open list

A "relatively closed" open list system is one where a candidate must reach a full electoral quota of votes on their own to be assured of winning a seat. The total number of seats won by the party minus the number of its candidates that achieved this quota gives the number of unfilled seats. These are then successively allocated to the party's not-yet-elected candidates who were ranked highest on the party list.

Iceland: In both parliamentary and municipal elections, voters may alter the order of the party list or strike candidates from the list completely. How many votes need to be altered in this way to have an effect on the results varies by the number of seats won by the party in the constituency or municipality in question and the candidate's place on the list.{{cite web |title=Hvað þurfa margir að strika út mann til að hann færist niður? |url=https://www.landskjor.is/kosningamal/kosningakerfi/nr/79 |website=Landskjörstjórn |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528204754/https://www.landskjor.is/kosningamal/kosningakerfi/nr/79 |url-status=live }} In the parliamentary elections of 2007 and 2009, voters altered the party lists enough to change the ranking of candidates within party lists. However, this did not affect which candidates ultimately got elected to parliament.{{cite web |last1=Helgason |first1=Þorkell |title=Greining á úthlutun þingsæta eftir alþingiskosningarnar 27. apríl 2013 |url=https://www.landskjor.is/media/frettir/Greining2013nov.pdf |publisher=Landskjörstjórn |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124090128/https://www.landskjor.is/media/frettir/Greining2013nov.pdf |url-status=live }}

Norway: In parliamentary elections, 50% of the voters need to vote for a candidate in order to change the order of the party list, meaning that, in practice, it is almost impossible for voters to change the result and it is de facto a closed list system. In county elections there is a threshold of 8%.{{Cite web |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2002-06-28-57/ |title=Valgloven §7-2, §11-5, §11-10, §11-12 og §6-2 |access-date=2021-06-05 |archive-date=2021-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605090954/https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2002-06-28-57/ |url-status=live }}

In a "more open" list system, the quota for election could be lowered from the above amount. It is then (theoretically) possible that more of a party's candidates achieve this quota than the total seats won by the party. It should therefore be made clear in advance whether list ranking or absolute votes take precedence in that case. The quota for individuals is usually specified either as a percentage of the party list quota, or as a percentage of the total votes received by the party.

Example: The quota is 1000 votes and the open list threshold is specified as 25% of the quota, i.e. 250 votes. Therefore, a party which received 5000 votes wins five seats, which are awarded to its list candidates as follows:

Candidates #1, #7 and #4 have each achieved 25% of the quota (250 preference votes or more). They get the first three of the five seats the party has won. The other two seats will be taken by #2 and #3, the two highest remaining positions on the party list. This means that #5 is not elected even though being the fifth on the list and having more preference votes than #2.

In practice, with such a strict threshold, only very few candidates succeed to precede on their lists as the required number of votes is huge. Where the threshold is lower (e.g. in Czech parliamentary elections, 5% of the total party vote is the required minimum), results defying the original list order are much more common.

Parties usually allow candidates to ask for preference votes, but without campaigning negatively against other candidates on the list.

The members of the National Council are elected by open list proportional representation in nine multi-member constituencies based on the states (with varying in size from 7 to 36 seats) and 39 districts. Voters are able to cast a single party vote and one preference votes each on the federal, state and electoral district level for their preferred candidates within that party. The thresholds for a candidate to move up the list are 7% of the candidate's party result on the federal level, 10% on the state level and 14% on the electoral district level.[https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/32/Seite.320260.html Vorzugsstimmenvergabe bei einer Nationalratswahl ("Preferential voting in a federal election")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302115618/https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/32/Seite.320260.html |date=2019-03-02 }} HELP.gv.at Candidates for the district level are listed on the ballot while voters need to write-in their preferred candidate on state and federal level.

In Croatia, the voter can give their vote to a single candidate on the list, but only candidates who have received at least 10% of the party's votes take precedence over the other candidates on the list.{{cite web | url=https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor | title=Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor (Act on Election of Representatives to the Croatian Parliament) | language=hr | access-date=August 27, 2018 | archive-date=August 28, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035834/https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor | url-status=live }}

In Czech parliamentary elections, voters are given 4 preference votes. Only candidates who have received more than 5% of preferential votes at the regional level take precedence over the list.{{Cite web | url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2083_B.htm | title=IPU PARLINE database: Czech Republic (Poslanecka Snemovna), Electoral system | access-date=2018-08-27 | archive-date=2021-02-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224091611/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2083_B.htm | url-status=live }} For elections to the European Parliament, the procedure is identical but each voter is only allowed 2 preference votes.

{{main|Elections in Indonesia}}

In Indonesia, any candidate who has obtained at least 30% of the quota is automatically elected.{{Cite web | url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2147_B.htm | title=IPU PARLINE database: INDONESIA (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat), Electoral system | access-date=2018-08-27 | archive-date=2018-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016132843/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2147_B.htm | url-status=live }}{{Update inline|date=February 2024|reason=This isn't mentioned in the most recent Indonesian electoral law of 2017.}}

In the Netherlands, the voter can give their vote to any candidate in a list (for example, in elections for the House of the Representatives); the vote for this candidate is called a "preference vote" (voorkeurstem in Dutch). Candidates with at least 25% of the quota takes priority over the party's other candidates who stand higher on the party list but received fewer preference votes. Most people vote for the top candidate, to indicate no special preference for any individual candidate, but support for the party in general. Sometimes, however, people want to express their support for a particular person. Many women, for example, vote for the first woman on the list. If a candidate gathers enough preference votes, then they get a seat in parliament, even if their position on the list would leave them without a seat. In the 2003 elections Hilbrand Nawijn, the former minister of migration and integration, was elected into parliament for the Pim Fortuyn List by preference votes even though he was the last candidate on the list.

In Slovakia, each voter may, in addition to the party, select one to four candidates from the ordered party list. Candidates who are selected by more than 3% of the party's voters are elected (in order of total number of votes) first and only then is the party ordering used. For European elections, voters select two candidates and the candidates must have more than 10% of the total votes to override the party list. In the European election in 2009 three of Slovakia's thirteen MEPs were elected solely by virtue of preference votes (having party-list positions too low to have won otherwise) and only one (Katarína Neveďalová of SMER) was elected solely by virtue of her position on the party list (having fewer preference votes than a number of other candidates who themselves, nevertheless had preferences from fewer than 10 percent of their party's voters).

In Sweden, a person needs to receive 5% of the party's votes for the personal vote to overrule the ordering on the party list.Swedish Election Authority: [http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf Elections in Sweden: The way its done] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225072954/http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf |date=2009-02-25 }} (page 16) Voting without expressing a preference between individuals is possible, although the parties urge their voters to support the party's prime candidate, to protect them from being beaten by someone ranked lower by the party. The share of voters using the open list option at 2022 Swedish general election was 22.49%.[https://www.val.se/servicelankar/otherlanguages/englishengelska/electionresults/electionresults2022.4.14c1f613181ed0043d5583f.html 2022 Swedish election results, Section: Voting patterns, Personal votes in Riksdag elections (number), 2022, The Swedish electoral authority]

File:Finnish parliamentary election uses the open list method.JPG

File:Valsedel Finland riksdagsval 2011.jpg]]

File:Tamuratomoko-uenoparkexit-e-july2-2016.jpg for (successful) Communist proportional candidate Tomoko Tamura in Japan's 2016 Councillors election. Tamura received roughly half of her votes in Tokyo, other proportional candidates on the same list won most of their votes in other prefectures.Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: [http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/senkyo_s/data/sangiin24/index.html Results of the 24th regular election of members of the House of Councillors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410170451/http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/senkyo_s/data/sangiin24/index.html |date=2019-04-10 }}: [http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000430619.xls Proportional election, Japanese Communist Party results (lists preference votes by candidate and prefecture)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221206/http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000430619.xls |date=2017-08-31 }} {{in lang|ja}} The proportional district is nationwide; but limited by a very short legal campaign period, some proportional candidates focus their campaign efforts on only certain regions where they personally or their party have a local base.]]

The most-open list, fully-open list, or simply open list system is one where the number of votes for each candidate fully determines the order of election. This system is used in all Finnish, Latvian, and Brazilian multiple-seat elections. Since 2001, lists of this "most open" type have also been used in the elections to fill the 96 proportional seats in the 242-member upper house of Japan.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

{{Main|Panachage}}

A "free list", more usually called panachage or mixed list, is a variant on the most open list where voters may support candidates on different lists. Candidates are typically elected using either cumulative or block plurality voting. This gives the voters full control over which candidates are elected, not just within a particular party, but even across them. As a result, independents are not forced to support candidates of only one party, and can support candidates across multiple lists, while still ensuring the results are ultimately proportional."[http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02e/esd02e03 Open, closed, and free lists]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055019/http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02e/esd02e03 |date=2021-01-12 }}", ACE Electoral Knowledge Network

It is used in elections at all levels in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, in congressional elections in Ecuador, El Salvador, and Honduras, as well as in local elections in a majority of German states, in French communes with under 1,000 inhabitants, and in Czech municipal elections.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

Some ways to operate an open list system when using traditional paper-based voting are as follows:

• One method (used in Belgium and the Netherlands) is to have a large ballot paper with a box for each party and sub-boxes for the various candidates. In Belgium, when electronic voting is used (in Flanders and Ostbelgien), the voter has to choose with an electronic pencil on a touchscreen between lists and blank vote, then on the list's page between the top box (vote for the list without preference for specific candidates) or the box(es) for one or several candidates on the same list.{{in lang|fr}} « [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sWrV4S-P4c Voilà comment voter électroniquement avec Smartmatic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923093747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sWrV4S-P4c |date=2016-09-23 }} », video posted on Youtube by the Belgian Federal Interior Ministry
• Another method (used in Norway, Slovakia and Spain) is to have a separate ballot paper for each party. To maintain voter secrecy, the voter is handed ballot papers for every party. The voter chooses the candidates (or may vote for the party as a whole) on one of the ballot papers, for example, by drawing circles around the candidate numbers (which is why casting preference votes is called circling in the Czech Republic and Slovakia). Then, the voter puts the party ballot paper into an envelope and puts the envelope into the ballot box.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
• In Brazil, each candidate is assigned a number (in which the first 2 digits are the party number and the others the candidate's number within the party). The voting machine has a telephone-like panel where the voter presses the buttons for the number of their chosen candidate. In Finland, each candidate is assigned a 3-digit number.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
• In Italy, the voter must write the name of each chosen candidate in blank boxes under the party box.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Some of these states may use other systems in addition to an open list, for example first-past-the-post in individual constituencies. Some countries use open list may only be used in one of the chambers of the legislature.

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• {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Cite web | url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2375_B.htm | title=IPU PARLINE database: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (Assemblée nationale), Electoral system | access-date=2018-08-19 | archive-date=2021-02-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224070537/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2375_B.htm | url-status=live }}

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• {{flag|Brazil}}{{cite journal | url=http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/141.pdf | title=Politicians, Parties, and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective | author=Mainwaring, Scott | journal=Comparative Politics | date=October 1991 | volume=24 | issue=1 | pages=21–43 | doi=10.2307/422200 | jstor=422200 | access-date=2012-08-01 | archive-date=2016-05-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508120102/http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/141.pdf | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Chile}}
• {{flag|Colombia}}
• {{flag|Ecuador}}Craig Arceneaux, Democratic Latin America, Routledge, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-317-34882-5}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=86DhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT339 p.339] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225011125/https://books.google.com/books?id=86DhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT339 |date=2021-02-25 }}
• {{flag|El Salvador}}George Rodriguez, "[http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/02/28/voters-head-to-the-polls-in-el-salvador-to-elect-legislators-mayors Voters head to the polls in El Salvador to elect legislators, mayors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507221652/http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/02/28/voters-head-to-the-polls-in-el-salvador-to-elect-legislators-mayors |date=2021-05-07 }}", Tico Times, 28 February 2015{{in lang|es}} "[http://es.calameo.com/read/001686636ac80aa84289b Papeletas para las elecciones 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227055350/http://es.calameo.com/read/001686636ac80aa84289b |date=2021-02-27 }} (reproduction of ballot papers and explanation of the new voting system)", Tribunal Supremo Electoral[http://ps.ucdavis.edu/people/mshugart Matthew S. Shugart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123337/http://ps.ucdavis.edu/people/mshugart |date=2021-02-24 }}, "[https://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/08/el-salvador-joins-the-panachage-ranks-presidents-party-holds-steady/ El Salvador joins the panachage ranks, president's party holds steady] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228150440/https://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/08/el-salvador-joins-the-panachage-ranks-presidents-party-holds-steady/ |date=2021-02-28 }}", Fruits and Votes, 8 March 2015
• {{flag|Honduras}}"[http://www.electionpassport.com/electoral-systems/honduras/ Honduras] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424021246/http://www.electionpassport.com/electoral-systems/honduras/ |date=2021-04-24 }}", Election Passport
• {{flag|Panama}}{{Cite web | url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2245_B.htm | title=IPU PARLINE database: PANAMA (Asamblea Nacional), Electoral system | access-date=2018-08-19 | archive-date=2022-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064215/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2245_B.htm | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Peru}}{{Cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/170/ | title=IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Peru | access-date=2018-08-19 | archive-date=2021-04-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422043153/http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/170/ | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Suriname}}"http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2299_B.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715064357/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2299_B.htm |date=2018-07-15 }}"

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• {{flag|Fiji}}{{cite web|author=Fijan elections office|url=http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Electoral-Decree-2014.pdf|access-date=3 July 2014|title=Electoral decree 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162747/http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Electoral-Decree-2014.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014}}
• {{flag|Indonesia}}
• {{flag|Japan}} for House of Councillors elections:ja:非拘束名簿式
• {{flag|Jordan}}{{Cite web | url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2163_B.htm | title=IPU PARLINE database: JORDAN (Majlis Al-Nuwaab), Electoral system | access-date=2018-08-19 | archive-date=2018-08-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819214231/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2163_B.htm | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Lebanon}}{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/lebanon-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-may-2018-1.2043638|access-date=23 June 2017|title=Lebanon to hold parliamentary elections in May 2018|date=14 June 2017 |archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075837/https://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/lebanon-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-may-2018-1.2043638|url-status=live}}
• {{flag|Sri Lanka}}

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• {{flag|Albania}}{{Cite web |year=2020|title=Broshurë Informative mbi proceset zgjedhore Parlamentare dhe Lokale në Shqipëri, mbi partitë politike, legjislacionin, rekomandimet e OSBE/ODIHR (1991-2020) |trans-title=Information Booklet on Parliamentary and Local Electoral Processes in Albania, on Political Parties, Legislation, OSCE / ODIHR Recommendations (1991-2020) |url=http://isp.com.al/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ISP-%E2%80%93-Broshure-informative-mbi-zgjedhjet-ne-Shqiperi-1991-2020.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201235940/http://isp.com.al/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ISP-%E2%80%93-Broshure-informative-mbi-zgjedhjet-ne-Shqiperi-1991-2020.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2021|publisher=Instituti i Studimeve Politike (ISP)|language=sq}}
• {{flag|Armenia}}{{cite web | url=https://evnreport.com/politics/armenias-new-electoral-code-open-vs-closed-party-lists-and-other-considerations/ | title=Armenia's New Electoral Code: Open vs. Closed Party Lists and Other Considerations | date=12 July 2018 | access-date=August 24, 2022 | archive-date=August 24, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824144607/https://evnreport.com/politics/armenias-new-electoral-code-open-vs-closed-party-lists-and-other-considerations/ | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Austria}}
• {{flag|Belgium}}
• {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{cite web | url=http://www.izbori.ba/Documents/documents/ZAKONI/POIZpw110508.pdf | title=Izborni zakon BiH, članovi 9.5 i 9.8 | access-date=September 2, 2012 | archive-date=March 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307223904/http://www.izbori.ba/Documents/documents/ZAKONI/POIZpw110508.pdf | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Bulgaria}}{{cite web |url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2015)001-e |title=Report on Proportional Electoral Systems: the Allocation of Seats inside the Lists (open/closed lists) |publisher=Venice Commission |date=March 23, 2015 |access-date=January 24, 2023}}
• {{flag|Croatia}}{{cite web | url=https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor | title=Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor (Act on Election of Representatives to the Croatian Parliament) | language=hr | access-date=April 8, 2018 | archive-date=April 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044144/https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Cyprus}}
• {{flag|Czech Republic}}
• {{flag|Denmark}}
• {{flag|Estonia}}
• {{flag|Finland}}
• {{flag|Germany}} in:{{cn|date=March 2024}}
• {{flag|Bavaria}}{{cn|date=March 2024}}
• {{flag|Bremen}}
• {{flag|Hamburg}}
• Municipal elections in various states
• {{flag|Greece}}
• {{flag|Iceland}}
• {{flag|Italy}} for European, regional and municipal elections. (formerly used for national parliamentary elections){{cite journal | url=http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5626/1/MPRA_paper_5626.pdf | title=Pork-Barrel Politics in Postwar Italy, 1953-94 |author=Miriam A. Golden |author2=Lucio Picci | journal=American Journal of Political Science | date=April 2008 | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages=268–289 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00312.x | access-date=2012-08-01 | archive-date=2021-03-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301132951/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5626/1/MPRA_paper_5626.pdf | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Latvia}}
• {{flag|Liechtenstein}}
• {{flag|Lithuania}}{{Cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/125/ | title=IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Lithuania | access-date=2018-08-19 | archive-date=2018-08-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005703/http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/125/ | url-status=live }}
• {{flag|Luxembourg}}
• {{flag|Netherlands}}
• {{flag|Norway}}
• {{flag|Poland}}
• {{flag|San Marino}}{{cite web | url=https://ecprd.secure.europarl.europa.eu/ecprd/getfile.do;jsessionid=3b490694614cde33796973863f72c657?id=5063 | title=Electoral Systems in Europe: An Overview | publisher=European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation | location=European Parliament in Brussels | date=October 2000 | access-date=July 6, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509064043/https://ecprd.secure.europarl.europa.eu/ecprd/getfile.do;jsessionid=3b490694614cde33796973863f72c657?id=5063 | archive-date=May 9, 2013 }}
• {{flag|Slovakia}}
• {{flag|Slovenia}}
• {{flag|Sweden}}
• {{flag|Switzerland}}
• {{flag|Ukraine}}[https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukrinform-ukrainian-parliament-adopts-electoral-code.html UkrInform: Ukrainian parliament adopts Electoral Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213535/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukrinform-ukrainian-parliament-adopts-electoral-code.html |date=2021-03-08 }}, Kyiv Post

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• {{flag|Kosovo}}
• {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}

Types of open list systems used in the lower house of the national legislature.https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/open-list-proportional-representation.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}

CEPPS

{{reflist|group=CEPPS|refs={{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=206|title=Country Profile: Sweden|work=ElectionGuide|publisher=Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening|date=2010-08-08|access-date=July 8, 2012|archive-date=2016-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329205825/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=206|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=48|title=Country Profile: Colombia|date=2012-06-19|access-date=July 8, 2012|archive-date=2016-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402030719/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=48|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=126|title=Country Profile: Luxembourg|date=February 4, 2010|access-date=July 8, 2012|archive-date=March 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327014814/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=126|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=162|title=Country Profile: Norway|date=2011-03-18|access-date=July 8, 2012|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324220155/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=162|url-status=live}}{{cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=201 | title=Country Profile: Sri Lanka | date=2010-02-18 | access-date=June 30, 2012 | archive-date=2016-03-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326092317/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=201 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=195 | title=Country Profile: Slovenia | date=2012-02-28 | access-date=June 30, 2012 | archive-date=2016-03-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329014935/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=195 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=152 | title=Country Profile: Netherlands | date=2010-10-14 | access-date=June 30, 2012 | archive-date=2016-04-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402092500/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=152 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=102 | title=Country Profile: Indonesia | date=2010-11-26 | access-date=June 30, 2012 | archive-date=2016-03-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329035601/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=102 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=194 | title=Country Profile: Slovakia | date=February 1, 2012 | access-date=June 30, 2012 | archive-date=April 1, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401110021/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=194 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=119 | title=Country Profile: Latvia | date=August 5, 2011 | access-date=June 30, 2012 | archive-date=April 2, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402042242/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=119 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=69 | title=Country Profile: Estonia | date=2011-04-15 | access-date=June 30, 2012 | archive-date=2016-03-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330174941/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=69 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/58/ | title=Country Profile: Czech Republic | access-date=2017-08-16 | archive-date=2017-08-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193806/http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/58/ | url-status=live }}}}

{{reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20041010123536/http://www.citizensassembly.bc.ca/public/learning_resources/learning_materials/week5 British Columbia Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform] - A debate on the merits of open and closed lists by the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform in the Canadian province of British Columbia, 2004.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131227085045/http://rcum.uni-mb.si/~jure/preferential8_emlist.pdf "Preferential Voting: Definition and Classification"] - Paper presented by Jurij Toplak at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association's 67th Annual National Conference, Chicago, IL, April 2009.

{{voting systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Open List}}

Category:Party-list proportional representation