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tanager

{{Short description|Family of birds}}

{{For|the Italian river known in Latin as Tanager|Tanagro}}

{{Other uses|Tanager (disambiguation)}}

{{distinguish|Tangier}}

{{Use American English|date=July 2014}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Tanagers

| image = Thraupidae Diversity.jpg

| taxon = Thraupidae

| authority = Cabanis, 1847

| type_genus = Thraupis

| type_genus_authority = Boie, F., 1826

| subdivision_ranks = Genera

| subdivision = Many: see text

| range_map = Thraupidae map.svg

}}

The tanagers (singular {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|n|ə|dʒ|ər}}) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropical birds.

Traditionally, the family contained around 240 species of mostly brightly colored fruit-eating birds.{{ cite book | last=Storer | first=Robert W. | author-link=Robert W. Storer | chapter=Subfamily Thraupinae | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=246–408 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483481 }} As more of these birds were studied using modern molecular techniques, it became apparent that the traditional families were not monophyletic. Euphonia and Chlorophonia, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of the Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be members of the family Cardinalidae,{{cite journal|last1=Yuri|first1=T.|last2=Mindell|first2=D. P.|title=Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume= 23| issue= 2|date= May 2002|pages= 229–243| doi= 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00012-X| pmid=12069553|bibcode=2002MolPE..23..229Y }} and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society.{{cite web | publisher=American Ornithological Society | url=http://checklist.aou.org/taxa/3008 | title=Family: Cardinalidae | access-date=Feb 1, 2019}}

{{TOC limit|3}}

Description

Tanagers are small to medium-sized birds. The shortest-bodied species, the white-eared conebill, is {{convert|9|cm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|6|g|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}, barely smaller than the short-billed honeycreeper. The longest, the magpie tanager is {{convert|28|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weighs {{convert|76|g|abbr=on}}. The heaviest is the white-capped tanager, which weighs {{convert|114|g|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} and measures about {{convert|24|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Both sexes are usually the same size and weight.

Tanagers are often brightly colored, but some species are black and white. Males are typically more brightly colored than females and juveniles. Most tanagers have short, rounded wings. The shape of the bill seems to be linked to the species' foraging habits.

Distribution

Tanagers are restricted to the Western Hemisphere and mainly to the tropics. About 60% of tanagers live in South America, and 30% of these species live in the Andes. Most species are endemic to a relatively small area.

Behavior

Most tanagers live in pairs or in small groups of three to five individuals. These groups may consist simply of parents and their offspring. These birds may also be seen in single-species or mixed flocks. Many tanagers are thought to have dull songs, though some are elaborate.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}

=Diet=

Tanagers are omnivorous, and their diets vary by genus. They have been seen eating fruits, seeds, nectar, flower parts, and insects. Many pick insects off branches or from holes in the wood. Other species look for insects on the undersides of leaves. Yet others wait on branches until they see a flying insect and catch it in the air. Many of these particular species inhabit the same areas, but these specializations alleviate competition.

=Breeding=

The breeding season is March through June in temperate areas and in September through October in South America. Some species are territorial, while others build their nests closer together. Little information is available on tanager breeding behavior. Males show off their brightest feathers to potential mates and rival males. Some species' courtship rituals involve bowing and tail lifting.

Most tanagers build cup nests on branches in trees. Some nests are almost globular. Entrances are usually built on the side of the nest. The nests can be shallow or deep. The species of the tree in which they choose to build their nests and the nests' positions vary among genera. Most species nest in an area hidden by very dense vegetation. No information is yet known regarding the nests of some species.

The clutch size is three to five eggs. The female incubates the eggs and builds the nest, but the male may feed the female while she incubates. Both sexes feed the young. Five species have helpers assist in feeding the young. These helpers are thought to be the previous year's nestlings.

Taxonomy

The family Thraupidae was introduced (as the subfamily Thraupinae) in 1847 by German ornithologist Jean Cabanis. The type genus is Thraupis.{{ cite journal | last=Cabanis | first=Jean | author-link=Jean Cabanis | year=1847 | title=Ornithologische Notizen | language=de | journal=Archiv für Naturgeschichte | volume=13 | pages=186–256; 308–352 [316] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7251398 }}{{ cite journal | last=Melville | first=R.V. | year=1977 | title=Opinion 1069 Correction of entry in official list of family-group names in zoology for name number 428 (Thraupidae) | journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature | volume=33 | issue=3/4 | pages=162–164 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12226117 }}

The family Thraupidae is a member of an assemblage of over 800 birds known as the New World, nine-primaried oscines. The traditional pre-molecular classification was largely based on the different feeding specializations. Nectar-feeders were placed in Coerebidae (honeycreepers), large-billed seed-eaters in Cardinalidae (cardinals and grosbeaks), smaller-billed seed-eaters in Emberizidae (New World finches and sparrows), ground-foraging insect-eaters in Icteridae (blackbirds) and fruit-eaters in Thraupidae. This classification was known to be problematic as analyses using other morphological characteristics often produced conflicting phylogenies. Beginning in the last decade of the 20th century, a series of molecular phylogenetic studies led to a complete reorganization of the traditional families. Thraupidae now includes large-billed seed eaters, thin-billed nectar feeders, and foliage gleaners as well as fruit-eaters.

One consequence of redefining the family boundaries is that for many species their common names are no longer congruent with the families in which they are placed. As of July 2020 there are 39 species with "tanager" in the common name that are not placed in Thraupidae. These include the widely distributed scarlet tanager and western tanager, which are both now placed in Cardinalidae. There are also 106 species within Thraupidae that have "finch" in their common name.

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 revealed that many of the traditional genera were not monophyletic.{{cite journal| last1=Burns | first1=K.J. | last2=Shultz | first2=A.J. | last3=Title | first3=P.O. | last4=Mason | first4=N.A. | last5=Barker | first5=F.K. | last6=Klicka | first6=J. | last7=Lanyon | first7=S.M. | last8=Lovette | first8=I.J. | year=2014 | title=Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume=75| pages=41–77 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006 | pmid=24583021 | bibcode=2014MolPE..75...41B | url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3613&context=biosci_pubs }} In the resulting reorganization six new genera were introduced, eleven genera were resurrected, and seven genera were abandoned.{{ cite journal | last1=Burns | first1=K.J. | last2=Unitt | first2=P. | last3=Mason | first3=N.A. | year=2016 | title=A genus-level classification of the family Thraupidae (Class Aves: Order Passeriformes) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=4088 | issue=3 | pages=329–354 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.2 | pmid=27394344 }}{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 March 2025 }}

As of March 2025 the family contains 393 species which are divided into 15 subfamilies and 105 genera. For a complete list, see the article List of tanager species.

=List of genera=

==Catamblyrhynchinae==

The plushcap has no close relatives and is now placed in its own subfamily. It was previously placed either in the subfamily Catamblyrhynchinae within the Emberizidae or in its own family Catamblyrhynchidae.

class="wikitable"
ImageGenusSpecies
150pxCatamblyrhynchus {{small|Lafresnaye, 1842}}* Plushcap – Catamblyrhynchus diadema

==Charitospizinae==

The coal-crested finch is endemic to the grasslands of Brazil and has no close relatives. It is unusual in that both sexes have a crest. It was formerly placed in Emberizidae.

class="wikitable"
ImageGenusSpecies
150pxCharitospiza {{small|Oberholser, 1905}}* Coal-crested finch – Charitospiza eucosma

==Orchesticinae==

Two species with large thick bills. Parkerthraustes was formerly placed in Cardinalidae.

class="wikitable"
ImageGenusSpecies
150pxOrchesticus {{small|Cabanis, 1851}}* Brown tanager – Orchesticus abeillei
150pxParkerthraustes {{small|Remsen, 1997}}* Yellow-shouldered grosbeak, Parkerthraustes humeralis

==Nemosiinae==

Brightly colored, sexually dichromatic birds. Most form single-species flocks.

class="wikitable"
ImageGenusSpecies
150pxNemosia {{small|Vieillot, 1816}}* Hooded tanager, Nemosia pileata

150pxCyanicterus {{small|Bonaparte, 1850}}* Blue-backed tanager – Cyanicterus cyanicterus
150pxSericossypha {{small|Lesson, 1844}}* White-capped tanager – Sericossypha albocristata
150pxCompsothraupis {{small|Richmond, 1915}}* Scarlet-throated tanager – Compsothraupis loricata

==Emberizoidinae==

Grassland dwelling birds that were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

class="wikitable"
ImageGenusSpecies
150pxCoryphaspiza {{small|G.R. Gray, 1840}}*Black-masked finch – Coryphaspiza melanotis
150pxEmbernagra {{small|Lesson, 1831}}* Serra finch – Embernagra longicauda

150pxEmberizoides {{small|Temminck, 1822}}* Wedge-tailed grass finch – Emberizoides herbicola
  • Duida grass finch – Emberizoides duidae
  • Lesser grass finch – Emberizoides ypiranganus

    • ==Porphyrospizinae==

    Yellow billed birds. The blue finch (Rhopospina caerulescens) was formerly placed in Cardinalidae; the other species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxIncaspiza {{small|Ridgway, 1898}}* Great Inca finch – Incaspiza pulchra

    150pxRhopospina {{small|Cabanis, 1851}}* Mourning sierra finch – Rhopospina fruticeti
  • Blue finch – Rhopospina caerulescens
  • Band-tailed sierra finch – Rhopospina alaudina
  • Carbonated sierra finch – Rhopospina carbonaria

    • ==Hemithraupinae==

    These species are sexually dichromatic and many have yellow and black plumage. Except for Heterospingus, they have slender bills.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxChlorophanes {{small|Reichenbach, 1853}}* Green honeycreeper – Chlorophanes spiza
    150pxIridophanes {{small|Ridgway, 1901}}* Golden-collared honeycreeper – Iridophanes pulcherrimus
    150pxChrysothlypis {{small|Berlepsch, 1912}}* Black-and-yellow tanager – Chrysothlypis chrysomelas

    150pxHeterospingus {{small|Ridgway, 1898}}* Sulphur-rumped tanager – Heterospingus rubrifrons
  • Scarlet-browed tanager – Heterospingus xanthopygius
    • 150pxHemithraupis {{small|Cabanis, 1850}}* Guira tanager – Hemithraupis guira
  • Rufous-headed tanager – Hemithraupis ruficapilla
  • Yellow-backed tanager – Hemithraupis flavicollis

    • ==Dacninae==

    Sexually dichromatic species—males have blue plumage and females are green.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxTersina {{small|Vieillot, 1819}}* Swallow tanager – Tersina viridis
    150pxCyanerpes {{small|Oberholser, 1899}}* Short-billed honeycreeper – Cyanerpes nitidus

    150pxDacnis {{small|Cuvier, 1816}}* Scarlet-breasted dacnis – Dacnis berlepschi
  • Scarlet-thighed dacnis – Dacnis venusta
  • Blue dacnis – Dacnis cayana
  • Yellow-bellied dacnis – Dacnis flaviventer
  • Turquoise dacnis – Dacnis hartlaubi
  • Black-faced dacnis – Dacnis lineata
  • Yellow-tufted dacnis – Dacnis egregia
  • Viridian dacnis – Dacnis viguieri
  • Black-legged dacnis – Dacnis nigripes
  • White-bellied dacnis – Dacnis albiventris

    • ==Saltatorinae==

    Mainly arboreal with long tails and thick bills. Formerly placed in Cardinalidae.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxSaltatricula {{small|Burmeister, 1861}}* Many-colored Chaco finch – Saltatricula multicolor

    150pxSaltator {{small|Vieillot, 1816}}* Orinoco saltator – Saltator orenocensis
  • Green-winged saltator – Saltator similis
  • Bluish-grey saltator or Amazonian grey saltator – Saltator coerulescens
  • Cinnamon-bellied saltator or northern grey saltator – Saltator grandis
  • Olive-grey saltator or Caribbean grey saltator – Saltator olivascens
  • Streaked saltator – Saltator striatipectus
  • Lesser Antillean saltator – Saltator albicollis
  • Buff-throated saltator – Saltator maximus
  • Black-winged saltator – Saltator atripennis
  • Black-headed saltator – Saltator atriceps
  • Black-cowled saltator – Saltator nigriceps
  • Black-throated grosbeak – Saltator fuliginosus
  • Slate-coloured grosbeak – Saltator grossus
  • Masked saltator – Saltator cinctus
  • Thick-billed saltator – Saltator maxillosus
  • Golden-billed saltator – Saltator aurantiirostris

    • ==Coerebinae==

    Image:Darwin's finches.jpeg]]

    This subfamily includes Darwin's finches that are endemic to the Galápagos Islands and Cocos Island. Most of these species were formerly placed in Emberizidae; the exceptions are the bananaquit that was placed in Parulidae and the orangequit that was placed in Thraupidae. These species build domed or covered nests with side entrances. They have evolved a variety of foraging techniques, including nectar-feeding (Coereba, Euneornis), seed-eating (Geospiza, Loxigilla, Tiaris), and insect gleaning (Certhidea).

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxCoereba {{small|Vieillot, 1809}}* Bananaquit – Coereba flaveola
    150pxTiaris {{small|Swainson, 1827}}* Yellow-faced grassquit – Tiaris olivaceus
    150pxEuneornis {{small|Fitzinger, 1856}}* Orangequit – Euneornis campestris
    150pxMelopyrrha {{small|Bonaparte, 1853}}* Puerto Rican bullfinch – Melopyrrha portoricensis (formerly placed in Loxigilla)

    150pxLoxipasser {{small|Bryant, 1866}}* Yellow-shouldered grassquit – Loxipasser anoxanthus
    150pxPhonipara {{small|Bonaparte, 1850}}* Cuban grassquit – Phonipara canora
    150pxLoxigilla {{small|Lesson, 1831}}* Lesser Antillean bullfinch – Loxigilla noctis
  • Barbados bullfinch – Loxigilla barbadensis
    • 150pxMelanospiza {{small|Ridgway, 1897}}* Saint Lucia black finch – Melanospiza richardsoni
  • Black-faced grassquit – Melanospiza bicolor
    • 150pxAsemospiza {{small|Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016}}* Sooty grassquit – Asemospiza fuliginosa
  • Dull-coloured grassquit – Asemospiza obscura

    • Darwin's finches:

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxCerthidea {{small|Gould, 1837}}* Green warbler-finch – Certhidea olivacea

    150pxPlatyspiza {{small|Ridgway, 1897}}* Vegetarian finch – Platyspiza crassirostris
    150pxPinaroloxias {{small|Sharpe, 1885}}* Cocos finch – Pinaroloxias inornata
    150pxCamarhynchus {{small|Gould, 1837}}* Small tree finch – Camarhynchus parvulus
  • Medium tree finch – Camarhynchus pauper
  • Large tree finch – Camarhynchus psittacula
  • Woodpecker finch – Camarhynchus pallidus
  • Mangrove finch – Camarhynchus heliobates
    • 150pxGeospiza {{small|Gould, 1837}}* Española cactus finch – Geospiza conirostris
  • Sharp-beaked ground finch – Geospiza difficilis
  • Vampire ground finch – Geospiza septentrionalis
  • Genovesa ground finch – Geospiza acutirostris
  • Medium ground finch – Geospiza fortis
  • Small ground finch – Geospiza fuliginosa
  • Large ground finch – Geospiza magnirostris
  • Common cactus finch – Geospiza scandens
  • Genovesa cactus finch – Geospiza propinqua

    • ==Tachyphoninae==

    Most of these are lowland species. Many have ornamental features such as crests, and many have sexually dichromatic plumage.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxVolatinia {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}}* Blue-black grassquit – Volatinia jacarina
    150pxConothraupis {{small|Sclater, PL, 1880}}* Black-and-white tanager – Conothraupis speculigera

    150pxCreurgops {{small|Sclater, PL, 1858}}* Rufous-crested tanager – Creurgops verticalis
  • Slaty tanager – Creurgops dentatus
    • 150pxEucometis {{small|Sclater, PL, 1856}}* Grey-headed tanager – Eucometis penicillata
    150pxTrichothraupis {{small|Cabanis, 1851}}* Black-goggled tanager – Trichothraupis melanops
    150pxHeliothraupis {{small|Lane et al., 2021}}*Inti tanager – Heliothraupis oneilli
    150pxLoriotus {{small|Jarocki, 1821}}* Flame-crested tanager – Loriotus cristatus
  • Yellow-crested tanager – Loriotus rufiventer
  • White-shouldered tanager – Loriotus luctuosus
    • 150pxCoryphospingus {{small|Cabanis, 1851}}* Grey pileated finch – Coryphospingus pileatus
  • Red pileated finch – Coryphospingus cucullatus
    • 150pxTachyphonus {{small|Vieillot, 1816}}* Fulvous-crested tanager – Tachyphonus surinamus
  • Tawny-crested tanager – Tachyphonus delatrii
  • Ruby-crowned tanager – Tachyphonus coronatus
  • White-lined tanager – Tachyphonus rufus
  • Red-shouldered tanager – Tachyphonus phoenicius
    • 150pxRhodospingus {{small|Sharpe, 1888}}* Crimson-breasted finch – Rhodospingus cruentus
    150pxLanio {{small|Vieillot, 1816}}* Fulvous shrike-tanager – Lanio fulvus
  • White-winged shrike-tanager – Lanio versicolor
  • Black-throated shrike-tanager – Lanio aurantius
  • White-throated shrike-tanager – Lanio leucothorax
    • 150pxRamphocelus {{small|Desmarest, 1805}}* Crimson-collared tanager – Ramphocelus sanguinolentus
  • Masked crimson tanager – Ramphocelus nigrogularis
  • Crimson-backed tanager – Ramphocelus dimidiatus
  • Huallaga tanager – Ramphocelus melanogaster
  • Silver-beaked tanager – Ramphocelus carbo
  • Brazilian tanager – Ramphocelus bresilius
  • Passerini's tanager – Ramphocelus passerinii
  • Cherrie's tanager – Ramphocelus costaricensis
  • Flame-rumped tanager – Ramphocelus flammigerus
  • Lemon-rumped tanager – R. f. icteronotus

    • ==Sporophilinae==

    These species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxSporophila {{small|Cabanis, 1844}}{{Collapsible list

    | bullets = true

    | title = Seedeaters and seed finches (includes species previously assigned to Dolospingus and Oryzoborus) 41 species:

    		Lesson's seedeater – Sporophila bouvronides|Lined seedeater – Sporophila lineola|Cinnamon-rumped seedeater – Sporophila torqueola|Morelet's seedeater – Sporophila morelleti|Variable seedeater – Sporophila corvina|Grey seedeater – Sporophila intermedia|Wing-barred seedeater – Sporophila americana|White-naped seedeater – Sporophila fringilloides|Black-and-white seedeater – Sporophila luctuosa|Double-collared seedeater – Sporophila caerulescens|Yellow-bellied seedeater – Sporophila nigricollis|Dubois's seedeater – Sporophila ardesiaca|Thick-billed seed finch – Sporophila funerea|Chestnut-bellied seed finch – Sporophila angolensis|Nicaraguan seed finch – Sporophila nuttingi|Great-billed seed finch – Sporophila maximiliani|Large-billed seed finch – Sporophila crassirostris|Black-billed seed finch – Sporophila atrirostris|Slate-coloured seedeater – Sporophila schistacea|Temminck's seedeater – Sporophila falcirostris|Buffy-fronted seedeater – Sporophila frontalis|Plumbeous seedeater – Sporophila plumbea|Tropeiro seedeater – Sporophila beltoni|Rusty-collared seedeater – Sporophila collaris|White-throated seedeater – Sporophila albogularis|White-bellied seedeater – Sporophila leucoptera|Parrot-billed seedeater – Sporophila peruviana|Chestnut-throated seedeater, Sporophila telasco|Drab seedeater – Sporophila simplex|Chestnut-bellied seedeater – Sporophila castaneiventris|Ruddy-breasted seedeater – Sporophila minuta|Copper seedeater – Sporophila bouvreuil|Black-and-tawny seedeater – Sporophila nigrorufa|Tawny-bellied seedeater – Sporophila hypoxantha|Dark-throated seedeater – Sporophila ruficollis|Pearly-bellied seedeater – Sporophila pileata|Rufous-rumped seedeater – Sporophila hypochroma|Chestnut seedeater – Sporophila cinnamomea|Marsh seedeater – Sporophila palustris|Black-bellied seedeater – Sporophila melanogaster|Ibera seedeater – Sporophila iberaensis

    }}

    ==Poospizinae==

    Some of these species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxPiezorina {{small|Lafresnaye, 1843}}* Cinereous finch – Piezorina cinerea
    150pxXenospingus {{small|Cabanis, 1867}}* Slender-billed finch – Xenospingus concolor
    150pxCnemoscopus {{small|Bangs & Penard, 1919}}* Grey-hooded bush tanager – Cnemoscopus rubrirostris
    150pxPseudospingus {{small|Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896}}* Drab hemispingus – Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus

    150pxPoospiza {{small|Cabanis, 1847}}* Bolivian warbling finch – Poospiza boliviana
  • Cinnamon warbling finch – Poospiza ornata
  • Black-and-rufous warbling finch – Poospiza nigrorufa
  • Black-and-chestnut warbling finch – Poospiza whitii
  • Collared warbling finch – Poospiza hispaniolensis
  • Rufous-breasted warbling finch – Poospiza rubecula
  • Tucumán mountain finch – Poospiza baeri
  • Cochabamba mountain finch – Poospiza garleppi
  • Slaty-backed hemispingus – Poospiza goeringi
  • Rufous-browed hemispingus – Poospiza rufosuperciliaris
    • 150pxKleinothraupis {{small|Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016}}* Grey-capped hemispingus – Kleinothraupis reyi
  • Black-capped hemispingus – Kleinothraupis atropileus
  • White-browed hemispingus – Kleinothraupis auricularis
  • Orange-browed hemispingus – Kleinothraupis calophrys
  • Parodi's hemispingus – Kleinothraupis parodii
    • 150pxSphenopsis {{small|Sclater, 1862}}* Oleaginous hemispingus – Sphenopsis frontalis
  • Black-eared hemispingus – Sphenopsis melanotis
  • Piura hemispingus – Sphenopsis piurae
  • Western hemispingus – Sphenopsis ochracea
    • 150pxThlypopsis {{small|Cabanis, 1851}}* Fulvous-headed tanager – Thlypopsis fulviceps
  • Rufous-chested tanager – Thlypopsis ornata
  • Brown-flanked tanager – Thlypopsis pectoralis
  • Orange-headed tanager – Thlypopsis sordida
  • Buff-bellied tanager – Thlypopsis inornata
  • Rust-and-yellow tanager – Thlypopsis ruficeps
    • 150pxCastanozoster {{small|Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016}}* Bay-chested warbling finch – Castanozoster thoracicus
    150pxDonacospiza {{small|Cabanis, 1851}}* Long-tailed reed finch – Donacospiza albifrons
    150pxCypsnagra {{small|Lesson, R, 1831}}* White-rumped tanager – Cypsnagra hirundinacea
    150pxPoospizopsis {{small|Berlepsch, 1893}}* Rufous-sided warbling finch – Poospizopsis hypocondria
  • Chestnut-breasted mountain finch – Poospizopsis caesar
    • 150pxUrothraupis {{small|Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885}}* Black-backed bush tanager – Urothraupis stolzmanni
    150pxNephelornis {{small|Lowery & Tallman, 1976}}* Pardusco – Nephelornis oneilli
    150pxMicrospingus {{small|Taczanowski, 1874}}* Buff-throated warbling finch – Microspingus lateralis
  • Grey-throated warbling finch – Microspingus cabanisi
  • Rusty-browed warbling finch – Microspingus erythrophrys
  • Plain-tailed warbling finch – Microspingus alticola
  • Ringed warbling finch – Microspingus torquatus
  • Three-striped hemispingus – Microspingus trifasciatus
  • Black-capped warbling finch – Microspingus melanoleucus
  • Cinereous warbling finch – Microspingus cinereus

    • ==Diglossinae==

    This is a morphologically diverse group that includes seed-eaters (Nesospiza, Sicalis, Catamenia, Haplospiza), arthropod feeders (Conirostrum), a bamboo specialist (Acanthidops), an aphid feeder (Xenodacnis), and boulder field specialists (Idiopsar). Many species live at high altitudes. Conirostrum was previously placed in Parulidae, Diglossa was placed in Thraupidae, and the remaining genera were placed in Emberizidae.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxConirostrum {{small|d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838}}* Chestnut-vented conebill – Conirostrum speciosum

    150pxSicalis {{small|F. Boie, 1828}}{{Collapsible list

    | bullets = true

    | title = 13 species

    		Stripe-tailed yellow finch – Sicalis citrina|Sulphur-throated finch – Sicalis taczanowskii|Bright-rumped yellow finch – Sicalis uropygialis|Saffron finch – Sicalis flaveola|Orange-fronted yellow finch – Sicalis columbiana|Grassland yellow finch – Sicalis luteola|Citron-headed yellow finch – Sicalis luteocephala|Patagonian yellow finch – Sicalis lebruni|Greenish yellow finch – Sicalis olivascens|Monte yellow finch – Sicalis mendozae|Greater yellow finch – Sicalis auriventris|Raimondi's yellow finch – Sicalis raimondii|Puna yellow finch – Sicalis lutea

    }}

    150pxPhrygilus {{small|Cabanis, 1844}}* Black-hooded sierra finch – Phrygilus atriceps

    150pxNesospiza {{small|Cabanis, 1873}}* Inaccessible Island finch – Nesospiza acunhae
  • Nightingale Island finch – Nesospiza questi
  • Wilkins's finch – Nesospiza wilkinsi
    • 150pxRowettia {{small|Lowe, 1923}}* Gough finch – Rowettia goughensis
    150pxMelanodera {{small|Bonaparte, 1850}}* White-bridled finch – Melanodera melanodera
  • Yellow-bridled finch – Melanodera xanthogramma
    • 150pxGeospizopsis {{small|Bonaparte, 1856}}* Plumbeous sierra finch – Geospizopsis unicolor
  • Ash-breasted sierra finch – Geospizopsis plebejus
    • 150pxHaplospiza {{small|Cabanis, 1851}}* Slaty finch – Haplospiza rustica
  • Uniform finch – Haplospiza unicolor
    • 150pxAcanthidops {{small|Ridgway, 1882}}* Peg-billed finch – Acanthidops bairdi
    150pxXenodacnis {{small|Cabanis, 1873}}* Tit-like dacnis – Xenodacnis parina
  • Streaked dacnis – Xenodacnis petersi
    • 150pxIdiopsar {{small|Cassin, 1867}}* Red-backed sierra finch – Idiopsar dorsalis
  • White-throated sierra finch – Idiopsar erythronotus
  • Glacier finch – Idiopsar speculifer
  • Boulder finch – Idiopsar brachyurus
    • 150pxCatamenia {{small|Bonaparte, 1850}}* Band-tailed seedeater – Catamenia analis
  • Plain-colored seedeater – Catamenia inornata
  • Paramo seedeater – Catamenia homochroa
    • 150pxDiglossa {{small|Wagler, 1832}}{{Collapsible list

    | bullets = true

    | title = 18 species

    		Golden-eyed flowerpiercer – Diglossa glauca|Bluish flowerpiercer – Diglossa caerulescens|Masked flowerpiercer – Diglossa cyanea|Indigo flowerpiercer – Diglossa indigotica|Rusty flowerpiercer – Diglossa sittoides|Slaty flowerpiercer – Diglossa plumbea|Cinnamon-bellied flowerpiercer – Diglossa baritula|Moustached flowerpiercer – Diglossa mystacalis|Glossy flowerpiercer – Diglossa lafresnayii|Chestnut-bellied flowerpiercer – Diglossa gloriosissima|Scaled flowerpiercer – Diglossa duidae|Greater flowerpiercer – Diglossa major|Venezuelan flowerpiercer – Diglossa venezuelensis|White-sided flowerpiercer – Diglossa albilatera|Grey-bellied flowerpiercer – Diglossa carbonaria|Black-throated flowerpiercer, Diglossa brunneiventris|Mérida flowerpiercer – Diglossa gloriosa|Black flowerpiercer – Diglossa humeralis

    }}

    ==Thraupinae==

    Typical tanagers.

    class="wikitable"
    ImageGenusSpecies
    150pxCalochaetes {{small|Sclater, PL, 1879}}* Vermilion tanager – Calochaetes coccineus
    150pxIridosornis {{small|Lesson, 1844}}* Purplish-mantled tanager – Iridosornis porphyrocephalus

    150pxRauenia {{small|Wolters, 1980}}* Blue-and-yellow tanager – Rauenia bonariensis
    150pxPipraeidea {{small|Swainson, 1827}}* Fawn-breasted tanager – Pipraeidea melanonota
    150pxPseudosaltator {{small|K.J. Burns, Unitt & N.A. Mason, 2016}}* Rufous-bellied mountain tanager – Pseudosaltator rufiventris
    150pxDubusia {{small|Bonaparte, 1850}}* Buff-breasted mountain tanager – Dubusia taeniata
  • Carriker's mountain tanager – Dubusia carrikeri
  • Streak-crowned mountain tanager – Dubusia stictocephala
  • Chestnut-bellied mountain tanager – Dubusia castaneoventris
    • 150pxButhraupis {{small|Cabanis, 1851}}* Hooded mountain tanager – Buthraupis montana
    150pxSporathraupis {{small|Ridgway, 1898}}* Blue-capped tanager – Sporathraupis cyanocephala
    150pxTephrophilus {{small|R. T. Moore, 1934}}* Masked mountain tanager – Tephrophilus wetmorei
    150pxChlorornis {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}}* Grass-green tanager – Chlorornis riefferii
    150pxCnemathraupis {{small|Penard, 1919}}*Black-chested mountain tanager – Cnemathraupis eximia
  • Golden-backed mountain tanager – Cnemathraupis aureodorsalis
    • 150pxAnisognathus {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}}* Santa Marta mountain tanager – Anisognathus melanogenys
  • Lacrimose mountain tanager – Anisognathus lacrymosus
  • Scarlet-bellied mountain tanager – Anisognathus igniventris
  • Blue-winged mountain tanager – Anisognathus somptuosus
  • Black-chinned mountain tanager – Anisognathus notabilis
    • 150pxChlorochrysa {{small|Bonaparte, 1851}}*Glistening-green tanager – Chlorochrysa phoenicotis
  • Orange-eared tanager – Chlorochrysa calliparaea
  • Multicoloured tanager – Chlorochrysa nitidissima
    • 150pxWetmorethraupis {{small|Lowery & O'Neill, 1964}}* Orange-throated tanager – Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron
    150pxBangsia {{small|Penard, 1919}}* Blue-and-gold tanager – Bangsia arcaei
  • Black-and-gold tanager – Bangsia melanochlamys
  • Golden-chested tanager – Bangsia rothschildi
  • Moss-backed tanager – Bangsia edwardsi
  • Gold-ringed tanager – Bangsia aureocincta
  • Yellow-green tanager – Bangsia flavovirens
    • 150pxLophospingus {{small|Cabanis, 1878}}* Grey-crested finch – Lophospingus griseocristatus
  • Black-crested finch – Lophospingus pusillus
    • 150pxNeothraupis {{small|Hellmayr, 1936}}* Shrike-like tanager – Neothraupis fasciata
    150pxDiuca {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}}* Diuca finch – Diuca diuca
    150pxGubernatrix {{small|Lesson, 1837}}* Yellow cardinal – Gubernatrix cristata
    150pxStephanophorus {{small|Strickland, 1841}}* Diademed tanager – Stephanophorus diadematus
    150pxCissopis {{small|Vieillot, 1816}}* Magpie tanager – Cissopis leverianus
    150pxSchistochlamys {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}}*Cinnamon tanager – Schistochlamys ruficapillus
  • Black-faced tanager – Schistochlamys melanopis
    • 150pxParoaria {{small|Bonaparte, 1832}}* Red-crested cardinal – Paroaria coronata
  • Red-cowled cardinal – Paroaria dominicana
  • Red-capped cardinal – Paroaria gularis
  • Masked cardinal – Paroaria nigrogenis
  • Crimson-fronted cardinal – Paroaria baeri
  • Yellow-billed cardinal – Paroaria capitata
    • 150pxIxothraupis {{small|Bonaparte, 1851}}* Dotted tanager – Ixothraupis varia
  • Rufous-throated tanager – Ixothraupis rufigula
  • Spotted tanager – Ixothraupis punctata
  • Speckled tanager – Ixothraupis guttata
  • Yellow-bellied tanager – Ixothraupis xanthogastra
    • 150pxChalcothraupis {{small|Bonaparte, 1851}}* Golden-naped tanager – Chalcothraupis ruficervix
    150pxPoecilostreptus {{small|Burns, KJ, Unitt, & Mason, NA, 2016}}* Azure-rumped tanager – Poecilostreptus cabanisi
  • Grey-and-gold tanager – Poecilostreptus palmeri
    • 150pxThraupis {{small|F. Boie, 1826}}* Blue-grey tanager – Thraupis episcopus
  • Glaucous tanager – Thraupis glaucocolpa
  • Sayaca tanager – Thraupis sayaca
  • Azure-shouldered tanager – Thraupis cyanoptera
  • Golden-chevroned tanager – Thraupis ornata
  • Blue-capped tanager – Thraupis cyanocephala
  • Blue-and-yellow tanager – Thraupis bonariensis
  • Darwin's tanager – T. b. darwinii
  • Yellow-winged tanager – Thraupis abbas
  • Palm tanager – Thraupis palmarum
    • 150pxStilpnia {{small|Burns, KJ, Unitt, & Mason, NA, 2016}}{{Collapsible list

    | bullets = true

    | title = 15 species

    		Black-headed tanager – Stilpnia cyanoptera|Black-hooded tanager – Stilpnia whitelyi|Silver-backed tanager – Stilpnia viridicollis|Sira tanager – Stilpnia phillipsi|Straw-backed tanager – Stilpnia argyrofenges|Black-capped tanager – Stilpnia heinei|Golden-hooded tanager – Stilpnia larvata|Blue-necked tanager – Stilpnia cyanicollis|Masked tanager – Stilpnia nigrocincta|Black-backed tanager – Stilpnia peruviana|Chestnut-backed tanager – Stilpnia preciosa|Green-capped tanager – Stilpnia meyerdeschauenseei|Scrub tanager – Stilpnia vitriolina|Burnished-buff tanager – Stilpnia cayana|Lesser Antillean tanager – Stilpnia cucullata

    }}

    150pxTangara {{small|Brisson, 1760}}{{Collapsible list

    | bullets = true

    | title = 28 species

    		Blue-and-black tanager – Tangara vassorii|Beryl-spangled tanager – Tangara nigroviridis|Spangle-cheeked tanager – Tangara dowii|Green-naped tanager – Tangara fucosa|Blue-browed tanager – Tangara cyanotis|Rufous-cheeked tanager – Tangara rufigenis|Metallic-green tanager – Tangara labradorides|Bay-headed tanager – Tangara gyrola|Rufous-throated tanager – Tangara rufigula|Golden-eared tanager – Tangara chrysotis|Saffron-crowned tanager – Tangara xanthocephala|Flame-faced tanager – Tangara parzudakii|Blue-whiskered tanager – Tangara johannae|Green-and-gold tanager – Tangara schrankii|Golden tanager – Tangara arthus|Emerald tanager – Tangara florida|Silver-throated tanager – Tangara icterocephala|Seven-coloured tanager – Tangara fastuosa|Green-headed tanager – Tangara seledon|Red-necked tanager – Tangara cyanocephala|Brassy-breasted tanager – Tangara desmaresti|Gilt-edged tanager – Tangara cyanoventris|Plain-coloured tanager – Tangara inornata|Turquoise tanager – Tangara mexicana|White-bellied tanager – Tangara brasiliensis|Paradise tanager – Tangara chilensis|Opal-crowned tanager – Tangara callophrys|Opal-rumped tanager – Tangara velia

    }}

    =Genera formerly placed in Thraupidae=

    Passerellidae – New World sparrows{{Cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F.K. | last2=Burns | first2=K.J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S.M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I.J. | date=2013 | title=Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=298–320 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys094 | pmid=23229025 | doi-access=free }}

    Cardinalidae – cardinals{{Cite journal | last1=Burns | first1=K.J. | last2=Hackett | first2=S.J. | last3=Klein | first3=N.K. | date=2003 | title=Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology | journal=Journal of Avian Biology | volume=34 | issue=4 | pages=360–370 | doi=10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03171.x}}{{cite journal | last1=Klicka | first1=J. | last2=Burns | first2=K. |last3=Spellman | first3=G. M. | year=2007 | title=Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume= 45 | issue=3 | pages=1014–1032 | doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006 | pmid=17920298 | bibcode=2007MolPE..45.1014K }}

    Fringillidae – subfamily Euphoniinae

    Phaenicophilidae – Hispaniolan tanagers{{Cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F.K. | last2=Burns | first2=K.J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S.M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I.J. | date=2015 | title=New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies | journal=The Auk | volume=132 | issue=2 | pages=333–348 | doi=10.1642/AUK-14-110.1 | doi-access=free }}

    Mitrospingidae – Mitrospingid tanagers

    Nesospingidae

    Spindalidae

    Calyptophilidae

    Rhodinocichlidae

    References

    {{Reflist}}

    Further reading

    • {{Cite web |last=Remsen |first=J. V. Jr. |year=2016 |title=Proposal 730: Revise generic limits in the Thraupidae |url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop730.htm |publisher=South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union |access-date=7 October 2019 |ref=none}}

    External links

    • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060401011942/http://www.junglewalk.com/sound/Tanager-sounds.htm Jungle-walk.com tanager pictures]
    • [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/tanagers-allies-thraupidae Tanager videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
    • {{Cite NSRW|short=x|wstitle=Tanager}}

    {{Taxonbar|from=Q666222}}

    Category:Birds of the Americas

    Category:Taxa named by Jean Cabanis