alpheidae

Snapping shrimp grow to {{convert|3|-|5|cm|abbr=on}} in length.

Its disproportionately large claw, larger than half the shrimp's body, is a dismorphic addition to the arsenal of the shrimp. The claw can be on either arm of the body, and, unlike most shrimp claws, does not have typical pincers at the end. Rather, it has a pistol-like feature made of two parts. A joint allows the "hammer" part to move backward into a right-angled position. When released, it snaps into the other part of the claw, emitting an enormously powerful wave of bubbles capable of stunning larger fish and breaking small glass jars.{{cite book |author1=Maurice Burton |author2=Robert Burton |year=1970 |title=The International Wildlife Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |page=2366}}

File:Pistol shrimp claw mechanism.svg

The claw snaps to create a cavitation bubble that generates acoustic pressures of up to {{convert|80|kPa|psi}} at a distance of 4 cm from the claw. As it ejects from the claw, the bubble reaches speeds of {{convert|25|m/s|km/h mph|abbr=on}}.{{Cite journal |last1=Versluis |first1=Michel |last2=Schmitz |first2=Barbara |last3=von der Heydt |first3=Anna |last4=Lohse |first4=Detlef |date=2000-09-22 |title=How Snapping Shrimp Snap: Through Cavitating Bubbles |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.289.5487.2114 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=289 |issue=5487 |pages=2114–2117 |doi=10.1126/science.289.5487.2114 |pmid=11000111 |issn=0036-8075}} The pressure is high enough to kill small fish.{{cite journal |author1=M. Versluis |author2=B. Schmitz |author3=A. von der Heydt |author4=D. Lohse |title=How snapping shrimp snap: through cavitating bubbles |journal=Science |volume=289 |year=2000 |pages=2114–2117 |doi=10.1126/science.289.5487.2114 |pmid=11000111 |issue=5487|url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6960804/Versluis00how.pdf }} It corresponds to a peak pressure level of 218 decibels relative to one micropascal (dB re 1 μPa), equivalent to a zero to peak source level of 190 dB re 1 μPa m. Au and Banks measured peak to peak source levels between 185 and 190 dB re 1 μPa m, depending on the size of the claw.{{cite journal |author1=W. W. L. Au |author2=K. Banks |year=1998 |title=The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay |journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1121/1.423234}} Similar values are reported by Ferguson and Cleary.{{cite journal |author1=B. G. Ferguson |author2=J. L. Cleary |title=In situ source level and source position estimates of biological transient signals produced by snapping shrimp in an underwater environment |journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=109 |pages=3031–3037 |year=2001 |doi=10.1121/1.1339823 |pmid=11425145 |issue=6 }} The duration of the click is less than 1 millisecond.

The snap can also produce sonoluminescence from the collapsing cavitation bubble. As it collapses, the cavitation bubble emits a short flash of light with a broad spectrum. If the light were of thermal origin it would require a temperature of the emitter of over {{convert|5000|K|C|-2}}.{{cite journal |author1=D. Lohse |author2=B. Schmitz |author3=M. Versluis |title=Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles |journal=Nature |volume=413 |issue=6855 |year=2001 |pages=477–478 |doi=10.1038/35097152 |pmid=11586346|s2cid=4429684 |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6990680/Lohse01snapping.pdf }} In comparison, the surface temperature of the Sun is estimated to be around {{convert|5772|K|C|-2}}.{{cite web |last=Williams |first=D.R. |date=1 July 2013 |title=Sun Fact Sheet |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715200549/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead}} The light is of lower intensity than the light produced by typical sonoluminescence and is not visible to the naked eye. It is most likely a by-product of the shock wave with no biological significance. However, it was the first known instance of an animal producing light by this effect. It has subsequently been discovered that another group of crustaceans, the mantis shrimp, contains species whose club-like forelimbs can strike so quickly and with such force as to induce sonoluminescent cavitation bubbles upon impact.{{cite journal |author1=S. N. Patek |author2=R. L. Caldwell |year=2005 |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=208 |issue=19 |pages=3655–3664 |title=Extreme impact and cavitation forces of a biological hammer: strike forces of the peacock mantis shrimp |doi=10.1242/jeb.01831 |pmid=16169943|s2cid=312009 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt9938507n/qt9938507n.pdf?t=lnr7mv |doi-access=free }}

The snapping is used for hunting (hence the alternative name "pistol shrimp"), as well as for communication. When hunting, the shrimp usually lies in an obscured spot, such as a burrow. The shrimp then extends its antennae outwards to determine if any fish are passing by. Once it feels movement, the shrimp inches out of its hiding place, pulls back its claw, and releases a "shot" which stuns the prey; the shrimp then pulls it to the burrow and feeds on it.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Snapping shrimp have the ability to reverse claws. When the snapping claw is lost, the missing limb will regenerate into a smaller claw and the original smaller appendage will grow into a new snapping claw. Laboratory research has shown that severing the nerve of the snapping claw induces the conversion of the smaller limb into a second snapping claw. The reversal of claw asymmetry in snapping shrimp is thought to be unique in nature.{{cite journal |author=M. R. McClure |title=Symmetry of large claws in snapping shrimp in nature (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae) |journal=Crustaceana |volume=69 |issue=7 |year=1996 |pages=920–921 |doi=10.1163/156854096X00321}}

The snapping shrimp competes with much larger animals such as the sperm whale and beluga whale for the title of loudest animal in the sea.{{cn|date=March 2024}} When in colonies, the snapping shrimp can interfere with sonar and underwater communication.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/26/science/sleuths-solve-case-of-bubble-mistaken-for-a-snapping-shrimp.html|title=Sleuths solve case of bubble mistaken for a snapping shrimp |author=Kenneth Chang |date=September 26, 2000 |work=The New York Times |page=5 |access-date=July 2, 2011}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/02/02/archives/sea-creatures-trouble-sonar-operatorsnew-enzyme.html|title=Sea creatures trouble sonar operators – new enzyme |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 2, 2011|date=February 2, 1947}} The shrimp are a major source of noise in the ocean and can interfere with anti-submarine warfare.{{cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/p6-9_submarines_final.pdf |title=Submarine hunting in Somerset |author=Stuart Rock |publisher=thalesgroup.com |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084153/https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/p6-9_submarines_final.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}]{{cite web|title=Underwater Drones Join Microphones to Listen for Chinese Nuclear Submarines - AUVAC|url=http://auvac.org/newsitems/view/2626|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064225/http://auvac.org/newsitems/view/2626|archive-date=23 July 2018|access-date=26 March 2018|website=auvac.org}}

File:Gobi and shrimp.jpg with a goby of the genus Amblyeleotris]]

Some snapping shrimp species share burrows with goby fish in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship. The burrow is built and tended by the pistol shrimp, and the goby provides protection by watching out for danger. When both are out of the burrow, the shrimp maintains contact with the goby using its antennae. The goby, having better vision, alerts the shrimp of danger using a characteristic tail movement, and then both retreat into the safety of the shared burrow.{{cite journal |author=I. Karplus |title=The association between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps |journal=Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review |volume=25 |year=1987 |pages=507–562}} This association has been observed in species that inhabit coral reef habitats.

Eusocial behavior has been discovered in the genus Synalpheus. The species Synalpheus regalis lives inside sponges in colonies that can number over 300.{{cite journal |author=J. E. Duffy |title=Eusociality in a coral-reef shrimp |journal=Nature |volume=381 |year=1996 |pages=512–514 |doi=10.1038/381512a0 |issue=6582|s2cid=33166806 }} All of them are the offspring of a single large female, the queen, and possibly a single male. The offspring are divided into workers who care for the young and predominantly male soldiers who protect the colony with their huge claws.

The snapping shrimp species will retain the same mate after copulation, making them monogamous. Most females of the Alpheidae species are susceptible to mating. Young females become receptive to males either just before (premolt stage) or after the puberty molt, making them physiologically mature and morphologically able to carry the egg mass. Male presence during the molt is beneficial for the female, as searching for a male during her soft-bodied receptive phase would put her at mortal risk. Mates have more success with partners having greater body mass. The larger shrimp are most successful. These animals practice mate guarding, leading to a decline in mate competition, as well as bonding of partners. The male and female will defend their shelter to protect both territory and young. Larva develop in three stages: The nauplius larvae, zoea, and post larval stages.

File:Betaeopsis aequimanus.JPG]]

File:Synalpheus fritzmuelleri.jpg]]

More than 620 species are currently recognised in the family Alpheidae, distributed among 52 genera. The largest of these are Alpheus, with 336 species, and Synalpheus, with 168 species. The following genera are recognised in the family Alpheidae:{{Cite WoRMS|author=De Grave, Sammy|year=2024|title=Alpheidae Rafinesque, 1815 |id=106776 |access-date=20 July 2024}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Acanthanas {{small|Anker, Poddoubtchenko & Jeng, 2006}}
• Alpheopsis {{small|Coutière, 1897}}
• Alpheus {{small|Fabricius, 1798}}
• Amphibetaeus {{small|Coutière, 1897}}
• Arete {{small|Stimpson, 1860}}
• Aretopsis {{small|De Man, 1910}}
• Athanas {{small|Leach, 1814}}
• Athanopsis {{small|Coutière, 1897}}
• Automate {{small|De Man, 1888}}
• Bannereus {{small|AJ Bruce, 1988}}
• Batella {{small|Holthuis, 1955}}
• Bermudacaris {{small|Anker & Iliffe, 2000}}
• Betaeopsis {{small|Yaldwyn, 1971}}
• Betaeus {{small|Dana, 1852}}
• Bruceopsis {{small|Anker, 2010}}
• Caligoneus {{small|Komai & Fujita, 2018}}
• Coronalpheus {{small|Wicksten, 1999}}
• Coutieralpheus {{small|Anker & Felder, 2005}}
• Crosnierocaris {{small|Anker, 2022}}
• Deioneus {{small|Dworschak, Anker & Abed-Navandi, 2000}}
• Fenneralpheus {{small|Felder & Manning, 1986}}
• Harperalpheus {{small|Felder & Anker, 2007}}
• Jengalpheops {{small|Anker & Dworschak, 2007}}
• Leptalpheus {{small|Williams, 1965}}
• Leptathanas {{small|De Grave & Anker, 2008}}
• Leslibetaeus {{small|Anker, Poddoubtchenko & Wehrtmann, 2006}}
• Metabetaeus {{small|Borradaile, 1899}}
• Metalpheus {{small|Coutière, 1908}}
• Mohocaris {{small|Holthuis, 1973}}
• Nennalpheus {{small|Banner & Banner, 1981}}
• Notalpheus {{small|Méndez G. & Wicksten, 1982}}
• Oligorostra {{small|Ciampaglio & Weaver, 2008 †}}
• Oligosella {{small|Ciampaglio & Weaver, 2008 †}}
• Orygmalpheus {{small|De Grave & Anker, 2000}}
• Pachelpheus {{small|Anker, 2020}}
• Parabetaeus {{small|Coutière, 1897}}
• Pomagnathus {{small|Chace, 1937}}
• Potamalpheops {{small|Powell, 1979}}
• Prionalpheus {{small|AH Banner & DM Banner, 1960}}
• Pseudalpheopsis {{small|Anker, 2007}}
• Pseudathanas {{small|Bruce, 1983}}
• Pterocaris {{small|Heller, 1862}}
• Racilius {{small|Paulson, 1875}}
• Richalpheus {{small|Anker & Jeng, 2006}}
• Rugathanas {{small|Anker & Jeng, 2007}}
• Salmoneus {{small|Holthuis, 1955}}
• Stenalpheops {{small|Miya, 1997}}
• Synalpheus {{small|Spence Bate, 1888}}
• Thuylamea {{small|Nguyên, 2001}}
• Triacanthoneus {{small|Anker, 2010}}
• Vexillipar {{small|Chace, 1988}}
• Yagerocaris {{small|Kensley, 1988}}

{{div col end}}

{{refs}}

• [https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/how-snapping-shrimp-snap-through-cavitating-bubbles How snapping shrimp snap], University of Twente
• [http://www.articlesextra.com/pistol-crab-alpheus.htm Article on pistol shrimp going into physical details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227103259/http://www.articlesextra.com/pistol-crab-alpheus.htm |date=2021-02-27 }}
• [https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/bigger-bacon Radiolab episode: Bigger Than Bacon] – the history and science of snapping shrimp

{{Taxonbar|from=Q311534}}

Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque

Category:Decapod families