Rockall

The origin and meaning of the name Rockall is uncertain. The name {{lang|gd|Rocabarraigh}} is used in Scots Gaelic folklore for a mythical rock that is supposed to appear three times, its last appearance being at the end of the world: "{{lang|gd|Nuair a thig Rocabarra ris, is dual gun tèid an Saoghal a sgrios}}". ('When Rocabarra returns, the world will likely come to be destroyed'). Another idea is the name Rockall derives from the Gaelic {{lang|gd|Sgeir Rocail}}, meaning 'skerry of roaring' or 'sea rock of roaring', (although {{lang|gd|rocail}} can also be translated as 'tearing' or 'ripping').

The Scottish Gaelic name for Rockall, {{lang|gd|Ròcal}}, may derive from an Old Norse name that may contain the element {{lang|non|fjall}}, meaning 'mountain'.{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesP-Z.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191311/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesP-Z.pdf |url-status=dead }} It is also suggested the name Rockall is from the Norse {{lang|non|*rok}}, meaning 'foaming sea', and {{lang|non|kollr}}, meaning 'bald head' — a word that appears in other placenames in Scandinavian-speaking areas.

Irish mythology giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool), allegedly scooped up a chunk of what is now Ulster to fling at a Scottish rival. It missed, instead landing in the Irish Sea to become the Isle of Man. The void left behind filled with water to become Lough Neagh. McCool is then alleged to have thrown a pebble that became what is now widely known as Rockall.[https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/wolfe-tones-rockall-island "The Wolfe Tones say they will defend island at center of Ireland/Scotland battle" irishcentral.com Jun 12, 2019]{{Dubious|See talk page|date=June 2025}}

Rockall appears on a 1550 Portuguese chart as ‘Rochol’, and on one of 1606 as ‘Rocol’. The map Nova Francia alio nomine dicta Terranova, anno 1504, ({{circa|1594}}), by {{ill|Cornelis Claeszoon|nl|Cornelis Claesz (drukker)}}, Jan Doetecom and Petrus Plancius, shows Rockall named Rookol.[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/70321/nova-francia-alio-nomine-dicta-terranova-anno-1504-a-brito-plancius-claesz "Nova Francia alio nomine dicta Terranova" raremaps.com]

Rockall is named Rokol in its first known literary reference, Martin Martin's 1698 published, A Late Voyage to St Kilda. The book states: "... and from it lies Rokol, a small rock {{convert|60|league|km|sigfig=1|spell=in|disp=sqbr}} to the westward of St Kilda; the inhabitants of this place call it Rokabarra."

File:IMRAY(1884) p0231 ROCKALL.jpg

In 1956 British scientist James Fisher referred to Rockall as "the most isolated small rock in the oceans of the world". An all round navigational beacon was first installed on Rockall's summit in 1972.[https://www.theregister.com/2017/03/22/rockall_peak_blasted_off_navy_expedition/ "Decapitating Rockall: How a 1970s Navy expedition blasted the top off the Atlantic islet" theregister.co.uk Gareth Corfield, Wed 22 Mar 2017] Rockall's location was precisely determined by Nick Hancock during his 2014 expedition.

Rockall's nearest land point is the uninhabited Soay, {{convert|301.3|km|nmi}} East in Scotland's St Kilda archipelago. Rockall's nearest inhabited area is Hirta, St. Kilda's largest island, {{convert|303.2|km|nmi}} east{{Original research inline|date=February 2019}} and populated intermittently at a single military base. Rockall's nearest permanently inhabited settlement is near Hogha Gearraidh crofting township, {{convert|366.8|km|nmi|abbr=on}} west on North Uist's Aird an Rùnair headland, at {{gbmappingsmall|NF705711}} {{nowrap|({{Coord|57|36|33|N|7|31|7|W|display=inline|name=Hogha Gearraidh / Hougharry}})}}.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

Rockall is {{convert|423.2|km|smi nmi|abbr=off}} northwest of Tory Island, County Donegal, Ireland. Rockall is also {{convert|700|km|smi nmi|abbr=off}} south of Iceland.

What is now known as Rockall appears in Scots and Irish mythology (see "Etymology" section above). Rockall appears on maps from 1550 onward.[https://www.therockallclub.org/The_Rockall_Club_Facts.html "FAQs - The Rockall Club" therockallclub.org Retrieved 12 October 2014] The first known literary reference to the islet is in Martin Martin's A Late Voyage to St. Kilda, published in 1698 (see "Etymology" section above).

In 1971, Lord Kennet remarked, "There can be no place more desolate, despairing and awful" In a House of Commons debate in the same year, Willie Ross, Labour MP for Kilmarnock, said: "More people have landed on the moon than have landed on Rockall"

{{Further|topic=HMS Endymion's landing on Rockall|HMS Endymion (1797)}}

File:Rockall Basil Hall landing from HMS Endymion 1811.jpg

The earliest recorded landing on Rockall is often dated, 8 July 1810. Royal Navy officer, Basil Hall, has been reported leading a small landing party from the frigate {{HMS|Endymion|1797|6}} to the summit. However, research by James Fisher (see "Location" section above), in the log of Endymion and elsewhere, reports the actual date for this first landing was Sunday 8 September 1811.

The landing party left Endymion for the rock by boat. Endymion, while taking depth measurements around Rockall, lost visual contact with the rock as a haze descended. The ship drifted away, stranding the landing party. The party attempted a return to the ship, but in the haze could not find Endymion, and soon gave up to return to Rockall.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

The haze became a fog. The lookout sent to the top of Rockall re-spotted the ship, but it turned away from Rockall before the party in their boats reached it. Finally, just before sunset, Endymion was again spotted from the top of Rockall, and the party was able to re-board. The Endymion crew reported they had searched for five or six hours, firing their cannon every ten minutes. Hall related this and other adventures in his book, Fragment of Voyages and Travels Including Anecdotes of a Naval Life.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

The exact position of Rockall and the size and shape of the Rockall Bank was first charted in 1831. This was by Captain A. T. E. Vidal, a Royal Navy surveyor.

The next landing, in the summer of 1862, was by a Mr Johns of {{HMS|Porcupine|1844|6}}, whilst the ship was surveying the sea bed prior to the laying of a transatlantic telegraph cable. Johns gained a foothold on Rockall, but did not reach the summit.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

Miller Christy in 1896 led Rockall's first scientific expedition. The Royal Irish Academy chartered the Granuaile, and sponsored Christy's study of the flora and fauna.

File:Rockall Union flag hoisted 1955.jpg in 1955]]

File:Rockall James Fisher.jpg

Initial incentive for UK annexation of Rockall, was the test-firing of the UK's first guided nuclear weapon, the American-made Corporal missile. The missile was to be launched over the North Atlantic from South Uist. The Ministry of Defence was concerned unclaimed Rockall, could give the Soviet Union opportunity to spy on the test. Thus, in April 1955 the Admiralty was ordered to seize Rockall and declare UK sovereignty, lest it became a foreign observers outpost.[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15288401.uk-feared-rockall-base-spies/ "UK feared Rockall could be a base for spies" heraldscotland.com 16 May 2017] Underwater oil, gas and minerals reserves are increasingly eyed by rival nations eager to boost their reserves.

On 18 September 1955, Rockall was annexed by the British Crown. To do so, four men were winched onto the islet by a Royal Navy helicopter from {{HMS|Vidal}} (coincidentally named after the man who first charted the islet). The 4 were Lieutenant-Commander Desmond Scott RN, Sergeant Brian Peel RM, Corporal AA Fraser RM, and James Fisher, (a civilian naturalist and former Royal Marine). The Admiralty announced the annexation on 21 September 1955.{{cite news |title=On This Day: 1955 – Britain claims Rockall |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm |website=BBC News |date=21 September 1955 |access-date=25 June 2019}}

The landing team cemented in a brass plaque on Hall's Ledge and hoisted the Union Flag to stake the UK's claim. The plaque inscription read:

{{quotation|BY AUTHORITY OF HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH THE SECOND, BY THE GRACE OF GOD OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND OF HER OTHER REALMS AND TERRITORIES, QUEEN, HEAD OF THE COMMONWEALTH, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, ETC. ETC. ETC. AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH HER MAJESTY'S INSTRUCTIONS DATED 14. 9. 55. A LANDING WAS EFFECTED ON THIS DAY UPON THE ISLAND OF ROCKALL FROM H.M.S. VIDAL. THE UNION FLAG WAS HOISTED AND POSSESSION OF THE ISLAND WAS TAKEN IN THE NAME OF HER MAJESTY. [Signed] R H Connell, CAPTAIN, H.M.S. VIDAL, 18 SEPTEMBER 1955}}

Author Ian Mitchell opined Rockall was terra nullius (owned by no one), until the 1955 British claim.Ian Mitchell, "Isles of the North", 2012, Birlinn, 978-0-85790-099-9, page 232, {{GBurl|id=QM-8BQAAQBAJ|pg=PT232}} Rockall was the British Empire's final territorial expansion.{{cite web |title=On this day 18 September 1955 |url=https://www.fleetairarmoa.org/news/on-this-day-18-september-1955|publisher=Fleet Air Arm Officers' Association |access-date=23 August 2019}}

On 7 November 1955, J. Abrach Mackay, an 84-year- old local councillor and member of the Clan Mackay, protested the annexation; he declared: "My old father, God rest his soul, claimed that islet for the Clan of Mackay in 1846 and I now demand that the Admiralty hand it back. It's no' theirs." The British Government ignored his protest.

In 1971, Captain T. R. Kirkpatrick RE led the landing party on a British government expedition named "Exercise Top Hat". Top Hat was mounted from {{ship|RFA|Engadine|K08|6}} with 2 aims:[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/599002/Report_on_Operational_Top_Hat_government_expedition_to_Rockall_in_1970.pdf "Report on Operational Top Hat: government expedition to Rockall in 1970" https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk 13 February 2017]

1. The principal aim of the exercise was to lay a flat surface on the top of Rockall so that an all round visual light could be erected in future. This was achieved by blowing the top 5 feet (1.5 metres) off Rockall, leaving a flat area of 12 feet by 5 feet.
2. A secondary aim was to deck qualify{{clarify|date=June 2025}} one holdover pilot

Both aims were achieved. The landing party included Royal Engineers, Royal Marines and civilian members from the Institute of Geological Sciences in London. The party was landed by winch line from the Wessex 5 helicopters of the Royal Naval Air Services Commando Headquarters Squadron, commanded by Lt Cmdr Neil Foster RN.

As well as collecting samples of the aegirine granite, "rockallite", for later analysis in London, the top of the rock was blown off using a newly developed blasting technique, precision pre-splitting. This created a level area that was drilled to take the anchorages for the light beacon installed the following year. Two phosphor bronze plates were chased into the wall above Hall's Ledge, each secured by four 80-tonne rock-anchor bolts; there was no evidence of the brass plate installed in 1955.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

In 1978, eight members of the Dangerous Sports Club, including David Kirke, one of its founders, held a cocktail party on Rockall. They allegedly left with the plaque.

Dublin born adventurer and ex-SAS member, Tom McClean, lived on the islet for a then record 40 days from 26 May 1985 to 4 July 1985.[https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/one-of-the-best-wishes-mcgowan-all-the-best-in-atlantic-quest-1.621074 "One of the best wishes McGowan all the best in Atlantic quest" irishtimes.com Liam Gorman, Feb 12 2010]

{{anchor|Waveland}}

File:Flag of Waveland.svg

In 1997, three members of the environmentalist organisation Greenpeace occupied the islet for 42 days.{{cite news |title=Army veteran aims to set new world record for longest stay on Rockall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65727510 |access-date=27 May 2023 |work=BBC News |date=26 May 2023}} Among the three was John Vidal, unrelated to Vidal mentioned in a previous visit.[https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/jan/01/john-vidal-rockall "'Hello Mum, I'm on Rockall': The £100bn piece of rock" theguardian.com John Vidal, 1 Jan 2011]

The Greenpeace team called Rockall Waveland, to protest against oil exploration. Greenpeace declared the islet to be a "new Global State" (as a spoof micronation) and offered citizenship to anyone willing to take their pledge of allegiance. The British Government's response was to state that "Rockall is British territory. It is part of Scotland and anyone is free to go there and can stay as long as they please" and otherwise ignore them. The 1955 plaque was unscrewed and refixed back to front, and subsequently it disappeared.

In June 2005 the first amateur radio (ham radio) activation of Rockall took place. The club station MS0IRC/P was set up and operated for a few hours on HF frequencies before they had to close down due to approaching bad weather. The Islands on the Air number EU-189 was issued to Rockall as a result of this activation.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

In 2010, it was revealed that the plaque had gone missing. Andy Strangeway, a British adventurer, announced his intention to land on Rockall and affix a replacement plaque in June 2010. Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, the local authority for Rockall, approved planning permission for the plaque. The 2010 expedition was cancelled, and Strangeway did not replace the plaque.{{needs update|date=July 2020}}

In October 2011 a group of amateur radio operators from Belgium travelled by ship to Rockall. Several of them climbed up the rocks and set up a radio station for some hours. They stayed overnight on top of the islet. Radio contacts to all over the world were made using HF frequencies under the call sign "MM0RAI/P".{{Cite news |date=2011-10-01 |title=Belgian radio enthusiasts make rockfall on Rockall |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-15136783 |access-date=2023-05-10}}{{Cite web |title=2011 Rockall DXpedition (DVD) – Swindon & District Amateur Radio Club |url=https://www.sdarc.net/2013/10/08/2011-rockall-dxpedition-dvd/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |language=en-GB}}

On 31 May 2013, Chartered Surveyor and adventurer Nick Hancock from Edinburgh and a TV crew from BBC's The One Show, sailed to the islet aboard Orca III. He planned to survive solo on Rockall for 60 days, raising money for Help for Heroes. He unsuccessfully attempted to land and survive on the islet. He had landed for the first time the previous year on a reconnaissance expedition coinciding with Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.{{cite web|title=Rockall adventurer Nick Hancock bids to set survival record|date=28 May 2013|format=Video|website=YouTube video from The World News Channel 7|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE6wqdI41o0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/rE6wqdI41o0| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}} The weather conditions at the time "were not favourable" according to a Maritime and Coastguard Agency official. Instead, on 5 June 2014 Hancock landed on Rockall to begin his 60-day attempt. After losing supplies in a force 9 storm, he left Rockall after 45 days. He thus surpassed McClean's 40 day solo record by five days, and the 42 day record set by the Greenpeace group by three days.

File:Cam Cameron on Rockall in 2023 from rockallexped cropped.jpg

In May 2023 Chris "Cam" Cameron from Buckie, a science teacher and former Gordon Highlander, began an attempt to stay 60 days on Rockall. He was raising funds for military charities. He was accompanied to by a radio operator, Adrian Styles, and Bulgarian mountaineer Emil Bergmann. Styles and Bergmann planned to leave after a week.{{cite news |last1=Carrell |first1=Severin |last2= |first2= |title=Sixty days on a ledge in the Atlantic: teacher aims to break Rockall record |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/may/21/teacher-aims-to-break-rockall-record-sixty-days-on-a-ledge-in-the-atlantic |access-date=27 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=21 May 2023}} The group landed on Rockall on 30 May, having sailed from Inverkip on the Firth of Clyde.{{cite news |last1=Carrell |first1=Severin |title=Adventurers reach Rockall in bid to live on north Atlantic islet for 60 days |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/may/31/adventurers-rockall-bid-live-north-atlantic-islet-60-days |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=31 May 2023}} The attempt ended after 30 days when deteriorating weather conditions required Cameron's rescue by HM Coastguard.{{Cite news |last=BBC |date=28 June 2023 |title=Coastguard rescue for Army veteran in Rockall record attempt |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66047408}}

The "Round Rockall" sailing race, sponsored by Galway Bay Sailing Club, runs from Galway, Ireland, around Rockall and back. It was held in 2012 to coincide with the finish of the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race around the world.

The 2015–2016 Clipper Round the World Yacht Race race 12 from New York to Derry was extended around Rockall despite previous promises to crew from Sir Robin Knox-Johnston that this would not happen again after the race to Danang{{clarify|date=February 2024}}. In July, 2022, the 2019–2020 Clipper Round the world race (delayed for 2 years by COVID) was again extended on Leg 8 to go around Rockall before completing the leg at the mouth of the River Foyle in Ireland. The fleet had crossed the Atlantic in record time, and the City docks in Derry had no room for the fleet of 11 boats to berth. The race organizers sent the fleet around Rockall in order to extend the leg by approximately one day's sailing time to clear the docks in Derry.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

In 2017, the Safehaven Marine team led by Frank Kowalski set a world record for the Long Way Round Circumnavigation of Ireland via Rockall. The Barracuda-style naval patrol, search and rescue vessel, Thunder Child, completed the route in 34 hours, 1 minute, and 47 seconds. Set in an anti-clockwise direction, the new record – the first of its kind – is now subject to ratification by Irish Sailing and the Union Internationale Motonautique, the world governing board for all powerboat activity.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

{{out of date|date=June 2024}}

Rockall rises sheer to a height of {{convert|17.15|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Rockall is about {{convert|25|m|ft|-1}} wide and {{convert|31|m|ft|abbr=on}} long at its base.

File:Rockall - geograph.org.uk - 1048821.jpg

File:Rockall - geograph.org.uk - 1048796.jpg

File:Rockall - geograph.org.uk - 1048793.jpg

Ocean swell hitting Rockall from the West was described by Nick Hancock as, "exactly where you don't want it", for a successful landing attempt. A small step in the cliff on the western flank acts a landing "platform". From there, anyone landing commences a fast, vertical scramble to safety out of the ocean swell zone. A traverse across the West face is then needed to reach the summit.[https://www.theguardian.com/global/2013/may/31/rockall-nick-hancock-60-days "Rockall, like a mountain summit, will be there another day" theguardian.com Nick Hancock, 1 Jun 2013]

1971 "Exercise Top Hat" by the Corp of Royal Engineers, blew the top 5 feet (1.5 metres) off Rockall. That left a flat area of 12 feet by 5 feet at its longest and widest. This is the area cleared for an all round navigation beacon (see "Deploying an all round light beacon" above).

Hall's Ledge on the South face[https://www.theregister.com/2014/07/07/hancock_rockall_storm/ "Storm-battered Rockall adventurer recalls 'worst experience of my life'" theregister.com Lester Haines, 7 Jul 2014] is both Rockall's only named location and only occupiable area.["Britain's loneliest island 260 miles out at sea where 3 men attempt to survive" https://www.mirror.co.uk 7 February 2023] It was named in 1955 after Basil Hall, the first recorded person to land on Rockall (see "History" section above). The ledge measures just {{convert|3.5|by|1.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and is just {{convert|4|m|ft}} from Rockall's summit.

The British Geological Survey (BGS) report of Rockall, "A sill, 0.5 to 1.0 m thick and dipping at 30° to 35° to the east-north-east intrudes the lower part of the island," that, "on the south face, can be seen to bifurcate." The BGS add that Rockall is, "cut by a series of joints, one set of which is responsible for the north–south orientation of the near-vertical east-facing cliff".

A detailed underwater mapping of the area around Rockall was undertaken in 2011–2012 by Marine Scotland. The mapping showed that Rockall is a minor pinnacle of the surrounding Helen's Reef. Helen's Reef extends in a sweeping arc of fissures and ridges to the north-west of the islet. Between the islet and Helen's Reef is a deeper trench much used by squid fishermen.{{cite web |url=http://marine.gov.scot/information/rockall-bathymetry-2011-and-2012 |title=Marine Scotland Information: Rockall Bathymetry 2011 and 2012|publisher=Marine Scotland|access-date=2018-04-28}}

File:Hasselwood Rock cropped from Rockall photo.JPG

File:N-Atlantic-topo.png separating Ireland and Great Britain from the Rockall Plateau on which Rockall is situated]]

Hasselwood Rock 200 metres North,[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/may/28/rockall-timeline "Rockall – a timeline" theguardian.com Severin Carrell, 28 May 2013] and several other pinnacles of Helen's Reef, are smaller at half the size or less of Rockall. While similarly remote, those other formations are legally not islands nor points on land. That is since they are often submerged completely, only revealed momentarily above certain types of ocean surface waves.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

Rockall Bank is Rockall's surrounding elevated seabed. Rockall Bank lies directly south of the Rockall Plateau. It is separated from the Outer Hebrides by the Rockall Trough, itself located within the Rockall Basin (also known as the "Hatton Rockall Basin").{{cn|date=October 2022}}

File:Rockall wave March 1943 cropped.jpg winter waves breaking over the islet on 11 March 1943, photographed by RAF Coastal Command]]

Although Rockall does not sustain a weather station, Rockall's isolated setting dictates an extremely oceanic climate without heat or cold extremes.{{cn|date=June 2025}} The North Atlantic Current influences waters near Rockall.[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024AGUOSCC12B..03B/abstract "Interannual variability of the NAC and recirculations in the eastern boundary of the OSNAP array and its impact on heat fluxes" harvard.edu. Burmeister, Kristin; Jones, Sam C.; Cunningham, Stuart A.; Fraser, Neil; Drysdale, Lewis; Inall, Mark E. February 2024][https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/publications/observed-variability-of-the-north-atlantic-current-in-the-rockall "Observed variability of the North Atlantic Current in the Rockall Trough from four years on mooring measurements" uhi.ac.uk. Loïc Houpert, Stuart Cunningham, Neil Fraser, Clare Louise Johnson, N. Penny Holliday, Samuel Jones, Ben Moat, Darren Rayner. Published - 30 Sept 2020][https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/533747/1/JGR%20Oceans%20-%202022%20-%20Fraser%20-%20North%20Atlantic%20Current%20and%20European%20Slope%20Current%20Circulation%20in%20the%20Rockall%20Trough%20Observed.pdf "North Atlantic Current and European Slope Current Circulation in the Rockall Trough Observed Using Moorings and Gliders" Neil J. Fraser, Stuart A. Cunningham, Lewis A. Drysdale, Mark E. Inall, Clare Johnson, Sam C. Jones, Kristin Burmeister, Alan D. Fox, Estelle Dumont, Marie Porter, and N. Penny Holliday. First published: 29 November 2022]

Rockall's name is given to 1 of the 31 sea areas named in the British Meteorological Office's shipping forecast. It was reported in 2006 that those onboard a British oceanographic research vessel just East of Rockall in February 2000, experienced the largest waves ever recorded by scientific instruments in the open ocean. A shipborne wave recorder measured individual waves up to {{convert|29.1|m|ftin|abbr=on}} from crest to trough, and a maximum significant wave height of {{convert|18.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.[https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2005GL025238 "Were extreme waves in the Rockall Trough the largest ever recorded?" wiley.com Naomi P. Holliday, Margaret J. Yelland, Robin Pascal, Val R. Swail, Peter K. Taylor, Colin R. Griffiths, Elizabeth Kent. First published: 11 March 2006] Those measurements are higher than Rockall's {{convert|17.15|m|ftin|abbr=on}} summit.

File:Sills_in_Rockall_Trough.jpg

Rockall is made of a type of peralkaline granite that is relatively rich in sodium and potassium. Within this granite are darker bands richer in iron because they contain two iron-sodium silicate minerals called aegirine and riebeckite. The darker bands are a type of granite that geologists have named "rockallite", although use of this term is now discouraged.

In 1975, a mineral new to science was discovered in a rock sample from Rockall. The mineral is called bazirite, named after the chemical elements barium and zirconium. Bazirite has the chemical formula BaZrSi₃O₉.

Rockall forms part of the deeply eroded Rockall Igneous Centre that was formed as part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province. It was formed approximately 52 ± 8 million years ago based on rubidium–strontium dating,{{Cite journal|last1=Stoker|first1=Martyn S.|last2=Kimbell|first2=Geoffrey S.|last3=McInroy|first3=David B.|last4=Morton|first4=Andrew C.|date=February 2012|title=Eocene post-rift tectonostratigraphy of the Rockall Plateau, Atlantic margin of NW Britain: Linking early spreading tectonics and passive margin response|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026481721100211X|journal=Marine and Petroleum Geology|language=en|volume=30|issue=1|pages=98–125|doi=10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.09.007|bibcode=2012MarPG..30...98S |s2cid=129882933 |url-access=subscription}} as part of the breakup of Laurasia. Greenland and Europe separated and the northeast Atlantic Ocean was formed between them, eventually leaving Rockall as an isolated islet.

The RV Celtic Explorer surveyed the Rockall Bank in 2003. The Irish Light Vessel Granuaile (the same name as the steamer on the RIA 1896 botany survey) was chartered by the Geological Survey of Ireland, on behalf of the Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources, to conduct a seismic survey of the Rockall Bank and the Hatton Bank in July 2004, as part of the Irish National Seabed Survey.

Rockall's only permanent multicellular inhabitants are common periwinkles and other marine molluscs. Small numbers of seabirds, mainly fulmars, northern gannets, black-legged kittiwakes, and common guillemots, use the rock for resting in summer. Gannets and guillemots occasionally breed successfully if the summer is calm with no storm waves washing over the rock. In total there have been just over twenty species of seabird and six other animal species observed (including the aforementioned molluscs) on or near the islet.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

Cold-water coral biogenic reefs have been identified on the wider Rockall Bank, which are contributing features for the East Rockall Bank and North-West Rockall Bank SACs.

In December 2013 surveys by Marine Scotland discovered four new species of animal in the sea around Rockall. These are believed to live in an area where hydrocarbons are released from the sea bed, known as a cold seep. The discovery has raised the issue of restricting some forms of fishery to protect the sea bed. The species are:

• Volutopsius scotiae Frussen, McKay & Drewery, 2013 – a sea snail about {{convert|10|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• Thyasira scotiana Zelaya, 2009 – a clam{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• Isorropodon mackayi – a clam in the order Veneroida{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• Antonbruunia sociabilis sp. – a marine worm in the order Phyllodocida{{cn|date=June 2025}}

{{For|details of the competing sea-bed claims|Rockall Bank dispute}}

File:LE Roisin at Rockall.jpg vessel Róisín at Rockall conducting routine maritime security patrols {{convert|230|nmi|km|abbr=on}} off the north-west coast of Ireland]]

Irish claims to Rockall are based on its proximity to the Irish mainland; however, the country has never formally claimed sovereignty over the rock. Although Rockall is closer to the UK coast than to the Irish coast, Ireland does not recognise the UK's territorial claim to Rockall, "which would be the basis for a claim to a 12-mile territorial sea".

Ireland regards Rockall as irrelevant when determining the boundaries of the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) as the rock is uninhabitable and in signing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1997, the UK has agreed that "Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf". In 1988, Ireland and the United Kingdom signed an EEZ boundary agreement, ignoring the rock per UNCLOS. With effect from 31 March 2014, the UK and Ireland published EEZ limits which include Rockall within the UK's EEZ.

In October 2012, the Irish Independent published a picture of the Irish Navy ship LÉ Róisín sailing past Rockall conducting routine maritime security patrols, and claimed that it was exercising Ireland's sovereign rights over the rock.

File:Rockall EEZ topographic map-en.svgs of the UK, Ireland, Faroe Islands (Denmark), and Iceland around Rockall]]

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland claims Rockall along with a {{convert|12|nmi|km|0|adj=mid|-radius}} territorial sea around the islet inside the country's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The UK also claims "a circle of UK sovereign airspace over the islet of Rockall".

The UK claimed Rockall on 18 September 1955 when "Two Royal Marines and a civilian naturalist, led by Royal Navy officer Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott, raised a Union flag on the islet and cemented a plaque into the rock". Prior to this Rockall was legally terra nullius. The British Island of Rockall Act 1972 (c. 2) formally annexed Rockall to the United Kingdom. In May 2017, declassified documents revealed that the 1955 decision to claim the rock as UK territory was motivated by worries that it could otherwise be used by "hostile agents" to spy on the future South Uist missile testing range.

The UK considers Rockall administratively part of the Isle of Harris. A navigational beacon was installed on the rock in 1982 and the UK declared that no ship would be allowed within a {{convert|50|nmi|km|adj=on}} radius of the rock.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} However, in 1988, the United Kingdom and Ireland signed an EEZ boundary agreement for which "the location of Rockall was irrelevant to the determination of the boundary". In 1997, the UK ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which states that "Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf". This limits territorial sea claims to a {{convert|12|nmi|km|adj=on}} radius, and therefore allows free passage in waters beyond this. Under the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 the area around it was declared to be under the jurisdiction of Scots law rather than English law.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

As the rock lies within the United Kingdom's EEZ, the UK has sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources of the area, including jurisdiction over the protection and preservation of the marine environment.

Early in January 2021, after the UK left the EU and the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement came into force, the Northern Celt, an Irish fishing boat based out of Greencastle, County Donegal, was boarded and ordered to leave the 12-nautical-mile zone around Rockall by officers of Marine Scotland patrol boat.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-55552455 |title=Irish boat blocked from fishing off Rockall |publisher=BBC |date=6 January 2021 |access-date=8 January 2021}} Since 2021, fishing licences issued by the UK to EU vessels have excluded access to the 12 nautical mile zone around Rockall. In 2023, Irish Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine Charlie McConalogue stated that this action was costing the Irish fishing industry up to €7 million per year.{{cite news |url=https://www.derryjournal.com/news/politics/greencastle-fishers-losing-up-to-30-of-income-due-to-britains-outrageous-rockall-blockade-4065172 |title=Greencastle fishers losing up to 30% of income due to Britain's 'outrageous' Rockall blockade |last=Mullan |first=Kevin |website=Derry Journal |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023}}{{cite news |url=https://www.derryjournal.com/news/environment/rockall-blockade-is-costing-donegal-fishermen-millions-of-euro-deputy-maclochlainn-4021447 |title=Rockall blockade is costing Donegal fishermen 'millions' of euro - Deputy MacLochlainn |last=Glenn |first=Laura |website=Derry Journal |date=9 February 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023}} In 2024, a proposed bilateral agreement between the governments of Ireland and Scotland that would have allowed Irish fishing vessels to return to the 12 nautical mile zone was vetoed by United Kingdom Foreign Secretary David Cameron.{{cite news |url=https://fishingnews.co.uk/news/rockall-deal-vetoed-by-david-cameron/ |title=Rockall deal vetoed by David Cameron |website=FishingNews.co.uk |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=11 March 2025 }}

File:IMRAY(1884) p0231 ROCKALL.jpg

There have been various disasters on the neighbouring Hasselwood Rock and Helen's Reef (the latter having been named in 1830).{{cn|date=June 2025}}

• 1686 – a Spanish, French or Spanish-French ship ran aground around Rockall. Several men of the crew, Spanish and French, were able to reach St. Kilda in a pinnace and saved their lives. Some details of this event were recounted by Martin Martin in his A late voyage to St Kilda, published in 1698. The ship was perhaps a fishing vessel based in the Bay of Biscay and bound for North Atlantic cod fisheries.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• 1812 – a survey vessel Leonidas foundered on Helen's Reef.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• 1824 – Brigantine Helen of Dundee, bound for Quebec, foundered on Helen's Reef with fatalities.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• 1904 – Danish ship SS Norge foundered on Hasselwood Rock with the loss of more than 635 of its 750 passengers. This led to a proposal by D. & C. Stevenson for an unattended lightship to be moored close to the rock.

• English poet Michael Roberts published a poem "Rockall" in his 1939 collection, Orion Marches. The poem describes a shipwrecked traveller on the rock.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• In the 1951 novel The Cruel Sea by Nicholas Monsarrat Rockall features as the place of the final act of HMS Saltash{{'}}s war. It is here the ship takes the surrender of two German U-boats on the last day of World War Two in Europe.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• The 1955 British landing, complete with the trappings such as hoisting the flag, caused a certain amount of popular amusement, with some seeing it as a sort of farcical end to imperial expansion. The satirists Flanders and Swann sang a successful piece entitled "Rockall", playing on the similarity of the word to the vulgar expression 'fuck all', meaning "nothing": "The fleet set sail for Rockall, Rockall, Rockall, To free the isle of Rockall, From fear of foreign foe. We sped across the planet, To find this lump of granite, One rather startled gannet; In fact, we found Rockall."
• In The Goon Show episode "Napoleon's Piano" (first broadcast October 1955), Bluebottle lands on the piano as it is floating in the English Channel and cements a brass plate to it in the belief that it is Rockall.{{Cite web|url=http://www.thegoonshow.net/scripts_show.asp?title=s06e04_napoleons_piano|title=The Goon Show Site – Script – Napoleon's Piano (Series 6, Episode 4)|website=Thegoonshow.net|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110214443/http://www.thegoonshow.net/scripts_show.asp?title=s06e04_napoleons_piano|url-status=dead}} Rockall was the launching site for the prototype "Jet propelled guided NAAFI" in the Goon Show episode of the same name (January 1956).{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• It has been suggested by several critics that Rockall is the rock that forms the setting for William Golding's 1956 novel Pincher Martin.{{cite book |last=Redpath |first=Philip |date=1986 |title=William Golding: A Structural Reading of His Fiction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpsIAtB_j0UC&pg=PA152 |location=London |publisher=Vision Press / Barnes & Noble |page=152 |isbn=978-0854781461 }}
• The Master, a 1957 novel by T. H. White, is set inside Rockall.
• David Frost, when hosting the 1962-1963 BBC satirical TV programme That Was the Week That Was, recited a list of the dwindling British colonial possessions, ending with the words, "... and sweet Rockall."
• Storm Over Rockall was a 1965 novel by W. Howard Baker, part of a series of novels based on the espionage television series Danger Man.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• The Icelandic instrumental jazz-funk fusion band Mezzoforte's track Rockall was a minor hit in Europe in 1983 and was used as a signature tune by several European radio chart shows.

{{cite book

| first= David

| last= Roberts

| year= 2006

| title= British Hit Singles & Albums

| edition= 19th

| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited

| location= London

| isbn= 1-904994-10-5

| page= 362}}Larkin, Colin (1997) The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music, Virgin Books, {{ISBN|0-7535-0159-7}}, p. 321

• The Irish folk group The Wolfe Tones made Rockall the subject of their 1976 song "Rock on, Rockall", which asserted an Irish claim to the rock.
• ‘Ether’, the opening track of the English post-punk band Gang of Four's 1979 debut album, Entertainment!, features the satirical line "There may be oil under Rockall". The bulk of the song deals with the then ongoing Troubles in Northern Ireland and is critical of British actions there; the line alludes anticlimactically to the dispute between Ireland and the UK over Rockall.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• A club, The Rockall Club, has been established for people who have landed there.
• In series 2, episode 2, of the television series The Ambassador, "Vacant Possession" (first broadcast on 25 April 1999), an Irish protester lands on Rockall and claims it for his nation, sparking a diplomatic row.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• BBC Choice broadcast two series of a topical panel show titled Good Evening Rockall{{Cite web|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/2a32967afdfb40c4a75fbeb2c374ba32|title=Broadcast – BBC Programme Index|website=Genome.ch.bbc.co.uk|date=11 April 2000 |access-date=4 November 2021}} in which panellists put forward events to be included in a news bulletin ostensibly targeting the rock. Sue Perkins hosted the second series.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• The duo and solo project of Runrig songwriters Calum and Rory MacDonald is called The Band from Rockall.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
• Rockall is the only island claimed by Ireland that is not included on the course of the Round Ireland Yacht Race being excluded since the race's inception in 1980. {{Cite web |last=admin |title=The Course |url=https://roundireland.ie/wp/index.php/about-the-race/the-course/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=SSE Renewables Round Ireland Yacht Race 2024 |language=en-GB}}

{{Portal|Scottish islands}}

• List of islands of Scotland
• List of outlying islands of Scotland
• Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus

Notes

{{Reflist | refs =

{{cite web|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/97923/response/262438/attach/html/3/0109%2012.pdf.html|title=Foreign & Commonwealth Office Response to Freedom of Information request regarding Rockall|website=Whatdotheyknow.com |date=8 March 2012}}

[https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2011-03-24.365.0 Written Answers – Rockall Island]. Oireachtas, Dublin, 24 March 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

{{Citation | title = Written answers| publisher = Oireachtas | location = Dublin | url = https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2016-10-26a.250 | access-date = 29 January 2018 }}

{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/3161/contents/made |title=The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013|website= legislation.gov.uk|access-date= 20 July 2014}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/si/0086.html |title=Maritime Jurisdiction (Boundaries of Exclusive Economic Zone) Order 2014|website= irishstatutebook.ie|access-date=20 July 2014}}

{{Gaelic Placenames}} p. 101

Coates (1990) pp. 49–54, esp. 51-2.

.

Keay and Keay (1994) p. 817.

[http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/MB2/mb33.html#sgeir "Sgeir"] ceantar.org. Retrieved 18 January 2008.

[http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/MB2/mb31.html#rocail "Rocail"] ceantar.org. Retrieved 18 January 2008.

{{cite book|last=Martin |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Martin |title=A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland Circa 1695 |date=1703 |url=http://www.appins.org/martin.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003106/http://www.appins.org/martin.htm |archive-date=13 March 2007 }}

[http://www.therockallclub.org/The_Rockall_Club_Facts.html The Rockall Club website's Facts page. Retrieved 12 October 2014.][https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-29539119 bbc.co.uk]. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.

[http://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/what-s-on/leisure/adventurer-changes-height-of-rockall-1-3566732 Stornoway Gazette] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018054139/http://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/what-s-on/leisure/adventurer-changes-height-of-rockall-1-3566732 |date=18 October 2014 }}. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.

{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-hard-place-for-a-protest-as-invaders-raise-the-flag-on-rockall-1255452.html|title=A hard place for a protest as invaders raise the flag on Rockall|author=James Mellor|date=23 October 2011|newspaper=The Independent}}

{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/scotland-blog/2014/jul/23/rockall-record-vicious-storm |title=The Guardian – Record occupation of Rockall |website=Theguardian.com |access-date=26 March 2015 |date=26 March 2015}}

Google Earth. Rockall ETRS89 57°35'46.695"N 13°41'14.308"W to Gob a' Ghaill, Soay, St Kilda at approximately WGS84 57°49'40.8"N 8°38'59.4"W is approximately {{convert|301.3|km|smi nmi|abbr=off}}.

Google Earth. Rockall ETRS89 57°35'46.695"N 13°41'14.308"W to Tory Island at approximately WGS84 55°16'29.73"N 8°15'00.92"W is approximately {{convert|423.2|km|smi nmi|abbr=off}}.

{{cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Nick Hancock guest blog Ordnance Survey |url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2014/10/the-longest-solo-occupation-of-rockall/ |access-date=14 October 2014}}

{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=James |author-link=James Fisher (naturalist) |date=1956 |title=Rockall |publisher=Geoffrey Bles |location=London |pages=12–13}}

MacDonald, Fraser (2006) [http://www.landfood.unimelb.edu.au/rmg/geography/papers/Rockall.pdf 'The last outpost of Empire: Rockall and the Cold War"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122002531/http://www.landfood.unimelb.edu.au/rmg/geography/papers/Rockall.pdf |date=22 January 2009 }}, (pdf) Journal of Historical Geography, 32 627–647. University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

[http://rockall2011.com/About_Rockall.html "About Rockall"] Rockall2011.com. Accessed 12 December 2010

Google Earth. Rockall ETRS89 57°35'46.695"N 13°41'14.308"W to An Campar, Hirta, St Kilda at approximately WGS84 57°49'30.4"N 8°37'03.6"W is approximately {{convert|303195|km|smi nmi|abbr=off}}.

Maclean (1977) p. 142

[http://www.kilda.org.uk/visitor-advice.htm "Advice for visitors"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416054436/http://www.kilda.org.uk/visitor-advice.htm |date=16 April 2007 }} (2004) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 18 March 2007.

Google Earth. Rockall ETRS89 57°35'46.695"N 13°41'14.308"W to Aird an Runair, North Uist at approximately WGS84 57°36'11.4"N 7°32'59.3"W is approximately {{convert|366843|km|smi nmi|abbr=off}}.

{{cite web |title=Brochure |publisher=The Royal Irish Academy |url=http://www.ria.ie/about/pdfs/brochure.pdf |access-date=13 December 2010 |via=Internet Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528193024/http://www.ria.ie/about/pdfs/brochure.pdf |archive-date = 28 May 2008}}

{{cite journal|last=Hamilton |first=John |date=2000 |orig-year=1999 |title=Granuaile – Not the Irish Lights tender.. |journal=BEAM Magazine |volume=28 |url=http://www.cil.ie/sh618x4138.html |access-date=1 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805110514/http://www.cil.ie/sh618x4138.html |archive-date= 5 August 2007 }}

{{cite book | title=Igneous Rocks of the British Isles | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | editor=Sutherland, D. S. | year=1982 | pages=413, 541, 542 | location=Chichester | isbn=978-0-471-27810-8}}

{{cite book | title=Igneous Rocks — A Classification and Glossary of Terms | publisher=Cambridge University Press | editor=Le Maitre, R.W. | year=2002 | location=Cambridge | pages=44, 137 | isbn=978-0-521-66215-4| edition=2nd }}

{{cite book | title=Minerals of Scotland | publisher=National Museums of Scotland | author=Livingstone, Alec | year=2002 | isbn=978-1901663464}}

{{cite book|last1=Ritchie|first1=J.D.|last2=Gatliff|first2=R.W.|last3=Richards|first3=P.C.|editor=Fleet A.J. & Boldy S.A.R.|title=Petroleum geology of Northwest Europe: proceedings of the 5th conference, held at the Barbican Centre, London, 26–29 October 1997, Volume 1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTqHqJfXwYEC&pg=PA581 |access-date=28 April 2011|year=1999|publisher=Geological Society|location=London|isbn=978-1-86239-039-3|page=581|chapter=Early Tertiary magmatism in the offshore NW UK margin and surrounds}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.gsiseabed.ie/progress.htm |title=Irish National Seabed Survey |year=2004 |access-date=1 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812040132/http://www.gsiseabed.ie/progress.htm |archive-date=12 August 2007 }}

{{cite journal|last=Gray |first=Dermot |url=http://www.cil.ie/downloads/1105986489/Beam_2005.pdf |title=Granuaile carries out seismic survey at Rockall |journal=Beam |volume=33 |pages=14–16 |date=2004–2005 |access-date=1 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710165609/http://www.cil.ie/downloads/1105986489/Beam_2005.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007 }}

{{cite web |url=http://marine.gov.scot/node/12718 |title=Marine Scotland Information: Cold Water Coral Reef |publisher=Marine Scotland|access-date=2018-04-28}}

{{cite web |url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/protectedsites/sacselection/sac.asp?EUCode=UK0030389 |title=East Rockall Bank SAC |publisher=JNCC |access-date=2018-04-28 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181031/http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/protectedsites/sacselection/sac.asp?EUCode=UK0030389 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite web |url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/protectedsites/sacselection/sac.asp?EUCode=UK0030363 |title=North West Rockall Bank SAC |publisher=JNCC |access-date=2018-04-28 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181705/http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/protectedsites/sacselection/sac.asp?EUCode=UK0030363 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Deep sea creatures found off Rockall 'new to science' |work=News Highlands and Islands |date=28 December 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-25528522 |access-date=28 December 2013}}

{{cite book |title=Rockall |last=Fisher |first=James |author-link=James Fisher (naturalist) |year=1957 |publisher=The Country Book Club |pages=23–35 }}

{{cite web|url=http://dokufunk.org/upload/rockall_en.pdf|title=Ondřej Daněk "Rockall" 2009|website=Dokufunk.org}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/599002/Report_on_Operational_Top_Hat_government_expedition_to_Rockall_in_1970.pdf|title=Report on Operational Top Hat government expedition to Rockall in 1970 [sic]|website=Gov.uk}}

{{cite web

|url=http://www.therockallclub.org/The_Rockall_Club_Timeline.html

|title=Timeline

|author=

|date=2015

|website=The Rockall Club

|access-date=2016-09-06

}}

{{cite news

|last=Llewellyn-Smith

|first=Julia

|date=2004-06-06

|title=An endangered species

|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3620215/An-endangered-species.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3620215/An-endangered-species.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live

|newspaper=Daily Telegraph

|location=London

|access-date=2016-09-06}}{{cbignore}}

{{cite news

|last=Butterfield

|first=David

|date=2020-02-29

|title=Notes on...Rockall

|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/-desolate-despairing-and-awful-britain-s-uninhabitable-island

|newspaper=The Spectator

|location=London

|access-date=2020-05-16}}

{{cite journal|url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0358/D.0358.198505220015.html |journal=Dáil Éireann |volume=358 |date=22 May 1985 |title=Written Answers – Rockall Island |access-date=1 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003931/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0358/D.0358.198505220015.html |archive-date=18 July 2006 }}

[http://www.schnews.org.uk/archive/news131.htm SchNews issue 131] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612214926/http://www.schnews.org.uk/archive/news131.htm |date=12 June 2007 }}, Justice?, Brighton, 22 August 1997; see also SchNEWS Annual, Justice?, Brighton, 1998, {{ISBN|0-9529748-1-9}}

{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-hard-place-for-a-protest-as-invaders-raise-the-flag-on-rockall-1255452.html|title=A hard place for a protest as invaders raise the flag on Rockall|newspaper=The Independent|date=12 June 1997}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/jan/01/john-vidal-rockall|title='Hello Mum, I'm on Rockall': The £100bn piece of rock|author=John Vidal|work=The Guardian|date=January 2011}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.letterkennypost.com/2010/02/25/rockall-bid-to-erect-queens-plaque/ |title=Rockall bid – to erect Queen's plaque |date=25 February 2010 |work=Letterkenny Post |access-date=11 April 2010 |archive-date=19 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419162841/http://www.letterkennypost.com/2010/02/25/rockall-bid-to-erect-queens-plaque/ |url-status=dead }}

{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/8677045.stm |title=BBC article on 2010 planning permission |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=24 August 2010}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.island-man.co.uk/news.html |title=Island Man News |publisher=Andy Strangeway |date=20 July 2010 |access-date=7 December 2010}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.helpforheroes.org.uk/events/the_rockall_solo_endurance_expedition.html |title=Help for Heroes - the Rockall Solo Endurance Expedition |access-date=2012-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129092601/http://www.helpforheroes.org.uk/events/the_rockall_solo_endurance_expedition.html |archive-date=29 January 2013}}

{{cite news|author=Severin Carrell |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/may/31/rockall-adventurer-nick-hancock-fails |title=Rockall adventurer fails in first attempt to land on remote Atlantic islet | UK news | guardian.co.uk |work=The Guardian |access-date=31 May 2013 |location=London |date=31 May 2013}}

{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-27711957|title=Ratho adventurer Nick Hancock begins Rockall solo bid|website=Bbc.com|date=5 June 2014}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/marine-environment/ecosystems/Rockall|title=Rockall|publisher=Scotland.gov}}

[http://www.grindtv.com/outdoor/excursions/post/nick-hancock-sets-world-record-on-rockall/ Nick Hancock sets world records on Rockall], Grindtv; accessed 18 July 2014.

{{Cite web|url=http://www.roundrockallrace.com/about-the-race/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127230814/http://www.roundrockallrace.com/about-the-race/|url-status=dead|title=Round Rockall Race|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=4 November 2021}}

{{Cite web|url=http://www.londonderrysentinel.co.uk/news/londonderry-news/clippers-to-head-for-disputed-rockall-to-give-londonderry-time-to-get-ready-for-the-party-1-7456193|title=Clippers to head for disputed Rockall to give Londonderry time to get ready for the party|website=Londonderrysentinel.co.uk|date=30 June 2016 |access-date=2016-08-24}}

{{Cite web|url=https://thunderchild.safetrxapp.com/|title=Thunderchild Route|website=thunderchild.safetrxapp.com|access-date=2017-07-06|archive-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713032438/https://thunderchild.safetrxapp.com/|url-status=dead}}

{{cite news|author=BBC staff |year=2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm |title=1955: Britain claims Rockall |publisher=BBC}}

{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM-8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT232 |title=Isles of the North |author=Ian Mitchell |author-link=Ian Mitchell (author) |publisher=Birlinn |date=2012 |page=232|isbn=9780857900999 }}

{{cite web|url=http://heavywhalley.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/rockall-the-jubilee-landing-and-a-bit-of-history/|title=Rockall – The Jubilee landing and a bit of history. | heavywhalley |publisher=Heavywhalley.wordpress.com |date=11 June 2012 |access-date=31 May 2013}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf |title=United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part V |author= |access-date=30 January 2018 }}

{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-39920686| work=BBC News | title=UK government spy base fears over remote Rockall| date=15 May 2017| access-date=21 May 2017}}

Symmons (1993), p. 35. "As a matter of international law fall within Irish jurisdiction" and "which are closer to the Irish than the British coast"

{{cite web | url = http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1995052300032?opendocument | title=Written Answers. – Ownership of Rockall | publisher=Dáil Éireann |access-date=1 December 2015}}

{{cite book|author1=Tullio Treves|author2=Laura Pineschi|title=The Law of the Sea: The European Union and Its Member States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4uZat_RmpUC&pg=PA305|access-date=21 November 2012|year=1997|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-0326-0|pages=305–}}

{{cite web|url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0384/D.0384.198811290213.html |title=Dáil Éireann – Volume 384 – 29 November 1988 Continental Shelf Delimitation Agreement between Ireland and Britain: Motion |publisher=Historical-debates.oireachtas.ie |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607140852/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0384/D.0384.198811290213.html |archive-date= 7 June 2011 }}

{{cite news|last=Heffernan|first=Breda|title=Our Navy's show of force off Rockall|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/our-navys-show-of-force-off-rockall-3258013.html|publisher=Independent.ie |date=13 October 2012 }}

{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Frederick A. A.|title=Lightships and Lighthouses|url=https://archive.org/details/lightshipslighth00talbuoft|access-date=8 July 2015|date=1913|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lightshipslighth00talbuoft/page/299 299]–300}}

White, T. H., [http://www2.netdoor.com/~moulder/thwhite/tm_b.html "England Have My Bones"] The Master: An Adventure Story (1957) J. Moulder and M. Schaefer. Retrieved 28 March 2008.

{{cite journal|url=http://www.frasermacdonald.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/MacDonald-F-JHG-2006.pdf|title=The last outpost of Empire: Rockall and the Cold War|author=Fraser MacDonald|journal=Journal of Historical Geography|volume=32|date=2006|issue=3|pages=627–647|doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.009}}

{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/ownership-of-rockall-1.1049130|title=OWNERSHIP OF ROCKALL|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=4 November 2021}}

{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/why-the-end-of-the-wolfe-tones-is-music-to-my-ears-1.1046483|title=Why the end of the Wolfe Tones is music to my ears|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=4 November 2021}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.therockallclub.org/|title=Home – The Rockall Club|website=Therockallclub.org}}

}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}

• Coates, Richard (1990) The place-names of St Kilda. Lewiston, etc.: Edwin Mellen Press. {{ISBN|0-88946-077-9}}.
• Harvie-Brown, J. A. & Buckley, T. E. (1889) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Outer Hebrides. Edinburgh. David Douglas.
• Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004) The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh. Canongate {{ISBN|1-84195-454-3}}
• Keay, J., and Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins {{ISBN|0-00-255082-2}}
• Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda, Edinburgh, Canongate {{ISBN|0-903937-41-7}}
• Martin, Martin (1703) [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A52112.0001.001/1:7?rgn=div1;view=toc;q1=leagues A Late Voyage to St. Kilda], D. Brown and T. Goodwin, London (1698)
• {{cite book

| title = Ireland and the law of the sea

| last = Symmons

| first = Clive Ralph

| year = 1993

| isbn = 978-1-85800-022-0

| ref = Symmons, 1993

| publisher = Round Hall Press

| location = Blackrock

}}

• {{cite book

| title = The maritime zones of islands in international law

| last = Symmons

| first = Clive Ralph

| year = 1978

| isbn = 9789024721719

| ref = Symmons, 1978

| publisher = M. Nijhoff

| location = The Hague; Boston

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s7aaDOcGDskC&pg=PA162

}}

{{refend}}

• British Birds, birds breeding on Rockall. 86: 16–17, 320–321 (1993).
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060822145436/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0268/D.0268.197311010090.html Houses of the Oireachtas, Parliament of Ireland – Tithe an Oireachtais] debate with the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Dáil Éireann, 1 November 1973.
• Martin, Martin A Description of the Western isles of Scotland (1716).
• W. Sporswood Green et al, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30079066 Notes on Rockall Island and Bank, etc], The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 31, pp. 39-98. RIA, Dublin (1896)

{{sisterlinks|d=Q206137|c=Category:Rockall|voy=Next-to-impossible_destinations|n=no|b=no|s=no|v=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|q=no}}

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Opt7GYoa98w "Rockall Scorpion RIB Adventure" 60 second video of aerial views of Rockall]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeNsEMV-fOE "Rockall" Stuart Farish 3d animation 20 second video of aerial views of Rockall]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoAiZCCHpSM "Rockall" 4 min 3 second ITN video including failed and successful Tom McClean landing attempts on Rockall]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FvpdfPW94A "Rockall adventurer Nick Hancock bids to set survival record" 6 min 14 second video by The Guardian re the Nick Hancock expedition]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN7D87ajU7E "Rockall Solo" 2 min 28 second video including Nick Hancock showing how to land on Rockall from a dinghy]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN7D87ajU7E "Hebrides News: Nick Hancock leaps off Rockall" HebridesScotland video showing Nick Hancock jumping into the Atlantic and picked up by a dinghy when departing Rockall]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG5HvqtB3Ak "Rockall" 2 mins 28 second video preluding the Cam Cameron expedition. Includes an overhead map of Rockall.]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060616102950/http://www.rockallisland.co.uk/ RockallIsland.co.uk] – a website detailing the MSØIRC/p amateur radio expedition of 16 June 2005
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2u-oNQ7-ec "Rockall 2011 - MM0RAI/P" 2012 Amateur radio DXPedition to Rockall EU-189 by the Belgian Expedition Team.]
• [http://www.waveland.org/ Waveland.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821115428/http://www.waveland.org/ |date=21 August 2009 }} – official website of the former micronation Waveland based on Rockall
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm 1955: Britain claims Rockall] – "On This Day" story of British claim to Rockall from BBC's official website
• [http://utanrikisraduneyti.is/media/Frettamyndir/landgrunnsk_hatton_rockall.jpg Icelandic Ministry of Foreign Affairs map] showing all parties' claims to the continental shelf around Rockall.
• [http://www.ondrejdanek.cz/rockall Rockall.name] – website in both English and Czech of Ondrej Danek's study of Rockall
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20161117025218/http://showcase.uhi.ac.uk/resources/GSP_T14_structures5/gsp_structures_24.htm Cross-section of the geology around Rockall]
• [https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/3886293/stranded-in-the-atlantic-ocean-meet-the-men-training-for-rockall-2022/ Article in the Press and Journal about the Rockall attempt in 2022]

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