caprinae

File:Aoudad skeleton.jpg) on display at the Museum of Osteology]]

Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the urial (Ovis orientalis) occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini) is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep (Ovis aries).

Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors:

• Five are classified as endangered,
• Eight as vulnerable,
• Seven as of concern and needing conservation measures, but at lower risk, and
• Seven species are secure.

Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over {{convert|1|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long for a full-grown grey goral (Nemorhaedus goral), to almost {{convert|2.5|m|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long for a musk ox, and from under {{convert|30|kg|abbr=on}} to more than {{convert|350|kg|abbr=on}}. Musk oxen in captivity have reached over {{convert|650|kg|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species; and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area.

The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tessellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids, from the Hebrew tso'n meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other.

File:Palaeoreas lindermayeri.JPG

The goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form.{{cite book |editor= Macdonald, D. |last=Geist |first=Valerius |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher= Facts on File |location= New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/584 584–587]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1 |url-access= registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/584 }} The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region.

The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage.

Internal relationships of Caprinae based on mitochondrial DNA.{{cite journal |last1=Bover |first1=Pere |last2=Llamas |first2=Bastien |last3=Mitchell |first3=Kieren J. |last4=Thomson |first4=Vicki A. |last5=Alcover |first5=Josep A. |last6=Lalueza-Fox |first6=Carles |last7=Cooper |first7=Alan |last8=Pons |first8=Joan |display-authors=6 |date=July 2019 |title=Unraveling the phylogenetic relationships of the extinct bovid Myotragus balearicus {{small|(Bate 1909)}} from the Balearic Islands |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |lang=en |volume=215 |pages=185–195 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.005 |s2cid=189965070 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379118306929 |url-access=subscription }}

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|1=Pantholops (Tibetan antelope)

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|1={{extinct}}Bootherium (helmeted muskox)

|2=Ovibos (musk ox)

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|1=Capricornis (serow)

|2=Naemorhedus (goral)

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|1=Ovis (sheep)

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|1=Oreamnos (mountain goat)

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|1=Budorcas (takin)

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|1={{extinct}}Myotragus (Balearic Islands goat)

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|1=Rupicapra (chamois)

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|1=Ammotragus (Barbary sheep)

|2=Arabitragus (Arabian tahr)

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|1=Pseudois (bharal)

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|1=Hemitragus (Himalayan tahr)

|2=Capra (turs, markhor, ibexes, & goats)

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Phylogeny based on Hassanin et al., 2009 and Calamari, 2021.{{Cite journal|last1=Hassanin|first1=Alexandre|last2=Ropiquet|first2=Anne|last3=Couloux|first3=Arnaud|last4=Cruaud|first4=Corinne|date=2009-04-01|title=Evolution of the Mitochondrial Genome in Mammals Living at High Altitude: New Insights from a Study of the Tribe Caprini (Bovidae, Antilopinae)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-009-9208-7|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|language=en|volume=68|issue=4|pages=293–310|doi=10.1007/s00239-009-9208-7|pmid=19294454 |bibcode=2009JMolE..68..293H |s2cid=27622204 |issn=1432-1432|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last=Calamari|first=Zachary T.|date=June 2021|title=Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)|url=https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.full|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3970|pages=1–38|doi=10.1206/3970.1|s2cid=235441087 |issn=0003-0082|hdl=2246/7267|hdl-access=free}}

{{see also|List of bovids}}

Family Bovidae

• Subfamily Caprinae or Tribe Caprini

:

class="wikitable"
Tribe or subtribe ! Image ! Genus ! Species
rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;"| Caprini or Caprina | 175px |align="center"|Ammotragus {{small|(Blyth, 1840)}} | Barbary sheep, Ammotragus lervia
175px |align="center"| Arabitragus {{small|Ropiquet & Hassanin, 2005}} | Arabian tahr, Arabitragus jayakari
175px |align="center"| Budorcas {{small|Hodgson, 1850}} | takin, Budorcas taxicolor
175px |align="center"| Capra {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} | West Asian ibex, Capra aegagrus bezoar ibex, Capra aegagrus aegagrus Sindh ibex, Capra aegagrus blythi west Caucasian tur, Capra caucasica east Caucasian tur, Capra cylindricornis markhor, Capra falconeri domestic goat, Capra hircus alpine ibex, Capra ibex Nubian ibex, Capra nubiana Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica western Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica victoriae southeastern Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica hispanica †Portuguese ibex, Capra pyreneaica lusitanica †Pyrenean ibex, Capra pyreneaica pyrenaica Siberian ibex, Capra sibirica Walia ibex, Capra walie
175px |align="center"| Hemitragus {{small|(Hodgson, 1841)}} | Himalayan tahr, Hemitragus jemlahicus
175px |align="center"| Nilgiritragus {{small|Ropiquet & Hassanin, 2005}} | Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiritragus hylocrius
175px |align="center"| Oreamnos {{small|Rafinesque, 1817}} | mountain goat, Oreamnos americanus
175px |align="center"| Ovis {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} | argali, Ovis ammon Marco Polo sheep, Ovis ammon polii domestic sheep, Ovis aries bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis Dall sheep, Ovis dalli mouflon, Ovis gmelini snow sheep, Ovis nivicola urial, Ovis vignei
175px |align="center"| Pseudois {{small|Hodgson, 1846}} | bharal (Himalayan blue sheep), Pseudois nayaur
175px |align="center"| Rupicapra {{small|Garsault, 1764}} | Pyrenean chamois, Rupicapra pyrenaica alpine chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra
File:Sóller. Museu Balear de Ciències Naturals. Myotragus balearicus (cropped).jpg |align="center"| {{Extinct}}Myotragus {{small|Bate, 1909}} | Myotragus balearicus
rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Ovibovini or Ovibovina | 175px |align="center"| Capricornis {{small|Ogilby, 1837}} | Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus Chinese serow, Capricornis milneedwardsii red serow, Capricornis rubidus Sumatran serow, Capricornis sumatraensis Taiwan serow, Capricornis swinhoei Himalayan serow Capricornis thar
175px |align="center"| Nemorhaedus {{small|Hamilton Smith, 1827}} | red goral, Nemorhaedus baileyi long-tailed goral, Naemorhedus caudatus gray goral, Nemorhaedus goral Chinese goral, Nemorhaedus griseus
175px |align="center"| Ovibos {{small|Blainville, 1816}} | muskox, Ovibos moschatus
rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Pantholopini or Pantholopina | 175px |align="center"| Pantholops {{small|Hodgson, 1834}} | Tibetan antelope, Pantholops hodgsonii

The following extinct genera of Caprinae have been identified:{{Cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Fossil_Caprinae/52476|title=Fossil Caprinae|website=tolweb.org}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.palaeos.org/Caprinae |title=palaeos.org |access-date=2010-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109212207/http://www.palaeos.org/Caprinae |archive-date=2013-11-09 |url-status=dead }}

• Tribe Caprini
• Genus Myotragus †
• Myotragus balearicus†
• Tribe Ovibovini
• Genus Bootherium †
• Bootherium bombifrons†
• Genus Euceratherium †
• Euceratherium collinum†
• Genus Makapania †
• Makapania broomi†
• Genus Megalovis †
• Genus Soergelia †
• Soergelia mayfieldi†
• Genus Tsaidamotherium †
• Tsaidamotherium brevirostrum†
• Tsaidamotherium hedini†

;Unsorted

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

• †Benicerus
• †Boopsis
• †Capraoryx
• †Caprotragoides
• †Criotherium
• †Damalavus
• †Gallogoral
• †Lyrocerus
• †Mesembriacerus
• †Neotragocerus
• †Nesogoral
• †Norbertia
• †Numidocapra
• †Oioceros
• †Olonbulukia
• †Pachygazella
• †Pachytragus
• †Palaeoreas
• †Palaeoryx
• †Paraprotoryx
• †Parapseudotragus
• †Parurmiatherium
• †Praeovibos
• †Procamptoceras
• †Prosinotragus
• †Protoryx
• †Protovis
• †Pseudotragus
• †Qurliqnoria
• †Samotragus
• †Sinocapra
• †Sinomegoceros
• †Sinopalaeoceros
• †Sinotragus
• †Sivacapra
• †Sporadotragus
• †Tethytragus
• †Tossunnoria
• †Turcocerus
• †Urmiatherium

{{div col end}}

{{reflist|25em}}

{{Artiodactyla|R.3}}

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Category:Extant Miocene first appearances

Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray

Category:Mammal subfamilies