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annona

{{Short description|Genus of fruits and plants}}

{{Other uses}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|fossil_range = {{Fossil range |70.6|0}}Late Cretaceous – present

|image = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg

|image_caption = Annona squamosa

|image2 = Soursop, Annona muricata.jpg

|image2_caption = Annona muricata

|display_parents = 2

|taxon = Annona

|authority = L.{{cite web

| url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANNON

| title = PLANTS Profile, Annona L.

| access-date = 2008-04-16

| author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

| author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service

| work = The PLANTS Database

| publisher = United States Department of Agriculture

}}

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision = Some 169 (see text)

|synonyms =

  • Guanabanus {{small|Mill.}}
  • Raimondia {{small|Saff.}}
  • Rollinia {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
  • Rolliniopsis {{small|Saff.}}

|synonyms_ref =

|type_species = Annona muricata

}}

Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae. It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria,{{ITIS |id=18095 |taxon=Annona |access-date=2008-04-16}} containing approximately 166[http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Annonaceae/Annona/ Species of Annona] on The Plant List. Retrieved 2013-05-28. species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.{{cite journal

| last =Flora of North America

| author-link =Flora of North America

| title = 1. Annona Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 241, 1754

| volume =3

| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101891

| access-date = 2008-04-20 }}

The generic name derives from anón, a Hispaniolan Taíno word for the fruit.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC |first=Daniel F. |last=Austin |title=Florida Ethnobotany |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8493-2332-4 |page=95}} Paleoethnobotanical studies have dated Annona exploitation and cultivation in the Yautepec River region of Mexico to approximately 1000 BC.{{cite book

| last = Warrington

| first = Ian J. Warrington

| title = Apples: Botany, Production and Uses

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC

| access-date = 2008-04-20

| publisher = CABI Publishing

| isbn = 0-85199-592-6

| chapter = Annonaceae

| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC&pg=PA74

| year = 2003

}} Plants of the genus have several common names, including sugar-apple, soursop, anona, cherimoya and guanábana.

Currently, seven Annona species (A. cherimola,

A. muricata, A. squamosa, A. reticulata, A. senegalensis, A. scleroderma, A. purpurea) and one hybrid (the atemoya) are cultivated for domestic or commercial use, mostly for the edible and nutritious fruits; several others such as A. crassiflora and A. salzmannii also produce edible fruits.{{cite web

|url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf

|title=Factsheet No. 5. Annona

|access-date=2008-04-20

|author=University of Southampton

|author-link=University of Southampton

|date=March 2002

|work=Fruits for the Future

|publisher=Department for International Development, International Centre for Underutilised Crops

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720053635/http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf

|archive-date=2011-07-20

}} Many of the species are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases, though their efficacy has yet to be validated scientifically. Several annonaceous species have been found to contain acetogenins, a class of natural compounds with a wide variety of biological activities.{{cite book

| last = Pilar Rauter

| first = Amélia

| author2 = A. F. Dos Santos

|author3=A. E. G. Santana

| title = Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC

| year = 2002

| publisher = Springer Science+Business Media

| isbn = 1-4020-1047-8

| pages = 540 pages

| chapter = Toxicity of Some species of Annona Toward Artemia Salina Leach and Biomphalaria Glabrata Say

| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&pg=PA264

| access-date = 2008-04-20

}}{{cite journal

| last =Esposti

| first =M Degli

| author-link =University of Bologna

|author2=A Ghelli |author3=M Ratta |author4=D Cortes |author5=E Estornell

| title =Natural substances (acetogenins) from the family Annonaceae are powerful inhibitors of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)

| journal =The Biochemical Journal

| volume =301

| issue =Pt 1

| pages = 161–7

| publisher =The Biochemical Society

| date =1994-07-01

| pmc=1137156

| pmid =8037664 | doi=10.1042/bj3010161}} The first complete genome for a species in this genus (Annona muricata) was published in 2021.{{Cite journal|last1=Strijk|first1=Joeri S.|last2=Hinsinger|first2=Damien D.|last3=Roeder|first3=Mareike M.|last4=Chatrou|first4=Lars W.|last5=Couvreur|first5=Thomas L. P.|last6=Erkens|first6=Roy H. J.|last7=Sauquet|first7=Hervé|last8=Pirie|first8=Michael D.|last9=Thomas|first9=Daniel C.|last10=Cao|first10=Kunfang|title=Chromosome-level reference genome of the soursop (Annona muricata): A new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology|journal=Molecular Ecology Resources|year=2021|volume=21|issue=5|pages=1608–1619|language=en|doi=10.1111/1755-0998.13353 |pmc=8251617|pmid=33569882|issn=1755-0998|doi-access=free}} The earliest fossils have been found in the Lance Formation dating to the Late Cretaceous.{{cite web |title=P3855 (Cretaceous of the United States) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=34967&is_real_user=1 |website=PBDB.org}}

Description

Annona species are taprooted, evergreen or semideciduous, tropical trees or shrubs. The plants typically grow in areas where air temperature does not drop below {{convert|28|F|C}}, especially Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, India the Philippines and Calabria (southern Italy). However, they have also been known to grow in certain parts of the Andes mountains in South America and in Florida.

The woody trunks have thin bark that has broad and shallow depressions or fissures which join together and are scaly, giving rise to slender, stiff, cylindrical, and tapering shoots with raised pores and naked buds. Leaf blades can be leathery or thin and rather soft or pliable, bald or hairy.

The flowering stalks rise from axils, or occasionally from axillary buds on main stems or older stems, or as solitary flowers or small bundles of flowers. Usually, the three or four deciduous sepals are smaller than the outer petals that do not overlap while in bud. Six to eight fleshy petals are arranged in two whorls—the petals of the outer whorl are larger and do not overlap; inner petals are ascending and distinctively smaller, and nectar glands are darker pigmented. The numerous stamens are ball-shaped, club-shaped, or curved and hooded or pointed beyond anther sac. Numerous pistils, attached directly to the base, are partially united to various degrees with a distinct stigma, with one or two ovules per pistil; the style and stigma are club-shaped or narrowly conic.

One fleshy, ovate to spherical fruit is produced per flower. Each fruit consists of many individual small fruits or syncarps, with one syncarp and seed per pistil. Seeds are bean-like with tough coats; the seed kernels are toxic.

Pollination occurs via Dynastid scarab beetles, which appear to be basic generalists within the genus Annona. Those species of Annona which are more morphologically derived, as well as all Rollinia spp., possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles such as Nitidulidae or Staphylinidae.{{cite journal

| last =Gottsberger

| first =Gerhard

| author-link =University of Giessen

| title =Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the genera Annona and Rollinia (Annonaceae)

| journal =Plant Systematics and Evolution

| volume =167

| issue =3–4

| pages =189–194

| publisher =Springer Science+Business Media

| date =28 April 1988

| doi =10.1007/BF00936405

| s2cid =40889017

}}

Toxicology

File:Annonacin.svg is a neurotoxin found in Annona muricata seeds.]]

The compound annonacin and dozens of other acetogenins contained in the seeds and fruit of some members of Annonaceae such as Annona muricata (soursop) are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a Parkinson-like neurodegenerative disease. The only group of people known to be affected by this disease live on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and the problem presumably occurs with the consumption of plants containing annonacin. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results published in 2007 demonstrated for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: [http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613202624/http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 |date=June 13, 2007 }}, 4. Mai 2007

Selected species

{{main|List of Annona species|l1=List of Annona species}}

There are 169 accepted Annona species, as of April 2021, according to Plants of the World Online.{{cite web |title=Annona L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1966-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=9 April 2021}}

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

{{div col end}}

=Hybrids=

Insects and diseases

Annona species are generally disease-free. They are susceptible to some fungi and wilt. Ants may also be a problem, since they promote mealybugs on the fruit.{{cite web

|url=http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/counties/ceventura/Agriculture265/Cherimoya.htm

|title=Cherimoya

|access-date=2008-04-20

|author=Robert Vieth

|author-link=University of California, Davis

|work=Minor subtropicals

|publisher=Ventura County Cooperative Extension

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806030013/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/counties/ceventura/Agriculture265/Cherimoya.htm

|archive-date=2007-08-06

}}

;Insects

{{colbegin}}

| url = http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IG/IG07900.pdf

| title = Insect Pests of Annona Crops

| access-date = 2008-04-19

|author1=Jorge Pena |author2=Freddie Johnson | author-link = Florida Cooperative Extension Service

|date=October 1993

| work = Other Fruits With Insecticides Known to Have Labels for Use

| publisher = Department of Entomology, University of Florida

}}{{cite web

| url = http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG330

| title = Sugar Apple Growing in the Florida Home Landscape

| access-date = 2008-04-19

|author1=Jonathan H. Crane |author2=Carlos F. Balerdi |author3=Ian Maguire | author-link = Florida Cooperative Extension Service

|date=April 1994

| work = Fact Sheet HS38

| publisher = Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111708/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG330| archive-date= 11 April 2008 | url-status= live}}

| url = http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/bridg-hannia-2000-03-24/HTML/brigd-ch1.html

| title = Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of Annona cherimola Mill. and Annona muricata L.

| access-date = 2008-04-20

| last = Bridg

| first = Hannia

| date = 2001-05-03

| publisher = Zertifizierter Dokumentenserver der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

| doi = 10.18452/14481

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080424065428/http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/bridg-hannia-2000-03-24/HTML/brigd-ch1.html| archive-date= 24 April 2008 | url-status= live}}

{{colend}}

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;Fungi

{{colbegin}}

{{colend}}

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;Nematodes

{{colbegin}}

{{colend}}

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;Algae

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;Diseases

  • Fruit rot

References

{{reflist|2}}

External links

  • {{commons category-inline}}
  • {{wikispecies-inline|Annona (Annonaceae)|Annona}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203144834/http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/annonaceae/indices/neotropics/typetaxa/annona.htm Type Collections of Neotropical Annonaceae – Annona – has pictures and details on these and other Annona species]

Images

File:Atemola (cross of Annona cherimola and Annona squamosa).jpg|Atemoya (A. cherimola × A. squamosa)

File:Cherimoya plantage hg.jpg|Cherimoya (A. cherimola) plantation

File:Annona muricata-guanábana.jpg|Soursop (A. muricata)

File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|Sugar apples (A. squamosa)

File:Anona-custard-apple-inside1.jpg|Sugar apple (A. squamosa) interior

File:Anona-custard-apple-inside2.jpg|Sugar apple interior

File:Anona-custard-apple-outside.jpg|Sugar apple exterior

File:Annona_muricata2.jpg|Annona muricata

File:Araticum 3.jpg|A. crassiflora fruit

File:Annona salzmannii27.JPG|The fruit of A. salzmannii

File:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad W IMG 7408.jpg|Annona squamosa flower and leaves in Hyderabad, India

File:Annona glabra fl.jpg|Annona glabra fruit.

File:Annona cherimola fruit, Pedra Bela, Brazil.jpg|Annona cherimola fruit, Pedra Bela, Brazil

File:Halved annona fruit.JPG|Halved annona fruit

File:Annona fruit.JPG|Annona tree, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

File:Anonna fruit.JPG|Annona fruit

{{Taxonbar|from=Q275737}}

Category:Tropical fruit

Category:Annonaceae genera