jamu

{{short description|Indonesian traditional herbs or spices drink}}

{{Infobox clothing type

| name = Jamu

| image_file = Jamu.jpg

| image_size =

| caption = Different types of jamu held in bottles, Solo, Central Java

| type = Traditional Medicine

| material = Herbs, Spices

| location = Java, Indonesia

}}

{{Infobox intangible heritage

| ICH = Jamu wellness culture

| State Party = Indonesia

| ID = 01972

| Region = APA

| Year = 2023

| Session = 18th

| List = Representative

}}

Jamu (Javanese: {{script|Java|ꦗꦩꦸ}}) is a traditional medicine from Indonesia. It is predominantly a herbal medicine made from natural materials, such as roots, bark, flowers, seeds, leaves and fruits.{{cite news|title=Jokowi lauds jamu|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|location=Jakarta|date= 25 May 2015 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/05/25/jokowi-lauds-jamu.html |access-date=4 November 2015}} Materials acquired from animals, such as honey, royal jelly, milk and native chicken eggs are often used as well.

In 2019, Jamu was officially recognized as one of Indonesia's intangible cultural heritage by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.{{Cite web|title=Jamu Warisan Leluhur Indonesia, Warisan Budaya Takbenda (intangible cultural heritage) | url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=8749|

work=Warisan Budaya, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia (Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia)|date=1 January 2018|access-date=14 December 2020}} Subsequently in December 2023 Jamu wellness culture is officially recognized as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia.{{Cite web |title=Jamu wellness culture|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}

Jamu can be found throughout Indonesia; however, it is most prevalent in Java, where Mbok Jamu, the traditional kain kebaya-wearing young to middle-aged Javanese woman carrying bamboo basket, filled with bottles of jamu on her back, travelling villages and towns alleys, offering her fares of traditional herbal medicine, can be found. In many large cities, jamu herbal medicine is sold on the street by hawkers who carry a refreshing drink, usually bitter but sweetened with honey or palm sugar.

Herbal medicine is also produced in factories by large companies such as Air Mancur, Djamu Djago or Sido Muncul, and sold at various drug stores in sachet packaging. Packaged dried jamu should be dissolved in hot water first before drinking. Nowadays, herbal medicine is also sold in the form of tablets, caplets and capsules. These jamu brands are united in an Indonesian Herbal and Traditional Medicine Association, locally known as Gabungan Pengusaha Jamu (GP Jamu). Today, jamu is a growing local herbal medicine industry worth millions of dollars. In 2014, jamu contributed Rp 3 trillion (US$73.29 million) to overall sales.{{cite news|title=Govt to strengthen 'jamu' quality through identification |newspaper=The Jakarta Post|location=Jakarta|date= 18 November 2014 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/18/govt-strengthen-jamu-quality-through-identification.html |access-date=4 November 2015}}

Etymology

The word {{lang|jv|jamu}} is of Javanese origin. It derives from the Javanese words {{lang|jv|jawa}} ({{script|Java|ꦗꦮ}}, "Javanese" or "Java"), and {{lang|jv|ngramu}} ({{script|Java|ꦔꦿꦩꦸ}}, "mixing" or "gathering" (the ingredients)). It roughly translates to "concoction made by the Javanese" or "concoction originating from Java".

Another theory suggests that the word {{lang|jv|jamu}} is derived from the ancient Javanese term {{lang|jv|jampi}} (Aksara Jawa: {{script|Java|ꦗꦩ꧀ꦥꦶ}}, "magic formula"), referring to the mantras cast by dukuns (the indigenous shamans) to the potion. It is also believed that {{lang|jv|jamu}} was initially used by dukuns as one of the spiritual requirements for black magic practices.Njonja E. van Gent-Detelle. Boekoe Obat-Obat Voor [Sic] Orang Toewa Dan Anak-Anak [Medicine Boek for Adults and Children], (Djocjacarta: Buning, 1875); Njonja van Blokland, Doekoen Djawa: Oetawa Kitab Dari Roepa-Roepa Obat Njang Terpake Di Tanah Djawa [Javanese Dukuns: or Book with Various Kinds of Medicine in Use on Java] (Batavia Albrecht & Co., 1899).{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Michael Anthonius |last2=Pranata |first2=Raymond |date=2020 |title=The insidious threat of jamu and unregulated traditional medicines in the COVID-19 era |journal=Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University|volume=14 |issue= 5|pages= 895–896|doi=10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.022 |pmid=32563942 |pmc=7291970 }}

Traditional production centers

File:Jamu Gendong.JPG

Despite jamu's popularity throughout Indonesia, it seems that jamu culture is most prevalent in Java. The jamu herbal culture is prevalent in Javanese royal courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, where the ancient books on herbal medicine is kept in royal library, and jamu medicine is prescribes to royalties and nobles in Javanese keratons. According to Javanese tradition, the famed beauty of putri keraton (princess and palace ladies) is owed to jamu and lulur (traditional lotion).{{cite news|title=Jamu dan Lulur, Rahasia Cantik Para Putri Keraton |date=21 May 2013 |newspaper=Tribun Jogja| url=http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2013/05/21/jamu-dan-lulur-rahasia-cantik-para-puteri-keraton |language=id |access-date=4 November 2015}}

Sukoharjo in Central Java, in particular, is believed to be one of the centers of jamu tradition.{{cite news|title=Sukoharjo Ditetapkan Jadi Kabupaten Jamu | editor= Esthi Maharani |date=1 April 2015 |newspaper=Republika Online| url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/15/04/01/nm4643-sukoharjo-ditetapkan-jadi-kabupaten-jamu |language=id |access-date=4 November 2015}} Many of the Mbok Jamu jamu sellers ladies are hailed from this town. The traditional jamu herbal traders in Sukoharjo have established the statue of the jamu seller as Sukoharjo's identity in Bulakrejo. Commonly called "jamu herbal seller statue", it depicts a farmer and a jamu gendong herbalist carrying her wares. Sukoharjo regions, particularly sub-district Nguter,{{cite news|title=Desa Nguter Sukoharjo kini menjadi "Kampung Jamu" | editor= Desy Saputra |date= 22 November 2012 |newspaper=Antara News.com| url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/344763/desa-nguter-sukoharjo-kini-menjadi-kampung-jamu |language=id |access-date=4 November 2015}} is known as the place of origin of Mbok Jamu gendong herbalist in many big cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Bogor, and Surabaya.{{cite news|title=Asal muasal kampung jamu di Sukoharjo & eksistensi mbok jamu | author= Fariz Fardianto |date=12 July 2014 |newspaper=Merdeka.com| url=http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/asal-muasal-kampung-jamu-di-sukoharjo-eksistensi-mbok-jamu.html |language=id |access-date=4 November 2015}}

History

File:Bas-relief in Borobodur, Indonesia.jpg treating her client]]

Jamu is believed to have originated in the Mataram Kingdom era, {{circa}} 1300 years ago. The stone mortar and pestle with long cylindrical stone mortar — the type commonly used in today's traditional jamu making- was discovered in Liyangan archaeological site on the slopes of Mount Sundoro, Central Java. The site and relics are dated from Mataram Kingdom era circa 8th to 10th century, which suggests that the herbal medicine tradition of jamu had already taken hold by then.{{cite web|title=Jejak Mataram Kuno di Sindoro |author1=Indira Permanasari |author2=Aryo Wisanggeni |work=Ekspedisi Cincin Api Kompas |date=21 February 2012 |url=http://ekspedisi.kompas.com/cincinapi/index.php/detail/articles/2012/02/21/06231614/Jejak.Mataram.Kuno.di.Sindoro |language=id |access-date=4 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302210029/http://ekspedisi.kompas.com/cincinapi/index.php/detail/articles/2012/02/21/06231614/Jejak.Mataram.Kuno.di.Sindoro |archive-date= 2 March 2012 }} The bas-reliefs on Borobudur depict images of people grinding something with stone mortar and pestle, drink sellers, physicians and masseuse treating their clients. All of these scenes might be interpreted as traditional herbal medicine and health-related treatments in ancient Java. The Madhawapura inscription from Majapahit period mentioned a specific profession of herb mixer and combiner (herbalist), called Acaraki. The medicine book from Mataram dated from circa 1700 contains 3,000 entries of jamu recipes, while Javanese classical literature Serat Centhini (1814) describes some jamu herbal concoction recipes.

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vrouwen tijdens de bereiding van jamu een traditioneel geneesmiddel op de markt te Jogjakarta TMnr 60027047.jpg, ca. 1910]]

Though heavily influenced by Ayurveda from India, Indonesia is a vast archipelago with numerous indigenous plants not found in India, and includes plants similar to Australia beyond the Wallace Line. Jamu may vary from region to region, and the recipes are often not written down, especially in remote areas of the country.Susan-Jane Beers, Jamu: The Ancient Indonesian Art of Herbal Healing (Hong Kong: Periplus, 2001)

Jamu was (and still) practiced as one of the spiritual requirements of the indigenous physicians (dukuns). However, it is generally prepared and prescribed by women who sell it on the streets. Generally, the different jamu prescriptions are not written down but handed down between generations. Some early handbooks, however, have survived.Njonja E. van Gent-Detelle. Boekoe Obat-Obat Voor [Sic] Orang Toewa Dan Anak-Anak [Medicine Boek for Adults and Children], (Djocjacarta: Buning, 1875); Njonja van Blokland, Doekoen Djawa: Oetawa Kitab Dari Roepa-Roepa Obat Njang Terpake Di Tanah Djawa [Javanese Dukun or Book with Various Kinds of Medicine in Use on Java] (Batavia Albrecht & Co., 1899). A jamu handbook that was used in households throughout the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) was published in 1911 by Mrs. Kloppenburg-Versteegh.J. Kloppenburg-Versteegh, Wenken en Raadgevingen Betreffende het Gebruik Van Indische Planten, Vruchten Enz. [Guidance and Advice Regarding the Use of Indies Plants, Fruits, Etc.], 2 vols. (Semarang: G.C.T. van Dorp, 1911).

One of the first European physicians to study jamu was Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt), who was a physician in Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in the early seventeenth century. His writings contain information about indigenous medicine of Java.Bontius, Jacobus, De medicina Indorum, Leyden: Franciscus Hackius, Lugduni Batavorum, 1642. A comprehensive book on indigenous herbal medicine in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) was published by Rumphius, who worked in Ambon during early eighteenth century. He published a book called Herbaria Amboinesis (The Ambonese Spice Book).Georgius Everardus Rumphius, Het Amboinsche Kruidboek (Herbarium Aboinense) Amsterdam: Francois Changuion & Hermanus Uytwerf, 6 volumes During the nineteenth century, European physicians had a keen interest in jamu, as they often did not know how to treat the diseases they encountered in their patients in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). The German physician Carl Waitz published on jamu in 1829.F.A.C. Waitz, Praktische waarnemingen over eenige Javaansche geneesmiddelen [Practical observations on a number of Javanese medications], Amsterdam: C.G. Sulpke, 1829). In the 1880s and 1890s, A.G. Vorderman published extensive accounts on jamu as well. Pharmacological research on herbal medicine was undertaken by M. Greshoff and W.G. Boorsma at the pharmacological laboratory at the Bogor Botanical GardenHans Pols, "European Botanists and Physicians, Indigenous Herbal Medicine in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia), and Colonial Networks of Mediation," East Asian Science, Technology, and Society: An International Journal 3, no. 2-3 (2009): 173-208.

Indonesian physicians were initially not very interested in jamu. During the second conference of the Indonesian Association of Physicians, held in Solo in March 1940, two presentations on the topic were given. During the Japanese occupation, Indonesia's Jamu Committee was formed in 1944. During the following decades, the popularity of jamu increased, although physicians had rather ambivalent opinions about it.Seno Sastroamidjojo, Obat Asli Indonesia (Indigenous Indonesian Medicine) (Djakarta: Penerbit Kebangsaan Pustaka Rakjat Djakarta, 1948).

Indonesia—home to highly diversified herbs products—expects domestic sales of herbal and traditional medicine, including food supplements and cosmetics, to expand by 15 percent by 2014 to Rp 15 trillion (US$1.23 billion) compared to 2013, due to its increasingly health-conscious middle-income bracket, according to the Indonesian Herbal and Traditional Medicine Association (Gabungan Pengusaha Jamu/GP Jamu). Jamu contributes Rp 3 trillion (US$73.29 million) to overall sales.

Several Indonesian leading figures are known as the endorser of jamu herbal products, including former first lady Tien Soeharto, business figures Mooryati Soedibyo and Jaya Suprana, and President Joko Widodo. Joko admitted that he had consumed the herbal medicine, locally known as temulawak jahe (the mixture of ginger and curcuma) for 17 years which he believed has helped him in his daily activities as well as to repair the liver and digestive functions.

Form

Jamu is often distributed in the form of powder, pills, capsules, and drinking liquid. Jamu shops, which sell only ingredients or prepare the jamu on the spot as required by buyers, as well as women roaming the street to sell jamu, are common ways to distribute jamu in Indonesia. Nowadays, jamu is also mass-manufactured and exported. There are often concerns about quality, consistency, and cleanliness, not only in the locally distributed but also the manufactured forms.

Quasi-health

File:Jamu stand in central Java.jpg in Central Java]]

There are a few quasi-health-related uses for jamu, for example, curiously promoted to enhance sexual pleasure, but also traditionally manage post childbirth trauma. There are kinds of jamu to increase sexual stamina for men, as well as others to tighten the vagina for women (with names like Sari Rapat ("Essence of Tightness"), Rapat Wangi ("Tight and Fragrant"), and even Empot Ayam ("Tight as a Chicken's Anus").{{cite news|title=Some like it dry |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/02/26/some-it-dry.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929061709/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/02/26/some-it-dry.html |archive-date=2009-09-29 }} Some exported to far as Kenya under names Tongkat ajimat madura, or madura sticks.