ionic order

File:Ionic order.svg

File: Capiteles de la fachada este del Erecteón, Atenas, Grecia, 2019 06.jpg (Athens), 5th century BC]]

The major features of the Ionic order are the volutes of its capital, which have been the subject of much theoretical and practical discourse, based on a brief and obscure passage in Vitruvius.[http://www.nexusjournal.com/AndGal.html "Geometric Methods of the 1500s for Laying Out the Ionic Volute"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228085023/http://www.nexusjournal.com/AndGal.html |date=2005-12-28 }} Denise Andrey and Mirko Galli, Nexus Network Journal, vol. 6 no. 2 (Autumn 2004), pp. 31–48. DOI 10.1007/s00004-004-0017-4. The only tools required to design these features were a straight-edge, a right angle, string (to establish half-lengths) and a compass. Below the volutes, the Ionic column may have a wide collar or banding separating the capital from the fluted shaft (as in, for example, the neoclassical mansion Castle Coole), or a swag of fruit and flowers may swing from the clefts or "neck" formed by the volutes.

Originally, the volutes lay in a single plane (illustration at right); then it was seen that they could be angled out on the corners. This feature of the Ionic order made it more pliant and satisfactory than the Doric to critical eyes in the 4th century BC: angling the volutes on the corner columns ensured that they "read" equally when seen from either front or side facade. However, some classical artists viewed this as unsatisfactory, feeling that the placement of Ionic columns at building corners required a distortion at the expense of the capital's structural logic; the Corinthian order would solve this by reading equally well from all angles.{{cite book |last1=De la Croix |first1=Horst |last2=Tansey |first2=Richard G. |last3=Kirkpatrick |first3=Diane |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages |date=1991 |publisher=Thomson/Wadsworth |isbn=0-15-503769-2 |edition=9th |page=[https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/170 170] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/170 }} The 16th-century Renaissance architect and theorist Vincenzo Scamozzi designed a version of such a perfectly four-sided Ionic capital that it became standard; when a Greek Ionic order was eventually reintroduced in the later 18th century Greek Revival, it conveyed an air of archaic freshness and primitive, perhaps even republican, vitality.A brief and accessible sketch of this familiar aspect of the Greek Revival "idea of primitivism, of searching back to the true, untainted sources of architectural beauty" (p. 38) and of the Utopian aspects of Ledoux is briskly treated in Sir John Summerson, The Classical Language of Architecture (MIT Press) 1963; in discussions of American Greek Revival, the republic connotations of the Greek orders present an inescapable commonplace: "The Greek Revival style arose out of a young nation's desire to identify with the ideals of the ancient Greek Republic." ([http://www.rchsonline.org/ar_greek2.htm (Rensselaer County Historical Society) "Architectural Styles in Rensselaer County" (New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923003635/http://www.rchsonline.org/ar_greek2.htm |date=2007-09-23 }}); "Greece, the world's first democracy, seemed an appropriate philosophical reference point for a self-confident new republic." ([http://www.oldhousejournal.com/magazine/2003/february/greek_revival.shtml (Old-House Journal), James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell, "Greek Revival in America: From Tara to farmhouse temples."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214031111/http://www.oldhousejournal.com/magazine/2003/february/greek_revival.shtml |date=2007-12-14 }}) are typical statements, selected almost at random from texts accessible on-line.

The Ionic column is always more slender than the Doric; therefore, it always has a base:{{cite book|author=Johann Georg Heck|title=The Art of Building in Ancient and Modern Times, Or, Architecture Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHhJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25|year=1856|publisher=D. Appleton|page=25}} Ionic columns are eight and nine column-diameters tall, and even more in the Antebellum colonnades of late American Greek Revival plantation houses.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Ionic columns are most often fluted. After a little early experimentation, the number of hollow flutes in the shaft settled at 24. This standardization kept the fluting in a familiar proportion to the diameter of the column at any scale, even when the height of the column was exaggerated. Unlike Greek Doric fluting, which runs out to an arris or sharp edge, that was easily damaged by people brushing it as they passed by, Ionic fluting leaves a little flat-seeming surface of the column surface between each hollow (in fact it is a small segment of a circle around the column).Lawrence, A. W., Greek Architecture, p. 130, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art. Lawrence dates this innovation to c. 500 BC

In some instances, the fluting has been omitted. English architect Inigo Jones introduced a note of sobriety with plain Ionic columns on his Banqueting House, Whitehall, London, and when Beaux-Arts architect John Russell Pope wanted to convey the manly stamina combined with intellect of Theodore Roosevelt, he left colossal Ionic columns unfluted on the Roosevelt memorial at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, for an unusual impression of strength and stature. Wabash Railroad architect R.E. Mohr included eight unfluted Ionic frontal columns on his 1928 design for the railroad's Delmar Boulevard station in St. Louis.

{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header_align = left/right/center| footer = Left image: Characteristic design of the Ionic anta capital (essentially flat layout with straight horizontal moldings).
Right image: A Ionic anta capital, with extensive bands of floral patterns in prolongation of adjoining friezes at the Erechtheion (circa 410 BC).| footer_align = left | image1 =Ionic anta capital at the Erechtheum.jpg| width1 = 150 | caption1 = | image2 =Detail Erechtheum Acropolis Athens.jpg| width2 = 184| caption2 = }}

The entablature resting on the columns has three parts: a plain architrave divided into two, or more generally three, bands, with a frieze resting on it that may be richly sculptural, and a cornice built up with dentils (like the closely spaced ends of joists), with a corona ("crown") and cyma ("ogee") molding to support the projecting roof. Pictorial, often narrative, bas-relief frieze carving provides a characteristic feature of the Ionic order, in the area where the Doric order is articulated with triglyphs. Roman and Renaissance practice condensed the height of the entablature by reducing the proportions of the architrave, which made the frieze more prominent.

{{main|Anta capital}}

The Ionic anta capital is the Ionic version of the anta capital, the crowning portion of an anta, which is the front edge of a supporting wall in Greek temple architecture. The anta is generally crowned by a stone block designed to spread the load from superstructure (entablature) it supports, called an "anta capital" when it is structural, or sometimes "pilaster capital" if it is only decorative as often during the Roman period.

In order not to protrude unduly from the wall, these anta capitals usually display a rather flat surface, so that the capital has more or less a rectangular-shaped structure overall. The Ionic anta capital, in contrast to the regular column capitals, is highly decorated and generally includes bands of alternating lotuses and flame palmettes, and bands of eggs and darts and beads and reels patterns, in order to maintain continuity with the decorative frieze lining the top of the walls. This difference with the column capitals disappeared with Roman times when anta or pilaster capitals have designs very similar to those of the column capitals.{{cite book|title=A handbook of ornament|author=Meyer, F.S.|isbn=9781171715481|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WejuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|page=214|publisher=Рипол Классик |access-date=2016-11-16}}The Classical Language of Architecture by John Summerson, p.47 "Anta" entry [https://books.google.com/books?id=57aoJE26kQkC&pg=PA47] The Ionic anta capitals as can be seen in the Ionic order temple of the Erechtheion (circa 410 BCE), are characteristically rectangular Ionic anta capitals, with extensive bands of floral patterns in prolongation of adjoining friezes.

File:Ionic polychromy Die Baukunst der Griechen.jpg

The Ionic order originated in the mid-6th century BC in Ionia (broadly equivalent to modern day İzmir Province), as well as the southwestern coastland and islands of Asia Minor settled by Ionians, where Ionic Greek was spoken. The Ionic order column was being practiced in mainland Greece in the 5th century BC. It was most popular in the Archaic Period (750–480 BC) in Ionia. The first of the great Ionic temples was the Temple of Hera on Samos, built about 570–560 BC by the architect Rhoikos. It stood for only a decade before it was leveled by an earthquake. A longer-lasting 6th century Ionic temple was the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Parthenon, although it conforms mainly to the Doric order, also has some Ionic elements. A more purely Ionic mode to be seen on the Athenian Acropolis is exemplified in the Erechtheum.

Following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the east, a few examples of the Ionic order can be found as far as Pakistan with the Jandial temple near Taxila. Several examples of capitals displaying Ionic influences can be seen as far away as Patna, India, especially with the Pataliputra capital, dated to the 3rd century BC, and seemingly derived from the design of the Ionic anta capital,"These flat, splaying members with cavetto sides, have a long history in Greek architecture as anta capitals, and the rolls at upper and lower sides are also seen" John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.19 : "An interesting flat capital which, though differing from the classic forms, bears a distinct resemblance to the capitals of the pilasters of the Temple of Apollo Didymaeos at Miletos" [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089]A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture by Deborah S. Hutton, John Wiley & Sons, 2015, p.438 [https://books.google.com/books?id=7DX-CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA438] or the Sarnath capital, which has been described as "Perso-Ionic",{{cite book |title=The Journal Of The Royal Asiatic Society Of Great Britain And Ireland For 1907 |date=1907 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462586/page/n1071 997] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462586}} or "quasi-Ionic".{{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Gauranga Nath |title=Hellenism in ancient India |date=1920 |publisher=Calcutta |page=[https://archive.org/details/hellenisminancie00banerich/page/46 46] |url=https://archive.org/details/hellenisminancie00banerich}}{{cite book |last1=Allchin |first1=F. R. |last2=Erdosy |first2=George |title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521376952 |page=258 (f) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA258 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Allchin |first1=F. R. |last2=Erdosy |first2=George |title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521376952 |page=xi, label 11.30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA3 |language=en}}

Vitruvius, a practicing architect who worked in the time of Augustus, reports that the Doric column had its initial basis in the proportions of the male body, while Ionic columns took on a "slenderness" inspired by the female body.{{cite book|last1=Vitruvius|author-link1=Vitruvius|translator-last=Morgan|translator-first=Morris H.|translator-link=Morris H. Morgan|title=The Ten Books on Architecture|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge |date=1914|page=104|orig-year=ca. 30–15 BC|quote=Thus in the invention of the two different kinds of columns, they borrowed manly beauty, naked and unadorned, for the one, and for the other the delicacy, adornment, and proportions characteristic of women.|title-link=De architectura}} Though he does not name his source for such a self-conscious and "literary" approach, it must be in traditions passed on from Hellenistic architects, such as Hermogenes of Priene, the architect of a famed temple of Artemis at Magnesia on the Meander in Lydia (now Türkiye).

Renaissance architectural theorists took his hints to interpret the Ionic order as matronly in comparison to the Doric order, though not as wholly feminine as the Corinthian order. The Ionic is a natural order for post-Renaissance libraries and courts of justice, learned and civilized. Because no treatises on classical architecture survive earlier than that of Vitruvius, identification of such "meaning" in architectural elements as it was understood in the 5th and 4th centuries BC remains tenuous, though during the Renaissance it became part of the conventional "speech" of classicism.Summerson 1963.

From the 17th century onwards, a much admired and copied version of Ionic was that which could be seen in the Temple of Fortuna Virilis in Rome, first clearly presented in a detailed engraving in Antoine Desgodetz, Les edifices antiques de Rome (Paris 1682).

Chéneau en pierre et ornements en terre cuite de la Sicile et de Métaponte. Restaurations partielles du temple de Thésée à Athènes, et de celui de Nèmèsis à Rhamnus. Page of L’Architecture Polychrome chez les Grecs, published in 1851.jpg|19th century illustration of multiple polychrome elements of Ancient Greek architecture, including an Ionic capital in the top left, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff

File:Sphix of the Naxians, 570-560 BC, AM of Delphi, 201316.jpg|Ancient Greek Archaic Ionic capital of the Sphinx of Naxos, {{circa}}560 BC, Naxian marble, Delphi Archaeological Museum, Delphi, Greece{{cite book|last1=Papaioannou|first1=Kostas|title=L’art grec|date=1975|publisher=Mazenod|isbn=|page=607|url=|language=fr}}

File:Fig 1 The capital and base of the columns, together with the entablature Fig 2 A section of one quarter of the column, t - Stuart James & Revett Nicholas - 1762.jpg|Ancient Greek Ionic order of the Temple of Artemis Agrotera, Athens, {{circa}}440 BC-destroyed in 1778

Templeofapolloepikouriosbassae.jpg|Ancient Greek Ionic columns in the Temple of Apollo at Bassae, Bassae, Greece, illustration by Charles Robert Cockerell, unknown architect, {{circa}}429-400 BC{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=40|url=|language=en}}

ARCHITECTURE ORDERS Greeks Etruscan Roman (Doric Ionic Corinthian Tuscan Composite) by Paolo Villa ENG edition.pdf|Compared Ionic order with Doric, Tuscan, Corinthian and Composite orders; with stereobate

Erechtheion Temple.jpg|Ancient Greek Ionic columns of the Erechtheion, Athens, Greece, with parallel volutes, unknown architect, 421-405 BC{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=38|url=|language=en}}

File:29. Detail. The facade of the rock-cut tombs of Qizqapan, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan. Probably Achaemenid (6th-5th century BCE) rather than Median.jpg|Ancient Near Eastern Ionic columns of a rock-cut tomb at Qyzqapan, Iraq, unknown architect, 5th-4th centuries BC{{cite book|last1=Bahrani|first1=Zainab|title=La Mesopotamia - Arte e Architettura|date=2017|publisher=Einaudi|isbn=978-8806235109|page=300|url=|language=it}}

File:Details van de Tempel van Portunus te Rome Dimostrazione in grande delle parti del tempio della Fortuna Virile (titel op object) Archeologische vondsten in en rond Rome (serietitel) Le Antichità Romane (serietitel), RP-P-OB-36.889.jpg|Roman Ionic corner capital from the Temple of Portunus, Rome, with two sides with volutes, and one for the corner of the facade projecting at a 45° angle, unknown architect, early 4th century BC

File:The Oval Plaza, built in the beginning of the 2nd century AD to connect the Cardo with the Sanctuary of Zeus, Gerasa, Jordan (33601218974).jpg|Roman Ionic columns of a colonnade of the oval plaza in Jerash, Jordan, unknown architect, 2nd-3rd centuries AD{{cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Mortimer|title=Roman Art and Architecture|date=1964|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0500200216|page=61 & 239|url=https://archive.org/details/ROMANARTANDARCHITECTURE1964ByMORTIMERWHEELER_201712/mode/1up|language=en}}

File:Roman Forum Temple of Saturn.jpg|Roman Ionic columns of the Temple of Saturn, Rome, with diagonal volutes, unknown architect, 3rd of 4th centuries{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=14}}

Hagia Sophia (15468276434).jpg|Byzantine Ionic capital in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, by Anthemius of Tralles or Isidore of Miletus, 6th century{{sfn|Hodge|2019|p=62}}

07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg|Renaissance Ionic columns of the Villa La Rotonda, outside Vicenza, Italy, by Andrea Palladio, 1567-1605

File:Interior Luca e Martina 33.JPG|Baroque Ionic columns in the Santi Luca e Martina, Rome, by Pietro da Cortona, 1634-1669{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=292|url=|language=en}}

2017 Escultura. Palacio de Versalles P41.jpg|Baroque Ionic columns on the garden façade of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678–1688{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=21|url=|language=fr}}

File:Coupe en jade (Louvre, MR 465).jpg|Baroque Ionic capital at the top of the base of a cup, by Michel Debourg, 1686-1687, jade and gilded silver, Louvre{{cite web|url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010099319|website=collections.louvre.fr|title=Coupe ronde|access-date=6 September 2024}}

Iglesia de San Carlos Borromeo, Viena, Austria, 2020-01-31, DD 52-54 HDR.jpg|Baroque Ionic columns in the Karlskirche, Vienna, Austria, 1715–1737, by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach{{sfn|Jones|2014|p=230}}

File:2010.05.13.173929 Iglesia San Francisco Antigua Guatemala.jpg|Baroque Solomonic Ionic columns of the Monastery of San Francisco, Antigua, Guatemala, unknown architect, early 17th century{{cite book|last1=Grube|first1=Nikolai|last2=Eggebrecht|first2=Eva|last3=Seidel|first3=Matthias|title=Maya - Divine Kings of the Rain Forest|date=2012|publisher=h.f.ullmann|isbn=978-3-8480-0034-0|page=385|url=|language=en}}

File:Lille PdBA raoux vierges modernes.JPG|Rococo Ionic columns in Vierges modernes, painted by Jean Raoux, 1728, oil on canvas, Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, Lille, France

20230209 Amalienburg Nymphenburg.jpg|Rococo Ionic pilasters on the facade of the Amalienburg, Nymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, Germany, by François de Cuvilliés, 1734-1739{{sfn|Hodge|2019|p=95}}

Église Saint-Jacques de Tarascon 45.jpg|Rococo pilasters on the facade of the Église Saint-Jacques de Tarascon, Tarascon, France, by Jean-Baptiste Franque and Antoine Damour, 2nd half of the 18th century{{cite web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00081474|website=pop.culture.gouv.fr|title=Eglise Saint-Jacques|author=|access-date=13 September 2023}}

Syon House (33315382913).jpg|Neoclassical Ionic columns at Syon House, London, by Robert Adam, {{circa}}1761-1765{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=384|url=|language=en}}

File:P1030075 (5015797888).jpg|Louis XVI style caryatids with Ionic capitals on their heads, on a jewelry locket of Marie-Antoinette, by Ferdinand Schwerdfeger, 1787, mahogany, mother-of-pearl inlays, paintings under glass, porcelain plate, and gilded bronzes, Chambre de la Reine, Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France{{cite web|url=https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010098671|website=|title=Serre-bijoux de Marie-Antoinette|access-date=21 September 2023}}

Metropolitan museum of art (19593102431) (cropped).jpg|Greek Revival Ionic columns of the Branch Bank of the United States, now in the Charles Engelhard Court of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, inspired by those of the Temple of Artemis Agrotera in Athens, by Martin E. Thompson, 1824

File:P1090550 Paris V fontaine Cuvier rwk.JPG|Neoclassical reinterpetation of the Ionic order, with acanthuses just above the base and ram horn-shaped volutes, of the Fontaine Cuvier, Paris, designed by Alphonse Vigoureux and sculpted by Jean-Jacques Feuchère and Pierre-Jules Pomateau, 1840-1846

File:Akademie von Athen.jpg|Greek Revival Ionic columns of the main building of the Academy of Athens, inspired by those of the Erechtheum in Athens, by Theophilus Hansen, 1859-1885

File:Town hall of Paris Ier arrondissement 2, Paris 2010.jpg|Neoclassical Ionic columns of the Town Hall of the 1st arrondissement of Paris, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, 1858-1860

File:Villa eilenroc cap antibes 26.jpg|Neoclassical Ionic capital with a festoon between its volutes, part of the entrance portico of the Villa Eilenroc, Antibes, France, by Charles Garnier, 1860-1867

File:Facade of Gare de Paris-Nord, Paris 10 April 2017.jpg|Neoclassical Ionic pilasters on the façade of the Gare du Nord, Paris, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, 1861-1865{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=444|url=|language=en}}

Petit Palais, Paris 8th 004.JPG|Beaux Arts Ionic columns of the Petit Palais, Paris, by Charles Giraud, 1900{{sfn|Jones|2014|p=294}}

File:Immeuble art nouveau de France-Lanord (Nancy) (4244309566).jpg|Art Nouveau railing with highly stylized reinterpretations of the Ionic column as balusters, on the France-Lanord Building (Avenue Foch no. 71), Nancy, France, by Émile André, 1904{{cite web|url=https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00106195|website=pop.culture.gouv.fr|title=Immeuble France-Lanord|access-date=21 July 2024}}

(Agen) - La Façade du Théâtre Ducourneau sur la place du Docteur Esquirol.jpg|Beaux Arts Ionic columns on the facade of the Ducourneau Theater, Agen, France, by Guillaume Tronchet, 1906-1908

Detail of the restored Union Station, Washington, D.C LCCN2011633893.tif|Polychrome Greek Revival Ionic capitals in the Washington Union Station, Washington, D.C., US, by Daniel Burnham, {{circa}}1907

23 Rue de la Paix, Paris (07).jpg|Beaux Arts Ionic pilasters in the entrance hallway of the Rue de la Paix no. 23, Paris, unknown architect, 1908

Palatul Cantacuzino Florești (detaliu arhitectural).jpg|Beaux Arts Ionic columns and pilasters of the Cantacuzino Palace, Florești, Romania, by Ion D. Berindey, 1910-1916

29 avenue Bugeaud Paris.jpg|Beaux Arts Ionic pilasters on the facade of the Hôtel Roxoroid de Belfort (Avenue Bugeaud no. 29), Paris, 1911, by André Arfvidson

File:New Orleans Museum of Art - atrium 4.jpg|Conspicuous Greek Revival Ionic capital in the New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, US, inspired by those of the Erechtheum in Athens, by Samuel Abraham Marx, 1911

CH-000957-X-40197 Stuck.jpg|Neoclassical Ionic columns in a Secessionit poster, by Franz Stuck, 1911, lithograph, Poster Collection of the Basel School of Design, Basel, Switzerland

Bordeaux quartier Lescure maison art déco 4.JPG|Art Deco reinterpretations of the Ionic column and pilaster of an unidentified house in the Quartier Lescure, Bordeaux, France, unknown architect, {{circa}}1925

Elevator Door, Lobby, Severance Hall, University Circle, Cleveland, OH.jpg|Art Deco and Neoclassical Ionic pilasters in the Severance Hall, Cleveland, US, by Walker and Weeks, 1931

60-62 Șoseaua Panduri, Bucharest (11).jpg|Stalinist Ionic columns of the Colonels' Quarter (Șoseaua Panduri no. 60-62), Bucharest, 1950–1960, by I.Novițchi, C.Ionescu, C.Hacker and A.Șerbescu{{cite book|last1=Mariana Celac, Octavian Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat|title=Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide|date=2017|publisher=Ordinul Arhitecților din România|isbn=978-973-0-23884-6|page=181|url=|language=en}}

Capitello, Studio65.jpg|Postmodern reinterpretation of the Ionic column as the Capitello seating, designed by Studio 65 and produced by Gufram, differentiated-density polyurethane foam coated with latex rubber, 1972, unknown location{{cite book|last1=Gura|first1=Judith|title=Postmodern Design Complete|date=2017|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51914-1|page=466|url=|language=en}}

File:Michael graves per swid powell design, vaso, 1989.jpg|Postmodern vase inspired by the Ionic capital, designed by Michael Graves for Swid Powell, 1989, glazed porcelain, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, US{{cite book|last1=Gura|first1=Judith|title=Postmodern Design Complete|date=2017|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51914-1|page=335|url=|language=en}}

M2ビル (世田谷区).jpeg|Postmodern Ionic column of the M2 Building, Tokyo, Japan, by Kengo Kuma, 1991{{cite book|last1=Gura|first1=Judith|title=Postmodern Design Complete|date=2017|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51914-1|page=65|url=|language=en}}

File:Cambridge - Gonville and Caius College - 0903.jpg|New Classical Greek Revival Ionic columns in the Gonville and Caius College Hall, Cambridge, UK, inspired by those from the Temple of Apollo at Bassaem by John Simpson, 1998

Jacksonville Public (Main) Library.jpg|Postmodern reinterpretations of Ionic columns of the Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, US, by Robert A. M. Stern, 2005

• Ancient Greek architecture
• Aeolic order

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Hodge |first1=Susie |title=The Short Story of Architecture |date=2019 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=978-1-7862-7370-3 |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hopkins|first1=Owen|title=Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide|date=2014|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-178067-163-5 |language=en}}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Jones |editor-first1=Denna |title=Architecture The Whole Story |date=2014 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-29148-1 |language=en}}

{{commons category|Ionic order}}

• [http://buffaloah.com/a/DCTNRY/i/ionicord.html Ionic order exemplified in architecture of Buffalo, New York]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050826222246/http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~snlrc/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/ionic.html Ionic order, after Vitruvius] [http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~snlrc/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/ionic.html Archived from the original] on August 26, 2005
• [http://www.lookingatbuildings.org.uk/styles/classical/the-orders/ionic.html "Understanding buildings" website:] Ionic order
• [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-004-0017-4 Denis Andrey and Mirko Galli, "Geometric methods of the 1500s for laying out the ionic volute"]
• [http://opus.bath.ac.uk/12841/ Early Development and Formal Definition of the Ionic Capital]
• [http://www.institute-of-traditional-architecture.org/self-study/classical-elements/ Classical orders and elements]

{{Classical orders}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Ancient Greek architecture

Category:Orders of columns