economy of Nigeria

In 2014, Nigeria rebased its GDP to account for fast-growing contributors such as telecommunications, banking, and its film industry to its economy.{{cite web |url=https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/gross-domestic-product-does-size-really-matter.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414104553/https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/gross-domestic-product-does-size-really-matter.html |archive-date=2016-04-14|title=Economic and fiscal implications of Nigeria's rebased GDP |website=pwc.com}}{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21600685-nigerias-suddenly-supersized-economy-indeed-wonder-so-are-its-still-huge|title=Africa's new Number One|newspaper=The Economist|date=12 April 2014|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410234642/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21600685-nigerias-suddenly-supersized-economy-indeed-wonder-so-are-its-still-huge|url-status=live}} Human capital is underdeveloped, as Nigeria ranked 161 out of 189 countries in the United Nations Development Index in 2019{{Cite web|title=2020 Human Development Report|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |access-date=2021-08-17|website=UNDP|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2020 }}—and non-energy-related infrastructure is inadequate.

Nigeria has advanced efforts to provide universal primary education, and protect the environment.{{Cite web|url=https://www.christenseninstitute.org/blog/why-innovation-must-be-the-new-development-strategy/|title=Why innovation must be the new development strategy|date=2017-01-19|publisher=Christensen Institute|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817212629/https://www.christenseninstitute.org/blog/why-innovation-must-be-the-new-development-strategy/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourcommonwealth.org/uncategorized/nigerias-challenge-universal-primary-education/|title="Nigeria's challenge – universal primary education" {{!}} YourCommonwealth|website=yourcommonwealth.org|date=May 2013|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925092034/http://www.yourcommonwealth.org/uncategorized/nigerias-challenge-universal-primary-education/|url-status=live}}

A requirement for achieving many of its objectives is reducing endemic corruption, which obstructs development and stains Nigeria's business environment. However, while broad-based progress has been slow, these efforts are becoming visible in international surveys of corruption.{{Cite web|title=The economic context of Nigeria - Economic and Political Overview - Nordea Trade Portal|url=https://www.nordeatrade.com/en/explore-new-market/nigeria/economical-context|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.nordeatrade.com|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218083050/https://www.nordeatrade.com/en/explore-new-market/nigeria/economical-context|url-status=dead}} Nigeria's ranking has mostly improved since 2001, ranking 154 out of 180 countries in Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index.{{Cite web|title=Report corruption in Nigeria|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/report-corruption/nigeria|website=Transparency.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145936/https://www.transparency.org/en/report-corruption/nigeria|url-status=live}}

The Nigerian economy suffers from an ongoing supply crisis in the power sector. Despite a rapidly growing economy, some of the world's largest deposits of coal, oil, and gas and the country's status as Africa's largest oil producer, power supply difficulties are frequently experienced by residents.{{Cite web|title=Finding Lasting Solution to Nigeria's Power Problem|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/29/finding-lasting-solution-to-nigerias-power-problem/|date=2019-09-29|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902222043/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/29/finding-lasting-solution-to-nigerias-power-problem/|url-status=live}} Two-thirds of Nigerians expect living conditions to improve in the coming decades.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Economic Growth and Trade |url=https://www.usaid.gov/nigeria/economic-growth |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=U.S. Agency for International Development |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319144934/https://www.usaid.gov/nigeria/economic-growth |url-status=dead }}The Economist, 28 March 2020, page 4. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Nigeria's GDP grew by 3.19% in Q2 2024. The non-oil sector drove growth, expanding by 4.13%, while the oil sector contracted by -3.83%.{{Cite web |last=Udi |first=Aghogho |date=2024-08-26 |title=Nigeria's GDP grows by 3.19% in Q2, 2024 – NBS |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/08/26/nigerias-gdp-grows-by-3-19-in-q2-2024-nbs/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}

{{Further|Economic history of Nigeria}}

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1990–2023 (with IMF staff estimates in 2024–2029). Inflation under 10% is in green.{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=694,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR,GGXWDG_NGDP,&sy=1980&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects | access-date=21 October 2022 | archive-date=21 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021205112/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=694,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR,GGXWDG_NGDP,&sy=1980&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | url-status=live }}

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NOTES:

The US dollar exchange rate is an estimated average of the official rate throughout a year and does not reflect the parallel market rate at which the general population accesses foreign exchange. This rate ranged from a high of 520 in March 2017 to a low of 350 in August 2017, due to a scarcity of forex (oil earnings had dropped by half), and speculative activity as alleged by the Central Bank. All the while the official rate was pegged at 360.

Per capita income (as % of USA) is calculated using data from estimates in the PPP link above, and census estimates, based on growth rates between census periods. For instance, 2017 GDPs were 1,125 billion (Nigeria) vs. 19,417 billion (USA) and populations were estimated at 320 million vs 190 million. The ratio is, therefore (1125/19417) / (190/320), which roughly comes to 0.0975. These are estimates and are intended to get a feel for the relative wealth and standard of living, as well as the market potential of its middle class.{{Cite web|title=GDP per capita (current US$) - Nigeria {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=NG|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215821/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=NG|url-status=live}}

This is a chart of trends of the global ranking of the Nigerian economy, in comparison with other countries of the world, derived from the historical List of countries by GDP (PPP).

This chart shows the variance in the parallel exchange rate at which the Dollar can be obtained with Naira in Lagos, with "Best" being cheaper for a Nigerian (i.e. stronger Naira).{{Cite web|url=https://abokifx.com/|title=Your daily Naira exchange rate|website=abokifx.com|access-date=2017-08-23|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215091407/https://www.abokifx.com/|url-status=live}}

{{Cite web|url=https://nairametrics.com/naira-dollar-parallel-market-exchange-rate-daily/|title=Daily Parallel Market Exchange Rate|website=nairametrics.com|access-date=2017-08-23|archive-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310040024/https://nairametrics.com/naira-dollar-parallel-market-exchange-rate-daily/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://tradenaira.com/markets/usdngn|title=Dollar to Naira Exchange Rates Today|website=tradenaira.com|access-date=2017-08-23|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117154809/https://tradenaira.com/markets/usdngn|url-status=dead}}

For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US dollar is exchanged at US$1 to 314.27 Nigerian naira (as of 2017).{{Cite web|url=http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=NGN|title=XE: Convert USD/NGN. United States Dollar to Nigeria Naira|website=xe.com|access-date=2017-06-02|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809000853/https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=NGN|url-status=live}}

The current GDP per capita of Nigeria expanded 132% in the sixties reaching a peak growth of 283% in the seventies. But this proved unsustainable, and it consequently shrank by 66% in the 1980s.{{Cite web|title=Nigeria GDP 1960-2020|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/NGA/nigeria/gdp-gross-domestic-product|website=macrotrends.net|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019153422/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/NGA/nigeria/gdp-gross-domestic-product|url-status=live}} In the 1990s, diversification initiatives finally took effect and decadal growth was restored to 10%. Although GDP on a PPP basis did not increase until the 2000s.{{Cite web|url=http://factfish.com/statistic-country/nigeria/gross%20domestic%20product%20per%20capita,%20constant%202005%20us%20$|title=factfish Gross domestic product per capita, constant 2005 US $ for Nigeria|website=factfish.com|access-date=2018-04-10|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116015603/http://factfish.com/statistic-country/nigeria/gross|url-status=dead}}

In 2012, the GDP was composed of the following sectors: agriculture: 40%; services: 30%; manufacturing: 15%; oil: 14%.{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/|title=News 2012|publisher=Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics|access-date=26 March 2012|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128024151/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/|url-status=live}} By 2015, the GDP was composed of the following sectors: agriculture: 18%; services: 55%; manufacturing: 16%; oil: 8%

In 2005 Nigeria's inflation rate was an estimated 15.6%. Nigeria's goal under the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) program is to reduce inflation to the single digits.{{Cite web|title=Africa Economy and Crypto-Currency; How Crypto-Currency Can Help To Boost Africa Economy.|url=https://steemit.com/africa/@bodedandy/africa-economy-and-crypto-currency-how-crypto-currency-can-help-to-boost-africa-economy|last=Bodedandyin #africa • 2 Years Ago|date=2018-01-12|website=Steemit|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730224308/https://steemit.com/africa/@bodedandy/africa-economy-and-crypto-currency-how-crypto-currency-can-help-to-boost-africa-economy|url-status=live}} By 2015, Nigeria's inflation stood at 9%. In 2005, the federal government had expenditures of US$13.54 billion but revenues of only US$12.86 billion, resulting in a budget deficit of 5%. By 2012, expenditures stood at $31.61 billion, while revenues were $54.48 billion.{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's 2012 t0 2014 Revenue and expenditure framework|url=https://businessnewsreport.com.ng/nigerias-2012-t0-2014-revenue-and-expenditure-framwork/|date=2012-10-02|website=Nigeria Business News {{!}}Nigeria Financial News {{!}} Nigeria Economy News {{!}} Business News in Nigeria {{!}} Nigeria Stock Market News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817134948/https://businessnewsreport.com.ng/nigerias-2012-t0-2014-revenue-and-expenditure-framwork/|url-status=live}} In 2024, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) raised the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) again, this time to 18.5%, the 6th consecutive increase since September 2022.{{Cite web |last=Adegboyega |first=Ayodeji |date=2024-07-23 |title=Again, CBN raises interest rate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/716385-again-cbn-raises-interest-rate.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}

{{Further|Agriculture in Nigeria}}

File:Nigerian farmers.jpg (2006). 30% of Nigerians are employed in agriculture.Olomola Ade S. (2007) "Strategies for Managing the Opportunities and Challenges of the Current Agricultural Commodity Booms in SSA" in Seminar Papers on Managing Commodity Booms in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Publication of the AERC Senior Policy Seminar IX. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi, Kenya|220x220px]]The agricultural sector suffers from extremely low productivity, reflecting reliance on antiquated methods. Agriculture has failed to keep pace with Nigeria's rapid population growth, so the country, which once exported food, now imports a significant amount of food to sustain itself.{{Cite web |last=Iloani |first=Francis Arinze |date=2019-08-15 |title=Nigeria spent N40trn on food imports in 21yrs – Data |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nigeria-spent-n40trn-on-food-imports-in-21yrs-data.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730220925/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nigeria-spent-n40trn-on-food-imports-in-21yrs-data.html |archive-date=30 July 2020 |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}} However, efforts are being made towards making the country food sufficient again. Africa's most populous country has failed to grow more food for its fast-rising population who must be fed with staples ranging from rice, beans, maize etc.{{Cite web |title=BusinessDay News |url=https://businessday.ng/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527015531/https://businessday.ng/ |url-status=live }}

File:Foodstuff-production-Nigeria-2020.jpg

Nigeria ranks sixth worldwide and first in Africa in farm output.{{Cite web|title=Countries ranked by Agriculture, value added (current US$) - Africa|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/NV.AGR.TOTL.CD/rankings/africa|access-date=2021-04-13|website=www.indexmundi.com|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413093509/https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/NV.AGR.TOTL.CD/rankings/africa|url-status=live}} The sector accounts for about 18% of GDP and almost one-third of employment. Though Nigeria is no longer a major exporter, due to local consumer boom, it is still a major producer of many agricultural products.{{Cite web|title=Reviving the Cocoa Industry in Nigeria|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Agriculture/Reviving-the-Cocoa-Industry-in-Nigeria/37675|website=Reviving the Cocoa Industry in Nigeria|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809203021/https://www.proshareng.com/news/Agriculture/Reviving-the-Cocoa-Industry-in-Nigeria/37675|url-status=live}} Further agricultural products include palm oil and rubber.

File:Agriculture-nig-rootvscereal.jpg

Counting by weight, this "underground food" is the largest group of food produced in Nigeria, with 118 million tonnes in 2020.{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Vegetables primary production, 1961-2021 - knoema.com |url=https://knoema.com//atlas/Nigeria/topics/Agriculture/Crops-Production-Quantity-tonnes/Vegetables-primary-production |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Knoema |language=en-US |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416101038/https://knoema.com/atlas/Nigeria/topics/Agriculture/Crops-Production-Quantity-tonnes/Vegetables-primary-production |url-status=live }} This group includes yam, cassava, potatoes and sweet potatoes. These food products are cultivated mostly in the south of Nigeria ("Roots economy").

The group of sorghum, pear millet etc. is the second-largest group of food produced in Nigeria, with 28.6 million tonnes in 2020. 50% or 14 million tonnes of this is sorghum. The sugar cane production adds another 1.5 million tonnes to this. Cereals are mostly cultivated in the savannah zone of the country,{{Cite web |last=Extquest |date=2019-06-01 |title=Cereals production in Nigeria: Problems, constraints and opportunities for betterment. |url=https://extquest.home.blog/2019/06/01/cereals-production-in-nigeria-problems-constraints-and-opportunities-for-betterment/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702195213/https://extquest.home.blog/2019/06/01/cereals-production-in-nigeria-problems-constraints-and-opportunities-for-betterment/ |url-status=live }} and on the 23rd of June Nigeria's grain market report, the International Grains Council (IGC) placed Nigeria's total 2022-23 grains production at 21.6 million tonnes, this specific figure was reviewed from the previous month's forecast which was 21.1 million, It set the production in the year 2021–22 at 21.5 million which demonstrates and proves that there is an increase in the production of grains on the 23rd of June 2022 – 2023.{{Cite web |title=Focus on Nigeria {{!}} World Grain |url=https://www.world-grain.com/articles/17302-focus-on-nigeria |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.world-grain.com |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115826/https://www.world-grain.com/articles/17302-focus-on-nigeria |url-status=live }}

File:Agriculture-nig-peanuts-etc.jpg

The third-largest group of food produced in Nigeria is rice and paddy. In 2020, 8.2 million tonnes were produced.

Nigeria produced a good 4 million tonnes of oil crops in 2020. These are e.g. soybeans, sunflower seed, canola and peanuts.

Nigeria produced close to 4 million tonnes of citrus fruit in 2020. Main Nigerian citrus fruits are tangerine, grape, lemon and lime.

Cocoa production, mostly from obsolete varieties and overage trees has increased from around 180,000 tons annually to 350,000 tons.

Beans, melons, pepper and vegetables are grown on chopping fields. Oil palms, rubber and bananas are grown for export. Palm oil plays a major role in Nigeria's burgeoning personal care products industry.

File:Kano fruit market.jpg

In total, about 15 million head are kept. In addition, about five million pigs are kept. Small livestock such as sheep, goats and chickens are kept mainly for subsistence.

An estimated 42% of Nigerians own chicken. As a result, poultry and eggs represent a popular commodity within the food industry. 46% of the poultry is kept in an extensive / free-range system. 300 thousand tonnes of poultry meat and 650 thousand tonnes of eggs are produced annually in Nigeria (estimation).{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2020 |title=FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA |url=https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/market_studies/Food%20%26%20Beverage%20Nigeria-2020.pdf |website=www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com |publisher=Flanders Investment and Trade Office |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531081823/https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/market_studies/Food%20%26%20Beverage%20Nigeria-2020.pdf |url-status=live }}

File:Fish farming, Photo 1.jpg

In 2003, Nigeria recorded a fish production of 505.8 metric tons.{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: ECONOMY|url=http://data.mongabay.com/reference/new_profiles/238ng.html|website=data.mongabay.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140021/https://data.mongabay.com/reference/new_profiles/238ng.html|url-status=live}} In 2015, production stood at 1 027 000 tonnes.{{Cite web |title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/facp/nga?lang=en |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.fao.org}}

Roundwood removals totaled slightly less than 70 million cubic meters, and sawn wood production was estimated at 2 million cubic meters.

The paper industry in Nigeria has a long history that dates back to the 1960s and 1970s, when the government established three integrated pulp and paper mills: the Nigerian Paper Mill in Jebba; the Nigeria Newsprint Manufacturing Company, Oku Iboku; and the Iwopin Pulp and Paper Company. These mills were meant to meet the domestic demand for paper products and reduce import dependence.{{Cite journal |last1=Ezeudu |first1=Obiora B. |last2=Agunwamba |first2=Jonah C. |last3=Ezeasor |first3=Ikenna C. |last4=Madu |first4=Christian N. |date=March 2019 |title=Sustainable Production and Consumption of Paper and Paper Products in Nigeria: A Review |journal=Resources |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=53 |doi=10.3390/resources8010053 |issn=2079-9276 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Resou...8...53E }}

However, these mills have faced various challenges over the years, such as lack of maintenance, obsolete equipment, inadequate power supply, and scarcity of raw materials. As a result, they have either become moribund or are operating at low capacity. According to a report by allAfrica.com, only the Jebba mill still has a shoath of life.{{Cite news |last1=Onwuamaeze |first1=Dike |date=15 February 2022 |title=Nigeria: Paper Industry - a Sector in Death Throes |newspaper=This Day |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202202150243.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029231944/https://allafrica.com/stories/202202150243.html |url-status=live }}

The local production of paper products in Nigeria is estimated at 265,000 metric tons per year, while the domestic demand is estimated at 3 million metric tons per annum. This means that Nigeria relies heavily on importation of paper products to meet its needs, which costs the country about N182 billion annually. Importing paper products also exposes the country to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and international market prices.{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Nigeria misses out on $351bn market as paper mills remain moribund |url=https://businessday.ng/real-sector/article/nigeria-misses-out-on-351bn-market-as-paper-mills-remain-moribund/ |website=Businessday.ng |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625035714/https://businessday.ng/real-sector/article/nigeria-misses-out-on-351bn-market-as-paper-mills-remain-moribund/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Imota rice mill}}Until now, Nigeria exported unhusked rice but imported husked rice, the country's staple food. The rice mill in Imota, near Lagos, is expected to do the relevant processing domestically, improve the balance of trade and the labour market, and save unnecessary costs for transport and middlemen. It began operations in 2023 at low levels, and is expected to employ 250,000 people and produce 2.4 million 50-kg bags of rice annually when fully operational.{{Cite web|url=https://agronigeria.ng/lagos-targets-100000-metric-tons-of-rice-paddy/|title=Lagos Targets 100,000 Metric Tons of Rice Paddy - AgroNigeria|date=22 January 2024}}{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/features/lagos-requires-n50b-to-produce-100000mt-of-paddy-rice/|title=Lagos requires N50b to produce 100,000MT of paddy rice|first=Guardian|last=Nigeria|date=22 January 2024}}

A multi-billion Naira coconut oil refinery, first of its kind in Africa started business in Akwa Ibom State. The St.Gabriel Coconut Refinery in Mkpat Enin was inaugurated in May 2022. The governor of Akwa Ibom promised to commence immediate training of indigenous hands to man the refinery, said the facility has a daily capacity to crack 1,000,000 coconuts and will employ no fewer than 3,000 direct and indirect staff.{{Cite web |title=First Multi-billion Naira Coconut Oil Refinery in Africa Inaugurated in A'Ibom – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/16/first-multi-billion-naira-coconut-oil-refinery-in-africa-inaugurated-in-aibom/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705205139/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/16/first-multi-billion-naira-coconut-oil-refinery-in-africa-inaugurated-in-aibom/ |url-status=live }} Coconut oil goes for $1,326 per barrel, according to Governor Emmanuel.

Nigeria has 19 million head of cattle, the largest number in Africa.{{cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=Nigeria to Increase Beef Consumption to 1.3 Million Tonnes By 2050 - Adesina |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201405160659.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |via=AllAfrica |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025225420/http://allafrica.com/stories/201405160659.html |url-status=live }} Yet the dairy sector in Nigeria is only able to supply less than 10% of the country's demand for dairy products (as of June 2021), a gap expected to grow in line with population growth.{{Cite web |last=dairyreporter.com |title=Arla builds dairy farm in Nigeria to support local milk production |url=https://www.dairyreporter.com/Article/2021/06/21/Arla-builds-dairy-farm-in-Nigeria-to-support-local-milk-production |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=dairyreporter.com |date=21 June 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525164534/https://www.dairyreporter.com/Article/2021/06/21/Arla-builds-dairy-farm-in-Nigeria-to-support-local-milk-production |url-status=live }}

Fan Milk, a Danone Group company, manufacturer of popular frozen dairy and ice cream brands, unveiled its newly completed model dairy in Odeda, Ogun state, in June 2022. This dairy farm is Danone's first investment in dairy farming in sub-Saharan Africa to boost local milk production in Nigeria. Fan Milk will launch a world-class dairy farm and training institute, leveraging the expertise of parent company Danone.{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Fan Milk Danone model dairy farm ready for commissioning |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/features/fan-milk-danone-model-dairy-farm-ready-for-commissioning/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630125003/https://editor.guardian.ng/features/fan-milk-danone-model-dairy-farm-ready-for-commissioning/ |url-status=dead }}

In Lekki's Free Trade Zone, the Dano Milk Factory (Arla) opened in 2022.{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Nigeria: The Lagos Free Zone - complete with port - aims to transform industrial growth |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/111489/nigerias-free-trade-zones-are-taking-off/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702171702/https://www.theafricareport.com/111489/nigerias-free-trade-zones-are-taking-off/ |url-status=live }} - In 2021 farmer owned dairy co-operative Arla Foods started to build a dairy farm in Kaduna state with 200 hectares. It will keep 400 dairy cows and will have modern milking parlors and technology, also grass lands and living facilities for 25 employees.

Nigeria's bread sector is growing rapidly, with 72 percent dominated by small- and medium-scale bakers, according to a 2016 KPMG report. The bakery market of Nigeria is a $621 million industry.{{Cite web |date=2017-03-26 |title=72% of Nigeria's $621m bread industry dominated by small-scale bakers |url=https://businessday.ng/real-sector/article/72-nigerias-621m-bread-industry-dominated-small-scale-bakers/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407201723/https://businessday.ng/real-sector/article/72-nigerias-621m-bread-industry-dominated-small-scale-bakers/ |url-status=live }}

"Fresh bread and miscellaneous bakery" is the bakery product group with the highest consumption (8.5M tonnes), which is 91% of total volume. "Fresh bread and miscellaneous bakery" exceeded the figures recorded for the second-largest product group "gingerbread, sweet biscuits and waffles" (689K tonnes), more than tenfold. The Nigerian bakery product market size is expected to show significant growth in the forecast period 2020–2026.{{Cite web |last=Ajansı |first=Newclick Dijital Reklam |title=Bread and bakery market overview in Nigeria |url=https://magazinebbm.com/blog/bread-and-bakery-market-overview-in-nigeria-1766 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=magazinebbm.com |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702183609/https://magazinebbm.com/blog/bread-and-bakery-market-overview-in-nigeria-1766 |url-status=live }}

Primera Food in cooperation with Michael Foods started production of noodles on a big scale in Ogun state in 2022.{{Citation |title=Massive New Factories As Investors Scramble For Nigeria's Market | date=29 June 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_4WZFIgeSA |language=en |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630124731/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_4WZFIgeSA |url-status=live }}

Kellogg's opened a production plant for her products in the Lekki Free Trade Zone in Lagos in 2022. It is the second factory Kellogg's has built in Africa.

In Jos, NASCO Foods produces biscuits and corn flakes. In 2022 they expanded their Jos factory.{{Cite web |title=NASCO FOODS - Food manufacturer in Jos, Nigeria |url=https://www.top-rated.online/cities/Jos/place/p/8395944/NASCO+FOODS |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.top-rated.online |date=25 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407201723/https://www.top-rated.online/cities/Jos/place/p/8395944/NASCO+FOODS |url-status=live }}

{{Further|Mining industry of Nigeria}}

The mining of minerals in Nigeria accounts for 0.3% of its gross domestic product. The domestic mining industry is largely underdeveloped, and minerals that it could produce domestically, such as salt or iron ore, are imported. Rights to ownership of mineral resources is held by the Federal Government of Nigeria, which grants titles for mineral exploration, mining, and sale of mineral resources.{{cite web |title=Investment and Mining Opportunities |url=http://www.msmd.gov.ng/Downloads/Investment%20and%20mining%20opportunities.pdf |access-date=2008-04-12 |publisher=Ministry of Solid Minerals Development}}{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

Mining regulation is handled by the Ministry of Solid Minerals Development, which oversees the management of all mineral resources. Mining law is codified in the Federal Minerals and Mining Act of 1999.

{{Further|Petroleum industry in Nigeria}}

File:Erection of Product Purge Column at Poly-Propylene Unit of DRPP, Nigeria.jpg

The types of crude oil exported by Nigeria are Bonny light oil, Forcados crude oil, Qua Ibo crude oil and Brass River crude oil.{{Cite web|title=Qua Iboe, Brass crude up by $5, trades at $21 per barrel|url=http://petrobarometer.thecable.ng/2020/04/23/nigeria-qua-iboe-brass-river-21-barrel/|date=2020-04-23|website=TheCable Petrobarometer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125245/http://petrobarometer.thecable.ng/2020/04/23/nigeria-qua-iboe-brass-river-21-barrel/|url-status=live}} The U.S. remains Nigeria's largest buyer of crude oil, accounting for 40% of the country's total oil exports; Nigeria provides about 10% of overall U.S. oil imports and ranks as the fifth-largest source of U.S. imported oil.{{Cite web|title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/NGA|website=eia.gov|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018084655/https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/NGA|url-status=live}}

The United Kingdom is Nigeria's largest trading partner followed by the United States. The stock of U.S. investment is nearly $7 billion, mostly in the energy sector. ExxonMobil and Chevron are the two largest U.S. corporations in offshore oil and gas production.

The supply of natural gas to Europe, which is threatened by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, is pushing projects to transport Nigerian natural gas via pipelines to Morocco or Algeria.{{Cite web |title=Morocco closer to activating the gas pipeline with Nigeria |url=https://atalayar.com/en/content/morocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Atalayar |date=27 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103335/https://atalayar.com/en/content/morocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's president launches new gas pipeline project |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/natural-gas/nigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project/29750 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=www.aa.com.tr |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522125209/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/natural-gas/nigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project/29750 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline (NMGP) Project Updates |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Construction Review Online |language=en-us |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528231902/https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates/ |url-status=live }} In December 2022, Morocco's National Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines signed Momoranda of Understanding with Nigeria, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Ghana to start building the pipeline through the countries.{{Cite web |last=Kasraoui |first=Safaa |title=Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline Faces Construction Delays Amid Challenges |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/03/354259/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-faces-construction-delays-amid-challenges |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Morocco World News |date=March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420205338/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/03/354259/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-faces-construction-delays-amid-challenges |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=2022-12-06 |title=Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline - NNPCL Signs MOU With Ghana, Gambia, Guinea Bissau Oil Firms |language=en |work=Leadership |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202212060036.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420205337/https://allafrica.com/stories/202212060036.html |url-status=live }}

Process and Industrial Developments Ltd (P&ID) entered into a 20-year contract with the Nigerian government for natural gas supply and processing. Nigeria was to provide the gas, which PI&D was to refine so that it could be used to power the Nigerian electrical grid. PI&D could keep valuable byproducts for its own use. In 2012, PI&D demanded arbitration in London, alleging that Nigeria had not supplied the agreed quantity of gas or to construct the infrastructure it had agreed to build.{{Cite web |last=Folkman |first=Ted |date=2022-03-14 |title=Case of the Day: Process & Industrial Developments v. Nigeria |url=https://folkman.law/2022/03/14/case-of-the-day-process-industrial-developments-v-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Folkman LLC |language=en-US |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205220004/https://folkman.law/2022/03/14/case-of-the-day-process-industrial-developments-v-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }} The arbitral tribunal awarded damages of more than £4.8 billion. The compensation was valued £8.15 billion with interest when the case was heard in London High Court in December 2022.{{Cite web |title=Nigerian government mired in corruption tries to stop £8.15 billion gas contract compenstation – Court News UK |date=2 December 2022 |url=https://courtnewsuk.co.uk/nigerian-government-mired-in-corruption-tries-to-beat-8-15-billion-gas-compenstation-award/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |language=en-GB |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205220005/https://courtnewsuk.co.uk/nigerian-government-mired-in-corruption-tries-to-beat-8-15-billion-gas-compenstation-award/ |url-status=live }}

Dangote and BUA are the dominating companies in the cement market of Nigeria. In May 2022, BUA opened a new, large-scale cement plant in Sokoto, including its own 50 MW power station.

Historically, Nigeria has exported crude oil, but imported the majority of petroleum products consumed in the country. In September 2024, Dangote Oil Refinery began operations with capacity to produce 650,000 barrels (~103 m liters) of petrol per day and the potential to significantly reduce Nigeria's reliance on imported petroleum products.{{Cite web |title=Africa's richest man betting $21bn on oil and fertiliser |url=https://www.businessweekly.co.zw/africas-richest-man-betting-21bn-on-oil-and-fertiliser/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=eBusiness Weekly |date=28 April 2022 |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524035811/https://www.businessweekly.co.zw/africas-richest-man-betting-21bn-on-oil-and-fertiliser/ |url-status=live }} NNPC, Nigeria's state-owned oil firm, is the sole customer of the refinery.

On 3 May 2022, after years of construction, a fertiliser production plant was commissioned near Lagos that will be able to produce 3 million tonnes of fertiliser a year.{{Cite web |last=Abiodun |first=Eromosele |date=2022-04-28 |title=Nigeria's Path to Irreversible Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/29/nigerias-path-to-irreversible-industrial-revolution/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522125219/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/29/nigerias-path-to-irreversible-industrial-revolution/ |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05 |title=Dangote's timely fertiliser plant pays off as prices soar |url=https://african.business/2022/05/energy-resources/dangotes-timely-fertiliser-plant-pays-off-as-prices-soar/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=African Business |language=en-GB |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608010703/https://african.business/2022/05/energy-resources/dangotes-timely-fertiliser-plant-pays-off-as-prices-soar/ |url-status=live }} With no more Russian fertiliser coming onto the world market in 2022 due to the invasion of Ukraine, Nigeria is filling a gap in the market. "The fertiliser market is a seller's market", enthused company boss Dangote at the plant's opening. "People are begging for us to sell and we are choosy about who we sell to".

Not far from the Dangote refinery, BASF opened a factory in Lekki. BASF is mostly known for fertilisers, paints, and lacquers.

The Colgate factory in the Lekki Free Trade Zone close to Lagos started to produce body care products in 2022.

Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the pharmaceutical production capacity in Africa (status 2022) and is projected to grow between $60 billion to $70 billion after COVID-19, experts say.{{Cite web |last=Onyesi |first=Chika |date=2021-10-06 |title='Nigeria's pharmaceutical sector dwindling despite 60 percent production capacity' |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605182803/https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/ |url-status=live }} The pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria has headroom for growth and can potentially reach $4 billion over the next 10 years.{{Cite web |title=The Prospects of Nigeria's Pharma Industry |url=https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbsinsight/the-prospects-of-nigerias-pharma-industry/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Lagos Business School |date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319205658/https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbsinsight/the-prospects-of-nigerias-pharma-industry/ |url-status=live }} Goldstein Market Intelligence analyst forecast the Nigeria pharmaceuticals market size is set to grow at a CAGR of 9.1% over the forecast years of 2017–2030.{{Cite web |last=Goldstein Market Intelligence |title=Nigeria Pharmaceutical Market Outlook: Market Segmentation By Type, & By Region With Forecast 2017-2030 |url=https://www.goldsteinresearch.com/report/nigeria-pharmaceutical-market-industry-analysis |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407201723/https://www.goldsteinresearch.com/report/nigeria-pharmaceutical-market-industry-analysis |url-status=dead }} Most large pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria are located in Lagos.{{Cite web |last=Yahaya |first=Abdulwali |date=2019-09-19 |title=Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria & Their Products |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517172640/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}

The pharmaceutical producer with the most employees in Nigeria appears to be Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. They produce more than 140 pharmaceutical products, including painkillers, vitamins, haematinics, antimalarials, tussives, antibiotics, anthelmintics, antihistamines, antacids and cardioprotectants.{{Cite web |title=About Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited |url=https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Emzor |date=27 December 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801201737/https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/ |url-status=live }}

Fidson Healthcare Plc produces painkillers, anti-allergies, blood pressure medicines, digestive aids, sleeping pills and cough syrup.{{Cite web |last=Fidson |title=Our Company – Fidson Healthcare PLC |url=https://fidson.com/our-company/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626014922/https://fidson.com/our-company/ |url-status=live }} May & Baker Nig. Plc produces remedies against malaria, hypertension, diabetes, depressions and pain.{{Cite web |title=May and Baker Plc. – Supporting your Health for Life |url=https://may-baker.com/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625163357/https://may-baker.com/ |url-status=live }} Swiss Pharma Nigeria produces pharmaceutical products of BAYER.{{Cite web |title=Welcome to swiss pharma nigeria limited |url=https://www.swiphanigeria.com/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.swiphanigeria.com |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704022536/https://swiphanigeria.com/ |url-status=dead }}File:Innoson factory entrance.jpg

{{Main|Automotive industry in Nigeria}}

Nigerians buy 720,000 cars per year. Of those, less than 20% of these are produced within Nigeria itself.{{Cite web |title=A new car assembly plant begins operation in Nigeria |url=https://www.ntu.edu.sg/cas/news-events/news/details/a-new-car-assembly-plant-begins-operation-in-nigeria |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=NTU-SBF Centre for African Studies (CAS) |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704124830/https://www.ntu.edu.sg/cas/news-events/news/details/a-new-car-assembly-plant-begins-operation-in-nigeria |url-status=live }}

Indigenous manufacturers

Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing{{Cite web |date=2018-12-18 |title=5 Advantages Of Driving An Innoson Vehicle |url=https://www.innosonvehicles.com/5-advantages-of-driving-an-innoson-vehicle/ |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing |language=en-US |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126163346/https://www.innosonvehicles.com/5-advantages-of-driving-an-innoson-vehicle/ |url-status=live }} is located in Nnewi. It produces buses, SUVs and since May 2022 tricycles which are locally known as "kekes".{{Cite web |last=Obafemee80 |title=Innoson Introduces IVM-branded Tricycles 'Keke Marwa' Into The Nigerian Market |url=https://autojosh.com/innoson-introduces-ivm-branded-tricycles-keke-marwa-into-the-nigerian-market/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=AUTOJOSH |date=20 May 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520083543/https://autojosh.com/innoson-introduces-ivm-branded-tricycles-keke-marwa-into-the-nigerian-market/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Innoson Sets Unit Price of its IVM Keke |url=https://www.businesscompilerng.com/2022/05/innoson-sets-its-keke-price-at-n950000.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Business Compiler |date=24 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628220918/https://www.businesscompilerng.com/2022/05/innoson-sets-its-keke-price-at-n950000.html |url-status=live }}

Nord Automobiles Ltd has two assembly plants: one in Sangotedo, where all eight models are currently assembled; a plant in Epe is still under construction. The company currently manufactures its own plastic parts and plans to add steel stamping in the future.{{Cite web |date=2021-03-07 |title=How this entrepreneur started a Nigerian car brand |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-this-entrepreneur-started-a-nigerian-car-brand/99391/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225131959/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-this-entrepreneur-started-a-nigerian-car-brand/99391/ |url-status=live }}

30 km north-east of Lagos Proforce Ltd. produces armoured vehicles.{{Cite web |title=Proforce Limited armored vehicles manufacturer Nigeria {{!}} Nigeria Defence and Security Industry {{!}} Africa defence industry company UK |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/nigeria_defence_and_security_industry/proforce_limited_armored_vehicles_manufacturer_nigeria.html#details |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.armyrecognition.com |archivedate=30 May 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530145317/https://www.armyrecognition.com/nigeria_defence_and_security_industry/proforce_limited_armored_vehicles_manufacturer_nigeria.html#details |url-status=dead }} Proforce sold an unknown number of armoured vehicles to Belarus in March 2022.{{Citation |title=Nigeria's Proforce to Supply Armored Vehicles to Belarus | date=15 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UsIxh0h9tg |language=en |access-date=2022-05-30 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530143821/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=9UsIxh0h9tg |url-status=live }} This is the first time that vehicles manufactured in Nigeria have been supplied to a European country.

Jet Motor Company in Epe, Lagos State, is producing Nigeria's first electric-powered delivery trucks in partnership with GIG Logistics.{{Cite web |last=Brand Spur |date=2021-07-30 |title=GIGL Partners JET Motor To Launch First Electric Vehicle For Deliveries In Nigeria |url=https://brandspurng.com/2021/07/30/gigl-jet-motor-launch-electric-vehicle/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712143357/https://brandspurng.com/2021/07/30/gigl-jet-motor-launch-electric-vehicle/ |url-status=live }}

In Idah, Kogi State, Electric Motor Vehicle Company manufactures electrically powered vehicles. The company is owned by Prince Mustapha Mona Audu,{{Cite web |title=A GLANCE AT PRINCE MUSTAPHA MONA AUDU (PMMA) |url=https://emporiumreporters.com.ng/a-glance-at-prince-mustapha-mona-audu-pmma/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Emporium Reporters |date=19 August 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519123614/https://emporiumreporters.com.ng/a-glance-at-prince-mustapha-mona-audu-pmma/ |url-status=live }} a Glasgow-educated computer specialist and son of a former governor. In May 2022, Audu unveiled the four-seater Adoja,{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-05-07 |title=History Made as Prince Mustapha Mona Audu Unveils ADOJA - An |url=https://globaltimesnigeria.com/history-made-as-prince-mustapha-mona-audu-unveils-adoja-an-electric-vehicle-invented-by-his-company-video/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Global Times Nigeria News |language=en-US |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712151915/https://globaltimesnigeria.com/history-made-as-prince-mustapha-mona-audu-unveils-adoja-an-electric-vehicle-invented-by-his-company-video/ |url-status=dead }} which he claims is the most environmentally friendly vehicle in Nigeria.{{Citation |title=Prince Mustapha Mona Audu inventor of Electric powered Engines in Nigeria... | date=25 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7LoWuvSI8E |language=en |access-date=2022-07-12 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712151907/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7LoWuvSI8E&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}

Foreign manufacturers

The Stallion Group assembles 45,000 Volkswagen models in Lagos per annum.

Peugeot Automobiles Nigeria (PAN) operates in Kaduna. In April 2022, Peugeot left the conglomerate and Aliko Dangote bought its shares.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=PAN Nigeria parts ways with Peugeot, settles for Higer, Chery |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/pan-nigeria-parts-ways-with-peugeot-settles-for-higer-chery/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530143818/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/pan-nigeria-parts-ways-with-peugeot-settles-for-higer-chery/ |url-status=live }} The company name was changed to DPAN. DPAN will assemble mainly the Chinese brands Chery and Higer using pre-produced parts.{{Cite web |last=Odunewu |first=Segun |date=2022-02-18 |title=We're ready to roll out Chery and Higer vehicles – PAN Nigeria |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/were-ready-to-roll-out-chery-and-higer-vehicles-pan-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218151243/https://www.blueprint.ng/were-ready-to-roll-out-chery-and-higer-vehicles-pan-nigeria/ |url-status=live }} A new production line, Greenfield, will increase the output to 120 cars per day.{{Cite web |last=AutoReportAfrica |date=2022-02-07 |title=Dangote Peugeot Begins Operations at New Green Field Ultima Assembly Plant in Kaduna |url=https://www.autoreportafrica.com/dangote-peugeot-begins-operations-at-new-green-field-ultima-assembly-plant-in-kaduna/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=..:: AUTO REPORT AFRICA ::.. |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810024049/https://www.autoreportafrica.com/dangote-peugeot-begins-operations-at-new-green-field-ultima-assembly-plant-in-kaduna/ |url-status=live }}

In Oshogbo, there is a modest toolmaking industry. Products are e.g. CNC turning machines and industrial drilling machines, but also stud bolts and flanges.{{Cite web |title=CNC/Conventional Machine Manufacturing |url=https://www.nigeriamachinetools.com/cnc-conventional-machine-manufacturing/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Nigeria Machine Tools |language=en-US |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706123453/https://www.nigeriamachinetools.com/cnc-conventional-machine-manufacturing/ |url-status=live }} Target market is the oil industry in the Niger delta.

The most successful manufacturer of laptops in Nigeria is, by their own admission, the indigenous Zinox Technologies in Lagos.{{Cite web |title=Zinox Technologies |url=https://zinoxtechnologies.com/about |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=zinoxtechnologies.com |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531023236/https://zinoxtechnologies.com/about |url-status=live }}

According to its website, Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited produces 1.3 million tonnes of steel per year.{{Cite web |title=Products : Ajaokuta Steel Company: ...the Bedrock of Nigeria's Industrialization. |url=https://www.ajaokutasteel.com/site/pagef.php?cnt=Products |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.ajaokutasteel.com |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625011058/https://www.ajaokutasteel.com/site/pagef.php?cnt=Products |url-status=dead }} Steel plants in Katsina, Jos and Osogbo no longer appear to be active.{{Cite web |date=2014-04-28 |title=Nigeria to revive steel rolling mills – Official {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524193627/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html |url-status=live }}

Nigeria ranks 27th worldwide and first in Africa in services output.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-03/nigeria-now-tops-south-africa-as-the-continent-s-biggest-economy |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=bloomberg.com |title=Nigeria Tops South Africa as the Continent's Biggest Economy |date=3 March 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127094109/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-03/nigeria-now-tops-south-africa-as-the-continent-s-biggest-economy |url-status=live }}File:2010 Lagos Nigeria 5284107494.jpg

{{main|Banking in Nigeria}}

Nigeria is the largest financial market in Africa. As of November 2018, 21 commercial banks were licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Nigeria has a relatively well-developed banking sector by regional standards, with regionally high level of banking penetration (44.2% vs. regional average of 17.8% for West Africa) and robust use of advanced financial instruments in the local economy. The country is also well connected to international financial markets and following the 2016–17 oil crisis, the country has seen an increasing influx of foreign capital over the past 12–18 months – capital importation in Nigeria jumped to US$6.3 billion in Q1–18 (594% yoy growth) vs. $12.3 billion for full year 2017 and $5.1 billion in 2016). However, the country is weighed down by high lending rates, which limits access to credit for smaller firms, particularly in the non-oil economy.{{Cite web |title=Sustainability In The Nigerian Financial Sector – ESRM Africa |url=https://esrmafrica.org/nigeria-posts-4/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |language=en-ZA |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625172952/https://esrmafrica.org/nigeria-posts-4/ |url-status=dead }} In 2024, the country's National Assembly denied that it had proposed to strip the central bank of the power to set interest rates.{{Cite web |last=Aduloju |first=Bunmi |date=May 31, 2024 |title=Senate panel: no plan to strop CBN of power to set interest rate |url=https://www.thecable.ng/senate-panel-no-plan-to-strip-cbn-of-power-to-set-interest-rate/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=The Cable |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605101931/https://www.thecable.ng/senate-panel-no-plan-to-strip-cbn-of-power-to-set-interest-rate/ }}

Nigeria leads the fintech sector, accounting for 28% of all fintech companies on the continent.{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240033-finance-in-africa |title=Finance in Africa: Unlocking investment in an era of digital transformation and climate transition |date=2024-11-07 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5767-7 |language=EN}} As of January 2024, Africa has over 1,263 active fintech companies.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Theresa |date=2024-12-02 |title=Banking in Africa: Unlocking investment |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/finance-and-policy/banking-in-africa-unlocking-investment/#:~:text=2020%20and%202022.-,As%20of%20January%202024,%20there%20were%20more%20than%201,263%20active,and%2019%25%20offer%20lending%20projects. |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=ESI-Africa.com |language=en-ZA}}

{{main|Telecommunications in Nigeria}}

The Nigerian Communications Commissions (NCC) said on January 14, 2022, the telecommunications sector contributed 12.45per cent to Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The commission through its chief executive officer (CEO), Prof Umar Garba Danbatta, during his convocation lecture, titled, "Empowering the Nigeria Youth Through Information and Communications Technology (ICT)" held at Fountain University, Osogbo, made this known. Prof Garba disclosed that the ICT sector has been consistently contributing above 10% of Nigeria's GDP for over 10 years. He noted, "Nigeria is Africa's largest ICT market with 82per cent of the continent's telecoms subscribers and 29per cent of internet usage."{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title='Telecoms add 12.45% to Nigeria's GDP' - The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/telecoms-add-12-45-to-nigerias-gdp/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523191223/https://thenationonlineng.net/telecoms-add-12-45-to-nigerias-gdp/ |url-status=live }}

Nigeria ranks 11th in the world in the absolute number of internet users and 7th in the absolute number of mobile phones.{{Citation |title=Nigeria |date=2022-05-15 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#communications |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-05-26 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria#communications |url-status=live }}

{{main|Transport in Nigeria}}

File:Keke in Ikeja.jpg

Due to Nigeria's location in the centre of Africa, transport plays a major role in the national service sector.

The Buhari administration made improvements to the infrastructure after 2015. Extensive road repairs and new construction have been carried out gradually as states in particular spend their share of increased government allocations. Representative of these improvements is the Second Niger Bridge at Onitsha, which is nearly completed in May 2022.{{Citation |title=2nd Niger Bridge Section Completed Ahead Of Schedule, Open To Traffic In July | date=8 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNjiVPpfXrg |language=en |access-date=2022-05-23 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522125222/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNjiVPpfXrg&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}

Since 2009, Nigeria has been laying new railway tracks. These are operated by the state-owned Nigerian Railway Corporation. This has apparently generated a surplus since 2019, despite the covid epidemic.

Principal ports are at Lagos (Apapa and Tin Can Island), Port Harcourt (Onne), and Calabar. A deep seaport in Lekki, 50 km east of Lagos, is about to open in 2022.{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Lekki deep seaport to create 170,000 jobs – Minister - The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/lekki-deep-seaport-to-create-170000-jobs-minister/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522133851/https://thenationonlineng.net/lekki-deep-seaport-to-create-170000-jobs-minister/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=FG says Lekki deep seaport to generate $201 billion revenue, to create 170,000 jobs |url=https://nairametrics.com/2022/05/04/fg-says-lekki-deep-seaport-to-generate-201-billion-revenue-to-create-170000-jobs/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530114839/https://nairametrics.com/2022/05/04/fg-says-lekki-deep-seaport-to-generate-201-billion-revenue-to-create-170000-jobs/ |url-status=live }}

Five of Nigeria's airports (Lagos, Kano, Port Harcourt, Enugu and Abuja) currently fly to international destinations. The new national airline, "Nigeria Air", was scheduled to start operations in mid-2022. It was suspended indefinitely in 2024.{{cite web |title=Nigeria Air remains suspended indefinitely —Aviation Minister |url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/media/6353812182112/nigeria-air-remains-suspended-indefinitely-aviation-minister/ |website=CNBC Africa |date=28 May 2024 |access-date=5 February 2025}}

{{Main|Cinema of Nigeria}}

From Nollywood, films and soaps are broadcast to the whole of Africa. Nigeria is the second largest film nation in the world after India and ahead of the US.{{cite web |author=Liston, Enjoli |date=10 April 2014 |title=Hello Nollywood: how Nigeria became Africa's biggest economy overnight |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood |access-date=12 April 2014 |work=The Guardian Newspaper |archive-date=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412020045/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood |url-status=live }}{{cite web |author=Hazlewood, Phil |date=7 April 2014 |title=Nollywood helps Nigeria kick South Africa's economic butt |url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/world/2014/04/07/nollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027190547/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/world/2014/04/07/nollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Sowetan Live }}

{{Main|Music of Nigeria}}

Perhaps Nigeria's most famous musician is the inventor of Afrobeat Fela Anikulapo Kuti, who gave legendary concerts with his band "Africa 70" at the "Shrine" in Lagos. Other characteristic musical styles include Jùjú, Apala, Fuji and Sakara. In the field of pop music, Nigerian musicians living in Europe such as Sade Adu or Dr. Alban were very successful in the 1980s and 1990s. In Europe, Nneka is one of the best-known Nigerian pop musicians. One of the very few Nigerian artists living in Nigeria who has had commercial success in Europe is D'Banj. He even reached the European singles charts in summer 2012 with Oliver Twist. Wizkid reached number 1 in 2016 alongside Drake.

Nigerians are passionate users of social media. In 2021 Nigerians spent 3 hours and 41 minutes on social media in average every day. This is much higher than the global average of 2 hours 22 minutes. The number of active social media users in Nigeria increased in 2021 by 22 percent, compared with a global average increase of 13 per cent. WhatsApp and Facebook are the most used social media platforms in Nigeria.{{Cite web |date=2021-12-06 |title=Uses and Abuses: How increased Social Media usage threatens Nigeria's democracy - Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/499276-uses-and-abuses-how-increased-social-media-usage-threatens-nigerias-democracy.html,%20https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/499276-uses-and-abuses-how-increased-social-media-usage-threatens-nigerias-democracy.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=en-GB}}

The Lagos Leather Fair is the largest leather fair in West Africa. Nigeria is the sixth largest leather exporter in the world, with brands such as Prada, Gucci and Louis Vuitton sourcing their goods here. Fashion journalist Waridi Schrobsdorff even puts ‘Milan, Paris, Lagos’ on the same level on news channel N-tv.{{Cite web |last=NACHRICHTEN |first=n-tv |title=Die Zukunft kommt aus Afrika |url=https://www.n-tv.de/panorama/Eine-Leder-Messe-in-Lagos-Nigeria-Waridi-Schrobsdorff-hat-sich-fuer-ntv-de-vor-Ort-umgeschaut-und-die-Zukunft-gesehen-article25155650.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=n-tv.de |language=de}}

{{Excerpt|Tourism in Nigeria}}

Electricity – production:

18.89 billion kWh (2009)

Electricity – production by source:

fossil fuel:

61.69%

hydro:

38.31%

nuclear:

0%

other:

<.1% (1998)

Electricity - consumption:

17.66 billion kWh (2009)

Electricity - exports:

40 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (1998)

Oil - production:

{{convert|2.35|Moilbbl/d}} (July 2006 est.)

Oil - consumption:

{{convert|310000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2003 est.)

A major source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad.[http://www.tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy "Remittances from diaspora Nigerians as lubricant for the economy"], Nigerian Tribune, 8 September 2014. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317150032/http://www.tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy |date=17 March 2015 }}

According to the International Organization for Migration, Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians, going from US$2.3 billion in 2004 to $17.9 billion in 2007, representing 6.7% of GDP. The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Spain and France. On the African continent, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Libya, and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria, while China is the biggest remittance-sending country in Asia.{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and Market Development - IMTC|url=https://imtconferences.com/nigerian-diaspora-remittances/|last=Cuevas-Mohr|first=Hugo|date=21 August 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922164017/https://imtconferences.com/nigerian-diaspora-remittances/|url-status=live}}

In 2015, Nigeria had a labour force of 74 million. In 2003, the unemployment rate was 10.8% overall; by 2015, unemployment stood at 6.4%.{{cite web | url=http://www.punchng.com/business/business-economy/only-4-67-million-nigerians-are-unemployed-nbs/ | title=Only 4.67 million Nigerians are unemployed —NBS | publisher=The Punch Newspaper | date=15 May 2015 | access-date=17 May 2015 | author=Onuba, Ifeanyi | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526214618/http://www.punchng.com/business/business-economy/only-4-67-million-nigerians-are-unemployed-nbs/ | archive-date=26 May 2015 }}

Since 1999, the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC) a union umbrella organization, has called six general strikes to protest domestic fuel price increases. However, in March 2005 the government introduced legislation ending the NLC's monopoly over union organizing. In December 2005, the Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) was lobbying for an increase in the minimum wage for federal workers. The existing minimum wage, which was introduced six years earlier but has not been adjusted since, has been whittled away by inflation to only US$42.80 per month.{{Cite web|title=The struggle for a minimum wage in Nigeria|url=https://africasacountry.com/2018/12/the-struggle-for-a-minimum-wage-in-nigeria|website=africasacountry.com|date=13 November 2018|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022092224/https://africasacountry.com/2018/12/the-struggle-for-a-minimum-wage-in-nigeria|url-status=live}}

According to the International Organization for Migration, the number of immigrants residing in Nigeria has more than doubled in recent decades – from 477,135 in 1991 to 971,450 in 2005. The majority of immigrants in Nigeria (74%) are from neighbouring Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and that this number has increased considerably over the last decade, from 63% in 2001 to 97% in 2005.{{Cite web|title=Nigeria {{!}} OIM|url=https://www.iomdakar.org/profiles/content/migration-profiles-nigeria|website=iomdakar.org|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730233629/https://www.iomdakar.org/profiles/content/migration-profiles-nigeria|url-status=dead}}

The government has to pay a high interest rate on bonds in part because of the high fertility rate; there are many children and less savings.The Economist, 28 March 2020, page 5.

{{Further|Education in Nigeria}}

As of 2019, Nigeria's HDI (Human Development Index) is ranked 161st at 0.539. The comparative value for Sub-Saharan Africa is 0.547, 0.926 for the US, and 0.737 for the world average.

The value for the education index is 0.499, compared to the average in the US of 0.900. The expected years of schooling in Nigeria is 10.0 (16.3 in the US), while the mean years of schooling for adults over 25 years is 6.7 years (13.4 years in the US). Additionally, Nigeria is also facing a relatively high inequality, worsening the problem regarding the formation of human capital.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/21/world-26-richest-people-own-as-much-as-poorest-50-per-cent-oxfam-report|title=World's 26 richest people own as much as poorest 50%, says Oxfam|last=Elliott|first=Larry|date=2019-01-21|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-03|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215040535/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/21/world-26-richest-people-own-as-much-as-poorest-50-per-cent-oxfam-report|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://worldpoverty.io/|title=World Poverty Clock|website=worldpoverty.io|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222052813/https://www.worldpoverty.io/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Human capital development as key to solving Nigeria's economic challenges|url=https://businessday.ng/columnist/article/human-capital-development-as-key-to-solving-nigerias-economic-challenges/|date=2020-01-22|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817145114/https://businessday.ng/columnist/article/human-capital-development-as-key-to-solving-nigerias-economic-challenges/|url-status=live}}

{{excerpt|Child labour in Nigeria}}

{{Original research|section|date=April 2017}}

File:Inflation-and-gdp-nigeria.jpg

In 2016, the black-market exchange rate of the Naira was about 60% above the official rate. The central bank releases about $200 million each week at the official exchange rate. However, some companies cite that budgets now include a 30% "premium" to be paid to central bank officials to get dollars.{{Cite news |title=Can you spare a dollar? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21695065-how-make-hard-currency-shortage-worse-can-you-spare-dollar |access-date=2016-03-20 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021301/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21695065-how-make-hard-currency-shortage-worse-can-you-spare-dollar |url-status=live }}

Nigeria's inflation rate rose to 15.63 per cent in December 2021 compared to 15.40 per cent in November, the National Bureau of Statistics announced on January 17, 2022. The statistics office said the prices of goods and services, measured by the Consumer Price Index, increased by 15.63 per cent in December 2021 when compared to December 2020. According to the NBS, this rise in the food index was caused by increases in prices of bread and cereals, food products, meat, fish, potatoes, yam and other tubers, soft drinks and fruits.{{Cite web|date=2022-01-17|title=Nigeria's annual inflation rate up after eight-month decline|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/506289-breaking-nigerias-annual-inflation-rate-up-after-eight-month-decline.html|access-date=2022-01-31|language=en-GB|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131194905/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/506289-breaking-nigerias-annual-inflation-rate-up-after-eight-month-decline.html|url-status=live}}

In 2024 President Bola Tinubu sought to increase the 2024 budget by $13.7 billion to $77.3 billion. The proposed additional funds were $7.1 billion for infrastructure projects and $6.7 billion for recurrent expenditure.{{Cite web |last=TheCable |date=2024-07-17 |title=JUST IN: Tinubu asks n'assembly to increase 2024 budget by N6.2trn |url=https://www.thecable.ng/just-in-tinubu-asks-nassembly-to-increase-2024-budget-by-n6-2trn/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}

Nigeria's foreign economic relations revolve around its role in supplying the world economy with oil and natural gas, even as the country seeks to diversify its exports, harmonize tariffs in line with a potential customs union sought by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and encourage inflows of foreign portfolio and direct investment. In October 2005, Nigeria implemented the ECOWAS common external tariff, which reduced the number of tariff bands.{{Cite web|title=Nigeria implements ECOWAS common external tariff - Africa - Angola Press - ANGOP|url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/africa/2005/9/40/Nigeria-implements-ECOWAS-common-external-tariff,2a8fe806-3cbb-4b7b-a00d-06aa2761be2b.html|website=angop.ao|language=EN-US|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730224537/http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/africa/2005/9/40/Nigeria-implements-ECOWAS-common-external-tariff,2a8fe806-3cbb-4b7b-a00d-06aa2761be2b.html|url-status=dead}}

Prior to this revision, tariffs constituted Nigeria's second largest source of revenue after oil exports. In 2005 Nigeria achieved a major breakthrough when it reached an agreement with the Paris Club to eliminate its bilateral debt through a combination of write-downs and buybacks.{{Cite web|title=Debt Relief Development: 2005 Debt Relief Agreement Nigeria|url=https://ecdpm.org/great-insights/debt-relief-where-do-we-stand-go/debt-relief-and-development-2005-debt-relief-nigeria/|website=ECDPM|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123164317/https://ecdpm.org/great-insights/debt-relief-where-do-we-stand-go/debt-relief-and-development-2005-debt-relief-nigeria/|url-status=live}} Nigeria joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in July 1971 and the World Trade Organization in January 1995.

If the global transition to renewable energy is completed and international demand for Nigeria's petroleum resources ceases, Nigeria will be significantly weakened. It is ranked 149 out of 156 countries in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after energy transition (GeGaLo).{{Cite journal|last1=Overland|first1=Indra|last2=Bazilian|first2=Morgan|last3=Ilimbek Uulu|first3=Talgat|last4=Vakulchuk|first4=Roman|last5=Westphal|first5=Kirsten|year=2019|title=The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition|journal=Energy Strategy Reviews|volume=26|pages=100406|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019EneSR..2600406O |hdl=11250/2634876|hdl-access=free}}

File:2006Nigeria exports.PNG

In 2017, Nigeria imported about US$34.2 billion of goods.{{Cite web|title=OEC - Nigeria (NGA) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/nga/#Exports|website=oec.world|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014726/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/nga/#Exports|url-status=live}} In 2017 the leading sources of imports were China (28%), the Belgium-Luxembourg (8.9%), the Netherlands (8.3%), South Korea (6.4%), the United States (6.0%) and the India (4.6%).{{cite web |url=https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/nga/#Exports |title=Nigeria |publisher=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018234707/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/nga/#Exports |url-status=dead }} Principal imports were manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, and food and live animals.

In 2017, Nigeria exported about US$46.68 billion worth of goods.{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |title=Nigeria facts and figures |website=opec.org |publisher=OPEC |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214030953/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |url-status=live }} In 2017, the leading destinations for exports were India (18%), the United States (14%), Spain (9.7%), France (6.0%) and the Netherlands (4.9%). In 2017 oil accounted for 83% of merchandise exports. Natural rubber and cocoa are the country's major agricultural exports.

In 2005, Nigeria posted a US$26 billion trade surplus, corresponding to almost 20% of gross domestic product. In 2005, Nigeria achieved a positive current account balance of US$9.6 billion. The Nigerian currency is the naira (NGN). As of June 2006, the exchange rate was about US$1=NGN128.4. As of June 2019, it stands at US$1 =NGN357. In recent years, Nigeria has expanded its trade relations with other developing countries such as India. Nigeria is the largest African crude oil supplier to India – it annually exports {{convert|400000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} to India valued at US$10 billion annually.{{Cite web|title=India largest importer of Nigeria's crude oil in 2017 – NNPC|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/269530-india-largest-importer-of-nigerias-crude-oil-in-2017-nnpc.html|date=2018-05-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818180353/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/269530-india-largest-importer-of-nigerias-crude-oil-in-2017-nnpc.html|url-status=live}}

India is the largest purchaser of Nigeria's oil which fulfills 20% to 25% of India's domestic oil demand. Indian oil companies are also involved in oil drilling operations in Nigeria and have plans to set up refineries there.{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/india-now-nigerias-biggest-crude-oil-buyer/article4917091.ece?homepage=true | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=India now Nigeria's biggest crude oil buyer | date=15 July 2013 | access-date=15 July 2013 | archive-date=5 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091548/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/india-now-nigerias-biggest-crude-oil-buyer/article4917091.ece?homepage=true | url-status=live }}

The trade volume between Nigeria and the United Kingdom rose by 35% from US$6.3 billion in 2010 to US$8.5 billion in 2011.{{Citation

| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201209261080.html

| title = Nigeria, UK Trade Hits U.S.$9 Billion in 2011

| year = 2012

| publisher = AllAfrica.com

| location = Africa

| access-date = 27 September 2012

| archive-date = 6 March 2014

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306054222/http://allafrica.com/stories/201209261080.html

| url-status = live

}}

In Q1 2024, Nigeria's exports were dominated by petroleum products, including crude oil and liquefied natural gas. Major export destinations included China, India, and the Netherlands.{{Cite web |date=2024-06-09 |title=Nigeria's Q1 2024 Foreign Trade Report: A Comprehensive Overview |url=https://naijaecho.com.ng/nigerias-q1-2024-foreign-trade-report-an-overview/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Naijaecho.com.ng |language=en-US}}

This period saw a notable increase in energy exports, reinforcing Nigeria's role as a key player in the global energy market. The Apapa Port in Lagos handled the bulk of these exports, showcasing the port's significance in the country's trade infrastructure.

In 2012, Nigeria's external debt was an estimated $5.9 billion and N5.6 trillion domestic, putting total debt at $44 billion.{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nigeria-s-domestic-external-debts-now-44bn/113910/|title=Nigeria's Domestic, External Debts Now $44bn, Articles - THISDAY LIVE|access-date=11 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613031521/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nigeria-s-domestic-external-debts-now-44bn/113910/|archive-date=13 June 2015}}

In April 2006, Nigeria became the first African country to fully pay off its debt owed to the Paris Club.{{Cite news|date=2006-04-21|title=Nigeria settles Paris Club debt|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4926966.stm|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908093417/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4926966.stm|url-status=live}} This was structured as a debt write off of approximately $18 billion and a cash payment of approximately $12 billion.

In 2012, Nigeria received a net inflow of US$85.73 billion foreign direct investment (FDI), much of which came from Nigerians in the diaspora. Most FDI is directed toward the energy and banking sectors. Any public designed to encourage inflow of foreign capital is capable of generating employment opportunities within the domestic economy. The Nigerian Enterprises Promotion (NEP) Decree of 1972 (revised in 1977) was intended to reduce foreign investment in the Nigerian economy.

The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Nigeria was valued at $97.75 billion on 15 February 2008 by the Nigerian Stock Exchange.

The Swiss foreign ministry says it has done all it can to ensure that funds stolen by the late Nigerian dictator Sani Abacha were used properly in his homeland. The authorities were responding to allegations that $200 million (SFr240 million) of $700 million handed back by the Swiss Banks to Nigeria had been misappropriated.{{Cite web|title=Swiss respond to Abacha funds allegation|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-respond-to-abacha-funds-allegation/5610900|last1=swissinfo.ch|first1=S. W. I.|last2=Corporation|first2=a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|date=5 December 2006|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212225814/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-respond-to-abacha-funds-allegation/5610900|url-status=live}}

• Poverty in Nigeria
• Steel industry in Nigeria
• United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

{{reflist}}

• {{country study|country=Nigeria|abbr=ng}}
• [https://careerwatch.ng/fg-jobs/ Nigerian Federal government Recruitment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223111728/https://careerwatch.ng/fg-jobs/ |date=23 February 2020 }} careerwatch.ng 23 February 2020

• [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/05/14/000333037_20130514101211/Rendered/PDF/776840WP0Niger0Box0342041B00PUBLIC0.pdf The World Bank Economic Report on Nigeria, May 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717112128/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/05/14/000333037_20130514101211/Rendered/PDF/776840WP0Niger0Box0342041B00PUBLIC0.pdf |date=17 July 2013 }}

{{External links|date=April 2017}}

• [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NGA/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085541/http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NGA/Year/2012/Summary |date=7 April 2014 }}
• [http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=566 Nigeria latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001015235/http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=566 |date=1 October 2011 }}
• [https://businesshab.com/research-papers/knowledge-based-economy-resource/ Invest In Knowledge Based Economy In Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220513/https://businesshab.com/research-papers/knowledge-based-economy-resource/ |date=2 June 2021 }}
• Tariffs applied by Nigeria as provided by ITC's [http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=566&source=1 ITC Market Access Map]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements

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