climate change in Sudan

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| image1 = Koppen-Geiger Map SDN present.svg

| caption1 = Köppen climate classification map for Sudan for 1980–2016

| image2 = Koppen-Geiger Map SDN future.svg

| caption2 = 2071–2100 map under the most intense climate change scenario. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely.{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first18=Christina |last19=Strauss |first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire |last21=Turetsky |first21=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..." |doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=Cosmos |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote="The IPCC doesn’t make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}

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File:Drought in Khartum.jpg]]

In Sudan, climate change has caused an increase in temperatures, a decline in rainfall and driven desertification.{{Cite journal |last=Alvi |first=Shamsul Haque |date=1994-08-01 |title=Climatic changes, desertification and the Republic of Sudan |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00806422 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=393–399 |doi=10.1007/BF00806422 |s2cid=189882209 |issn=1572-9893}} Climate change poses significant challenges for rainfed agriculture and therefore the entire economy.{{Cite journal |last1=Siddig |first1=Khalid |last2=Stepanyan |first2=Davit |last3=Wiebelt |first3=Manfred |last4=Grethe |first4=Harald |last5=Zhu |first5=Tingju |date=2020-03-01 |title=Climate change and agriculture in the Sudan: Impact pathways beyond changes in mean rainfall and temperature |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800918316458 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=169 |pages=106566 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106566 |s2cid=146321871 |issn=0921-8009|hdl=10568/101350 |hdl-access=free }} Analysis of weather patterns suggest drought conditions and other extreme weather increased in Sudan during the 20th century.{{Cite journal |last1=Elagib |first1=Nadir Ahmed |last2=Mansell |first2=Martin G. |date=2000-04-01 |title=Climate impacts of environmental degradation in Sudan |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011071917001 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=311–327 |doi=10.1023/A:1011071917001 |s2cid=153835620 |issn=1572-9893}} The relationship between climate change, water conflict and the war in Sudan has also been a topic of academic debate.{{Cite journal |last1=Selby |first1=Jan |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Clemens |date=2014-11-01 |title=Beyond scarcity: Rethinking water, climate change and conflict in the Sudans |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378014000119 |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=29 |pages=360–370 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.008 |hdl=11693/53618 |s2cid=26353802 |issn=0959-3780|hdl-access=free }}

Blue Nile state has experienced significant impacts from climate change, being one of Sudan's fastest-warming regions. Since the 1970s, temperatures have risen by 1 °C (1.8 °F) each year. {{cn|date=February 2025}}. Moreover, there has been a 30 years decline in rainfall, which is becoming more irregular. Groundwater depletion has been observed Wad el-Mahi. Seasonal floods from the Blue Nile river and other streams have also worsened environmental conditions. Environmental degradation has been exacerbated by the excessive cutting of trees for charcoal production and improper handling of liquid and solid waste.{{Cite web |title=Situation in the Blue Nile |url=https://www.unicef.org/sudan/media/8606/file/State%20profile-%20Blue%20Nile.pdf |website=unicef.org}}