Outer Hebrides

The earliest surviving written references relating to the islands were made by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, in which he states that there are 30 {{lang|la|Hebudes}}, and makes a separate reference to Dumna, which Watson (1926) concludes is unequivocally the Outer Hebrides. Writing about 80 years later, in 140–150 AD, Ptolemy, drawing on the earlier naval expeditions of {{lang|la|Agricola}}, also distinguished between the {{lang|la|Ebudes}}, of which he writes there were only five (and thus possibly meaning the Inner Hebrides) and {{lang|la|Dumna}}.Breeze, David J. "The ancient geography of Scotland" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 11–13Watson (1926) pp. 40–41 {{lang|la|Dumna}} is cognate with the Early Celtic dumnos and means the "deep-sea isle". Pliny probably took his information from Pytheas of Massilia who visited Britain sometime between 322 and 285 BC. It is possible that Ptolemy did as well, as Agricola's information about the west coast of Scotland was of poor quality. Breeze also suggests that {{lang|la|Dumna}} might be Lewis and Harris, the largest island of the Outer Hebrides although he conflates this single island with the name "Long Island". Watson (1926) states that the meaning of Ptolemy's {{lang|grc-Latn|Eboudai}} is unknown and that the root may be pre-Celtic.Watson (1926) p. 38 Murray (1966) claims that Ptolemy's {{lang|grc-Latn|Ebudae}} was originally derived from the Old Norse {{lang|non|Havbredey}}, meaning "isles on the edge of the sea". This idea is often repeated but no firm evidence of this derivation has emerged.Murray (1966) p. 1

Other early written references include the flight of the Nemed people from Ireland to Domon, which is mentioned in the 12th-century {{lang|mga|Lebor Gabála Érenn}} and a 13th-century poem concerning {{lang|mga|Raghnall mac Gofraidh}}, then the heir to the throne of Mann and the Isles, who is said to have "broken the gate of {{lang|mga|Magh Domhna}}". {{lang|mga|Magh Domhna}} means "the plain of Domhna (or Domon)", but the precise meaning of the text is not clear.

In Irish mythology the islands were the home of the Fomorians, described as "huge and ugly" and "ship men of the sea". They were pirates, extracting tribute from the coasts of Ireland and one of their kings was {{lang|ga|Indech mac Dé Domnand}} (i.e. Indech, son of the goddess Domnu, who ruled over the deep seas).Watson (1926) pp. 41–42 quoting {{lang|ga|Lebor na hUidre}} and the Book of Leinster.

File:Outer Hebrides by Sentinel-2.jpg

File:South Uist.jpg. In the background are Beinn Mhòr at left, and Hecla on the right.]]

{{main|List of Outer Hebrides}}

The islands form an archipelago whose major islands are Lewis and Harris, North Uist, Benbecula, South Uist, and Barra. Lewis and Harris has an area of {{convert|2178.98|sqkm|sqmi|0}}Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 262 and is the largest island in Scotland and the third-largest in the British Isles, after Great Britain and Ireland.Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 502[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-islands-in-the-british-isles-by-size.html “The Largest Islands In The British Isles By Size”]. WorldAtlas. Retrieved 24 July 2024. It incorporates Lewis in the north and Harris in the south, both of which are frequently referred to as individual islands, although they are connected by land. The island does not have a single name in either English or Gaelic, and is referred to as "Lewis and Harris", "Lewis with Harris", "Harris with Lewis" etc.Thompson (1968) p. 13

The largest islands are deeply indented by arms of the sea such as Loch Ròg, Loch Seaforth and Loch nam Madadh. There are also more than 7,500 freshwater lochs in the Outer Hebrides, about 24% of the total for the whole of Scotland.[http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/advisorynotes/4/4.htm "Botanical survey of Scottish freshwater lochs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211946/http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/advisorynotes/4/4.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} SNH Information and Advisory Note Number 4. Retrieved 1 January 2010. North and South Uist and Lewis, in particular, have landscapes with a high percentage of fresh water and a maze and complexity of loch shapes. Harris has fewer large bodies of water but has innumerable small lochans. Loch Langavat on Lewis is {{convert|11|km|mi|0}} long, and has several large islands in its midst, including Eilean Mòr. Although Loch Suaineabhal has only 25% of Loch Langavat's surface area, it has a mean depth of {{convert|33|m|ft|0}} and is the most voluminous on the island.Murray and Pullar (1910) "Lochs of Lewis" Volume II, Part II [https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/text/page/1494 p. 216]. Retrieved 21 December 2009. Of Loch Sgadabhagh on North Uist it has been said that "there is probably no other loch in Britain which approaches Loch Scadavay in irregularity and complexity of outline."Murray and Pullar (1910) "Lochs of North Uist" Volume II, Part II [https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/text/page/1466 p. 188]. Retrieved 20 December 2009. Loch Bì is South Uist's largest loch and at {{convert |8|km|mi|0}} long it all but cuts the island in two.

Much of the western coastline of the islands is machair, a fertile low-lying dune pastureland.Murray (1966) pp. 171, 198 Lewis is comparatively flat, and largely consists of treeless moors of blanket peat. The highest eminence is Mealisval at {{convert|574|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the south west. Most of Harris is mountainous, with large areas of exposed rock and Clisham, the archipelago's only Corbett, reaches {{convert|799|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height.Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 289 North and South Uist and Benbecula (sometimes collectively referred to as The Uists) have sandy beaches and wide cultivated areas of machair to the west and virtually uninhabited mountainous areas to the east. The highest peak here is Beinn Mhòr at {{convert|620|m|ft|0|}}.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 236–45 The Uists and their immediate outliers have a combined area of {{convert|745.4|sqkm|sqmi|0}}. This includes the Uists themselves and the islands linked to them by causeways and bridges.Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 206 Barra is {{convert|58.75|sqkm|sqmi|0}} in extent and has a rugged interior, surrounded by machair and extensive beaches.Rotary Club (1995) p. 106Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 218–22

The scenic qualities of the islands are reflected in the fact that three of Scotland's forty national scenic areas (NSAs) are located here. The national scenic areas are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development,{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/safeguarding-protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/national-designations/national-scenic-areas/|title=National Scenic Areas|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|access-date=2018-01-17}} and are considered to represent the type of scenic beauty "popularly associated with Scotland and for which it is renowned".{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Countryside/Heritage/Areas|title=Countryside and Landscape in Scotland - National Scenic Areas|publisher=Scottish Government|date=2017-07-04|access-date=2018-01-31|archive-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201226/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Countryside/Heritage/Areas|url-status=dead}} The three NSA within the Outer Hebrides are:

• South Lewis, Harris and North Uist National Scenic Area covers the mountainous south west of Lewis, all of Harris, the Sound of Harris and the northern part of North Uist.{{cite web| url=http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/scotlandsscenicareas/Part2WesternIsles2.pdf| title=South Lewis, Harris and North Uist NSA| publisher=SNH| access-date=2009-08-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214164446/http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/scotlandsscenicareas/Part2WesternIsles2.pdf| archive-date=14 February 2012| url-status=dead}}
• An area of the south west coast of South Uist is designated as the South Uist Machair National Scenic Area.{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/921/0109905.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/921/0109905.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=South Uist Machair NSA 1:50,000 map|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|date=2010-12-20|access-date=2018-06-07}}
• The archipelago of St Kilda is also listed as an NSA, alongside many other conservation designations.{{cite web|url=http://gateway.snh.gov.uk/sitelink/searchmap.jsp|title=Sitelink Map Search|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|access-date=2018-06-11}}

{{Main|Flora and fauna of the Outer Hebrides}}

File:Benbecula Ruabhal View.jpg]]

File:Baghmor.jpg]]

Much of the archipelago is a protected habitat, including both the islands and the surrounding waters. There are 53 Sites of Special Scientific Interest of which the largest are Loch an Duin, North Uist ({{convert |151|sqkm|acre}}) and North Harris ({{convert |127|sqkm|acre}}).{{cite web |url=http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/cxdir/strategiespolicies/witps/appendix1.asp |title=Western Isles Transitional Programme Strategy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629195106/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/cxdir/strategiespolicies/witps/appendix1.asp |archive-date=29 June 2011 |website=Comhairle nan Eilean Siar |access-date=19 May 2010}}Rotary Club (1995) p. 10 South Uist is considered the best place in the UK for the aquatic plant Slender Naiad, which is a European Protected Species.[http://www.jncc.gov.uk/protectedsites/SACselection/species.asp?FeatureIntCode=S1833 "Higher plant species: 1833 Slender naiad"] JNCC. Retrieved 29 July 2007.[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1994/Uksi_19942716_en_10.htm "Statutory Instrument 1994 No. 2716 "] Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 5 July 2010.

There has been considerable controversy over hedgehogs on the Uists. Hedgehogs are not native to the islands but were introduced in the 1970s to reduce garden pests. Their spread posed a threat to the eggs of ground-nesting wading birds. In 2003 Scottish Natural Heritage undertook culls of hedgehogs in the area, but these were halted in 2007; trapped animals are now relocated to the mainland.{{cite web |url=http://www.thehedgehog.co.uk/campaign.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808001943/http://www.thehedgehog.co.uk/campaign.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2002 |title=Campaign to stop the slaughter of over 5000 Hedgehogs on the Island of Uist |publisher=Epping Forest Hedgehog Rescue |access-date=1 January 2007 }}{{cite news | last = Ross | first = John | date = 21 February 2007 | title = Hedgehogs saved from the syringe as controversial Uist cull called off | location = Edinburgh | work=The Scotsman}}

Nationally important populations of breeding waders are present in the Outer Hebrides, including common redshank, dunlin, lapwing and ringed plover. The islands also provide a habitat for other important species such as corncrake, hen harrier, golden eagle and otter. Offshore, basking shark and various species of whale and dolphin can often be seen,[http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/biodiversity/planningprocess.asp#biodiversity "Western Isles Biodiversity: Biodiversity Audit - Main report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029050723/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/biodiversity/planningprocess.asp#biodiversity |date=29 October 2009 }} Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. Retrieved 5 July 2010. and the remoter islands' seabird populations are of international significance. St Kilda has 60,000 northern gannets, amounting to 24% of the world population; 49,000 breeding pairs of Leach's petrel, up to 90% of the European population; and 136,000 pairs of puffin and 67,000 northern fulmar pairs, about 30% and 13% of the respective UK totals.Benvie (2004) pp. 116, 121, 132–34 Mingulay is an important breeding ground for razorbills, with 9,514 pairs, 6.3% of the European population.{{cite web |url=http://www.nts-seabirds.org.uk/properties/mingulay/mingulay_breeding.aspx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622052146/http://nts-seabirds.org.uk/properties/mingulay/mingulay_breeding.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 June 2006 |title=Mingulay birds |publisher=National Trust for Scotland |access-date=16 February 2007 }}

The bumblebee Bombus jonellus var. hebridensis is endemic to the Hebrides and there are local variants of the dark green fritillary and green-veined white butterflies.Thompson (1968) p. 21 The St Kilda wren is a subspecies of wren whose range is confined to the islands whose name it bears.Maclean (1972) p. 21

File:LewsCastle.jpg, Stornoway]]

{{Historical populations

|type =

|footnote ={{cite web |title=Statistical Bulletins |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/statistical-bulletins}} {{cite web |title=2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland - Release 1C (Part Two) |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release1c/rel1c2sb.pdf |publisher=National Records of Scotland |date=15 August 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/population/ |title=Factfile - Population of Outer Hebrides |access-date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910220714/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/population/ |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web| url = http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/documents/OHFactCards2012.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205035/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/documents/OHFactCards2012.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |title= Outer Hebrides Facts | access-date = 27 July 2014| url-status = dead}}

|1861 | 36319

|1901 | 46172

|1951 | 35591

|1961 | 32609

|1971 | 29891

|1981 | 30702

|1991 | 29600

|2001 | 26502

|2011 | 27684

}}

The islands' total population was 26,502 at the 2001 census, and the 2011 figure was 27,684. During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-23711202 "Scotland's 2011 census: Island living on the rise"]. BBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2013. The largest settlement in the Outer Hebrides is Stornoway on Lewis,[http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/population/ "Factfile:Population"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910220714/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/population/ |date=10 September 2017 }}. {{lang|gd|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}. Retrieved 20 July 2013.{{cite web |publisher=General Register Office for Scotland |date=28 November 2003 |url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/census/censushm/occpapers/occasional-paper-10/index.html |title=Scotland's Census 2001 Statistics for Inhabited Islands |access-date=26 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021425/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/occasional-papers/occ-paper-10-inhabited-islands.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012}} which has a population of about 8,100.Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 296

The population estimate for 2019 was 26,720 according to a Comhairle nan Eilean Siar report which added that "the population of the Outer Hebrides is ageing" and that "young adults [...] leave the islands for further education or employment purposes". Of the total population, 6,953 people reside in the "Stornoway settlement Laxdale (Lacasdal), Sandwick (Sanndabhaig) and Newmarket" with the balance distributed over 280 townships.{{cite web| url = https://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/strategy-performance-and-research/outer-hebrides-factfile/population/overview/| title = Overview| access-date = 18 February 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221007021641/https://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/strategy-performance-and-research/outer-hebrides-factfile/population/overview/| url-status = dead}}

In addition to the major North Ford ({{lang|gd|Oitir Mhòr}}) and South Ford causeways that connect North Uist to Benbecula via the northern of the Grimsays, and another causeway from Benbecula to South Uist, several other islands are linked by smaller causeways or bridges. Great Bernera and Scalpay have bridge connections to Lewis and Harris respectively, with causeways linking Baleshare and Berneray to North Uist; Eriskay to South Uist; {{lang|gd|Flodaigh}}, {{lang|gd|Fraoch-Eilean}} and the southern Grimsay to Benbecula; and the Vatersay Causeway linking Vatersay to Barra.[http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/getamap/ "Get-a-map"]. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 1–15 August 2009.[http://www.shipsofcalmac.co.uk/h_hebrides1.asp "Fleet Histories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711041045/http://www.shipsofcalmac.co.uk/h_hebrides1.asp |date=11 July 2017 }} Caledonian MacBrayne. Retrieved 3 August 2009.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 205, 253 This means that all the inhabited islands are now connected to at least one other island by a land transport route.

File:Scots Gaelic speakers in the 2011 census.png

|-

| {{lang|gd|Na Hearadh}}

| {{nts|1916}}
(Harris)

| 60% (1,212)

|-

| South Uist

| {{lang|gd|Uibhist a Deas}}

| {{nts|1754}}

| {{nts|1818}}

| 60% (1,888 incl. Benbecula)

|-

| North Uist

| {{lang|gd|Uibhist a Tuath}}

| {{nts|1254}}

| {{nts|1271}}

| 61% (887)

|-

| Benbecula

| {{lang|gd|Beinn nam Fadhla}}

| {{nts|1303}}

| {{nts|1219}}

|60% (1,888 with South Uist)

|-

| Barra

| {{lang|gd|Barraigh}}

| {{nts|1174}}

| {{nts|1078}}

| 62% (761)

|-

| Scalpay

| {{lang|gd|Sgalpaigh}}

| {{nts|291}}

| {{nts|322}}

|

|-

| Great Bernera

| {{lang|gd|Beàrnaraigh Mòr}}

| {{nts|252}}

| {{nts|233}}

|

|-

| Grimsay (north)

| {{lang|gd|Griomasaigh}}

| {{nts|169}}

| {{nts|201}}

|

|-

| Berneray

| {{lang|gd|Beàrnaraigh}}

| {{nts|138}}

| {{nts|136}}

|

|-

| Eriskay

| {{lang|gd|Èirisgeigh}}

| {{nts|143}}

| {{nts|133}}

|

|-

| Vatersay

| {{lang|gd|Bhatarsaigh}}

| {{nts|90}}

| {{nts|94}}

|

|-

| Baleshare

| {{lang|gd|Baile Sear}}

| {{nts|58}}

| {{nts|49}}

|

|-

| Grimsay (south)

| {{lang|gd|Griomasaigh}}

| {{nts|20}}

| {{nts|19}}

|

|-

| {{lang|gd|Flodaigh}}

| {{lang|gd|Flodaigh}}

| {{nts|7}}

| {{nts|11}}

|

|-

| {{lang|gd|Fraoch-Eilean}}

| {{lang|gd|Fraoch-Eilean}}

| {{ntsh|0}}?{{#tag:ref|This tidal isle is at ({{gbmapping|NF860580)}} and the evidence of both Ordnance Survey maps and photographs (e.g. [https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/445166 "Houses on {{lang|gd|Seana Bhaile|nocat=y}}"] Geograph. Retrieved 10 August 2009) indicates a resident population. There is even a name, {{lang|gd|Seana Bhaile}} (English: "Old Town") for the main settlement. However, neither the census nor the main reference work (Haswell-Smith 2004) refer to the island. Its population is presumably included in nearby Grimsay by the census.|group="Note"}}

| {{ntsh|0}}?

|

|-

!Total

!

! {{nts|27684}}

! {{nts|26502}}

! 52% (14,248)

|}

File:View south from Heaval.jpg from Heaval. The village of Castlebay is in the foreground, with Vatersay, and the uninhabited islands of Sandray, Pabbay, Mingulay and Berneray beyond.]]

There are more than fifty uninhabited islands greater in size than {{convert|40|ha|acre}} in the Outer Hebrides, including the Barra Isles, Flannan Isles, Monach Islands, the Shiant Islands and the islands of {{lang|gd|Loch Ròg}}.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 206, 262 In common with the other main island chains of Scotland, many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since the prehistoric period. More than 35 such islands have been identified in the Outer Hebrides alone.Haswell-Smith (2004) various pages On Barra Head, for example, Historic Scotland have identified eighty-three archaeological sites on the island, the majority being of a pre-medieval date. In the 18th century, the population was over fifty, but the last native islanders had left by 1931. The island became completely uninhabited by 1980 with the automation of the lighthouse.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 207–209

Some of the smaller islands continue to contribute to modern culture. The "Mingulay Boat Song", although evocative of island life, was written after the abandonment of the island in 1938[https://web.archive.org/web/20010210204347/http://chivalry.com/cantaria/lyrics/mingulay.htm "Mingulay Boat Song"] Cantaria. Retrieved 26 December 2006. and Taransay hosted the BBC television series Castaway 2000. Others have played a part in Scottish history. On 4 May 1746, the "Young Pretender" Charles Edward Stuart hid on {{lang|gd|Eilean Liubhaird}} with some of his men for four days whilst Royal Navy vessels patrolled the Minch.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 282–83

Smaller isles and skerries and other island groups pepper the North Atlantic surrounding the main islands. Some are not geologically part of the Outer Hebrides, but are administratively and in most cases culturally, part of {{lang|gd|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}. {{convert|73|km|mi}} to the west of Lewis lies St Kilda, now uninhabited except for a small military base.Thompson (1968) pp. 187–89 A similar distance to the north of Lewis are North Rona and {{lang|gd|Sula Sgeir}}, two small and remote islands. While Rona used to support a small population who grew grain and raised cattle, {{lang|gd|Sula Sgeir}} is an inhospitable rock. Thousands of northern gannets nest here, and by special arrangement some of their young, known as {{lang|gd|gugas}}, are harvested annually by the men of Ness.Thompson (1968) pp. 182–85 The status of Rockall, which is {{convert|367|km|mi}} to the west of North Uist and which the Island of Rockall Act 1972 decreed to be a part of the Western Isles, remains a matter of international dispute.{{cite web|url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0268/D.0268.197311010090.html |title=Oral Questions to the Minister of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Dáil Éireann |date=1 November 1973 |access-date=17 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822145436/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0268/D.0268.197311010090.html |archive-date=22 August 2006 }}{{cite journal |last=MacDonald |first=Fraser |year=2006 |title=The last outpost of Empire: Rockall and the Cold War |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=627–647 |url=http://www.landfood.unimelb.edu.au |access-date=8 February 2010 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210121856/http://www.landfood.unimelb.edu.au/ |archive-date=10 February 2010 |df=dmy-all |url-access=subscription }}

{{Location map+|Scotland Outer Hebrides

|caption={{left|The largest settlements in the Outer Hebrides.}}

|float=right

|width=500

|places =

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|58.209|-6.387|}}|position=left|label=Stornoway|label_size=}}

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|58.233|-6.390|}}|position=top|label=Newmarket|label_size=}}

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|58.206|-6.355|}}|position=bottom|label={{pad|1.8em}}Sandwick, Lewis|label_size=}}

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|57.473|-7.378|}}|position=left|label=Balivanich|label_size=}}

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|57.899|-6.808|}}|position=right|label=Tarbert|label_size=}}

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|57.602|-7.164|}}|position=right|label=Lochmaddy|label_size=}}

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|57.154|-7.309|}}|position=right|label=Lochboisdale|label_size=}}

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|56.955|-7.486|}}|position=bottom|label=Castlebay|label_size=}}

{{Location map~|Scotland Outer Hebrides|coordinates = {{coord|57.2|-6.25|}}|position=left|label=Highland council area|marksize=0|label_size=120}}

}}

A 2018 development plan{{cite web| author = Comhairle nan Eilean Siar| year = 2018| title = Outer Hebrides Local Development Plan, November 2018| url = https://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/media/12598/ohldp-adopted-plan.pdf| pages = 9–10| access-date = 30 Aug 2023}} divides the Outer Hebrides settlements into four types: Stornoway core, main settlements, rural settlements and outwith settlements. The main settlements are Tarbert, Lochmaddy, Balivanich, Lochboisdale/Daliburgh, Greater Castlebay and greater Stornoway (excluding Stornoway core).

Combining with data from the National Records of Scotland, the principal settlements are:

{{notelist}}

The dispersed settlements consisting of rural settlements and outwith settlements account for about two-thirds of the population of the council area, since the total population of the table is about 9,000.

File:Hebridean Terrane.png]]

File:Barra Head Lighthouse cliffs.jpg" — the gneiss cliffs of {{lang|gd|Sloc na Bèiste}}, Barra Head, the southernmost point of the Outer Hebrides]]

Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from Lewisian gneiss. These are amongst the oldest rocks in Europe, having been formed in the Precambrian period up to three billion years ago. In addition to the Outer Hebrides, they form basement deposits on the Scottish mainland west of the Moine Thrust and on the islands of Coll and Tiree.Gillen (2003) p. 44 These rocks are largely igneous in origin, mixed with metamorphosed marble, quartzite and mica schist and intruded by later basaltic dykes and granite magma.McKirdy et al. (2007) p. 95 The gneiss's delicate pink colours are exposed throughout the islands and it is sometimes referred to by geologists as "The Old Boy".Murray (1966) p. 2{{#tag:ref |Lewisian gneiss is sometimes described as the oldest rock found in Europe, but trondhjemite gneiss recently measured at Siurua in Finland has been dated to 3.4–3.5 Ga.{{cite conference |author1=Lalli, Katja |author2=Huhma, Hannu |year=2005 |url=http://arkisto.gtk.fi/idc5/idc5_pre_excursion/idc5_pre_excursion_pages_57_58.pdf |title=The oldes (sic) rock of Europe at Siurua |conference=Fifth International Dyke Conference |location=Rovaniemi, Finland |access-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720182359/http://arkisto.gtk.fi/idc5/idc5_pre_excursion/idc5_pre_excursion_pages_57_58.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011}}|group="Note"}}

Granite intrusions are found in the parish of Barvas in west Lewis, and another forms the summit plateau of the mountain Roineabhal in Harris. The granite here is anorthosite, and is similar in composition to rocks found in the mountains of the Moon. There are relatively small outcrops of Triassic sandstone at Broad Bay near Stornoway. The Shiant Islands and St Kilda are formed from much later tertiary basalt and basalt and gabbros respectively. The sandstone at Broad Bay was once thought to be Torridonian or Old Red Sandstone.Gillen (2003) p. 42McKirdy et al. (2007) p. 94

The Outer Hebrides have a cool temperate climate that is remarkably mild and steady for such a northerly latitude, due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current. The average temperature is 6 °C (44 °F) in January and 14 °C (57 °F) in summer. The average annual rainfall in Lewis is {{convert|1100|mm|in}} and sunshine hours range from 1,100 to 1,200 per year. The summer days are relatively long and May to August is the driest period.Thompson (1968) pp. 24–26 Winds are a key feature of the climate and even in summer there are almost constant breezes. According to the writer W. H. Murray if a visitor asks an islander for a weather forecast "he will not, like a mainlander answer dry, wet or sunny, but quote you a figure from the Beaufort Scale."Murray (1973) p. 79 There are gales one day in six at the Butt of Lewis and small fish are blown onto the grass on top of 190 metre (620 ft) high cliffs at Barra Head during winter storms.Murray (1973) pp. 79–81

File:Calanais Standing Stones 20090610 01.jpg]]

The Hebrides were originally settled in the Mesolithic era and have a diversity of important prehistoric sites. {{lang|gd|Eilean Dòmhnuill}} in {{lang|gd|Loch Olabhat}} on North Uist was constructed around 3200–2800 BC and may be Scotland's earliest crannog (a type of artificial island).Armit (1998) p. 34Crone, B.A. (1993) "Crannogs and chronologies" Proceedings of the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland. 123 pp. 245–54 The Callanish Stones, dating from about 2900 BC, are the finest example of a stone circle in Scotland, the 13 primary monoliths of between one and five metres high creating a circle about {{convert|13|m|ft}} in diameter.Li (2005) p. 509Murray (1973) p. 122{{Canmore |desc=Lewis, Callanish, '{{lang|gd|tursachan|nocat=y}}' |num=4169 |access-date=8 March 2018}}{{cite web |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |url=http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=4169 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806192501/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/4169/details/lewis+callanish+tursachan/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |title=Lewis, Callanish, '{{lang|gd|Tursachan|nocat=y}}' |access-date=21 April 2008}} {{lang|gd|Cladh Hallan}} on South Uist, the only site in the UK where prehistoric mummies have been found, and the impressive ruins of Dun Carloway {{lang|gd|broch}} on Lewis both date from the Iron Age.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/archaeology/excavations_techniques/mummies_cladhhallan_01.shtml "Mummification in Bronze Age Britain"] BBC History. Retrieved 11 February 2008.[http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan "The Prehistoric Village at {{lang|gd|Cladh Hallan|nocat=y}}"]. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 21 February 2008.[http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/valtos-brochs-and-wheelhouses.htm "AD 200 — Valtos: brochs and wheelhouses"] archaeology.co.uk Retrieved 1 August 2009.

{{main|History of the Outer Hebrides}}

In Scotland, the Celtic Iron Age way of life, often troubled but never extinguished by Rome, re-asserted itself when the legions abandoned any permanent occupation in 211 AD.Hanson (2003) p. 198 Hanson (2003) writes: "For many years it has been almost axiomatic in studies of the period that the Roman conquest must have had some major medium or long-term impact on Scotland. On present evidence that cannot be substantiated either in terms of environment, economy, or, indeed, society. The impact appears to have been very limited. The general picture remains one of broad continuity, not of disruption ... The Roman presence in Scotland was little more than a series of brief interludes within a longer continuum of indigenous development."Hanson (2003) p. 216 The Romans' direct impact on the Highlands and Islands was scant and there is no evidence that they ever actually landed in the Outer Hebrides.Hunter (2000) pp. 38–39

The later Iron Age inhabitants of the northern and western Hebrides were probably Pictish, although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000) states that in relation to King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century AD: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence."Hunter (2000) pp. 44, 49 The island of Pabbay is the site of the Pabbay Stone, the only extant Pictish symbol stone in the Outer Hebrides. This 6th century stele shows a flower, V-rod and lunar crescent to which has been added a later and somewhat crude cross.Miers (2008) p. 367

File:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg at the end of the eleventh century]]

Viking raids began on Scottish shores towards the end of the 8th century AD and the Hebrides came under Norse control and settlement during the ensuing decades, especially following the success of Harald Fairhair at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in 872.Hunter (2000) p. 74Rotary Club (1995) p. 12 In the Western Isles Ketill Flatnose was the dominant figure of the mid 9th century, by which time he had amassed a substantial island realm and made a variety of alliances with other Norse leaders. These princelings nominally owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown, although in practice the latter's control was fairly limited.Hunter (2000) p. 78 Norse control of the Hebrides was formalised in 1098 when Edgar, King of Scotland formally signed the islands over to Magnus III of Norway.Hunter (2000) p. 102 The Scottish acceptance of Magnus III as King of the Isles came after the Norwegian king had conquered Orkney, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man in a swift campaign earlier the same year, directed against the local Norwegian leaders of the various islands‘ petty kingdoms. By capturing the islands Magnus imposed a more direct royal control, although at a price. His skald Bjorn Cripplehand recorded that in Lewis "fire played high in the heaven" as "flame spouted from the houses" and that in the Uists "the king dyed his sword red in blood". Thompson (1968) provides a more literal translation: "Fire played in the fig-trees of Liodhus; it mounted up to heaven. Far and wide the people were driven to flight. The fire gushed out of the houses".Thompson (1968) p 39

The Hebrides were now part of Kingdom of the Isles, whose rulers were themselves vassals of the Kings of Norway. The Kingdom had two parts: the {{lang|non|Suðr-eyjar}} or South Isles encompassing the Hebrides and the Isle of Man; and the {{lang|non|Norðr-eyjar}} or North Isles of Orkney and Shetland. This situation lasted until the partitioning of the Western Isles in 1156, at which time the Outer Hebrides remained under Norwegian control while the Inner Hebrides broke out under Somerled, the Norse-Celtic kinsman of the Manx royal house.[https://thevikingworld.pbworks.com/The-Kingdom-of-Mann-and-the-Isles "The Kingdom of Mann and the Isles"] thevikingworld.com Retrieved 6 July 2010.

Following the ill-fated 1263 expedition of Haakon IV of Norway, the Outer Hebrides along with the Isle of Man, were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth.Hunter (2000) pp. 109–111 Although their contribution to the islands can still be found in personal and placenames, the archaeological record of the Norse period is very limited. The best known find from this time is the Lewis chessmen, which date from the mid 12th century.Thompson (1968) p. 37

File:Kisimul Castle.jpg, the ancient seat of Clan MacNeil, Castlebay, Barra]]

As the Norse era drew to a close the Norse-speaking princes were gradually replaced by Gaelic-speaking clan chiefs including the MacLeods of Lewis and Harris, the MacDonalds of the Uists and MacNeil of Barra.Rotary Club (1995) pp. 27, 30{{#tag:ref|The transitional relationships between Norse and Gaelic-speaking rulers are complex. The {{lang|gd|Gall-Ghàidhels}} who dominated much of the Irish Sea region and western Scotland at this time were of joint Gaelic and Scandinavian origin. When Somerled wrested the southern Inner Hebrides from Godred the Black in 1156, this was the beginnings of a break with nominal Norse rule in the Hebrides. Godred remained the ruler of Mann and the Outer Hebrides, but two years later Somerled's invasion of the former caused him to flee to Norway. Norse control was further weakened in the ensuring century, but the Hebrides were not formally ceded by Norway until 1266.Gregory (1881) pp. 13–15, 20-21Downham (2007) pp. 174–75. The transitions from one language to another are also complex. For example, many Scandinavian sources from this period of time typically refer to individuals as having a Scandinavian first name and a Gaelic by-name.Gammeltoft, Peder "Scandinavian Naming-Systems in the Hebrides: A Way of Understanding how the Scandinavians were in Contact with Gaels and Picts?" in Ballin Smith et al (2007) p. 480|group="Note"}} This transition did little to relieve the islands of internecine strife although by the early 14th century the MacDonald Lords of the Isles, based on Islay, were in theory these chiefs' feudal superiors and managed to exert some control.Hunter (2000) pp. 127, 166

The growing threat that Clan Donald posed to the Scottish crown led to the forcible dissolution of the Lordship of the Isles by James IV in 1493, but although the king had the power to subdue the organised military might of the Hebrides, he and his immediate successors lacked the will or ability to provide an alternative form of governance.Hunter (2000) p. 143 The House of Stuart's attempts to control the Outer Hebrides were then at first desultory and little more than punitive expeditions. In 1506 the Earl of Huntly besieged and captured Stornoway Castle using cannon. In 1540 James V himself conducted a royal tour, forcing the clan chiefs to accompany him. There followed a period of peace, but all too soon the clans were at loggerheads again.Thompson (1968) pp. 40–41

In 1598 King James VI authorised some "Gentleman Adventurers" from Fife to civilise the "most barbarous Isle of Lewis". Initially successful, the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod, who based their forces on {{lang|gd|Bearasaigh}} in {{lang|gd|Loch Ròg}}. The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result but a third attempt in 1607 was more successful, and in due course Stornoway became a Burgh of Barony.Rotary Club (1995) pp. 12–13Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 312 By this time Lewis was held by the Mackenzies of Kintail, (later the Earls of Seaforth), who pursued a more enlightened approach, investing in fishing in particular. The historian W. C. MacKenzie was moved to write:Thompson (1968) p. 41. It is not clear from the text which of MacKenzie's five books quoted in the bibliography spanning the years 1903–52 the quote is taken from.

{{ blockquote

| At the end of the 17th century, the picture we have of Lewis that of a people pursuing their avocation in peace, but not in plenty. The Seaforths ..., besides establishing orderly Government in the island.. had done a great deal to rescue the people from the slough of ignorance and incivility in which they found themselves immersed. But in the sphere of economics their policy apparently was of little service to the community.

}}

The Seaforth's royalist inclinations led to Lewis becoming garrisoned during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by Cromwell's troops, who destroyed the old castle in Stornoway and in 1645 Lewismen fought on the royalist side at the Battle of Auldearn.Thompson (1968) pp. 41–42 A new era of Hebridean involvement in the affairs of the wider world was about to commence.

File:Old School house Mingulay.jpg]]

With the implementation of the Treaty of Union in 1707 the Hebrides became part of the new Kingdom of Great Britain, but the clans' loyalties to a distant monarch were not strong. A considerable number of islandmen "came out" in support of the Jacobite Earl of Mar in the "15" although the response to the 1745 rising was muted. Nonetheless the aftermath of the decisive Battle of Culloden, which effectively ended Jacobite hopes of a Stuart restoration, was widely felt. The British government's strategy was to estrange the clan chiefs from their kinsmen and turn their descendants into English-speaking landlords whose main concern was the revenues their estates brought rather than the welfare of those who lived on them. This may have brought peace to the islands, but in the following century it came at a terrible price.

The Highland Clearances of the 19th century destroyed communities throughout the Highlands and Islands as the human populations were evicted and replaced with sheep farms.Hunter (2000) p. 212 For example, Colonel Gordon of Cluny, owner of Barra, South Uist and Benbecula, evicted thousands of islanders using trickery and cruelty, and even offered to sell Barra to the government as a penal colony.Rotary Club (1995) p. 31 Islands such as {{lang|gd|italic=unset|Fuaigh Mòr}} were completely cleared of their populations and even today the subject is recalled with bitterness and resentment in some areas.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 306–07 The position was exacerbated by the failure of the islands' kelp industry, which thrived from the 18th century until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815Hunter (2000) pp. 247, 262 and large scale emigration became endemic. For example, hundreds left North Uist for Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.Lawson, Bill (10 September 1999) [http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazbl/gazbl35.htm "From The Outer Hebrides to Cape Breton - Part II"]. globalgenealogy.com. Retrieved 14 October 2007. The pre-clearance population of the island had been almost 5,000, although by 1841 it had fallen to 3,870 and was only 2,349 by 1931.Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 236

The Highland potato famine (Gaiseadh a’ bhuntàta, in Scottish Gaelic), caused by a blight, started in 1846 and had a serious impact, because many islanders were crofters; potatoes were a staple of their diet.{{cite web |url=https://darachcroft.com/news/harris-tweed-and-the-highland-potato-famine |title=Harris Tweed and the Highland Potato Famine}} Violent riots became common.{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-insurrection-james-hunter-1403805 |title=Book review, Insurrection, Scotland's Famine Winter, by James Hunter |date=30 October 2019}} Charities, encouraged by George Pole{{cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-field/20200303/281569472715194 |title=Scotland's Potato Famine, 3 March 2020}} and others in the Commissariat (a military agency) encouraged charities to come to the rescue. The Free Church was particularly helpful, "delivering oatmeal to famine-affected families all across the West Highlands and Islands", according to one report. Another report states that the Church "was prompt in organising an efficient system of private charity across the Hebrides and on the Western seaboard. It cooperated with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Relief Committees".{{cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/mimmoc/1763 |title=The Irish Famine in a Scottish Perspective 1845-1851 |year=2015 |doi=10.4000/mimmoc.1763 |last=Vaughan |first=Géraldine |journal=Mémoire(S), Identité(S), Marginalité(S) dans le Monde Occidental Contemporain |issue=12 |doi-access=free}}{{cite web |url=https://www.electricscotland.com/history/scotland/chap10.htm |title=The Highland Tragedy}}

An interdenominational charity was in place by early 1847 and took the most significant role in famine relief.{{cite web |url=https://www.rte.ie/history/the-great-irish-famine/2020/0716/1153640-the-other-famine-scotland-and-the-potato-blight/ |title=The other famine: Scotland and the potato blight 11 December 2020 |date=16 July 2020 |last=Hunter |first=James |website=RTÉ.ie}} Some landowners also provided a great deal of assistance, according to one history of the region: "MacLeod of Dunvegan bought in food for his people, some eight thousand of them" ... MacLean of Ardgour provided food, and introduced new crops into the area - peas, cabbages and carrots ... Sir James Matheson on Lewis spent £329,000 (Equivalent to £37,000,000 in 2024{{Cite web |title=Inflation calculator |url=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.bankofengland.co.uk |language=en}}) on improving his lands, hoping to provide a more secure future for his people". The government of Britain provided some assistance, thanks to Sir Charles Trevelyan, who arranged for food distribution at Portree and Tobermory. The British Association for the Relief of Distress in Ireland and the Highlands and Islands of Scotland also helped as did donations received from North America. The blight struck again over the next two years, requiring an extra tax on landowners to help feed the population. The British government began encouraging mass emigration.{{cite journal| url = https://journals.openedition.org/mimmoc/1763| title = The Irish Famine in a Scottish Perspective 1845-1851| year = 2015| doi = 10.4000/mimmoc.1763| last1 = Vaughan| first1 = Géraldine| journal = Mémoire(S), Identité(S), Marginalité(S) dans le Monde Occidental Contemporain| issue = 12| doi-access = free}}{{cite web| url = https://www.electricscotland.com/history/scotland/chap10.htm| title = The Highland Tragedy}}

For those who remained new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle, commercial fishing and tourism. During the summer season in the 1860s and 1870s five thousand inhabitants of Lewis could be found in Wick on the mainland of Scotland, employed on the fishing boats and at the quaysides.Hunter (2000) p. 292 Nonetheless emigration and military service became the choice of manyHunter (2000) p. 343 and the archipelago's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries. By 2001 the population of North Uist was only 1,271.[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/northuist/northuist/index.html "North Uist ({{lang|gd|Uibhist a Tuath|nocat=y}})"] Undiscovered Scotland. Retrieved 8 July 2010.

The work of the Napier Commission and the Congested Districts Board, and the passing of the Crofting Act of 1886 helped, but social unrest continued.Hunter (2000) p. 320 In July 1906 grazing land on Vatersay was raided by landless men from Barra and its isles. Lady Gordon Cathcart took legal action against the "raiders" but the visiting judge took the view that she had neglected her duties as a landowner and that "long indifference to the necessities of the cottars had gone far to drive them to exasperation".Buxton (1995) p. 125 Millennia of continuous occupation notwithstanding, many of the remoter islands were abandoned — Mingulay in 1912, Hirta in 1930, and {{lang|gd|Ceann Iar}} in 1942 among them. This process involved a transition from these places being perceived as relatively self-sufficient agricultural economiesSee for example Hunter (2000) pp. 152–158 to a view becoming held by both island residents and outsiders alike that they lacked the essential services of a modern industrial economy.See for example Maclean (1977) Chapter 10: "Arcady Despoiled" pp. 125–35

There were gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched blackhouse with accommodation of a more modern design.{{When|date=January 2023}} The creation of the Highlands and Islands Development Board and the discovery of substantial deposits of North Sea oil in 1965, the establishment of a unitary local authority for the islands in 1975 and more recently the renewables sector have all contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. The Arnish yard has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7136490.stm |title=Yard wins biggest wind tower job |work=BBC News Online |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=6 January 2011 }} {{lang|gd|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}, the local authority, employs 2,000 people, making it the largest employer in the Outer Hebrides.[http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/services/jobs.asp?servicename=Jobs%20and%20careers&snlid=379 "Jobs and Careers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218102557/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/services/jobs.asp?servicename=Jobs%20and%20careers&snlid=379 |date=18 December 2010 }}. {{lang|gd|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}. Retrieved 6 January 2011. See also the "{{lang|gd|Innse Gall}} area plan 2010"[http://www.hie.co.uk/highlands-and-islands/area-information/outer-hebrides/ "Outer Hebrides/{{lang|gd|Innse Gall|nocat=y}} - area overview"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203213705/http://www.hie.co.uk/highlands-and-islands/area-information/outer-hebrides/ |date=3 February 2011 }}. {{lang|gd|Innse Gall}} area plan 2010 (pdf) HIE. Retrieved 3 January 2011. and the {{lang|gd|Comhairle}}'s "Factfile – Economy".

File:Stornoway Harbour.jpg Harbour]]

Modern commercial activities centre on tourism, crofting, fishing, and weaving including the manufacture of Harris tweed. Crofting remains popular especially on Lewis and Harris (population 21,000) with over 920 active crofters according to a 2020 report: "with crofts ranging in size from as small as a single hectare to having access to thousands of hectares through the medium of community grazing". Crofters can apply for subsidy grants; some of these are intended to help them find other avenues to supplement their incomes.{{cite web| url = https://www.thescottishfarmer.co.uk/news/18353763.new-age-crofting-outer-hebrides/| title = A new age of crofting in the Outer Hebrides| date = 4 April 2020}} Some of the funding schemes available to crofters in the Hebrides include the "Basic Payment Scheme, the suckler beef support scheme, the upland sheep support scheme and the Less Favoured Area support scheme and the Crofting Agricultural Grant Scheme (CAGS), as of March 2020.{{cite web| url = https://www.fwi.co.uk/business/business-management/how-small-scale-crofters-in-scotland-survive-the-challenges| title = How small-scale crofters in the Hebrides survive the challenges| date = 27 March 2020}}

According to the Scottish Government, "tourism is by far and away the mainstay industry" of the Outer Hebrides, "generating £65m in economic value for the islands, sustaining around 1000 jobs" The report adds that the "islands receive 219,000 visitors per year".{{cite web| url = https://www.scotland.org/live-in-scotland/where-to-live-in-scotland/the-outer-hebrides| title = The Outer Hebrides}}

Some of the larger islands have development trusts that support the local economy and, in striking contrast to the 19th and 20th century domination by absentee landlords, more than two thirds of the Western Isles population now lives on community-owned estates.{{cite web |url=http://www.dtascot.org.uk/content/directory-of-members |title=Directory of Members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719214140/http://www.dtascot.org.uk/content/directory-of-members |archive-date=19 July 2010 |website=DTA Scotland |access-date=15 July 2007}}"The quiet revolution". (19 January 2007) West Highland Free Press. Broadford, Skye. However the economic position of the islands remains relatively precarious. The Western Isles, including Stornoway, are defined by Highlands and Islands Enterprise as an economically "Fragile Area" and they have an estimated trade deficit of some £163.4 million. Overall, the area is relatively reliant on primary industries and the public sector, and fishing and fish farming in particular are vulnerable to environmental impacts, changing market pressures, and European legislation.[http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/economy/index.asp "Factfile - Economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323071423/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/economy/index.asp |date=23 March 2010 }} Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. Retrieved 4 July 2010.

There is some optimism about the possibility of future developments in, for example, renewable energy generation, tourism, and education, and after declines in the 20th century the population has stabilised since 2003, although it is ageing.[http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/population/index.asp?snlid=3165 "Factfile - Population"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629195216/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/factfile/population/index.asp?snlid=3165 |date=29 June 2011 }} Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. Retrieved 4 July 2010. A 2019 report, using key assumptions, (mortality, fertility and migration) was less optimistic. It predicted that the population is "projected to fall to 22,709 by 2043"; that translates to a 16% decline, or 4,021 people, between 2018 and 2043.{{cite web| url = https://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/strategy-performance-and-research/outer-hebrides-factfile/population/population-projections/#:~:text=The%20local%20authority%20with%20the,a%20drop%20of%20%2D6.1%25.&text=The%20population%20of%20working%20age,will%20see%20a%206.1%20%25%20decline.| title = Population Projections, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}

The UK’s largest community-owned wind farm, the 9MW Beinn Ghrideag, a "3 turbine, 9MW scheme" is located outside Stornoway and is operated by Point and Sandwick Trust (PST).{{cite web| url = https://www.linkedin.com/company/point-and-sandwick-trust/about/| title = Point and Sandwick Trust, We built & run the UK's biggest community-owned wind farm using funds to provide local support to our island community}}{{cite web| url = https://www.obantimes.co.uk/2021/02/17/renewables-recognition-for-point-and-sandwick-trust/| title = Renewables recognition for Point and Sandwick Trust| date = 17 February 2021}}{{cite web| url = https://www.welovestornoway.com/index.php/articles-auto-3/19477-award-hope-for-turbine-team| title = Award hope for turbine team}}

The Isle of Lewis web site states that Stornoway's sheltered harbour has been important for centuries; it was named Steering Bay by Vikings who often visited.{{cite web| url = https://www.isle-of-lewis.com/areas/stornoway/#gallery-0/0/| title = Stornoway| date = 19 January 2012}} A December 2020 report stated that a new deep water terminal was to be developed, the Stornoway Deep Water Terminal, using a £49 million investment. The plan included berths for cruise ships as long as 360 meters, berths for large cargo vessels, and a freight ferry berth.{{cite web| url = https://www.gov.scot/news/investing-in-islands-infrastructure/| title = Investing in islands infrastructure}}

{{main|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}

File:Sir Edward Scott Junior Secondary School - geograph.org.uk - 1390447.jpg]]

The local authority is Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, based at the Council Offices in Stornoway. The council is often known locally simply as "the {{lang|gd|Comhairle}}" or {{lang|gd|a' Chomhairle}}.{{cite web |date=January 2008 |url=http://www.w-isles.gov.uk/education/consultations/documents/DaliburghFutureStrategyConsultation.pdf |title=Review of Educational Provision and the Comhairle's Future Strategy for the Schools Estate: Daliburgh School, Isle of South Uist |publisher=Comhairle nan Eilean Siar Department of Education |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5r6JOztWl?url=http://www.w-isles.gov.uk/education/consultations/documents/DaliburghFutureStrategyConsultation.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2010}}

After the Scottish crown claimed control of the islands, they were included in Inverness-shire. In 1661 Inverness-shire was split, with the northern parts becoming a new county called Ross-shire.{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Keith |title=Act anent the shire of Ross |website=The Records of the Parliament of Scotland to 1707 |url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1661/1/197 |publisher=University of St Andrews |access-date=30 August 2024}} The interests of landowners influenced the boundary of the new county. Kenneth Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Seaforth, owned extensive lands in Ross on the mainland and also owned the Isle of Lewis. Lewis was therefore included in Ross-shire, whereas the rest of the Outer Hebrides stayed in Inverness-shire (including Harris, despite it being part of the same island as Lewis).{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Allan D.|title=Governing Gaeldom: The Scottish Highlands and the Restoration State, 1660-1688|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|access-date=30 August 2024 |date=2014|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004269255|pages=155–156}} In 1889, Ross-shire merged with Cromartyshire to form a new county called Ross and Cromarty.Keay and Keay (1994) pp. 542, 821{{cite web |title=Quarter-inch Administrative Areas Maps: Scotland Sheet 2, 1968 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/222075446 |website=National Library of Scotland |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=3 October 2024}}

Local government was reformed in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which replaced Scotland's counties, burghs and landward districts. In most of Scotland a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts was used, but a single-tier structure of island areas was used for Orkney, Shetland and the Outer Hebrides, the latter being named the Western Isles.{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973|year=1973|chapter=65|accessdate=17 April 2023}} Further local government reform in 1996 introduced single-tier council areas across all of Scotland. The councils of the three island areas created in 1975, including the Western Isles, continued to provide the same services after 1996, but their areas were redesignated as council areas.{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994|year=1994|chapter=39|accessdate=17 April 2023}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516164424/http://www.ourscotland.co.uk/alphabeticindex/areas.htm "Areas of Scotland"] ourscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2010.[https://web.archive.org/web/20091026033033/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/content/index.php?action=view&id=3 "Place-names of Scotland"] scotlandsplaces.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2010.

As part of the 1975 reforms the area was also made a lieutenancy area, represented by the Lord Lieutenant of the Western Isles.{{London Gazette|issue=19660|page=617|date=2 May 1975|city=e}}{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Lord-Lieutenants Order 1975|year=1975|number=428|access-date=1 September 2024}}

In 1998, following the Local Government (Gaelic Names) (Scotland) Act 1997, the Western Isles Council formally changed the English language version of the council area's name from Western Isles to Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Gaelic for 'the Western Isles'), and the name of the council to Comhairle nan Eilean Siar ('Council of the Western Isles'), to be used in both English and Gaelic contexts.{{cite web |title=Historical information from 1973 onwards |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fboundary-legislation-changes-from-1973.xls&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |website=Boundary-Line support |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=29 August 2024}}

The name for the British Parliament constituency covering this area is {{lang|gd|Na h-Eileanan an Iar}}, the seat being held by Torcuil Crichton MP since 2024, while the Scottish Parliament constituency for the area is {{lang|gd|Na h-Eileanan an Iar}}, the incumbent being Alasdair Allan MSP.

During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum the area voted against independence by a margin of 53.42% (10,544) to 46.58% (9,195) in favour on a turnout of 86.2%{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results |title=Scotland Decides: SCOTLAND VOTES NO: Should Scotland be an independent country?|publisher=BBC |date=2014-09-19 |access-date=2017-03-31}}

In 2022, as part of the Levelling Up White Paper, an "Island Forum" was proposed, which would allow local policymakers and residents in the Outer Hebrides to work alongside their counterparts in Shetland, Orkney, Anglesey and the Isle of Wight on common issues, such as broadband connectivity, and provide a platform for them to communicate directly with the government on the challenges island communities face in terms of levelling up.{{cite news|url=https://www.shetnews.co.uk/2022/02/03/new-islands-forum-should-not-just-be-box-ticking-exercise/|title=New islands forum should not be 'box ticking exercise'|last=Cope|first=Chris|date=3 February 2021|work=The Shetland News|accessdate=17 February 2022}}{{cite news|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2022/11-february/news/uk/gove-announces-levelling-up-forum-for-islands|title=Gove announces Levelling-up forum for islands|last=Paveley|first=Rebecca|date=11 February 2021|work=Church Times|accessdate=17 February 2022}}

The Outer Hebrides have historically been a very strong Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) speaking area. Both the 1901 and 1921 census reported that all parishes were over 75% Gaelic speaking, including areas of high population density such as Stornoway. However, the Education (Scotland) Act 1872 mandated English-only education, and is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living can recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school.Wilson, Neil and Murphy, Alan "Destination Scotland". (pdf) Lonely Planet. p. 17. Retrieved 20 October 2012. By 1971 most areas were still more than 75% Gaelic speaking – with the exception of Stornoway, Benbecula and South Uist at 50–74%.Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2004) {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101207211745/http://www.linguae-celticae.org/dateien/Gaelic_1901-2001.ppt 1901–2001 Gaelic in the Census]}} (PowerPoint) Linguae Celticae. Retrieved 1 June 2008

In the 2001 census, each island overall was over 50% Gaelic speaking – South Uist (71%), Harris (69%), Barra (68%), North Uist (67%), Lewis (56%) and Benbecula (56%). With 59.3% of Gaelic speakers or a total of 15,723 speakers, this made the Outer Hebrides the most strongly coherent Gaelic speaking area in Scotland.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060925054749/http://www.cnag.org.uk/munghaidhlig/stats/gspeakcensus01.php "Census 2001 Scotland: Gaelic speakers by council area"] Comunn na Gàidhlig. Retrieved 28 May 2010.

Most areas were between 60-74% Gaelic speaking and the areas with the highest density of over 80% are Scalpay near Harris, Newtonferry and Kildonan, whilst Daliburgh, Linshader, Eriskay, Brue, Boisdale, West Harris, Ardveenish, Soval, Ness, and Bragar all have more than 75%. The areas with the lowest density of speakers are Stornoway (44%), Braigh (41%), Melbost (41%), and Balivanich (37%).

The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament in 2005 to provide continuing support for the language.{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228025405/http://www.gaidhlig.org.uk/bord/en/the-bord/government/the-gaelic-act.html |archive-date=28 February 2012 |url=http://www.gaidhlig.org.uk/bord/en/the-bord/government/the-gaelic-act.html |title=The Gaelic Language Act |publisher=Bòrd na Gàidhlig |access-date=12 May 2012}} However, by 2011 the overall percentage of Gaelic speakers in the Outer Hebrides had fallen to 52%.{{cite web |title=Statistical Bulletins |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/statistical-bulletins}} {{cite web |title=2011 Census: Key Results on Population, Ethnicity, Identity, Language, Religion, Health, Housing and Accommodation in Scotland - Release 2A |date=26 September 2013 |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release1c/rel1c2sb.pdf |page=26 |publisher=National Records of Scotland |access-date=20 April 2014}}

In modern Gaelic the islands are sometimes referred to collectively as {{lang|ga|An t-Eilean Fada}} (the Long Island) or {{lang|ga|Na h-Eileanan a-Muigh}} (the Outer Isles).[http://www.southernhebrides.com/ "Welcome"] IslayInfo. Retrieved 12 May 2012. {{lang|ga|Innse Gall}} (islands of the foreigners or strangers) is also heard occasionally, a name that was originally used by mainland Highlanders when the islands were ruled by the Norse.Hunter (2000) p. 104

The individual island and place names in the Outer Hebrides have mixed Gaelic and Norse origins. Various Gaelic terms are used repeatedly:Mac an Tàilleir (2003) various pages.

There are also list of islands called Oronsay from the Norse {{lang|non|Örfirirsey}} meaning "tidal" or "ebb island".

File:Leaving Lochmaddy - geograph.org.uk - 929584.jpg ferry MV Hebrides leaving Lochmaddy, North Uist, en route for Skye]]

Scheduled ferry services between the Outer Hebrides and the Scottish mainland and Inner Hebrides operate on the following routes:

• Oban to Castlebay on Barra
• Oban to Lochboisdale on South Uist (winter only)
• Mallaig to Lochboisdale on South Uist
• Uig on Skye to Tarbert on Harris
• Uig on Skye to Lochmaddy on North Uist
• Ullapool to Stornoway on Lewis
• Tiree to Castlebay, Barra (summer only)

Other ferries operate between some of the islands.[http://www.calmac.co.uk/ "Home"]. Caledonian MacBrayne. Retrieved 12 May 2012.

National Rail services are available for onward journeys, from stations at Oban and Mallaig, which has direct services to Glasgow. However, parliamentary approval notwithstanding, plans in the 1890s to lay a railway connection to Ullapool were unable to obtain sufficient funding.[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1892/may/31/garve-and-ullapool-railway-bill-by-order "Garve and Ullapool Railway Bill"] Hansard. Retrieved 26 September 2008.

There are scheduled flights from Stornoway, Benbecula and Barra airports both inter-island and to the mainland. Barra's airport is claimed to be the only one in the world to have scheduled flights landing on a beach. At high water the runways are under the sea so flight times vary with the tide.{{cite web| url=http://www.hial.co.uk/barra-airport.html| title=Barra Airport| publisher=Highlands and Islands Airports Limited| access-date=6 April 2009| archive-date=22 March 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322030628/http://www.hial.co.uk/barra-airport.html| url-status=dead}}{{cite web| url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/barra/airport/index.html| title=Barra Airport| publisher=Undiscovered Scotland| access-date=8 July 2010}}

File:Bus na Comhairle Optare Solo YJ14BDY is seen in Sandwick in May 2020.jpg

Bus na Comhairle (meaning "Bus of the Council") is the council-owned local bus company of the Western Isles. The company serves the Broadbay area of Lewis with 7 buses: 6 Optare Solos and 1 ADL Enviro 200.

File:Admiralty-yacht-HMS-Iolaire-ship-Amalthaea-1908.jpg yacht HMS Iolaire]]

The archipelago is exposed to wind and tide, and lighthouses are sited as an aid to navigation at locations from Barra Head in the south to the Butt of Lewis in the north.{{cite web |url=http://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Main/ |title=Lighthouse Library |publisher=Northern Lighthouse Board |access-date=16 April 2016}} There are numerous sites of wrecked ships, and the Flannan Isles are the location of an enduring mystery that occurred in December 1900, when all three lighthouse keepers vanished without trace.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 329–31

Annie Jane, a three-masted immigrant ship out of Liverpool bound for Montreal, Canada, struck rocks off the West Beach of Vatersay during a storm on Tuesday 28 September 1853. Within ten minutes the ship began to founder and break up, casting 450 people into the sea. In spite of the conditions, islanders tried to rescue the passengers and crew. The remains of 350 men, women and children were buried in the dunes behind the beach and a small cairn and monument marks the site.{{Canmore|num=102881 |desc=Annie Jane: Bagh Siar, Vatersay, Atlantic |fewer-links=yes |access-date=16 April 2016}}

The tiny Beasts of Holm off the east coast of Lewis were the site of the sinking of {{ship|HMS|Iolaire }} during the first few hours of 1919,Thompson (1968) p. 76 one of the worst maritime disasters in United Kingdom waters during the 20th century. Calvay in the Sound of Barra provided the inspiration for Compton Mackenzie's novel Whisky Galore after the {{ship|SS|Politician}} ran aground there with a cargo of single malt whisky in 1941.

{{main|Religion in the Outer Hebrides}}

Christianity has deep roots in the Western Isles, but owing mainly to the different allegiances of the clans in the past, the people in the northern islands (Lewis, Harris, North Uist) have historically been predominantly Presbyterian, and those of the southern islands (Benbecula, South Uist, Barra) predominantly Roman Catholic.Clegg, E.J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U6WhkmvI324C&pg=PA86 "Fertility and Development in the Outer Hebrides; The Confounding Effcets of Religion"] in Malhotra (1992) p. 88

At the time of the 2001 Census, 42% of the population identified themselves as being affiliated with the Church of Scotland, with 13% Roman Catholic and 28% with other Christian churches. Many of this last group belong to the Free Church of Scotland, known for its strict observance of the Sabbath.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-12224469 "Sunday ferry for Harris opposed by Lord's Day society"] (19 January 2011) BBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2011. 11% stated that they had no religion.{{#tag:ref| The 2001 census statistics used are based on local authority areas but do not specifically identify Free Church or Episcopal adherents. 4% of the respondents did not answer this census question and the total for all other religions combined is 1 per cent.Pacione, Michael (2005) "The Geography of Religious Affiliation in Scotland". The Professional Geographer 57(2). Oxford. Blackwell.|group="Note"}} This made the Western Isles the Scottish council area with the smallest percentage of non-religious in the population. There are also small Episcopalian congregations in Lewis and Harris, and the Outer Hebrides are part of the Diocese of Argyll and The Isles in both the Episcopalian and Catholic traditions.[http://www.argyllandtheisles.org.uk/ "Diocese of Argyll and The Isles"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325205614/http://www.argyllandtheisles.org.uk/ |date=25 March 2010 }} argyllandtheisles.org.uk. Retrieved 16 June 2010.[http://www.dioceseofargyllandtheisles.org/ "RC Diocese of Argyll and the Isles"] dioceseofargyllandtheisles.org Retrieved 16 June 2010.

Gaelic music is popular in the islands and the Lewis and Harris Traditional Music Society plays an active role in promoting the genre.Rotary Club (1995) p. 39 Fèis Bharraigh began in 1981 with the aim of developing the practice and study of the Gaelic language, literature, music, drama and culture on the islands of Barra and Vatersay. This two-week festival has inspired 43 other feisean throughout Scotland.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110710233709/http://www.feisbharraigh.com/history.html "History"] Feis Bharraigh. Retrieved 4 July 2010. The Lewis Pipe Band was founded in 1904 and the Lewis and Harris Piping Society in 1977.

Outdoor activities including rugby, football, golf, shinty, fishing, riding, canoeing, athletics, and multi-sports are popular in the Western Isles. The Hebridean Challenge is an adventure race, run in five daily stages, which takes place along the length of the islands and includes hill and road running, road and mountain biking, short sea swims and demanding sea kayaking sections. There are four main sports centres: Ionad Spors Leodhais in Stornoway, which has a 25 m swimming pool; Harris Sports Centre; Lionacleit Sports Centre on Benbecula; and Castlebay Sports Centre on Barra. The Western Isles is a member of the International Island Games Association.[http://www.islandgames.net/cms/member_profile_12408.html "Member Profile: Western Isles"] IIGA. Retrieved 4 July 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/school/lionacleit/about_us.htm |title=Sgoil Lionacleit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230834/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/school/lionacleit/about_us.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |website=Comhairle nan Eilean Siar |access-date=4 July 2010}}

South Uist is home to the Askernish Golf Course. The oldest links in the Outer Hebrides, it was designed by Old Tom Morris. Although it was in use until the 1930s, its existence was largely forgotten until 2005 and it is now being restored to Morris's original design.[http://www.storasuibhist.com/askernish/ "Askernish Golf Course"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716150459/http://www.storasuibhist.com/askernish/ |date=16 July 2011 }} Storas Uibhist. Retrieved 4 July 2010.{{cite news |work=New Yorker |date=20 April 2009 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/04/20/090420fa_fact_owen |author=David Owen |title=The Ghost Course|access-date=4 July 2010}}

• Amhuinnsuidhe Castle
• An Lanntair
• Arnol Blackhouse
• Barra Airport
• Callanish Stones
• Dun Carloway
• Garenin
• Kisimul Castle
• Lewis Loom Centre
• Lews Castle
• St. Clement's Church
• St. Kilda
• St Moluag's Church

• Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
• Hebridean Myths and Legends
• Leod
• List of Category A listed buildings in the Western Isles
• List of places in the Western Isles
• List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
• List of islands of Scotland
• Ljótólfr
• Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185
• 2012 Comhairle nan Eilean Siar election
• Virtual Hebrides

{{reflist|group="Note"}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• Armit, Ian (1998) Scotland's Hidden History. Tempus (in association with Historic Scotland). {{ISBN|0-7486-6067-4}}
• Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. {{ISBN|0-7524-2517-X}}
• Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Leiden. Koninklijke Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-15893-1}}
• Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press. {{ISBN|1-85410-978-2}}
• Buxton, Ben (1995) Mingulay: An Island and Its People. Edinburgh. Birlinn. {{ISBN|1-874744-24-6}}
• Downham, Clare (2007) Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press. {{ISBN|978-1-903765-89-0}}
• Gillen, Con (2003) Geology and landscapes of Scotland. Harpenden. Terra Publishing. {{ISBN|1-903544-09-2}}
• Gregory, Donald (1881) The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493–1625. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint – originally published by Thomas D. Morrison. {{ISBN|1-904607-57-8}}
• Hanson, William S. "The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes", in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
• Haswell-Smith, Hamish. (2004) The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh. Canongate. {{ISBN|1-84195-454-3}}
• Hunter, James (2000) Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh. Mainstream. {{ISBN|1-84018-376-4}}
• Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-00-255082-2}}
• {{cite web |author=Mac an Tàilleir, Iain |year=2003 |title=Ainmean-àite le buidheachas do dh' Iain Mac an Tailleir / Place-names collected by Iain Mac an Tailleir |url=http://www.parliament.scot/gd/visitandlearn/40900.aspx |website=The Scottish Parliament / Pàrlamaid na h-Alba |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306142906/http://www.parliament.scot/gd/visitandlearn/40900.aspx |url-status=dead }} {{cite web |title=A'Chleit – Butt of Lewis |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesA-B.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesA-B.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }} {{cite web |title=Cabaan – Eyre |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }} {{cite web |title=Faddoch – Jura |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesF-J.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesF-J.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }} {{cite web |title=Kallin – Ovie |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesK-O.pdf |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116011540/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesK-O.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{cite web |title=Pabay – Yoker |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesP-Z.pdf |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=26 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191311/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesP-Z.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. {{ISBN|978-1-84158-357-0}}
• Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda. Edinburgh. Canongate. {{ISBN|0-903937-41-7}}
• Malhotra, R. (1992) Anthropology of Development: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Professor I.P. Singh. New Delhi. Mittal. {{ISBN|81-7099-328-8}}
• Li, Martin (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&pg=RA2-PA509 Adventure Guide to Scotland]. Hunter Publishing. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
• Miers, Mary (2008) The Western Seaboard: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. The Rutland Press. {{ISBN|978-1-873190-29-6}}
• {{cite book |author1=Murray, John |author2=Pullar, Laurence |year=1910 |title=Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897–1909 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/index.html |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Challenger Office |via=National Library of Scotland |access-date=8 March 2018 }}
• Murray, W.H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann.
• Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. London. Eyre Methuen. {{ISBN|0-413-30380-2}}
• Ross, David (2005) Scotland – History of a Nation. Lomond. {{ISBN|0-947782-58-3}}
• Rotary Club of Stornoway (1995) The Outer Hebrides Handbook and Guide. Machynlleth. Kittiwake. {{ISBN|0-9511003-5-1}}
• Thompson, Francis (1968) Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides. Newton Abbot. David & Charles. {{ISBN|0-7153-4260-6}}
• Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh; Birlinn. {{ISBN|1-84158-323-5}}. First published 1926.

{{refend}}

{{oscoor gbx|NG 01544 85552}}

{{commons category|Outer Hebrides}}

{{Wikivoyage}}

• [http://www.stornoway-portauthority.com/ Stornoway Port Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601154205/http://stornoway-portauthority.com/ |date=1 June 2023 }}
• [http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/ Comhairle nan Eilean Siar]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310150414/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=Eilean+Siar&mainLevel=CouncilArea 2001 Census Results for the Outer Hebrides]
• [http://www.mactv.co.uk/ MacTV]
• [http://www.reefnet.co.uk/ Reefnet]
• [http://www.hebrides.com/ Hebrides.com] Photographic website from ex-Eolas Sam Maynard
• [http://www.visithebrides.com/ www.visithebrides.com] Western Isles Tourist Board site from Reefnet
• [http://www.virtualhebrides.com/ Virtual Hebrides.com] Content from the VH, which went its own way and became Virtual Scotland.
• [http://www.hebrides.ca/ hebrides.ca] Home of the Quebec-Hebridean Scots who were cleared from Lewis to Quebec 1838–1920s

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