cyclizine

Primary uses include nausea, vomiting and dizziness associated with motion sickness, vertigo and post-operatively following administration of general anesthesia and opioids. It is sometimes given in hyperemesis gravidarum, although the manufacturer advises that it be avoided in pregnancy. Off-license use often occurs with specialists in hospitals to treat inpatients who have become severely dehydrated in pregnancy. An off-label use is as an opioid/opiate potentiator.{{cite web|url=http://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/14672/SPC/Valoid+Tablets/|title=Valoid Tablets by Amdipharm|work=Electronic Medicines Compendium|publisher=Datapharm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051657/http://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/14672/SPC/Valoid+Tablets/|archive-date=2016-03-04|access-date=2011-10-01}}

The drug Diconal is a combination of cyclizine and the opioid dipipanone.{{cite web|url=http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/assets/c/html/DisplayDoc.asp?DocumentID=15199|title=Diconal Tablets by Amdipharm|work=Electronic Medicines Compendium|publisher=Datapharm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401052533/http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?documentid=15199|archive-date=2008-04-01|access-date=2008-08-05}} Dipipanone is a schedule I controlled substance in the US.{{cite web | title=Conversion Factors for Controlled Substances | website=DEA Diversion Control Division | url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/quotas/conv_factor/index.html | access-date=26 March 2020}}

Its antimuscarinic action warrants caution in patients with prostatic hypertrophy, urinary retention, or angle-closure glaucoma. Liver disease exacerbates its sedative effects.

Common (over 10%) — Drowsiness, dry mouth.

Uncommon (1% to 10%) — Headache, psychomotor impairment, dermatitis, and antimuscarinic effects such as diplopia (double vision), tachycardia, constipation, urinary retention and gastro-intestinal disturbances.

Rare (less than 1%) — Hypersensitivity reactions (bronchospasm, angioedema, anaphylaxis, rashes and photosensitivity reactions), extrapyramidal effects, dizziness, confusion, depression, sleep disturbances, tremor, liver dysfunction, and hallucinations.

Cyclizine is a piperazine derivative with histamine H₁-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) activity. The precise mechanism of action in inhibiting the symptoms of motion sickness is not well understood. It may have effects directly on the vestibular system and on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Cyclizine exerts a central anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) action.

Cyclizine may be prepared by the Eschweiler–Clarke methylation of diphenylmethylpiperazine or by reaction of benzhydryl bromide with 1-methylpiperazine in acetonitrile to form the hydrobromide salt of the drug.

Cyclizine was developed in the American division of pharmacy company Burroughs Wellcome (today GlaxoSmithKline) during a research study involving many drugs of the antihistamine group. Cyclizine was quickly clinically found as a potent and long-acting antiemetic. The company named the substance – or more precisely cyclizine's hydrochloride form which it usually appears in – "marezine hydrochloride" and started to sell it in the United States under trade name Marezine. Selling was begun in France under trade name Marzine in 1965.

{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=404 | title = Drug discovery: a history | vauthors = Sneader W | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2005 | page = 404 | isbn = 0-471-89979-8 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910174226/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=404 | archive-date = 2017-09-10 }}

{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X2EyLsG4bcUC&pg=406 | title = Pharmaceutical manufacturing encyclopedia | vauthors = Sittig M | publisher = William Andrew | year = 1988 | page = 406 | isbn = 0-8155-1144-2 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910174226/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2EyLsG4bcUC&pg=406 | archive-date = 2017-09-10 }}

The substance received more credit when NASA chose it as a space antiemetic for the first crewed Moon flight. Cyclizine was introduced to many countries as a common antiemetic. It is an over-the-counter drug in many countries because it has been well tolerated, although it has not been studied much.{{cite book | vauthors = Rajoo SG | veditors = Lobo M | work = Barts & The London NHS Trust | chapter-url = http://www.drugs.smd.qmul.ac.uk/drugs/html5/Anti-emetics/AN-FEF54A37-6289-402B-E208-9284E183608A.html | title = Anti-emetics - Metoclopramide, Domperidone, Ondansetron, Cyclizine. | chapter = Introduction |access-date=2015-03-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111754/http://www.drugs.smd.qmul.ac.uk/drugs/html5/Anti-emetics/AN-FEF54A37-6289-402B-E208-9284E183608A.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 }}

Some people using methadone recreationally combine cyclizine with their methadone dose, a combination that is known to produce strong psychoactive effects.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruben SM, McLean PC, Melville J | title = Cyclizine abuse among a group of opiate dependents receiving methadone | journal = British Journal of Addiction | volume = 84 | issue = 8 | pages = 929–34 | date = August 1989 | pmid = 2775912 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00766.x }}

It has also been used recreationally for its anticholinergic effects to induce hallucinations.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bassett KE, Schunk JE, Crouch BI | title = Cyclizine abuse by teenagers in Utah | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 472–4 | date = September 1996 | pmid = 8765114 | doi = 10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90156-4 }}

It has been used illegally in greyhound racing to sabotage a dog's performance.Conor Ryan for The Independent. June 20, 2013 [http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/igb-left-with-250k-bill-after-dog-doping-case-234547.html IGB left with €250k bill after dog doping case] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000528/http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/igb-left-with-250k-bill-after-dog-doping-case-234547.html |date=2016-03-04 }}

As cyclizine hydrochloride tablets and cyclizine lactate solution for intramuscular or intravenous injection (brand names: Valoid in UK and South Africa and Marezine, Marzine and Emoquil in US). Cyclizine was marketed as Bonine for Kids in the US, but was discontinued in 2012, and replaced with meclizine.

{{ cite web

| url = http://www.bonine.com/bonine_kids.php

| title = Bonine for Kids

| publisher = Insight Pharmaceuticals

| url-status = dead

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100917221933/http://bonine.com/bonine_kids.php

| archive-date = 2010-09-17

}}

• Cinnarizine

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/cyclizine | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Cyclizine }}

{{Antihistamines}}

{{Hallucinogens}}

{{Acetylcholine receptor modulators}}

{{Histamine receptor modulators}}

{{Piperazines}}

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Category:Antiemetics

Category:H1 receptor antagonists

Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Category:World Health Organization essential medicines

Category:4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl compounds