four-centred arch

The four-centered arch is widely used in Islamic architecture, originally employed by the Abbasids and later by the Fatimids and by Persianate cultures. The earliest examples of a four-centered arch were introduced at Samarra, a purpose-built capital built by the Abbasids in the 9th century. Here they are found in the portals of the Qubbat al-Sulaiybiyya, an octagonal pavilion, and the Qasr al-'Ashiq palace.{{Rp|pages=25, 250–251}} Later, the four-centered arch appeared commonly in the architecture of the Ghurid Empire, which ruled over large parts of Iran, Central Asia, and the northern Indian Subcontinent in the 12th to 13th centuries. It was very common in the architecture of the Timurid Empire and its successor states, becoming a standard form of wider Iranian architecture and later Mughal architecture.{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Architecture |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9781134613663 |location= |pages= |chapter=}}{{Rp|page=|pages=200, 283}} In this Persianate cultural sphere it was used for forms such as arcades, windows, gateways, and iwans. Pointed three-centered arches were also frequently used in Iran and Central Asia.{{Cite book |last=Nazari |first=S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukM3EAAAQBAJ&dq=four-centered+arch+iran&pg=PA68-IA114 |title=History of Construction Cultures Volume 2: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Construction History (7ICCH 2021), July 12-16, 2021, Lisbon, Portugal |publisher=CRC Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-46879-3 |editor-last=Mascarenhas-Mateus |editor-first=João |language=en |chapter=The practical geometry of Persian ribbed vaults: A study of the rehabilitation of the Kolahduzan Dome in the Tabriz historic bazaar |editor-last2=Pires |editor-first2=Ana Paula}}{{Rp|page=283}}

A variant of the four-centered arch, typically referred to as the "keel arch", became especially characteristic of Fatimid architecture.{{Cite book |last=Darke |first=Diana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-MJEAAAQBAJ&dq=keel+arch&pg=PA205 |title=Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78738-305-0 |pages=205 |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=The Fatimids |url=https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/gai/ISL/page.php?theme=3 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Museum With No Frontiers}} It is distinguished from other four-centered arches by having most of the arch's normal radius appear more straight than curved. It became standard for a while in Egyptian Islamic architecture in the 12th century. Blind keel arch niches appeared frequently as a motif of decorated façades in late Fatimid, Ayyubid, and early Mamluk architecture in Cairo.{{Cite book |last=Behrens-Abouseif |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INsmT6zjAl8C&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1989 |isbn=9789004096264 |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |pages=}}{{Rp|pages=46, 285}}

File:قصر العاشق 03.JPG|Restored 9th century arches of the Qasr al-'Ashiq, Samarra.

File:Ar^Raqqa SYRIE 324.jpg|The 11th/12th century Baghdad Gate, Raqqa.

File:Cairo, moschea di as-salih talai, 02.JPG|Keel arches in the façade of the al-Salih Tala'i Mosque in Cairo (1160, late Fatimid period)

File:Corbelled arched screen, Quwwat ul-Islam mosque, Qutub Minar complex, Delhi.jpg|The 13th century corbelled arches of the Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Delhi.C E Bosworth and M S Asimov (eds.) History of Civilizations of Central Asia, v. 4: The Age of achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century; Pt. II: the achievements, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2000, pp. 574.

File:West Gate.jpg|The 16th century western gate of the Purana Qil'a fortress, Delhi.

File:Inside Jama Masjid, Bijapur, Karnataka.jpg|The 16th century Jama Mosque in Bijapur with rib vaulting consisting of four-centred arches.

File:Agra Fort 20180908 141819.jpg|The 16th century Jahangiri Mahal at the Agra Fort has a four-centred arched gateway flanked by four-centred blind arches.

File:One of the seven wonders.jpg|The 17th century Taj Mahal mausoleum of Mumtaz Mahal in Agra.

File:সুউচ্চ তোরণ!.jpg|The 17th century south-eastern gateway of the Lalbagh Fort in Dhakkar.

File:Bara Kaman (19574932503).jpg|The 17th century Bara Kaman mausoleum of Ali Adil Shah II in Bijapur.

In English architecture the arch is often known as a Tudor arch, as it was a common architectural element during the reigns of the Tudor dynasty (1485–1603), though its use predates 1485 by several decades, and from about 1550 it was out of fashion for grand buildings. It is a blunted version of the pointed arch of Gothic architecture, of which Tudor architecture is the last phase in England.Augustus Pugin, Specimens of Gothic Architecture: Selected from Various Ancient Edifices in England, 1821, Volumes 1-2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oFVDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3 google books] However, a Tudor arch, while similar in appearance, is not truly four-centred, as it has two straight sides instead of large shallow curves.

The four-centred arch was especially used for doorways, where it gives a wide opening without taking too much space above, compared to a more pointed two-centred arch. This first appeared on a major scale in the west porch of Winchester Cathedral, of uncertain date but likely mid-fourteenth century.{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=John |title=The Perpendicular Style |publisher=Batsford |year=1978 |isbn=0 7134 1610 6 |location=London |pages=85}} In Tudor architecture of the grander sort it is so used when the window openings are rectangular, as for example at Hampton Court Palace.

A notable early example is the west window of Gloucester Cathedral. There are three royal chapels and one chapel-like Abbey which show the style at its most elaborate: King's College Chapel, Cambridge; St George's Chapel, Windsor; Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey, and Bath Abbey. However, numerous simpler buildings, especially churches built during the wool boom in East Anglia and the Cotswolds, also demonstrate the style.

When employed to frame a large church window, it lends itself to very wide spaces, decoratively filled with many narrow vertical mullions and horizontal transoms. The overall effect produces a grid-like appearance of regular, delicate, rectangular forms with an emphasis on the perpendicular, characteristic of the style, known as Perpendicular Gothic in England, of the 15th and early 16th centuries. This is very similar to contemporary Spanish style in particular. In buildings such as Hampton Court the Tudor arch is found together with the first appearance of Renaissance architecture in England, much later than in Italy. In the later period it is generally only used for major decorative windows, perhaps in an oriel window, or a bay window supported on a bracket or corbel.{{cite web

|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/tudor.htm

|title=Tudor Architecture in England 1500-1575

|access-date=2007-02-15

}}{{cite book

| first= Nancy Schwartz

| last= John Poppeliers

| year= 1983

| title= What Style is It?

| publisher= John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

| location= New York, New York

| page= [https://archive.org/details/whatstyleisitgui00popp_0/page/106 106]

| isbn= 0-471-14434-7

| url-access= registration

| url= https://archive.org/details/whatstyleisitgui00popp_0/page/106

}}

File:Gloucester Cathedral Front.jpg|Gloucester Cathedral, west window, c. 1420

File:Kings College Chapel Cambridge.JPG|King's College Chapel, Cambridge, begun 1446

File:Great Gate, Trinity College, Cambridge (inside).jpg|Great Gate, Trinity College, Cambridge (inside), 1519–35

File:Hampton Court Palace. - panoramio (3).jpg|Clock Court gatehouse, Hampton Court Palace, c. 1520

File:St Georges Chapel Windsor Castle.jpg|St. George's Chapel, Windsor, east window, 1475–1528

File:Bricked up door - geograph.org.uk - 1650083.jpg|Small doorway, now blocked, in a church

{{notelist}}

{{commons category|Tudor arches}}

{{Islamic architecture}}

Category:Arches and vaults

Category:Islamic architectural elements