red-crested cardinal
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Paroaria coronata -Koke'e State Park, Hawaii, USA-8.jpg
| image_caption = At Koke'e State Park, Hawaii
| image2=Red-Crested Cardinal.ogg
| image2_caption=Song of Red-crested Cardinal
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = {{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}
| genus = Paroaria
| species = coronata
| authority = (Miller, JF, 1776)
| synonyms =
| range_map = Paroaria coronata map.svg
}}
The red-crested cardinal (Paroaria coronata) is a passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. Notwithstanding its similar name, this bird is not closely related to the true cardinal family Cardinalidae. It is sometimes known as the Brazilian cardinal.
Taxonomy
In 1776 the English illustrator John Frederick Miller included a hand-coloured plate of the red-crested cardinal in his Icones animalium et plantarum. He coined the binomial name Loxia coronata.{{cite book | last=Miller | first=John Frederick | author-link=John Frederick Miller | year=1776 | title=Icones animalium et plantarum. Various subjects of Natural History, wherein are delineated Birds, Animals and many curious Plants, &c. |language=la | location=London | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49649882 | at=Part 1, Plate 2}} The work was published in 10 parts with 6 plates in each part. See: {{ cite journal | last1=Sherborn | first1=C.D. | author1-link=Charles Davies Sherborn | last2=Iredale | first2=T. | author2-link=Tom Iredale | date=1921 | title=J. F. Miller's Icones | journal=Ibis | volume=3 | series=11th series | pages=302-309 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58569377 | ref=none}} The type locality was subsequently designated as Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil.{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=213 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483448 }} The red-crested cardinal is now one of six species placed in the genus Paroaria that was introduced in 1832 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=4 October 2023}} The genus name is from Tiéguacú paroára, a name for a small yellow, red, and grey bird in the extinct Tupi language. The specific epithet coronata is Latin meaning "crowned"{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n293/mode/1up 293], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n118/mode/1up 118]}}
Description
The red-crested cardinal is a medium-sized species showing a red head, with a red bib and a short red crest that the bird raises when excited. Belly, breast, and undertail are white, with a gray back, wings, and tail. Wing coverts are gray, but the primaries, secondaries, and rectrices show a darker gray. Juveniles are similar to the adults, but they show a dull brownish orange head and bib.{{cite web | last1=Linn | first1=A. | last2=Burns | first2=K.J. | last3=Richart | first3=C.H. | date=2020 | title=Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata), version 1.0. | editor-last=Schulenberg | editor-first=T.S. | work=Birds of the World | location=Ithaca, NY, USA | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | url=https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.reccar.01 | access-date=4 October 2023 | url-access=subscription }}
This species is very similar to a close relative, the red-cowled cardinal (P. dominicana). It is also similar to the yellow-billed cardinal (P. capitata), but the latter bird has a black throat, darker upper parts, and a bright yellow bill.
Distribution and habitat
This species can be found mainly in Brazil's Rio Grande do Sul, southern part of the Pantanal, northern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It has also been introduced to Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Chile. In Brazil, it has been introduced to various places outside its historical range, as in the Tietê Ecological Park in São Paulo.[http://www.ceo.org.br/parqu/tiete.htm Parque Ecológico do Tietê]
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest, at an elevation up to {{convert|500|m}} above sea level. It often occurs close to rivers, marshes, and lakes.
Behaviour and ecology
=Food and feeding=
This species mainly feeds on seeds (of Chloris virgata, Eleusine tristachya, Setaria parviflora, and Spergula villosa), fruits (of Celtis tala, Grabowskia duplicata, Holmbergia tweedii, Morus alba, and Sapium haematospermum), insects, and small arthropods, generally searched for on the ground in pairs or small groups. The average lifespan is about 3.8 years.
Gallery
File:Red-crested Cardinal Maui RWD.jpg|Fully displayed crest - Maui, Hawaii
File:Red-crested Cardinal.jpg|Juvenile - Kapiolani Park, Oahu, Hawaii
File:Starr-130601-4602-Eucalyptus sp-habitat with Red Crested Cardinal-Hawea Pl Olinda-Maui (24843621609).jpg|Close-up
File: Thraupidae - Paroaria coronata (Red-crested cardinal).webm|Video clip
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/red-crested-cardinal-paroaria-coronata Red-crested cardinal videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
- {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001001083536/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/20219400.htm Stamps]}} (for Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay) with range map
- [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=red-crested+cardinal&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Red-crested cardinal photo gallery] VIREO
{{Taxonbar|from=Q720526}}
Category:Birds of the Pantanal
Category:Birds described in 1776