influencer

Influencers may be celebrities of any type with large social media followings, including people who are mainly internet celebrities. There no firm consensus about the definition of an influencer. One writer defines them as "a range of third parties who exercise influence over the organization and its potential customers."Peck, Helen; Payne, Adrian; Christopher, Martin; Clark, Moira. Relationship Marketing: Strategy and Implementation, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999. Another writer defines an influencer as a "third party who significantly shapes the customer's purchasing decision but may never be accountable for it."Brown, Duncan and Hayes, Nick. Influencer Marketing: Who really influences your customers?, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. According to another writer, influencers are "well-connected, create an impact, have active minds, and are trendsetters".Keller, Ed and Berry, Jon. The Influentials, Free Press, 2003 Just because a person has many followers does not necessarily mean they have much influence over those people, only that they have many followers.{{cite book |last1=Cha |first1=Meeyoung |author-link1=Cha Meeyoung |title=Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media |last2=Haddadi |first2=Hamed |last3=Benevenuto |first3=Fabrício |last4=Gummadi |first4=Krishna P. |date=2010 |publisher=Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence |isbn=9780688041076 |pages=10–17 |chapter=Measuring User Influence in Twitter: The Million Follower Fallacy |oclc=780600252 |access-date=20 January 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1538/1826 |archive-date=February 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204011550/https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1538/1826 |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last=Berinato |first=Scott |date=7 May 2010 |title=On Twitter, Followers Don't Equal Influence |url=https://hbr.org/2010/05/influence-and-twitter.html |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503175837/https://hbr.org/2010/05/influence-and-twitter.html |url-status=live }} A 1% increase in spending on influencer marketing can lead to a 0.5% increase in audience engagement.{{Cite web |last=Kirschman |first=Lauren |date=October 19, 2022 |title=These factors have the biggest impact on influencer marketing effectiveness |url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2022/10/19/these-factors-have-the-biggest-impact-on-influencer-marketing-effectiveness/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523151617/https://www.washington.edu/news/2022/10/19/these-factors-have-the-biggest-impact-on-influencer-marketing-effectiveness/ |url-status=live }}

Market research techniques can be used to identify influencers, using predefined criteria to determine the extent and type of influence. "Activists" get involved with organizations, for example, their communities, political movements, and charities. "Connected influencers" have large social networks. "Authoritative influencers" are trusted by others. "Active minds" have a diverse range of interests. "Trendsetters" are the early adopters (or leavers) of markets. According to Malcolm Gladwell, "The success of any kind of social epidemic is heavily dependent on the involvement of people with a particular and rare set of social gifts".{{Cite book |last=Gladwell |first=Malcolm |url=https://archive.org/details/tippingpointhowl00glad |title=The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make A Big Difference |publisher=Little Brown |year=2000 |isbn=0-316-31696-2 |location=United States |url-access=registration}} He has identified types of influencers who are responsible for the "generation, communication, and adoption" of messages; connectors network with a variety of people, have a wide reach, and are essential to word-of-mouth communication;{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Duncan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=250VSJ5JwjIC |title=Influencer Marketing: Who Really Influences Your Customers? |last2=Hayes |first2=Nick |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=9780750686006 |language=en}} mavens use information, share it with others, and are insightful about trends.{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Manas |date=2023-10-14 |title=Top 17 Influencer Marketing Trends To Master In 2023 |url=https://www.seohorizon.com/digital/influencer-marketing-trends/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.seohorizon.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207022747/https://www.seohorizon.com/digital/influencer-marketing-trends/ |url-status=live }}

The origins of online influencing can be traced back to the emergence of digital blogs and platforms in the early 2000s. Nevertheless, recent studies demonstrate that Instagram, an application with more than one billion users, harbors the majority of the influencer demographic.{{Cite web |date=2018-01-17 |title=A Comprehensive Guide to Instagram Influencer Marketing {{!}} Social Media Marketing |url=https://www.convinceandconvert.com/social-media-strategy/guide-to-instagram-influencer-marketing-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108160929/https://www.convinceandconvert.com/social-media-strategy/guide-to-instagram-influencer-marketing-2/ |archive-date=2020-11-08 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=Content Marketing Consulting and Social Media Strategy |language=en-US}} These individuals are sometimes referred to as "Instagrammers" or "Instafamous". A crucial aspect of influencing is their association with sponsors. The 2015 debut of Vamp, a company that links influencers with sponsorships, transformed the landscape of influencing.{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Li |last2=Yan |first2=Yajie |last3=Smith |first3=Andrew N. |date=2022-07-02 |title=What drives digital engagement with sponsored videos? An investigation of video influencers' authenticity management strategies |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-022-00887-2 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science |language=en |volume=51 |pages=198–221 |doi=10.1007/s11747-022-00887-2 |issn=1552-7824 |s2cid=250251697 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122154910/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-022-00887-2 |archive-date=2023-01-22 |access-date=2022-08-26|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite web |title=[Timeline] A Brief History of Influencers |url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/timeline-a-brief-history-of-influencers/554377/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826024138/https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/timeline-a-brief-history-of-influencers/554377/ |archive-date=2022-08-26 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Social Media Today |language=en-US}}

There is much debate about whether social media influencers can be considered celebrities, as their path to fame is often less traditional and arguably easier. Melody Nouri addresses the differences between the two types in her article "The Power of Influence: Traditional Celebrities vs Social Media Influencer".{{cite journal |last1=Nouri |first1=Melody |date=12 September 2018 |title=The Power of Influence: Traditional Celebrity vs Social Media Influencer |url=https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/engl_176/32/ |url-status=live |journal=Pop Culture Intersections |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806075023/https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/engl_176/32/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=23 August 2020}} Nouri asserts that social media platforms have a greater negative impact on young, impressionable audiences in comparison with traditional media such as magazines, billboards, advertisements, and tabloids featuring celebrities. Online, it is thought to be simpler to manipulate an image and lifestyle in such a way that viewers are more susceptible to believing it.

One theory considers the former American First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962) to be the "original media influencer." While she achieved celebrity in her role as First Lady, she built a global personal brand as a wise, informative, trustworthy American woman. Her voice was her own, unrestricted by political advisors and powerful men, and with it, Roosevelt exerted unprecedented social and cultural influence in radio, print, public speaking, film, and television until she died.{{cite podcast |host=Cynthia Bemis Abrams |date=2025 |title=Original Media Influencer: Eleanor Roosevelt |url=https://cynthiabemisabrams.com/advanced-tv-herstory |work= Advanced TV Herstory |ref={{sfnref|Abrams|2025}}}}{{cite journal |last=Beauchamp |first= Angela S.|date=2020 |title=I will not Be Your Little China Doll |url=https://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/spring_2020/beauchamp.htm |journal=Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture |volume=19 |issue= 1|publisher=AmericanPopularCulture.com |pages=}} {{cite web |last=Smith |first=Stephen |date=10 Nov 2014 |title=Eleanor Roosevelt:First Lady of Radio |url=https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2014/11/10/eleanor-roosevelt-the-first-lady-of-radio |website=APMreports.org |publisher=American Public Media }} In one notable example, it may have been Roosevelt's television support of John F. Kennedy which nudged his "hairline victory" during the 1960 Presidential campaign.{{cite book |last=Beauchamp |first=Angela S. |date=2024 |title=Eleanor Roosevelt on Screen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfDjEAAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=McFarland and Company, Inc |page=145|isbn=978-1-4766-9302-6 }}{{cite web|title=Eleanor Roosevelt, John Kennedy and the Election of 1960|url=https://erpapers.columbian.gwu.edu/eleanor-roosevelt-john-kennedy-and-election-1960 |website=Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project|publisher=George Washington University }} In another example, David Ogilvy paid Roosevelt more than a quarter of a million dollars in today's currency to make a TV commercial for Good Luck margarine (1959), in which Roosevelt also managed to mention world hunger.{{cite magazine |last=Stix |first= Thomas Louis|date=November 1963 |title=Mrs Roosevelt Does a Commercial |url=https://harpers.org/archive/1963/11/mrs-roosevelt-does-a-tv-commercial/ |magazine=Harper's|publisher=Harper's Magazine Foundation}}

As a content creator, she wrote My Day, a popular daily newspaper column that ran nationwide for twenty-six years. Like a social media post, My Day covered all aspects of her life, and in it Roosevelt often recommended movies, books, and products that she admired.{{sfn | Abrams | 2025| }}{{sfn | Smith | 2014| }}{{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Eleanor |date=2001 |title=My Day: The Best Of Eleanor Roosevelt's Acclaimed Newspaper Columns, 1936–1962 |url=https://archive.org/details/mydaybestofelean0000roos |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-0-306-81010-7 }} Roosevelt also had a hand in designing all three of her public affairs television shows.{{sfn | Beauchamp|2024|pp=95–126, 199–215}} Unlike contemporary influencers, she was less motivated by a pay-to-play situation than by a desire to educate and inspire; but she did use her influence to benefit the entertainment industry careers of her children,{{cite web|title=Elliott Roosevelt (1910–1990)|url=https://erpapers.columbian.gwu.edu/elliott-roosevelt-1910-1990|website=Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project|publisher=Columbian School of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University }}{{cite web|title=The Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt Program|url= https://erpapers.columbian.gwu.edu/eleanor-anna-roosevelt-program |website=Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project|publisher=Columbian School of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University }}{{sfn | Beauchamp|2024|p=26 }} and she welcomed the revenue that her influence bought, most of which was donated to charity.{{sfn | Smith | 2014| }}{{sfn|Stix|1963}}

The early 2000s showed corporate endeavors to leverage the internet for influence, with some companies participating in forums for promotions or providing bloggers with complimentary products in return for favorable reviews. A few of these practices were viewed as unethical for taking advantage of the labor of young individuals without providing remuneration.{{cite magazine |last=Martinue |first=Paris |date=December 6, 2019 |title=The WIRED Guide to Influencers |url=https://www.wired.com/story/what-is-an-influencer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906181916/https://www.wired.com/story/what-is-an-influencer/ |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2019 |magazine=Wired}} In 2004, The Blogstar Network was established by Ted Murphy of MindComet. Bloggers were encouraged to join an email list and receive remunerated offers from corporations in exchange for creating specific posts. For instance, bloggers were compensated for writing reviews of fast-food meals on their blogs. Blogstar is widely regarded as the first influencer marketing network.

Murphy succeeded Blogstar with PayPerPost, which was introduced in 2006. This platform compensated significant posters on prominent forums and social media platforms for every post made about a corporate product. Payment rates were determined by the influencer's status. Though very popular, PayPerPost, received a great deal of criticism as these influencers were not required to disclose their involvement with PayPerPost as traditional journalism would have.{{cite web |last=Fine |first=Jon |date=July 10, 2006 |title=Polluting The Blogosphere |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_28/b3992034.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060806160406/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_28/b3992034.htm |archive-date=August 6, 2006}} With the success of PayPerPost, the public became aware that there was a drive for corporate interests to influence what some people were posting to these sites. The platform also incentivized other firms to establish comparable programs.

Despite concerns, marketing networks with influencers continued to grow throughout the 2000s and into the 2010s. The influencer marketing industry was worth as much as $8 billion in 2019, according to estimates from Business Insider Intelligence, which are based on Mediakix data.{{Cite web |last=Schomer |first=Audrey |title=Influencer Marketing: State of the social media influencer market in 2020 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/influencer-marketing-report |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202193352/https://www.businessinsider.com/influencer-marketing-report |archive-date=2 December 2020 |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Business Insider }} Evan Asano, the Former CEO and founder of the agency Mediakix, previously spoke with Business Insider and said he believed influencer marketing on Instagram would continue to grow despite likes being hidden.{{Cite web |title=Instagram is testing hiding 'likes' and some influencers are angry. Industry execs told us how the change will affect their business. |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/news/instagram-is-testing-hiding-likes-and-some-influencers-are-angry-industry-execs-told-us-how-the-change-will-affect-their-business-/articleshow/72014951.cms |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=November 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130043743/https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/news/instagram-is-testing-hiding-likes-and-some-influencers-are-angry-industry-execs-told-us-how-the-change-will-affect-their-business-/articleshow/72014951.cms |url-status=live }}

File:MrBeast 2023 (cropped).jpg listed MrBeast, the YouTuber with the most subscribers, as the third most influential content creator behind Rhett & Link and Kai Cenat.{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2024 |title=MrBeast Is Now The Most Subscribed YouTuber: 'Avenged Pewdiepie' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-buzz/mrbeast-is-now-the-most-subscribed-youtuber-surpasses-t-series-article-110631244 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602003236/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-buzz/mrbeast-is-now-the-most-subscribed-youtuber-surpasses-t-series-article-110631244 |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}{{Cite magazine |date=2024-08-26 |title=25 Most Influential Creators of 2024 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-lists/top-social-media-influencers-creators-2024-1235084589/nara-smith-1235084697/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203181040/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-lists/top-social-media-influencers-creators-2024-1235084589/nara-smith-1235084697 |url-status=live }} According to Insider, in 2021, 70% of survey respondents at the time had a positive view of the influencer,{{Cite web |last=Asarch |first=Steven |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Power Ranking: the 10 most well-liked influencers on the internet |url=https://www.insider.com/most-liked-influencers-insider-data-mrbeast-markiplier-corpse-2021-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224084324/https://www.insider.com/most-liked-influencers-insider-data-mrbeast-markiplier-corpse-2021-2 |archive-date=February 24, 2022 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |website=Insider |language=en-US}} who strongly appeals to younger audiences.{{Cite magazine |last=Dickson |first=Ej |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Is MrBeast for Real? Inside the Outrageous World of YouTube's Cash-Happy Stunt King |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/mrbeast-youtube-cover-story-interview-1334604/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420123848/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/mrbeast-youtube-cover-story-interview-1334604/ |archive-date=April 20, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}{{cite magazine |last=Espada |first=Mariah |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Why MrBeast's New Video Became The Second Most Watched in 24 Hours in YouTube History |url=https://time.com/6287028/mrbeast-youtube-views-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124031839/https://time.com/6287028/mrbeast-youtube-views-record/ |archive-date=January 24, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}]]

By the 2010s, the term "influencer" described digital content creators with a large following, distinctive brand persona, and a patterned relationship with commercial sponsors.{{Cite book |last1=Duffy |first1=Brooke Erin |title=The International Encyclopedia of Gender, Media, and Communication |year=2020 |isbn=9781119429104 |pages=1–4 |chapter=Social Media Influencers |doi=10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc219 |access-date=2022-04-02 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc219 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402130508/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc219 |archive-date=2022-04-02 |url-status=live |s2cid=225776342}} Consumers often mistakenly view celebrities as reliable, leading to trust and confidence in the products being promoted.{{Cite journal |last1=Juntiwasarakij |first1=Suwan |date=2018-09-01 |title=Framing emerging behaviors influenced by internet celebrity |journal=Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences |language=en |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=550–555 |doi=10.1016/j.kjss.2018.06.014 |issn=2452-3151 |s2cid=158069963 |doi-access=free}}

A 2001 study from Rutgers University discovered that individuals were using "internet forums as influential sources of consumer information." The study proposes that consumers preferred internet forums and social media when making purchasing decisions over conventional advertising and print sources. An influencer's personality strongly impacts their audience's purchasing decision, with those who engage with their audience being more persuasive in encouraging product purchases. Companies today place great importance on feedback and comments received through social media platforms as consumers trust other consumers. Reviews are often relied on to persuade consumers to make a purchase, highlighting the impact of a negative review on a business's revenue.{{cite journal |last1=Bickart |first1=Barbara |last2=Schindler |first2=Robert M. |date=2001 |title=Internet Forums As Influential Sources Of Consumer Information |url=https://vdocuments.mx/embed/v1/internet-forums-as-influential-sources-of-consumer-information.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Interactive Marketing |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1002/dir.1014 |s2cid=168114871 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163122/https://vdocuments.mx/embed/v1/internet-forums-as-influential-sources-of-consumer-information.html |archive-date=2019-12-06 |access-date=2019-12-06|url-access=subscription }}

A typical method of marketing between the influencer and the audience is "B2C marketing". B2C marketing, meaning Business-to-Consumer marketing, entails the strategies which a business would undertake to promote themselves and their services directly to their target audiences. This is typically through advertising and creating content through the influencer themselves. The intention is that their followers, who relate or look up to certain influencers, will be more inclined to purchase an item because their favorite "Internet celebrity" recommended it.{{cite web |last=Lake |first=Laura |date=2020-12-26 |title=Understanding the Differences Between B2B and B2C Marketing |url=https://www.thebalancesmb.com/b2b-vs-b2c-marketing-2295828 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075652/https://www.thebalancesmb.com/b2b-vs-b2c-marketing-2295828 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2021-04-01 |work=the balance small business}} Social media influencers typically promote a lifestyle of beauty and luxury fashion and foster consumer–brand relationships, while selling their own lines of merchandise.{{Cite journal |last1=Britt |first1=Rebecca K. |last2=Hayes |first2=Jameson L. |last3=Britt |first3=Brian C. |last4=Park |first4=Haseon |date=2020-05-03 |title=Too Big to Sell? A Computational Analysis of Network and Content Characteristics among Mega and Micro Beauty and Fashion Social Media Influencers |journal=Journal of Interactive Advertising |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=111–118 |doi=10.1080/15252019.2020.1763873 |issn=1525-2019 |s2cid=219433187 |doi-access=free}}

David Rowles explains the methods online influencers employ to increase their audience and brand visibility. Digital branding encompasses all online experiences and necessitates value provision."{{cite book |last1=Rowels |first1=David |title=Digital Branding: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide to Strategy, Tactics and Measurement |date=2014 |publisher=Kogan Page}}

Self-branding, also known as personal branding, describes the development of a public image for commercial gain or social or cultural capital.{{Cite journal |last1=Khamis |first1=Susie |last2=Ang |first2=Lawrence |last3=Welling |first3=Raymond |date=2017-04-03 |title=Self-branding, 'micro-celebrity' and the rise of Social Media Influencers |journal=Celebrity Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=191–208 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292 |issn=1939-2397 |s2cid=59289264 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10453/98736}} The rise of social media has been exploited by individuals seeking personal fame and product sales. Platforms such as Instagram, Twitch, Snapchat, VSCO, YouTube, and TikTok, are the most common social media outlets on which online influencers attempt to build a following. Fame can be attained through different avenues and media forms, including art, humor, modeling, and podcasts. Marketing experts have concluded that anyone can build websites easily without any technical knowledge or complex coding languages. They can upload text, pictures, and videos instantly from personal computers or phones. With technological barriers diminishing, the web has become the ideal platform for personal branding.{{Cite journal |last1=Labrecque |first1=Lauren I. |last2=Markos |first2=Ereni |last3=Milne |first3=George R. |date=February 2011 |title=Online Personal Branding: Processes, Challenges, and Implications |journal=Journal of Interactive Marketing |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=37–50 |doi=10.1016/j.intmar.2010.09.002 |s2cid=167381412 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.12010/9095}}

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}}

Following the National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2021, pre-college and college athletes became eligible for student athlete compensation for use of their personality rights without loss of athletic eligibility and education-related benefits, which broadened the influencer landscape to people who might not yet be celebrities;{{cite web |author=Murphy, Dan |date=June 21, 2021 |title=Supreme Court unanimously sides with former college players in dispute with NCAA about compensation |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/31679946/supreme-court-sides-former-players-dispute-ncaa-compensation |access-date=March 3, 2024 |publisher=ESPN |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226163302/https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/31679946/supreme-court-sides-former-players-dispute-ncaa-compensation |url-status=live }} subsequently, it became common for amateur athletes to use the name, image and likeness of their personal brand as influencers for hire outside of the field of play.{{cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2568400404|url-access=subscription|id={{ProQuest|2568400404}}|title=Why women and social media stars are becoming college sports' big winners|work=The Guardian|page=B1|author=Niesen, Joan|accessdate=April 19, 2023|date=September 2, 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/nil-michigan-basketball-player-adrien-nunez-tik-tok-empire-123856535.html?fr=yhssrp_catchall|title=NIL: Michigan basketball player explains how he built a lucrative TikTok empire|accessdate=November 26, 2024|date=April 2, 2022|publisher=Yahoo! Finance|author=Schafer, Josh}}{{cite web|url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2022/03/michigans-adrien-nunez-ready-for-senior-night-social-media-influencer-career.html|title=Michigan's Adrien Nuñez ready for Senior Night, social media influencer career|accessdate=November 27, 2024|date=March 3, 2022|publisher=MLive.com|author=Kahn, Andrew}}{{cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2545825826|url-access=subscription|id={{ProQuest|2545825826}}|title=Some college stars already have plans to profit|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=D.1|author=HensleyClancy, Molly|accessdate=April 18, 2023|date=June 29, 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2546792798|url-access=subscription|id={{ProQuest|2546792798}}|title=NIL arrives Thursday: At long last, show athletes the money|work=Albuquerque Journal|page=|author=Grammer, Geoff|accessdate=April 18, 2023|date=June 30, 2021}}

In 2023 in the United States, 27 million people were paid content creators.{{cite news |last1=Hamilton |first1=Katherine |date=23 October 2024 |title=Who Gets the TikTok in the Divorce? The Messy Fight Over Valuable Social Media Accounts |url=https://www.wsj.com/lifestyle/relationships/tiktok-influencers-marriage-divorce-youtube-instagram-a73c0e34 |work=Wall Street Journal |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123131943/https://www.wsj.com/lifestyle/relationships/tiktok-influencers-marriage-divorce-youtube-instagram-a73c0e34 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |author1=Keller Advisory Group |date=November 2023 |title=Creators Uncovered: Insights From A Nationally Representative Study Of US Creators |url=https://www.keller-advisory.com/creators-uncovered-insights-from-a-nationally-representative-study-of-uscreators |website=keller-advisory.com |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-date=November 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124155358/https://www.keller-advisory.com/creators-uncovered-insights-from-a-nationally-representative-study-of-uscreators |url-status=live }} Of those, 12 million did content creation as their full-time profession. 8 million did it as part-time work, and 7 million did it as a hobby. Influencers can make money in various ways, but most of them earn money from endorsements or sponsorships. Social media influencers can use their fame to promote products or experiences to their followers, as a method of providing credibility to products.{{Cite journal |last=Juntiwasarakij |first=Suwan |date=2018 |title=Framing emerging behaviors influenced by internet celebrity |journal=Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=550–555 |doi=10.1016/j.kjss.2018.06.014 |issn=2452-3151 |s2cid=158069963 |doi-access=free}}

Influencers can also expand their source of revenue by creating their own products or merchandise to sell.{{Cite web |last=Robehmed |first=Natalie |title=Highest-Paid YouTube Stars 2018: Markiplier, Jake Paul, PewDiePie And More |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2018/12/03/highest-paid-youtube-stars-2018-markiplier-jake-paul-pewdiepie-and-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421133702/https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2018/12/03/highest-paid-youtube-stars-2018-markiplier-jake-paul-pewdiepie-and-more/ |archive-date=2019-04-21 |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Forbes}} By doing this, and by using their platform to promote their products to an established audience, influencers can earn money by developing their own reputable brands. Bloggers can feature sponsored posts in social media to make profits.{{Cite web |date=2016-11-08 |title=How Online Celebrities Make Money Via Advertising and Endorsements |url=https://businessjournalism.org/2016/11/how-online-celebrities-make-money/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329215512/https://businessjournalism.org/2016/11/how-online-celebrities-make-money/ |archive-date=2019-03-29 |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Reynolds Center}} For instance, fashion blogger Chiara Ferragni started as an online blogger, and then gained millions of followers on Instagram. She later created her brand, the Chiara Ferragni Collection. Like many other Instagram celebrities, Ferragni started by charging money per post for promoting brands. She earns revenue from promotional Instagram posts and the sale of her own products.{{Cite news |last=Cochrane |first=Lauren |date=2016-11-29 |title=Chiara Ferragni – how a 'crazy blogger' turned her life into a shop window |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/nov/29/chiara-farragni-blogger-the-blonde-salad-socia-media-style-posts-multi-million-pound-business |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181116112816/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/nov/29/chiara-farragni-blogger-the-blonde-salad-socia-media-style-posts-multi-million-pound-business |archive-date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2019-04-07 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}} In 2020, a report by venture-capital firm SignalFire stated that the economy spawned by internet creators was the "fastest-growing type of small business".{{Cite web |date=2020-11-29 |title=What is the creator economy? Influencer tools and trends |url=https://signalfire.com/blog/creator-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505125933/https://signalfire.com/blog/creator-economy/ |archive-date=2021-05-05 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=SignalFire |language=en-US}}

{{Excerpt|Influencer marketing}}

{{See also|User-generated content}}

User-generated content (UGC) and influencer marketing are increasingly interconnected elements of digital marketing. UGC, defined as content created and published by individuals rather than brands, includes social media posts, customer reviews, videos, and more. It is often perceived as more trustworthy and relatable than traditional advertising, helping to build brand credibility through authentic peer-to-peer endorsements.

Influencer marketing similarly relies on individuals with established audiences to promote products and services. When influencers create brand-related content, it often functions as a hybrid between sponsored promotion and organic UGC. This blending of strategies can enhance engagement, build consumer trust, and increase marketing efficiency. The distinction between organic user-generated content and influencer-driven campaigns continues to evolve, reflecting broader trends in consumer behavior and digital communication.{{cite web |title=The Importance of User-Generated Content (UGC) in Today's Marketing Strategy |url=https://www.goviralglobal.com/post/the-importance-of-user-generated-content-ugc-in-today-s-marketing-strategy |website=Goviral Global |date=30 September 2024 |location=Singapore}}

Despite the recent emergence of influencer culture, influencer marketing and advertising it is left highly unregulated by existing legislation. This became a prevalent concern when users on social media platforms were finding it difficult to distinguish any differences between advertisements and sponsorships with personal posts. This was evident with the mismanagement of Fyre Festival, where numerous Instagram influencers were sanctioned for their lack of transparency.{{Cite web |last=Gillil |first=Nikki |date=2019-02-19 |title=What impact has Fyre Festival had on influencer marketing? |url=https://econsultancy.com/what-impact-has-fyre-festival-had-on-influencer-marketing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029030452/https://econsultancy.com/what-impact-has-fyre-festival-had-on-influencer-marketing/ |archive-date=2020-10-29 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Econsultancy |df=mdy-all}} This led to a massive backlash from the public, who felt the promotion of the event deliberately misled and confused target audiences. As a result, numerous advertising bodies sought to introduce strict regulations and guidelines around influencer marketing. This includes the AANA (Australian Associations of National Advertisers), who states that influencer advertising must be "clearly distinguishable".{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2018 |title=Ads must clearly be ads |url=https://adstandards.com.au/blog/ads-must-clearly-be-ads |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807011458/https://adstandards.com.au/blog/ads-must-clearly-be-ads |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |website=Ad Standards}}

In August 2024, the Federal Trade Commission voted unanimously to ban marketers from using fake user reviews created by generative artificial intelligence chatbots (such as ChatGPT) and influencers paying for bots to increase follower counts.{{cite news |last=Picciotto |first=Rebecca |date=August 14, 2024 |title=FTC bans fake online reviews, inflated social media influence; rule takes effect in October |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/14/ftc-bans-fake-reviews-social-media-influence-markers.html |access-date=August 15, 2024 |publisher=CNBC |archive-date=August 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814223921/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/14/ftc-bans-fake-reviews-social-media-influence-markers.html |url-status=live }}

Most influencers are paid before the start of a marketing campaign, and others are paid after it ends.{{cite magazine |last=Wiley |first=Danielle |date=12 December 2018 |title=How to Craft an Influencer Marketing Strategy That Will Outperform Traditional Advertising |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/how-to-craft-an-influencer-marketing-strategy-that-will-outperform-traditional-advertising/ |magazine=Adweek |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203214117/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/how-to-craft-an-influencer-marketing-strategy-that-will-outperform-traditional-advertising/ |url-status=live }} Consensus exists about how much an influencer should be paid. Compensation may vary by how many people an influencer can reach, the extent to which they will endorse the product (a deliverable), and the success of their past endorsements have performed.{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title='It's still very much the Wild West': Influencer marketing deals are now focused on performance |url=https://digiday.com/marketing/still-much-wild-west-influencer-marketing-deals-now-focused-performance/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=Digiday |language=en-US |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204192537/https://digiday.com/marketing/still-much-wild-west-influencer-marketing-deals-now-focused-performance/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=21 October 2019 |title=5 Influencers Share How Much They Get Paid Per #Ad Post |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/influencers-paid-post-fashion-beauty_l_5da4abb5e4b080c90e3ceae8 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=HuffPost |archive-date=December 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207061709/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/influencers-paid-post-fashion-beauty_l_5da4abb5e4b080c90e3ceae8 |url-status=live }}

Top-tier influencers and celebrities may receive a six- or seven-figure fee for a single social-media post.{{cite web |date=2018-09-28 |title=The 75 celebrities and influencers who make the most money per Instagram post, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/celebrities-influencers-who-make-the-most-money-instagram-2018-9 |access-date=7 May 2019 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=December 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205191445/https://www.businessinsider.com/celebrities-influencers-who-make-the-most-money-instagram-2018-9 |url-status=live }} In addition to (or in lieu of) a fee, payment may include free products or services.{{Cite book |last=Landsverk |first=K.H. |title=The Instagram Handbook |publisher=Prime Head |year=2014 |location=London |pages=105}} While top-tier influencers generate attention, only 4% of all influencers make more than $100,000 a year.{{Cite news |date=29 October 2024 |title=Too many people want to be social-media influencers |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2024/10/29/too-many-people-want-to-be-social-media-influencers |access-date=30 October 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204004756/https://www.economist.com/business/2024/10/29/too-many-people-want-to-be-social-media-influencers |url-status=live }} For influencers with smaller followings, free products or services may be the only form of compensation.{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Sapna |date=2018-11-11 |title=Are You Ready for the Nanoinfluencers? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/business/media/nanoinfluencers-instagram-influencers.html |access-date=2019-12-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206114133/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/business/media/nanoinfluencers-instagram-influencers.html |url-status=live }} Advertisers are increasingly inclined to see influencers with a small but dedicated follower base as a more efficient use of marketing dollars.

Forrester Research analyst Michael Speyer notes that for small and medium-sized businesses, "IT sales are influenced by several parties, including peers, consultants, bloggers, and technology resellers."Speyer, Michael. Identifying IT Buyers' Hidden Influencers: Finding And Nurturing Your Brand Presence Beyond Your Formal Channels, Forrester Research, 2007. According to Speyer, "Vendors need to identify and characterize influencers inside their market. This requires a comprehensive influencer identification program and the establishment of criteria for ranking influencer impact on the decision process."{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Duncan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9Lllu2COUoC&q=Speyer,+%22Vendors+need+to+identify+and+characterize+influencers+inside+their+market.+This+requires+a+comprehensive+influencer+identification+program+and+the+establishment+of+criteria+for+ranking+influencer+impact+on+the+decision+process.%22 |title=Influencer Marketing: Who Really Influences Your Customers? |last2=Hayes |first2=Nick |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7506-8600-6 |language=en}}

Influencers are categorized by the number of followers they have on social media. They include celebrity endorsements from those with large followings, to niche content creators with a loyal following on social-media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter.{{Cite journal |last1=Khamis |first1=Susie |last2=Ang |first2=Lawrence |last3=Welling |first3=Raymond |date=2017-04-03 |title=Self-branding, 'micro-celebrity' and the rise of Social Media Influencers |journal=Celebrity Studies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=191–208 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292 |issn=1939-2397 |s2cid=59289264 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10453/98736}}{{Cite journal |first1=Zdenka |last1=Kadekova |first2=Maria |last2=Holiencinova |date=September 24, 2018 |title=Influencer Marketing as a Modern Phenomenon Creating a New Frontier of Virtual Opportunities |journal=Communication Today |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=92 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/619123953/06-KADEKOVA-HOLIENCINOVA-CT-2-2018 |via=scribd.com }} Their followers range in number from hundreds of millions to 1,000.

• Nano-influencers – These are influencers that have a following ranging from 1k to 10k.
• Micro-influencers – These are the influencers with followers in the range of 10K to 100k{{cite web

|title=The Rise of the Micro Creator: Why Small Creators Are Winning Big with UGC in 2025

|url=https://www.goviralglobal.com/post/the-rise-of-the-micro-creator-why-small-creators-are-winning-big-with-ugc-in-2025

|website=GOVIRAL GLOBAL

|author=GOVIRAL GLOBAL

|date=27 April 2025

}}

• Macro-influencers – These are the influencers with followers from the range of 100K to 500k
• Mega/Celeb-influencers – These are the influencers with more than 500k followers{{Cite web |last=Hosie |first=Rachel |date=2019-04-09 |title=Why brands are turning away from big Instagram influencers to work with people who have small followings instead |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/brands-turning-to-micro-influencers-instead-of-instagram-stars-2019-4 |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708171335/https://www.businessinsider.com/brands-turning-to-micro-influencers-instead-of-instagram-stars-2019-4 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=What is Influencer Marketing and why it is important for Brands? |url=https://www.kofluence.com/what-is-influencer-marketing-and-why-it-is-so-important-for-brands/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313121000/https://www.kofluence.com/what-is-influencer-marketing-and-why-it-is-so-important-for-brands/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last=Neff |first=Jack |date=October 1, 2018 |title=Clean Break: J&J departs from conventional influencer marketing by signing on teens with small followings |journal=Advertising Age |volume=89 |id={{ProQuest|}}}}{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Types of Influencers You Need to Know |url=https://viralmango.com/types-of-influencers/ |website=Viralmango |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721132010/https://viralmango.com/types-of-influencers/ |url-status=live }}

Businesses pursue people who aim to lessen their consumption of advertisements, and are willing to pay their influencers more. Targeting influencers is seen as increasing marketing's reach, counteracting a growing tendency by prospective customers to ignore marketing.{{Cite web |date=12 December 2016 |title=How Social Media Is Changing Advertising--for Better and Worse |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/how-social-media-is-changing-advertising-for-better-and-worse/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=Ad Week |language=en-US |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130043/https://www.adweek.com/digital/how-social-media-is-changing-advertising-for-better-and-worse/ |url-status=live }}

Marketing researchers Kapitan and Silvera find that influencer selection extends into product personality. This product and benefit matching is key. For a shampoo, it should use an influencer with good hair. Likewise, a flashy product may use bold colors to convey its brand. If an influencer is not flashy, they will clash with the brand. Matching an influencer with the product's purpose and mood is important.{{Cite journal |last1=Kapitan |first1=Sommer |last2=Silvera |first2=David H. |date=2015-03-27 |title=From digital media influencers to celebrity endorsers: attributions drive endorser effectiveness |journal=Marketing Letters |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=553–567 |doi=10.1007/s11002-015-9363-0 |issn=0923-0645 |s2cid=143916226}}

• Celebrity culture
• Online streamer
• Opinion leadership
• Social media marketing

{{reflist}}

{{Media culture}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Celebrity

Category:Cultural trends

Category:Social influence