan="2" |Zen{{Cite web|title=Zen - Microarchitectures - AMD|url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/microarchitectures/zen|access-date=September 16, 2021|website=WikiChip|language=en}} ! rowspan="2" |Zen 2{{Cite web|title=Zen 2 - Microarchitectures - AMD|url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/microarchitectures/zen_2|access-date=September 16, 2021|website=WikiChip|language=en}} ! colspan="2" |Zen 3{{Cite web|title=Zen 3 - Microarchitectures - AMD|url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/microarchitectures/zen_3|access-date=September 16, 2021|website=WikiChip|language=en}} ! colspan="2" |Zen 4{{Cite web|title=Zen 4 - Microarchitectures - AMD|url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/microarchitectures/zen_4|access-date=October 10, 2022|website=WikiChip|language=en}} ! colspan="2" |Zen 5{{Cite web |title=Zen 5 - Microarchitectures - AMD - WikiChip |url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/microarchitectures/zen_5 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=en.wikichip.org |language=en}} |
| colspan="4" |Microarchitecture variants
! Zen ! Zen+{{Cite web|title=Zen+ - Microarchitectures - AMD |url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/microarchitectures/zen%2B|access-date=October 10, 2022|website=WikiChip|language=en}} ! Zen 3 ! Zen 3+ ! Zen 4 !Zen 5 !Zen 5c |
|---|
| colspan="4" |Fabrication process (nm)
| 14 nm | 12 nm | colspan="2" |7 nm | 6 nm | colspan="2" |5 nm | 4 nm | 3 nm |
| rowspan="15" |Cache{{binpre|first}}
! colspan="3" |μop | colspan="2" |2K | colspan="3" |4K | colspan="2" |6.75K | | |
| rowspan="7" |L1
! rowspan="3" |Data ! Size | colspan="7" |32 KB | colspan="2" |48 KB |
| Ways
| colspan="2" |4 | colspan="5" |8 | colspan="2" |12 |
| Latency
| | | | colspan="2" |4–8 | | | colspan="2" | |
| rowspan="3" |Instruction
! Size | colspan="2" |64 KB | colspan="7" |32 KB |
| Ways
| colspan="2" |4 | colspan="7" |8 |
| Latency
| colspan="5" |4–8 | | | colspan="2" | |
| colspan="2" |TLB
| colspan="3" |512-entry | colspan="2" |1024-entry | | | colspan="2" | |
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |L2
! Size | colspan="5" |512 KB/core | colspan="4" |1024 KB/core |
| Ways
| colspan="9" |8 |
| Latency
| 17 | colspan="4" |12 | colspan="2" |14 | colspan="2" | |
| TLB
| colspan="2" |1536-entry | colspan="3" |2048-entry | colspan="2" |3072-entry | colspan="2" | |
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |L3
! Size (per CCX) | colspan="2" |8 MB | 16 MB | 32 MB | {{n/a|APU-only}} | 32 MB | 16 MB | 32 MB | 16 MB |
| Ways |
| Latency
| colspan="2" |35 | 40 | colspan="2" |46 | colspan="2" |50 | colspan="2" | |
| colspan="4" |Max. CPU cores
| colspan="2" |32 | colspan="2" |64 | 8 |128 |192 |
| colspan="4" |Simultaneous multithreading (SMT)
| colspan="9" {{Ya}} |
| colspan="4" |OoO window (ROB)
| colspan="2" |192 | 224 | colspan="2" |256 | colspan="2" |320 | colspan="2" |448 |
| rowspan="2" |Pipeline
! colspan="3" |Stages | colspan="3" |19 | | | | | colspan="2" | |
| colspan="3" |Decode (ways)
| colspan="2" |4 | | | | colspan="2" | |
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Scheduler
! Entries | | | | | | | | colspan="2" | |
| Dispatch
| colspan="2" |6 | | | | | | colspan="2" | |
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Register file
! Integer | colspan="2" | 168 | 180 | colspan="2" |192 | colspan="2" |224{{cite web |title=AMD's Zen 4 Part 1: Frontend and Execution Engine |url=https://chipsandcheese.com/2022/11/05/amds-zen-4-part-1-frontend-and-execution-engine/}} | colspan="2" |240 |
| Floating-point
| colspan="2" |160 | 160 | colspan="2" |384 |
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Queue
! Instruction | colspan="2" |72 | | | | | | colspan="2" | |
| Allocation
| colspan="2" |44 | | | | | | colspan="2" | |
| colspan="4" |AGUs
| colspan="2" |2 | 3 | 3 | | | | colspan="2" |4 |
History
=First generation=
{{main|Zen (first generation)}}
The first-generation Zen was launched with the Ryzen 1000 series of CPUs (codenamed Summit Ridge) in February 2017.{{cite news |last1=Anthony |first1=Sebastian |date=2016-08-18 |title=AMD says Zen CPU will outperform Intel Broadwell-E, delays release to 2017 |website=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/08/amd-zen-performance-details-release-date/ |access-date=2016-08-18}} The first Zen-based preview system was demonstrated at E3 2016, and first substantially detailed at an event hosted a block away from the Intel Developer Forum 2016. The first Zen-based CPUs reached the market in early March 2017, and Zen-derived Epyc server processors (codenamed "Naples") launched in June 2017{{Cite web |last=Cutress |first=Ian |date=2017-06-20 |title=AMD's Future in Servers: New 7000-Series CPUs Launched and EPYC Analysis |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/11551/amds-future-in-servers-new-7000-series-cpus-launched-and-epyc-analysis |access-date=2017-08-08 |website=AnandTech}} and Zen-based APUs (codenamed "Raven Ridge") arrived in November 2017.{{cite web|url=http://store.hp.com/us/en/pdp/hp-envy-x360-convertible-laptop-15z-touch-1za07av-1|title=HP ENVY x360 Convertible Laptop - 15z touch |website=HP Official Store}} This first iteration of Zen utilized GlobalFoundries' 14 nm manufacturing process.{{Cite web|last=Lilly|first=Paul|date=2016-07-23|title=AMD Shipping Zen In Limited Quantity Q4, Volume Rollout Ramps Q1 2017|url=https://hothardware.com/news/amd-shipping-zen-in-limited-volumes-q4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060847/https://hothardware.com/news/amd-shipping-zen-in-limited-volumes-q4|archive-date=2019-04-21|access-date=2020-10-21|website=HotHardware|language=en-us}} Modified Zen-based processors for the Chinese market were also built under the AMD–Chinese joint venture.
==First generation refresh==
{{main|Zen+}}
Zen+ was first released in April 2018,{{cite news|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=AMD's 2018 roadmap: Desktop APUs in February, second-generation Ryzen in April|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/01/amds-2018-roadmap-desktop-apus-in-february-second-generation-ryzen-in-april/|access-date=9 January 2018|publisher=Ars Technica|date=8 January 2018}} powering the second generation of Ryzen processors, known as Ryzen 2000 (codenamed "Pinnacle Ridge") for mainstream desktop systems, and Threadripper 2000 (codenamed "Colfax") for high-end desktop setups. Zen+ used GlobalFoundries' 12 nm process, an enhanced version of their 14 nm node.{{Cite web|last=Cutress|first=Ian|title=The AMD 2nd Gen Ryzen Deep Dive: The 2700X, 2700, 2600X, and 2600 Tested|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/12625/amd-second-generation-ryzen-7-2700x-2700-ryzen-5-2600x-2600|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Anandtech}}{{Cite web|last=Hruska|first=Joel|date=2017-09-22|title=AMD Will Use 'New' GlobalFoundries 12nm Node for Future CPUs, GPUs |website=ExtremeTech|url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/256213-amd-will-use-new-globalfoundries-12nm-node-future-cpus-gpus|access-date=2020-10-21}}
=Second generation=
{{main|Zen 2}}
The Ryzen 3000 series CPUs were released on July 7, 2019,{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antonyleather/2019/07/07/amd-ryzen-9-3900x-and-ryzen-7-3700x-review-old-ryzen-owners-look-away-now/|title=AMD Ryzen 9 3900X and Ryzen 7 3700X Review: Old Ryzen Owners Look Away Now|last=Leather|first=Antony|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/amd/amd-ryzen-3000-announcement|title=AMD Ryzen 3000 CPUs launching July 7 with up to 12 cores|website=PCGamesN|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-28}} while the Zen 2-based Epyc server CPUs (codename "Rome") were released on August 7, 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://www.amd.com/en/press-releases/2019-08-07-2nd-gen-amd-epyc-processors-set-new-standard-for-the-modern-datacenter|title=2nd Gen AMD EPYC™ Processors Set New Standard for the Modern Datacenter with Record-Breaking Performance and Significant TCO Savings|date=August 7, 2019|website=AMD|access-date=August 8, 2019}} Zen 2 Matisse products were the first consumer CPUs to use the 7 nm process node, from TSMC.{{Cite web|last=January 2020|first=Bill Thomas 15|title=AMD Zen 2 specs, price and release date: all about AMD's newest processor tech|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/amd-zen-2|access-date=2020-10-21|website=TechRadar|date=January 15, 2020 |language=en}} Zen 2 introduced the chiplet based architecture, where desktop, workstation, and server CPUs are all produced as multi-chip modules (MCMs); these Zen 2 products utilise the same core chiplets but are attached to different uncore silicon (different IO dies) in a hub and spoke topology. This approach differs from Zen 1 products, where the same die (Zeppelin) is used in a simple monolithic package for Summit Ridge products (Ryzen 1000 series) or used as interconnected building blocks in an MCM (up to four Zeppelin dies) for first generation Epyc and Threadripper products.{{Cite web| url=https://frankdenneman.nl/2019/10/14/amd-epyc-naples-vs-rome-and-vsphere-cpu-scheduler-updates/ | title = Naples Zeppelin vs. Rome Chiplet (subsection) }} For earlier Zen 2 products the IO and uncore functions are performed within this separate IO die,{{Cite web |author=btarunr|date=June 12, 2019|title=AMD Ryzen 3000 'Matisse' I/O Controller Die 12nm, Not 14nm |url=https://www.techpowerup.com/256511/amd-ryzen-3000-matisse-i-o-controller-die-12nm-not-14nm |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=TechPowerUp |language=en}} which contains the memory controllers, the fabric to enable core to core communication, and the bulk of uncore functions. The IO die used by Matisse processors is a small chip produced on GF 12 nm,{{Cite web |last=Cutress |first=Ian |date=2019-06-10 |title=AMD Zen 2 Microarchitecture Analysis: Ryzen 3000 and EPYC Rome |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/14525/amd-zen-2-microarchitecture-analysis-ryzen-3000-and-epyc-rome |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=AnandTech}} whereas the server IO die utilized for Threadripper and Epyc is far larger. The server IO die is able to serve as a hub to connect up to eight 8-core chiplets, while the IO die for Matisse is able to connect up to two 8-core chiplets. These chiplets are linked by AMD's own second generation Infinity Fabric, allowing a low-latency interconnect between the cores and to IO. The processing cores in the chiplets are organized in CCXs (Core Complexes) of four cores, linked together to form a single eight core CCD (Core Chiplet Die).{{Cite web|last=September 2019|first=Scharon Harding 14|title=What Is an AMD CCX? A Basic Definition|url=https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/amd-ccx-definition-cpu-core-explained,6338.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Tom's Hardware|date=September 14, 2019 |language=en}}
Zen 2 also powers a line of mobile and desktop APUs marketed as Ryzen 4000, as well as fourth generation Xbox consoles and the PlayStation 5. The Zen 2 core microarchitecture is also used in the Mendocino APU, a 6 nm system on a chip aimed at mainstream mobile and other energy efficient low power computing products.{{Cite web |last=Hachman |first=Mark |date=2022-09-20 |title=AMD Ryzen 7020 'Mendocino' CPUs want low-cost laptops to last all day long |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/1070314/amd-ryzen-7020-mendocino-cpus-budget-laptops.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=PCWorld |language=en}}
=Third generation=
{{main|Zen 3}}
Zen 3 was released on November 5, 2020,{{Cite web|last=Ridley|first=Jacob|date=2020-10-08|title=AMD Ryzen 5000 – Zen 3 CPU release date, specs, pricing, and performance|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/amd-ryzen-5000-zen-3-release-date-specs-performance/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US}} using a more matured 7 nm manufacturing process, powering Ryzen 5000 series CPUs and APUs (codename "Vermeer" (CPU) and "Cézanne" (APU)) and Epyc processors (codename "Milan"). Zen 3's main performance gain over Zen 2 is the introduction of a unified CCX, which means that each core chiplet is now composed of eight cores with access to 32 MB of L3 cache, instead of two sets of four cores with access to 16 MB of L3 cache each.{{Cite web|title=AMD's Zen 3 Drops November 5 With Major IPC Enhancements -
|website=ExtremeTech|url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/316014-amds-zen-3-drops-november-5-with-major-ipc-enhancements|access-date=2020-10-21}}
On April 1, 2022, AMD released the new Ryzen 6000 series for the laptop, using an improved Zen 3+ architecture, bringing RDNA 2 graphics integrated in a APU to the PC for the first time.{{cite press release |title=AMD Unveils New Ryzen Mobile Processors Uniting "Zen 3+" core with AMD RDNA 2 Graphics in Powerhouse Design |url=https://www.amd.com/en/press-releases/2022-01-04-amd-unveils-new-ryzen-mobile-processors-uniting-zen-3-core-amd-rdna-2 |website=AMD |language=en-US |location=Santa Clara, CA |date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=May 27, 2022}}
Zen 3 with 3D V-Cache was officially previewed on May 31, 2021.{{Citation |title=AMD at Computex 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqAYMx34euU |language=en |access-date=2021-11-15}} It differs from Zen 3 in that it includes 3D-stacked L3 cache on top of the normal L3 cache in the CCD, providing a total of 96 MB. The first product that uses it, the Ryzen 7 5800X3D, was released on April 20, 2022. The added cache brings an approximately 15% performance increase in gaming applications on average.{{Cite web |title=Ryzen 7 5800X3D vs. Ryzen 7 5800X: Zen 3 Gaming Shootout |url=https://www.techspot.com/review/2451-ryzen-5800x3D-vs-ryzen-5800x/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=TechSpot |language=en-US}}
Zen 3 with 3D V-Cache for server, codenamed Milan-X, was announced in AMD's Accelerated Data Center Premiere Keynote on November 8, 2021. It brings a 50% increase in select datacenter applications over Zen 3's Milan CPUs while maintaining socket compatibility with them.{{Citation|title=AMD Accelerated Data Center Premiere Keynote|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECHhuvuiNzs|language=en|access-date=2021-11-15}} Milan-X was released on March 21, 2022.{{Cite web |last=WhyCry |title=AMD EPYC 7003 'Milan-X' launches March 21st, specs and pricing leaked |url=https://videocardz.com/newz/amd-epyc-7003-milan-x-launches-march-21st-specs-and-pricing-leaked |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=VideoCardz.com |language=en-US}}
= Fourth generation =
{{main|Zen 4}}
Epyc server CPUs with Zen 4, codenamed Genoa, were officially unveiled at AMD's Accelerated Data Center Premiere Keynote on November 8, 2021,{{cite web |last1=Hertz |first1=Jake |title=AMD Teases More Data Center Processors at 2021 Accelerated Data Center Premiere |url=https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/amd-teases-more-data-center-processors-at-2021-accelerated-data-center-premiere/ |website=All About Circuits |access-date=6 June 2023 |date=15 November 2021}} and released a year later in November 2022.{{cite web |title=AMD Launches 4th Gen EPYC "Genoa" Zen 4 Server Processors: 100% Performance Uplift for 50% More Cores |url=https://www.techpowerup.com/300936/amd-launches-4th-gen-epyc-genoa-zen-4-server-processors-100-performance-uplift-for-50-more-cores |website=TechPowerUp |access-date=6 June 2023 |date=11 November 2022}} They have up to 96 Zen 4 cores and support both PCIe 5.0 and DDR5.
Furthermore, Zen 4 Cloud (a variant of Zen 4), abbreviated to Zen 4c, was also announced. Zen 4c is designed to have significantly greater density than standard Zen 4 while delivering greater power efficiency. This is achieved by redesigning Zen 4's core and cache to maximise density and compute throughput. It has 50% less L3 cache than Zen 4 and is not able to clock as high. Bergamo (Epyc 9704 series) has up to 128 Zen 4c cores and is socket-compatible with Genoa. It was released in June 2023.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=2023-06-13 |title=AMD Intros EPYC 97x4 “Bergamo” CPUs: 128 Zen 4c CPU Cores For Servers, Shipping Now |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/18913/amd-intros-epyc-97x4-bergamo-cpus-128-zen-4c-cpu-cores-shipping-now |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=AnandTech}} Another server product line that uses Zen 4c cores is Siena (Epyc 8004 series), which has up to 64 cores, uses a different smaller socket and is intended for use cases that favour smaller size, cost, power and thermal footprints over high performance.{{Cite web |last=Norem |first=Josh |date=2023-09-18 |title=AMD Unveils Final 4th Gen Epyc CPU Code-Named Siena |url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/amd-unveils-final-4th-gen-epyc-cpu-code-named-siena |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=ExtremeTech}}
Both Zen 4 and Zen 4 Cloud are manufactured on TSMC's 5 nm node.
In addition to the Epyc 9004, 9704 and 8004 server processors (Genoa, Bergamo and Siena respectively), Zen 4 also powers Ryzen 7000 mainstream desktop processors (codenamed "Raphael"),{{Cite web |last=Alcorn |first=Paul |date=2022-11-23 |title=AMD Zen 4 Ryzen 7000 Specs, Release Date, Benchmarks, Price Listings |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-zen-4-ryzen-7000-release-date-specifications-pricing-benchmarks-all-we-know-specs |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}} high-end mobile processors (codenamed "Dragon Range") and thin-and-light mobile processors (codenamed "Phoenix").{{Cite web |last=Burek |first=John |date=2023-01-05 |title='Phoenix' and 'Dragon Range' Arrive! AMD Outlines Ryzen 7000 Mobile CPUs, Some With Onboard ‘Ryzen AI’ |url=https://au.pcmag.com/laptops/98105/phoenix-and-dragon-range-arrive-amd-outlines-ryzen-7000-mobile-cpus-some-with-onboard-ryzen-ai |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=PCMag Australia |language=en-au}} It also powers the Ryzen 8000 G-series of desktop APUs.{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |date=2024-01-29 |title=Ryzen 8000G review: An integrated GPU that can beat a graphics card, for a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/ryzen-8000g-review-an-integrated-gpu-that-can-beat-a-graphics-card-for-a-price/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}
= Fifth generation =
{{main|Zen 5}}
Zen 5 was shown on AMD's Zen roadmap in May 2022.{{cite news|url=https://videocardz.com/newz/amd-confirms-zen4-ryzen-7000-series-lineup-raphael-in-2022-dragon-range-and-phoenix-in-2023|title=AMD confirms Zen4 & Ryzen 7000 series lineup: Raphael in 2022, Dragon Range and Phoenix in 2023|date=May 3, 2022|work=VideoCardz.com}} It is believed to use TSMC's 4 nm and 3{{nbsp}}nm processes.{{Cite web |last=Norem |first=Josh |date=2024-02-21 |title=Report: AMD's Zen 5 Architecture Is Starting Volume Production in Q3 |url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/report-amds-zen-5-architecture-is-starting-volume-production-in-q3 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=ExtremeTech}} It will power Ryzen 9000 mainstream desktop processors (codenamed "Granite Ridge"), high-end mobile processors (codenamed "Strix Point"), and Epyc 9005 server processors (codenamed "Turin").
Zen 5c is a compact variant of the Zen 5 core, primarily targeted at hyperscale cloud compute server customers.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=June 9, 2022 |title=AMD Zen Architecture Roadmap: Zen 5 in 2024 With All-New Microarchitecture |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/17439/amd-zen-architecture-roadmap-zen-5-in-2024-with-allnew-microarchitecture |website=AnandTech |language=en-US |access-date=December 11, 2022}}
Sinkclose vulnerability
On August 9, 2024 a vulnerability termed "Sinkclose" was announced affecting all Zen-based processors to that date. Sinkclose affects the System Management Mode (SMM). It can only be exploited by first compromising the operating system kernel. Once effected, it is possible to avoid detection by antivirus software and even compromise a system after the operating system has been re-installed. AMD followed up with patches to be released on August 20, 2024.{{cite web|url=https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/cpus/sinclose-vulnerability-affects-hundreds-of-millions-of-amd-processors-enables-data-theft-amd-begins-patching-issue-in-critical-chip-lines-more-to-follow|title=AMD's 'Sinkclose' vulnerability affects hundreds of millions of processors, enables data theft — AMD begins patching issue in critical chip lines, more to follow|author=Anton Shilov|date=August 9, 2024|publisher=Tom's Hardware}}{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/hardware/processors/millions-of-amd-cpus-found-vulnerable-to-18-year-old-sinkclose-deep-system-flaw-but-its-pretty-difficult-to-exploit/|title=Millions of AMD CPUs found vulnerable to 18-year-old 'Sinkclose' deep-system flaw but it's pretty difficult to exploit|author=Andy Edser|date=August 12, 2024|publisher=PC Gamer}}{{cite web|url=https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/cpus/ryzen-3000-fix-for-sinkclose-vulnerability-arrives-tomorrow-amd-reverses-course-and-will-patch-ryzen-3000-after-all|title=Ryzen 3000 fix for 'Sinkclose' vulnerability arrives tomorrow — AMD reverses course and will patch Ryzen 3000 after all|author=Aaron Klotz|date=August 19, 2024|publisher=Tom's Hardware}}
References
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{{AMD processors}}
Category:AMD microarchitectures