haplogroup X (mtDNA)

{{Infobox haplogroup

| name = X

| map = Haplogroup X (mtDNA).PNG

| origin-date = ca. 45,000–20,000 years ago

X is estimated at {{val|31.8|12.8|12.1|u=kya}} (95% CI) in: "Supplementary Materials, Document S1" in: {{cite journal |last1=Soares |first1=Pedro |last2=Ermini |first2=Luca |last3=Thomson |first3=Noel |last4=Mormina |first4=Maru |last5=Rito |first5=Teresa |last6=Röhl |first6=Arne |last7=Salas |first7=Antonio |last8=Oppenheimer |first8=Stephen |last9=Macaulay |first9=Vincent |last10=Richards |first10=Martin B. |title=Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=12 June 2009 |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=740–759 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 |pmid=19500773 |pmc=2694979 }}

| origin-place = Middle East{{Cite journal |last1=Havaš Auguštin |first1=Dubravka |last2=Šarac |first2=Jelena |last3=Reidla |first3=Maere |last4=Tamm |first4=Erika |last5=Grahovac |first5=Blaženka |last6=Kapović |first6=Miljenko |last7=Novokmet |first7=Natalija |last8=Rudan |first8=Pavao |last9=Missoni |first9=Saša |last10=Marjanović |first10=Damir |last11=Korolija |first11=Marina |date=August 2023 |title=Refining the Global Phylogeny of Mitochondrial N1a, X, and HV2 Haplogroups Based on Rare Mitogenomes from Croatian Isolates |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1614 |doi=10.3390/genes14081614 |pmid=37628665 |pmc=10454736 |issn=2073-4425 |doi-access=free }}

| ancestor = N

| descendants = X1, X2

| mutations = 73, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16189, 16223, 16278{{cite journal | vauthors = van Oven M, Kayser M | title = Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = E386–394 | date = Feb 2009 | pmid = 18853457 | doi = 10.1002/humu.20921 | s2cid = 27566749 | doi-access = free }}

}}

Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.

File:Peopling of eurasia.jpg-based map of major human migrations.]]

Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum). It is in turn ancestral to subclades X2 and X1, which arose {{Circa}}16-21 thousand and {{Circa}}14-24 thousand years ago, respectively.

Distribution

Haplogroup X is found in approximately 2% of native Europeans,{{cite book|author=Bryan Sykes|title=The Seven Daughters of Eve|year=2001|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-393-02018-2|title-link=The Seven Daughters of Eve|author-link=Bryan Sykes}} and 13% of all native North Americans.{{cite journal |last1=Malhi |first1=Ripan S. |last2=Smith |first2=David Glenn |title=Brief communication: Haplogroup X confirmed in prehistoric North America |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=September 2002 |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=84–86 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10106 |pmid=12209576 |hdl=2027.42/34275 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Michael D. |last2=Hosseini |first2=Seyed H. |last3=Torroni |first3=Antonio |last4=Bandelt |first4=Hans-Jürgen |last5=Allen |first5=Jon C. |last6=Schurr |first6=Theodore G. |last7=Scozzari |first7=Rosaria |last8=Cruciani |first8=Fulvio |last9=Wallace |first9=Douglas C. |date=1998-12-01 |title=mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link between Europe/Western Asia and North America? |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1852–1861 |doi=10.1086/302155 |pmid=9837837 |pmc=1377656 |issn=0002-9297}} Additionally, the Haplogroup is present in around 3% of Assyrians, with high concentrations in Erzurum, Turkey as well.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} Notably, the haplogroup is especially common, at 14.3%, among the natives of Bahariya Oasis (Western Desert, Egypt.{{cite journal |last1=Kujanová |first1=Martina |last2=Pereira |first2=Luísa |last3=Fernandes |first3=Verónica |last4=Pereira |first4=Joana B. |last5=Černý |first5=Viktor |title=Near Eastern Neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=October 2009 |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=336–346 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21078 |pmid=19425100 }} The X1 subclade is much less frequent, and is largely restricted to North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Near East.

Subclade X2 appears to have undergone extensive population expansion and dispersal around or soon after the Last Glacial Maximum, roughly 20,000 years ago. It is more strongly represented in the Near East, the Caucasus, and southern Europe, and somewhat less strongly present in the rest of Europe. The highest concentrations are found in the Ojibwe (25%), Sioux (15%), Nuu-Chah-Nulth (12%), Georgia (8%), Orkney (7%), and amongst the Druze in Israel (27%). Subclades of X2 are not present in South American Amerindian populations.{{cite journal |last1=Perego |first1=Ugo A. |last2=Achilli |first2=Alessandro |last3=Angerhofer |first3=Norman |last4=Accetturo |first4=Matteo |last5=Pala |first5=Maria |last6=Olivieri |first6=Anna |last7=Kashani |first7=Baharak Hooshiar |last8=Ritchie |first8=Kathleen H. |last9=Scozzari |first9=Rosaria |last10=Kong |first10=Qing-Peng |last11=Myres |first11=Natalie M. |last12=Salas |first12=Antonio |last13=Semino |first13=Ornella |last14=Bandelt |first14=Hans-Jürgen |last15=Woodward |first15=Scott R. |last16=Torroni |first16=Antonio |title=Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups |journal=Current Biology |date=January 2009 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.058 |pmid=19135370 |s2cid=9729731 |doi-access=free }} {{Citation needed span|text=The oldest known human associated with X2 is Kennewick Man,|date=April 2024|reason=This statement is most likely true, but nonetheless it still needs a citation to support its claim.}} whose {{Circa}} 9000-year old remains were discovered in Washington State.

=Archaeogenetics=

Haplogroup X has been found in various other bone specimens that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the Alföld Linear Pottery (X2b-T226C, Garadna-Elkerülő út site 2, 1/1 or 100%), Linearbandkeramik (X2d1, Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, 1/22 or ~5%), and Iberia Chalcolithic (X2b, La Chabola de la Hechicera, 1/3 or 33%; X2b, El Sotillo, 1/3 or 33%; X2b, El Mirador Cave, 1/12 or ~8%) cultures.{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Szécsényi-Nagy |first2=Anna |last3=Mallick |first3=Swapan |last4=Pósa |first4=Annamária |last5=Stégmár |first5=Balázs |last6=Keerl |first6=Victoria |last7=Rohland |first7=Nadin |last8=Stewardson |first8=Kristin |last9=Ferry |first9=Matthew |last10=Michel |first10=Megan |last11=Oppenheimer |first11=Jonas |last12=Broomandkhoshbacht |first12=Nasreen |last13=Harney |first13=Eadaoin |last14=Nordenfelt |first14=Susanne |last15=Llamas |first15=Bastien |last16=Gusztáv Mende |first16=Balázs |last17=Köhler |first17=Kitti |last18=Oross |first18=Krisztián |last19=Bondár |first19=Mária |last20=Marton |first20=Tibor |last21=Osztás |first21=Anett |last22=Jakucs |first22=János |last23=Paluch |first23=Tibor |last24=Horváth |first24=Ferenc |last25=Csengeri |first25=Piroska |last26=Koós |first26=Judit |last27=Sebők |first27=Katalin |last28=Anders |first28=Alexandra |last29=Raczky |first29=Pál |last30=Regenye |first30=Judit |last31=Barna |first31=Judit P. |last32=Fábián |first32=Szilvia |last33=Serlegi |first33=Gábor |last34=Toldi |first34=Zoltán |last35=Gyöngyvér Nagy |first35=Emese |last36=Dani |first36=János |last37=Molnár |first37=Erika |last38=Pálfi |first38=György |last39=Márk |first39=László |last40=Melegh |first40=Béla |last41=Bánfai |first41=Zsolt |last42=Domboróczki |first42=László |last43=Fernández-Eraso |first43=Javier |last44=Antonio Mujika-Alustiza |first44=José |last45=Alonso Fernández |first45=Carmen |last46=Jiménez Echevarría |first46=Javier |last47=Bollongino |first47=Ruth |last48=Orschiedt |first48=Jörg |last49=Schierhold |first49=Kerstin |last50=Meller |first50=Harald |last51=Cooper |first51=Alan |last52=Burger |first52=Joachim |last53=Bánffy |first53=Eszter |last54=Alt |first54=Kurt W. |last55=Lalueza-Fox |first55=Carles |last56=Haak |first56=Wolfgang |last57=Reich |first57=David |title=Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers |journal=Nature |date=November 2017 |volume=551 |issue=7680 |pages=368–372 |doi=10.1038/nature24476 |pmid=29144465 |pmc=5973800 |bibcode=2017Natur.551..368L }} Abel-beth-maachah 2201 was a man who lived between 1014 and 836 BC during the Levant Iron Age and was found in the region now known as Abel Beth Maacah, Metula, Israel. He was associated with the Galilean cultural group. His direct maternal line belonged to mtDNA haplogroup X2b. Haplogroup X has been found in ancient Assyria and ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the late New Kingdom and Roman periods.{{cite journal |last1=Schuenemann |first1=Verena J. |last2=Peltzer |first2=Alexander |last3=Welte |first3=Beatrix |last4=van Pelt |first4=W. Paul |last5=Molak |first5=Martyna |last6=Wang |first6=Chuan-Chao |last7=Furtwängler |first7=Anja |last8=Urban |first8=Christian |last9=Reiter |first9=Ella |last10=Nieselt |first10=Kay |last11=Teßmann |first11=Barbara |last12=Francken |first12=Michael |last13=Harvati |first13=Katerina |last14=Haak |first14=Wolfgang |last15=Schiffels |first15=Stephan |last16=Krause |first16=Johannes |title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods |journal=Nature Communications |date=August 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=15694 |doi=10.1038/ncomms15694 |pmid=28556824 |pmc=5459999 |bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S }} Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 years old, have also been found to carry the X2 subclade.{{cite journal |last1=Fregel |first1=Rosa |last2=Méndez |first2=Fernando L. |last3=Bokbot |first3=Youssef |last4=Martín-Socas |first4=Dimas |last5=Camalich-Massieu |first5=María D. |last6=Santana |first6=Jonathan |last7=Morales |first7=Jacob |last8=Ávila-Arcos |first8=María C. |last9=Underhill |first9=Peter A. |last10=Shapiro |first10=Beth |last11=Wojcik |first11=Genevieve |last12=Rasmussen |first12=Morten |last13=Soares |first13=André E. R. |last14=Kapp |first14=Joshua |last15=Sockell |first15=Alexandra |last16=Rodríguez-Santos |first16=Francisco J. |last17=Mikdad |first17=Abdeslam |last18=Trujillo-Mederos |first18=Aioze |last19=Bustamante |first19=Carlos D. |title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=26 June 2018 |volume=115 |issue=26 |pages=6774–6779 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1800851115 |pmid=29895688 |pmc=6042094 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.6774F |biorxiv=10.1101/191569 |doi-access=free }}

=Druze=

In Eurasia, the greatest frequency and variety of haplogroup X is observed in the Druze, a minority population in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, as much in X1 (16%) as in X2 (11%).{{cite journal |last1=Reidla |first1=Maere |last2=Kivisild |first2=Toomas |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Kaldma |first4=Katrin |last5=Tambets |first5=Kristiina |last6=Tolk |first6=Helle-Viivi |last7=Parik |first7=Jüri |last8=Loogväli |first8=Eva-Liis |last9=Derenko |first9=Miroslava |last10=Malyarchuk |first10=Boris |last11=Bermisheva |first11=Marina |last12=Zhadanov |first12=Sergey |last13=Pennarun |first13=Erwan |last14=Gubina |first14=Marina |last15=Golubenko |first15=Maria |last16=Damba |first16=Larisa |last17=Fedorova |first17=Sardana |last18=Gusar |first18=Vladislava |last19=Grechanina |first19=Elena |last20=Mikerezi |first20=Ilia |last21=Moisan |first21=Jean-Paul |last22=Chaventré |first22=André |last23=Khusnutdinova |first23=Elsa |last24=Osipova |first24=Ludmila |last25=Stepanov |first25=Vadim |last26=Voevoda |first26=Mikhail |last27=Achilli |first27=Alessandro |last28=Rengo |first28=Chiara |last29=Rickards |first29=Olga |last30=De Stefano |first30=Gian Franco |last31=Papiha |first31=Surinder |last32=Beckman |first32=Lars |last33=Janicijevic |first33=Branka |last34=Rudan |first34=Pavao |last35=Anagnou |first35=Nicholas |last36=Michalodimitrakis |first36=Emmanuel |last37=Koziel |first37=Slawomir |last38=Usanga |first38=Esien |last39=Geberhiwot |first39=Tarekegn |last40=Herrnstadt |first40=Corinna |last41=Howell |first41=Neil |last42=Torroni |first42=Antonio |last43=Villems |first43=Richard |title=Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=November 2003 |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=1178–1190 |doi=10.1086/379380 |pmid=14574647 |pmc=1180497 }} The Druze also have much diversity of X lineages. This pattern of heterogeneous parental origins is consistent with Druze oral tradition. The Galilee Druze represent a population isolate, so their combination of a high frequency and diversity of X signifies a phylogenetic refugium, providing a sample snapshot of the genetic landscape of the Near East prior to the modern age.{{cite journal |last1=Shlush |first1=Liran I. |last2=Behar |first2=Doron M. |last3=Yudkovsky |first3=Guennady |last4=Templeton |first4=Alan |last5=Hadid |first5=Yarin |last6=Basis |first6=Fuad |last7=Hammer |first7=Michael |last8=Itzkovitz |first8=Shalev |last9=Skorecki |first9=Karl |title=The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East |journal=PLOS ONE|date=7 May 2008 |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=e2105 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002105 |pmid=18461126 |pmc=2324201 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2105S |doi-access=free }}

=North America=

{{details|Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}

Haplogroup X is also one of the five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas.{{cite web|url=http://www.dnalc.org/view/15188-Native-American-haplogroups-European-lineage-Douglas-Wallace.html|title=Dolan DNA Learning Center – Native American haplogroups: European lineage, Douglas Wallace|publisher=Dnalc.org|access-date=2011-01-28}} (namely, X2a subclade).

Although it occurs only at a frequency of about 3% for the total current indigenous population of the Americas, it is a bigger haplogroup in northern North America, where among the Algonquian peoples it comprises up to 25% of mtDNA types.{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html|title=The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health|work=Scientific American}}{{cite web|title=Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q|work=Wendy Tymchuk – Senior Technical Editor|url=http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16|format=Verbal tutorial possible|publisher=Genebase Systems|year=2008|access-date=2009-11-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622001311/http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16|archive-date=22 June 2010}} It is also present in lesser percentages to the west and south of this area—among the Sioux (15%), the Nuu-chah-nulth (11%–13%), the Navajo (7%), and the Yakama (5%).{{cite journal |last1=Fagundes |first1=Nelson J.R. |last2=Kanitz |first2=Ricardo |last3=Eckert |first3=Roberta |last4=Valls |first4=Ana C.S. |last5=Bogo |first5=Mauricio R. |last6=Salzano |first6=Francisco M. |last7=Smith |first7=David Glenn |last8=Silva |first8=Wilson A. |last9=Zago |first9=Marco A. |last10=Ribeiro-dos-Santos |first10=Andrea K. |last11=Santos |first11=Sidney E.B. |last12=Petzl-Erler |first12=Maria Luiza |author-link12=Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler |last13=Bonatto |first13=Sandro L. |date=March 2008 |title=Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=583–592 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 |pmc=2427228 |pmid=18313026}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php?view=step7 |title=An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens |publisher=Cambridge DNA Services |year=2007 |access-date=2011-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091253/https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php?view=step7 |archive-date=2011-05-11}} In Latin America, Haplotype X6 was present in the Tarahumara 1.8% (1/53) and Huichol 20% (3/15){{cite journal |last1=Peñaloza-Espinosa |first1=Rosenda I. |last2=Arenas-Aranda |first2=Diego |last3=Cerda-Flores |first3=Ricardo M. |last4=Buentello-Malo |first4=Leonor. |last5=González-Valencia |first5=Gerardo. |last6=Torres |first6=Javier |last7=Álvarez |first7=Berenice |last8=Mendoza |first8=Irma |last9=Flores |first9=Mario |last10=Sandoval |first10=Lucila |last11=Loeza |first11=Francisco |last12=Ramos |first12=Irma |last13=Muñoz |first13=Leopoldo |last14=Salamanca |first14=Fabio |title=Characterization of mtDNA Haplogroups in 14 Mexican Indigenous Populations |journal=Human Biology |date=2007 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=313–320 |doi=10.1353/hub.2007.0042 |pmid=18078204 |s2cid=35654242 }} X6 and X7 was also found in 12% in Yanomani people.{{cite journal |last1=Easton |first1=R. D. |last2=Merriwether |first2=D. A. |last3=Crews |first3=D. E. |last4=Ferrell |first4=R. E. |title=mtDNA variation in the Yanomami: evidence for additional New World founding lineages |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=July 1996 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=213–225 |pmid=8659527 |pmc=1915132 }}

Unlike the four main Native American mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, D), X is not strongly associated with East Asia. The main occurrence of X in Asia discovered so far is in the Altai people in Siberia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Derenko MV, Grzybowski T, Malyarchuk BA, Czarny J, Miścicka-Sliwka D, Zakharov IA | title = The presence of mitochondrial haplogroup x in Altaians from South Siberia | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 69 | issue = 1 | pages = 237–241 | date = Jul 2001 | pmid = 11410843 | pmc = 1226041 | doi = 10.1086/321266 }}

One theory of how the X Haplogroup ended up in North America is that the people carrying it migrated from central Asia along with haplogroups A, B, C, and D, from an ancestor from the Altai Region of Central Asia. Two sequences of haplogroup X2 were sampled further east of Altai among the Evenks of Central Siberia. These two sequences belong to X2* and X2b. It is uncertain if they represent a remnant of the migration of X2 through Siberia or a more recent input.

This relative absence of haplogroup X2 in Asia was one of the major factors used to support the Solutrean hypothesis during the early 2000s.

The Solutrean hypothesis postulates that haplogroup X reached North America with a wave of European migration emerging from the Solutrean culture, a stone-age culture in south-western France and in Spain, by boat around the southern edge of the Arctic ice pack roughly 20,000 years ago.{{cite journal |last1=Bradley |first1=Bruce |last2=Stanford |first2=Dennis |title=The North Atlantic ice-edge corridor: A possible Palaeolithic route to the New World |journal=World Archaeology |date=December 2004 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=459–478 |doi=10.1080/0043824042000303656 |s2cid=161534521 }}Carey, Bjorn (19 February 2006).[http://www.livescience.com/history/060219_first_americans.html "First Americans may have been European].Life Science. Retrieved on 10 August 2007.

Since the later 2000s and during the 2010s, evidence has turned against the Solutrean hypothesis, as no presence of mt-DNA ancestral to X2a has been found in Europe or the Near East. New World lineages X2a and X2g are not derived from the Old World lineages X2b, X2c, X2d, X2e, and X2f, indicating an early origin of the New World lineages "likely at the very beginning of their expansion and spread from the Near East".

A 2008 study came to the conclusion that the presence of haplogroup X in the Americas does not support migration from Solutrean-period Europe.

The lineage of haplogroup X in the Americas is not derived from a European subclade, but rather represent an independent subclade, labelled X2a.

"The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America. {{cite journal | vauthors = Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Olivieri A, Angerhofer N, Gandini F, Carossa V, Lancioni H, Semino O, Woodward SR, Achilli A, Torroni A | title = Mitochondrial haplogroup C4c: a rare lineage entering America through the ice-free corridor? | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 147 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–39 | date = Jan 2012 | pmid = 22024980 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21614 }}

The X2a subclade has not been found in Eurasia, and has most likely arisen within the early Paleo-Indian population, at roughly 13,000 years ago.X2a is dated {{val|12.8|7.1|6.7|u=kya}} in Soares et al. (2009). A basal variant of X2a was found in the Kennewick Man fossil (ca. 9,000 years ago)."X2a has not been found anywhere in Eurasia, and phylogeography gives us no compelling reason to think it is more likely to come from Europe than from Siberia. Furthermore, analysis of the complete genome of Kennewick Man, who belongs to the most basal lineage of X2a yet identified, gives no indication of recent European ancestry and moves the location of the deepest branch of X2a to the West Coast, consistent with X2a belonging to the same ancestral population as the other founder mitochondrial haplogroups. Nor have any high-resolution studies of genome-wide data from Native American populations yielded any evidence of Pleistocene European ancestry or trans-Atlantic gene flow." {{cite journal|last1=Raff|first1=Jennifer A.|author-link1=Jennifer Raff|last2=Bolnick|first2=Deborah A|title=Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Re-Evaluation|journal= PaleoAmerica|volume=1|issue=4|doi=10.1179/2055556315Z.00000000040|year=2015|pages=297–304|doi-access=free}}

Subclades

=Tree=

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup X subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

X
X1'2'3
X1'3
X1
X1a
X1a1
X1b
X1c
X3
X3a
X2
X2-G225A
X2a'j
X2a
X2a1
X2a1a
X2a1a1
X2a1b
X2a1b1
X2a1b1a
X2a1c
X2a2
X2j
X2b'd
X2b
X2b-T226C
X2b1
X2b2
X2b3
X2b4
X2b4a
X2b4a1
X2b5
X2b6
X2b6a
X2b7
X2b8
X2b9
X2b10
X2b10a
X2b11
X2b-T226C-C16192T
X2b12
X2b13
X2d
X2d1
X2d1a
X2d2
X2c
X2c1
X2c1a
X2c1b
X2c1c
X2c1c1
X2c1d
X2c1e
X2c2
X2e
X2e1
X2e1a
X2e1a1
X2e1a1a
X2e1b
X2e2
X2e2a
X2e2a1
X2e2a2
X2e2b
X2e2b1
X2e2c
X2e2c1
X2-G225A-G153A!
X2g
X2l
X2-G225A-T16223C
X2h
X2i
X2i-A225G!
X2i1
X2m'n
X2m
X2m1
X2m2
X2n
X2o
X2o1
X2f
X2f1
X2g
X2h
X2k
X2p
X2p1
X4

Notable members

Steven J. Heine carries haplogroup X2c1.{{cite book |last=Heine|first=Steven J.|date=2017|title=DNA Is Not Destiny: The Remarkable, Completely Misunderstood Relationship between You and Your Genes|publisher=W.W. Norton}}

References

External links

Haplogroup X
Mannis van Oven's [https://www.phylotree.org/tree/X.htm – mtDNA subtree X]
Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_X.htm DNA Site]
Carolyn Benson's [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/x/ X mtDNA Project] at Family Tree DNA
FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/X Haplogroup X]
YFull MTree's [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/X/ Haplogroup X]
mitoLEAF's [https://forensicgenomics.github.io/mitoLeaf/nodeInfo.html?nodeId=X Haplogroup X]
MITOMAP's [https://mitomap.org/cgi-bin/haplo_distribution?hg=X Haplogroup X]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090217134605/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com//genographic//atlas.html Spread of Haplogroup X], from National Geographic
[https://www.archaeologypodcastnetwork.com/archyfantasies/92 CBC, The Solutrean Hypothesis, and Jennifer Raff, A podcast with Jennifer Raff discussions claims in 2018 linking Haplogroup X to the Solutrean hypothesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002746/https://www.archaeologypodcastnetwork.com/archyfantasies/92 |date=10 February 2018 }}