hakea

{{short description|Genus of plants in the family Proteaceae endemic to Australia}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Hakea laurina Tas.jpg

| image_caption = Hakea laurina (pin-cushion hakea)

| display_parents = 3

| taxon = Hakea

| authority = Schrad. & J.C.Wendl.Schrader, H.A. & Wendland, J.C. (1798), [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=3958&Pagina=7 Sertum Hannoveranum 3: 27] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160604/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=3958&Pagina=7 |date=2018-09-18 }}

| type_species = Hakea teretifolia

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = See text

}}

Hakea ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɑː|k|i|ə|,_|ˈ|h|eɪ|k|i|ə}} {{respell|HAH|kee|ə|,_|HAY|-}}) is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, endemic to Australia. They are shrubs or small trees with leaves that are sometimes flat, otherwise circular in cross section in which case they are sometimes divided. The flowers are usually arranged in groups in leaf axils and resemble those of other genera, especially Grevillea. Hakeas have woody fruit which distinguishes them from grevilleas which have non-woody fruit which release the seeds as they mature. Hakeas are found in every state of Australia with the highest species diversity being found in the south west of Western Australia.

Description

Plants in the genus Hakea are shrubs or small trees. Some species have flat leaves, whilst others have leaves which are needle-like, in which case they are sometimes divided and sometimes have a groove on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged in groups in leaf axils and are surrounded by bracts when in bud. The flowers have both male and female parts and are borne on a short stalk called a pedicel. The sepals and petals, jointly called tepals, form a curved tube which sometimes splits open as the flower develops. The style is longer than the tepal tube and is curved before its tip is released. When released, the tip of the style is a pollen-presenter. The fruit of hakeas is woody and persists on the plant until burned in a bushfire or until the plant dies. The fruit then splits open to release two winged seeds.{{cite web |last1=Barker |first1=Robyn Mary |last2=Harden |first2=Gwen J. |last3=Haegi |first3=Laurence Arnold Robert |last4=Barker |first4=William Robert |title=Genus Hakea |url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&showsyn=&dist=&constat=&lvl=gn&name=Hakea |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |access-date=3 November 2018}}{{cite web |title=Hakea |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/d09bbd2a-b739-4646-9ff9-c3c12d2c1f9d |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=3 November 2018}}{{cite web |title=Hakea |url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21320 |publisher=Western Australian Herbarium |access-date=3 November 2018}}{{cite web |title=Hakea |url=http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&family=&genus=Hakea&species=&iname=&submit=Display |publisher=State Herbarium of South Australia |access-date=3 November 2018}}

Hakeas are similar to other plants in the Family Proteaceae, but have undivided leaves arranged alternately, sessile flowers arranged in loose groups in the axils of leaves or bracts, unlike those in the Banksia. Hakeas are similar to species of Grevillea but are distinguished from them in having persistent, woody fruits. (Those of grevilleas are not persistent and not woody. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves of hakeas are similar (dissimilar in grevilleas), and the ovary and style are glabrous (but hairy in grevilleas).{{cite book |last1=Carolin |first1=Roger |last2=Tindale |first2=Mary D. |title=Flora of the Sydney Region |date=1994 |publisher=Reed |location=Chatswood, N.S.W. |isbn=0730104001 |pages=255–265}}

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Hakea was first formally described in 1797 by Heinrich Schrader and Johann Christoph Wendland and the description was published in Sertum Hannoveranum.{{cite web|title=Hakea|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/487046|publisher=APNI|access-date=18 February 2020}}{{cite book |last1=Schrader |first1=Heinrich |last2=Wendland |first2=Johann C. |title=Sertum Hannoveranum |date=1797 |publisher=Vandenhoeck et Ruprecht |location=New York |page=27 |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/12933/?offset=#page=7&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= |access-date=18 February 2020}} The genus is named after Baron Christian Ludwig von Hake, an 18th-century German patron of botany.{{cite web |title=Hakea propinqua |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp5/hak-prop.html |publisher=Australian National Botanic Gardens |access-date=3 November 2018}}{{cite web |title=Hakea costata |url=http://anpsa.org.au/h-cos.html |publisher=Australian Native Plants Society, Australia |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103170533/http://anpsa.org.au/h-cos.html |url-status=dead }}

Distribution

Hakea are endemic to Australia, where they can be found in all six states. Some species, such as Hakea sericea, have been introduced elsewhere, where they have become naturalized and may be considered invasive.{{Cite journal |last1=Douglas |first1=S. |last2=Haegi |first2=L. |year=2020 |title=Hakea sericea |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/113089212/113309805 |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |pages=e.T113089212A113309805 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T113089212A113309805.en |access-date=15 December 2023|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Pasiecznik |first=Nick |title=Hakea sericea (silky hakea) |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.27302 |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=CABI Digital Library|date=2022 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.27302 |doi-access=free }} Introduced Hakea populations occur in New Zealand, Norfolk Island, South Africa and Portugal.

Horticulture

Hakeas are popular ornamental plants in gardens in Australia, and in many locations are as common as grevilleas and banksias. Several hybrids and cultivars have been developed, including Hakea 'Burrendong Beauty'. They are best grown in beds of light soil which are watered but still well drained.

Some showy western species, such as Hakea multilineata, H. francisiana and H. bucculenta, require grafting onto hardy stock such as Hakea salicifolia for growing in more humid climates, as they are sensitive to dieback.

Many species, particularly eastern Australian species, are notable for their hardiness, to the point they have become weedy. Hakea gibbosa, H. sericea, and H. drupacea (previously H. suaveolens) have been weeds in South Africa,{{cite web |title=Invasive Weeds Compendium Hakea sericea |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/27302 |publisher=CABI |access-date=12 July 2018}}{{cite web |title=Weed Risk Assessment for Hakea gibbosa (Sm.) Cav. (Proteaceae) – Rock hakea |date=2012 |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2015/20157200752.pdf |website=CABI |publisher=USDA |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712022836/https://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2015/20157200752.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Invasive species compendium Hakea drupacea sweet hakea|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/27307 |website=CABI |access-date=12 July 2018}} Hakea laurina has become naturalized in the eastern states of Australia and is considered an environmental weed,{{cite web |title=Weeds of Australia Factsheet Hakea laurina |url=https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/hakea_laurina.htm |website=Biosecurity Queensland Edition |publisher=Queensland Government |access-date=12 July 2018}} and Hakea salicifolia, Hakea gibbosa, and Hakea sericea are invasive weeds in New Zealand.{{cite web |title=Flora of New Zealand Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C.Wendl. |url=http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Hakea-sericea.html |publisher=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua}}{{cite web |title=Flora of New Zealand Hakea gibbosa Cav. |url=http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Hakea-gibbosa.html |publisher=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua}}{{cite web |title=Flora of New Zealand Hakea salicifolia (Vent.) B.L.Burtt |url=http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Hakea-salicifolia.html |publisher=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua}}

File:Hakea epiglottis.jpg]]

File:Hakea ducurrens physocarpa.jpg subsp. physocarpa]]

List of species

The following is a list of Hakea species recognised by the Australian Plant Census, except for Hakea asperma which is recognised by the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria:{{cite web |title=Hakea |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search?product=APC&tree.id=51209179&name=Hakea&inc._scientific=&inc.scientific=on&inc._cultivar=&max=100&display=apc&search=true |publisher=Australian National Botanic Gardens |access-date=3 November 2018}}{{cite web |last1=Messina |first1=Andre |last2=Walsh |first2=Neville |title=Hakea asperma |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1971d688-5191-4589-b85a-40070c7143e8 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=3 November 2018}}

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References

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Further reading

  • {{cite book|vauthors=Barker WR, Barker RM, Haegi L |year=1999|chapter=Hakea|editor=Wilson, Annette|title=Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra|pages=1–170|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|isbn=0-643-06454-0}}
  • {{cite book|author=Holliday Ivan |year=2005|title=Hakeas:a field and garden guide|publisher=Reed New Holland|isbn=1-877069-14-0}}
  • {{cite book|author=Young, JA |year=2006|title=Hakeas of Western Australia : a field and identification guide|publisher= |isbn = 978-0-9585778-2-3}}

Image:Hakea corymbosa.JPG|Hakea corymbosa from southwest WA

Image:H petiolaris4 keilor bg email.jpg|Hakea petiolaris from southwest WA

Image:Hakea bakeriana2 april 04 email.jpg|Hakea bakeriana from NSW Central Coast

Image:Hakea archaeoides 1 email.jpg|Hakea archaeoides, from NSW North Coast

Image:Hakea-seed.jpg|Hakea seed pod, ACT, Aust.

Image:20070521 Pincushion Hakea Flower.jpg|Flower of Hakea laurina (Pincushion Hakea) in Bonbeach, Victoria, Australia