renewable resource

{{Main|Water resources}}

Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage and temperature, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, as groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, it is a considered non-renewable resource. Removal of water from the pore spaces in aquifers may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.{{cite web|url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}} The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource | publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032145/http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2 | archive-date=2018-07-24 }}

Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.{{cite web |url=http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&id=MTYyNTA |title=WBCSD Water Facts & Trends |access-date=2009-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011840/http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&id=MTYyNTA |archive-date=2012-03-01 }} Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants (which use water for cooling), ore and oil refineries (which use water in chemical processes) and manufacturing plants (which use water as a solvent), it is also used for dumping garbage.

Desalination of seawater is considered a renewable source of water, although reducing its dependence on fossil fuel energy is needed for it to be fully renewable.{{cite journal | last1=Lienhard | first1=John H. | last2=Thiel | first2=Gregory P. | last3=Warsinger | first3=David M. | last4=Banchik | first4=Leonardo D. | title=Low Carbon Desalination: Status and Research, Development, and Demonstration Needs, Report of a workshop conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in association with the Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance | journal=Prof. Lienhard Via Angie Locknar | date=2016-12-08 | hdl=1721.1/105755 }}

File:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|Panorama of a natural wetland (Sinclair Wetlands, New Zealand)

File:Alaska wild berries.jpg - renewable resources]]

Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/food|title=food | Definition & Nutri ion|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}} Most food has its origin in renewable resources. Food is obtained directly from plants and animals.

Hunting may not be the first source of meat in the modernised world, but it is still an important and essential source for many rural and remote groups. It is also the sole source of feeding for wild carnivores.Mammals: Carnivores. Duane E. Ullrey. Encyclopedia of Animal Science.

{{main|Sustainable agriculture}}

The phrase sustainable agriculture was coined by Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont.{{cite web|author=Rural Science Graduates Association |year=2002 |url=http://agbu.une.edu.au/~aaabg/rsga/im.html |title={{sic|In Memo|rium|hide=y|expected=In Memoriam}} — Former Staff and Students of Rural Science at UNE |publisher=University of New England |access-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606220152/http://agbu.une.edu.au/~aaabg/rsga/im.html |archive-date=6 June 2013 }} It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term".Gold, M. (July 2009). [http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/agnic/susag.shtml What is Sustainable Agriculture?]. United States Department of Agriculture, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center. Expansion of agricultural land reduces biodiversity and contributes to deforestation. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and urban development, along with reclamation of wetlands, and conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion.{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4252e/y4252e14.htm |title=FAO World Agriculture towards 2015/2030 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |year=2003 |access-date=2013-01-06}}

Image:Polyculture.JPG]]

Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. Monoculture is a method of growing only one crop at a time in a given field, which can damage land and cause it to become either unusable or suffer from reduced yields. Monoculture can also cause the build-up of pathogens and pests that target one specific species. The Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) is a well-known example of the dangers of monoculture.

Crop rotation and long-term crop rotations confer the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops, and can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Other methods to combat lost soil nutrients are returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients indefinitely) such as the Flooding of the Nile, the long-term use of biochar, and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients.

Agricultural practices are one of the single greatest contributor to the global increase in soil erosion rates.{{Cite book|author=Committee on 21st Century Systems Agriculture|title=Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century|publisher=National Academies Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-309-14896-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdm4qMW1azgC&pg=PT88}} It is estimated that "more than a thousand million tonnes of southern Africa's soil are eroded every year. Experts predict that crop yields will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at present rates."{{cite web|title=Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa CEP Factsheet |url=http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/Programs/CEP/Pubs/CEPFS/CEPFS01.htm |access-date=2013-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213002938/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/Programs/CEP/Pubs/CEPFS/CEPFS01.htm |archive-date=2013-02-13 }} The Dust Bowl phenomenon in the 1930s was caused by severe drought combined with farming methods that did not include crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops, soil terracing and wind-breaking trees to prevent wind erosion.

{{cite web

|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/drought/drght_history.html

|title=Drought: A Paleo Perspective – 20th Century Drought

|publisher=National Climatic Data Center

|access-date=2009-04-05

}}

The tillage of agricultural lands is one of the primary contributing factors to erosion, due to mechanised agricultural equipment that allows for deep plowing, which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion.{{cite book|author1=Blanco, Humberto |author2=Lal, Rattan |chapter=Tillage erosion|title=Principles of Soil Conservation and Management|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=978-90-481-8529-0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wj3690PbDY0C&pg=PA109}}{{cite book|author=Lobb, D.A.|chapter=Soil movement by tillage and other agricultural activities|editor=Jorgenson, Sven E.|title=Applications in Ecological Engineering|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-444-53448-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRKO6ZazC8UC&pg=PA247}}

The phenomenon called peak soil describes how large-scale factory farming techniques are affecting humanity's ability to grow food in the future.{{cite web |title=Peak Soil: Why cellulosic ethanol, biofuels are unsustainable and a threat to America |url=http://culturechange.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=107&Itemid=1 |access-date=2013-01-05}} Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the availability of arable soil may become increasingly problematic.{{cite web |title=CopperWiki Soil erosion |url=http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php?title=Soil_erosion |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217124006/http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php?title=Soil_erosion |archive-date=2013-02-17 }}{{unreliable source?|date=January 2013}}

File:Manantenina bushfire.jpg, 2010]]

Methods to combat erosion include no-till farming, using a keyline design, growing wind breaks to hold the soil, and widespread use of compost. Fertilizers and pesticides can also have an effect of soil erosion,{{Cite journal |last1=Vaidya |first1=Shrijana |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Mathias |last3=Holz |first3=Maire |last4=Macagga |first4=Reena |last5=Monzon |first5=Oscar |last6=Thalmann |first6=Mogens |last7=Jurisch |first7=Nicole |last8=Pehle |first8=Natalia |last9=Verch |first9=Gernot |last10=Sommer |first10=Michael |last11=Augustin |first11=Jürgen |date=2023-01-01 |title=Similar strong impact of N fertilizer form and soil erosion state on N2O emissions from croplands |url=https://repository.publisso.de/resource/frl:6449503/data |journal=Geoderma |language=en |volume=429 |page=116243 |doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116243 |issn=0016-7061|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Geode.42916243V }} which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing. Phosphate is a primary component in the chemical fertiliser applied most commonly in modern agricultural production. However, scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted in 50–100 years and that Peak Phosphate will occur in about 2030.{{cite journal |title=The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought |author=Cordell|journal= Global Environmental Change |date=2009-02-11 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=292–305|bibcode=2009GEC....19..292C }}

Industrial processing and logistics also have an effect on agriculture's sustainability. The way and locations crops are sold requires energy for transportation, as well as the energy cost for materials, labour, and transport. Food sold at a local location, such a farmers' market, have reduced energy overheads.

Air is a renewable resource. All living organisms need oxygen, nitrogen (directly or indirectly), carbon (directly or indirectly) and many other gases in small quantities for their survival.

File:Douglas des farges 1.jpg forest created in 1850, Meymac (Corrèze), France]]

{{main|Energy crop|Nonfood crop}}

An important renewable resource is wood provided by means of forestry, which has been used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times.

{{Cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/info/ece-homepage.html|title=UNECE Homepage|website=www.unece.org}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/am859e/am859e08.pdf|title=FAO Factsheet}}[https://www.economist.com/news/business/21575771-environmental-lunacy-europe-fuel-future Wood The fuel of the future] Environmental lunacy in Europe, Economist title story Apr 6th 2013 Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is between energy crops and non-food crops. A large variety of lubricants, industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton, copra or hemp, paper derived from wood, rags or grasses, bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical based products like latex, ethanol, resin, sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include fur, leather, technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue, tendons, casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling.

With regard to pharmacy ingredients and legal and illegal drugs, plants are important sources, however e.g. venom of snakes, frogs and insects has been a valuable renewable source of pharmacological ingredients. Before GMO production set in, insulin and important hormones were based on animal sources. Feathers, an important byproduct of poultry farming for food, is still being used as filler and as base for keratin in general. Same applies for the chitin produced in farming Crustaceans which may be used as base of chitosan. The most important part of the human body used for non-medical purposes is human hair as for artificial hair integrations, which is being traded worldwide.

File:Japan Factory Ship Nisshin Maru Whaling Mother and Calf.jpg are dragged aboard the Nisshin Maru, a Japanese whaling vessel.]]

File:Hanfdaemmstoff CG.jpg insulation, a renewable resource used as building material]]

Historically, renewable resources like firewood, latex, guano, charcoal, wood ash, plant colors as indigo, and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the beginning of the industrial era. Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in deforestation, overgrazing or overfishing.

In addition to fresh meat and milk, which as food items are not the topic of this section, livestock farmers and artisans used further animal ingredients as tendons, horn, bones, bladders. Complex technical constructions as the composite bow were based on combination of animal and plant based materials. The current distribution conflict between biofuel and food production is being described as Food vs. fuel. Conflicts between food needs and usage, as supposed by fief obligations were in so far common in historical times as well.[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095848/http://www.wageningenacademic.com/_clientfiles/download/livestockhousing-e_01.pdf A short history of livestock production], J. Hartung, in Livestock housing, Modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals, edited by: Andres Aland and Thomas Banhazi, © 2013 {{ISBN|978-90-8686-217-7}} However, a significant percentage of (middle European) farmers yields went into livestock, which provides as well organic fertiliser.Gustav Comberg, Die deutsche Tierzucht im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Ulmer, 1984, {{ISBN|3-8001-3061-0}}, (History of livestock breeding in Germany) Oxen and horses were important for transportation purposes, drove engines as e.g. in treadmills.

Other regions solved the transportation problem with terracing, urban and garden agriculture.Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment. By Joachim Radkau. Publications of the German Historical Institute Series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008 Further conflicts as between forestry and herding, or (sheep) herders and cattle farmers led to various solutions. Some confined wool production and sheep to large state and nobility domains or outsourced to professional shepherds with larger wandering herds.Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte. 2, Band 0, Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte, Reiner Prass, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1958, p. 58

The British Agricultural Revolution was mainly based on a new system of crop rotation, the four-field rotation. British agriculturist Charles Townshend recognised the invention in Dutch Waasland and popularised it in the 18th century UK, George Washington Carver in the USA. The system used wheat, turnips and barley and introduced as well clover. Clover is able to fix nitrogen from air, a practically non exhaustive renewable resource, into fertilizing compounds to the soil and allowed to increase yields by large. Farmers opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop. Thus livestock could to be bred year-round and winter culling was avoided. The amount of manure rose and allowed more crops but to refrain from wood pasture.

Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previous resource base partially replaced respectively supplemented by large scale chemical synthesis and by the use of fossil and mineral resources respectively. Besides the still central role of wood, there is a sort of renaissance of renewable products based on modern agriculture, genetic research and extraction technology. Besides fears about an upcoming global shortage of fossil fuels, local shortages due to boycotts, war and blockades or just transportation problems in remote regions have contributed to different methods of replacing or substituting fossil resources based on renewables.

The use of certain basically renewable products as in TCM endangers various species. Just the black market in rhinoceros horn reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years."Rhino horn: All myth, no medicine", National Geographic, Rhishja LarsonFacts about traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): rhinoceros horn, Encyclopædia Britannica, [http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/1035448/traditional-Chinese-medicine-TCM-as-discussed-in-rhinoceros-mammal Facts about traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): rhinoceros horn, as discussed in rhinoceros (mammal): – Britannica Online Encyclopedia]

Image:FA Geisenheim22.jpg]]

The success of the German chemical industry till World War I was based on the replacement of colonial products. The predecessors of IG Farben dominated the world market for synthetic dyes at the beginning of the 20th century{{cite book |last1=Aftalion |first1=Fred |last2=Benfey |first2=Otto Theodor |date=1991 |title=A History of the International Chemical Industry |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-8207-8 |page=104}}{{cite book |last=Chandler |first=Alfred DuPont |date=2004 |title=Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-78995-1 |page=475}} and had an important role in artificial pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals.{{Cite book|title = The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century|last = Lesch|first = John E.|publisher = Springer Science & Business Media|year = 2000|page = 219}}

However the former Plant breeding research institutes took a different approach. After the loss of the German colonial empire, important players in the field as Erwin Baur and Konrad Meyer switched to using local crops as base for economic autarky.Autarkie und Ostexpansion: Pflanzenzucht und Agrarforschung im Nationalsozialismus, (agrarian research during the NS regime) Susanne Heim, Wallstein, 2002, {{ISBN|3-89244-496-X}}{{Cite book|title = Autarkie und Ostexpansion: Pflanzenzucht und Agrarforschung im Nationalsozialismus, (agrarian research during the NS regime)|last = Heim|first = Susanne|publisher = Wallstein|year = 2002|isbn = 978-3-89244-496-1}} Meyer as a key agricultural scientist and spatial planner of the Nazi era managed and lead Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft resources and focused about a third of the complete research grants in Nazi Germany on agricultural and genetic research and especially on resources needed in case of a further German war effort. A wide array of agrarian research institutes still existing today and having importance in the field was founded or enlarged in the time.

There were some major failures as trying to e.g. grow frost resistant olive species, but some success in the case of hemp, flax, rapeseed, which are still of current importance. During World War 2, German scientists tried to use Russian Taraxacum (dandelion) species to manufacture natural rubber. Rubber dandelions are still of interest, as scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) announced 2013 to have developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber.{{cite web|title=Making Rubber from Dandelion Juice|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131028114547.htm|work=sciencedaily.com|access-date=22 November 2013}}

Several legal and economic means have been used to enhance the market share of renewables.

The UK uses Non-Fossil Fuel Obligations (NFFO), a collection of orders requiring the electricity distribution network operators in England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors. Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland (the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation) and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation). In the US, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), use a similar approach. German Energiewende is using feed-in tariffs. An unexpected outcome of the subsidies was the quick increase of pellet byfiring in conventional fossil fuel plants (compare Tilbury power stations) and cement works, making wood respectively biomass accounting for about half of Europe's renewable-energy consumption.

{{anchor|biorenewable}}

{{wiktionary|biorenewable}}

Biorenewable chemicals are chemicals created by biological organisms that provide feedstocks for the chemical industry.{{Cite journal|last1=Nikolau|first1=Basil J.|last2=Perera|first2=M. Ann D.N.|last3=Brachova|first3=Libuse|last4=Shanks|first4=Brent|date=2008-05-01|title=Platform biochemicals for a biorenewable chemical industry|journal=The Plant Journal|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=536–545|doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03484.x|pmid=18476861|issn=1365-313X|doi-access=free}} Biorenewable chemicals can provide solar-energy-powered substitutes for the petroleum-based carbon feedstocks that currently supply the chemical industry. The tremendous diversity of enzymes in biological organisms, and the potential for synthetic biology to alter these enzymes to create yet new chemical functionalities, can drive the chemical industry. A major platform for creation of new chemicals is the polyketide biosynthetic pathway, which generates chemicals containing repeated alkyl chain units with potential for a wide variety of functional groups at the different carbon atoms.{{Cite journal|last1=Garg|first1=Shivani|last2=Rizhsky|first2=Ludmila|last3=Jin|first3=Huanan|last4=Yu|first4=Xiaochen|last5=Jing|first5=Fuyuan|last6=Yandeau-Nelson|first6=Marna D.|last7=Nikolau|first7=Basil J.|title=Microbial production of bi-functional molecules by diversification of the fatty acid pathway|journal=Metabolic Engineering|volume=35|pages=9–20|doi=10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.003|pmid=26827988|year=2016|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Leber|first1=Christopher|last2=Da Silva|first2=Nancy A.|date=2014-02-01|title=Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the synthesis of short chain fatty acids|journal=Biotechnology and Bioengineering|language=en|volume=111|issue=2|pages=347–358|doi=10.1002/bit.25021|pmid=23928901|s2cid=8117248|issn=1097-0290}} Polyurethane research is ongoing that specifically uses renewable resources.{{Cite journal|last1=Malani|first1=Ritesh S.|last2=Malshe|first2=Vinod C.|last3=Thorat|first3=Bhaskar Narayan|date=2022-01-01|title=Polyols and polyurethanes from renewable sources: past, present and future—part 1: vegetable oils and lignocellulosic biomass|journal=Journal of Coatings Technology and Research|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=201–222|doi=10.1007/s11998-021-00490-0|s2cid=235442129 |issn=1935-3804}}

{{main|Bioplastic}}

File:Bio-K Blister CG.jpg, a bioplastic]]

Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, lignin, corn starch, pea starch{{cite web

|url=http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document&CFTOKEN=19120617&PJ_RCN=7901178&CFID=6808047

|title=Development of a pea starch film with trigger biodegradation properties for agricultural applications

|date=2008-11-30

|publisher=CORDIS services

|access-date=2009-11-24}} or microbiota.{{Cite journal

|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

|title=Accumulation of biopolymers in activated sludge biomass

|volume=78

|issue=1–3

|pages=389–399

|author1=Hong Chua |author2=Peter H. F. Yu |author3=Chee K. Ma

|issn=0273-2289

|doi=10.1385/ABAB:78:1-3:389

|date=March 1999

|pmid=15304709

|s2cid=189905491

}} The most common form of bioplastic is thermoplastic starch. Other forms include Cellulose bioplastics, biopolyester, Polylactic acid, and bio-derived polyethylene.

The production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared to plastic production from petroleum (petroplastic); however, manufacturing of bioplastic materials is often still reliant upon petroleum as an energy and materials source. Because of the fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market size for bioplastics, but the global production capacity is estimated at 327,000 tonnes.[http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-polymers-factsheet-bioplastics NNFCC Renewable Polymers Factsheet: Bioplastics — NNFCC]. Nnfcc.co.uk (2010-02-19). Retrieved on 2011-08-14. In contrast, global consumption of all flexible packaging is estimated at 12.3 million tonnes.{{cite web |url=http://www.plasticsnews.com/subscriber/fyi.html?id=1132774806 |title=FYI charts |publisher=Plastics News |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513223411/http://www.plasticsnews.com/subscriber/fyi.html?id=1132774806 |archive-date=2008-05-13 }}

{{main|Bioasphalt}}

Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources. Manufacturing sources of bioasphalt include sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches, and vegetable oil based waste. Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004.{{cite web|url=http://answers.com/topic/colas-s-a?cat=biz-fin |title=Colas S.A.: Information and Much More from |publisher=Answers.com |access-date=2010-06-07}}[http://colas-cst.com/_ACTU_TECH/nouveauxproduits.php?fiche=0 COLAS CST - Végécol] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012084340/http://colas-cst.com/_ACTU_TECH/nouveauxproduits.php?fiche=0 |date=October 12, 2007 }}

{{main|Renewable energy}}

Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished as fast as they are being used. Examples are sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.{{cite web |url=http://thebulletin.org/myth-renewable-energy |title=The myth of renewable energy | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |publisher=Thebulletin.org |date=2011-11-22 |access-date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=2013-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007161531/http://www.thebulletin.org/myth-renewable-energy |url-status=dead }} Renewable energy may replace conventional fuels in four distinct markets, namely electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.REN21 (2010). [http://www.harbortaxgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/REN21_GSR_2010_full_revised-Sept2010.pdf Renewables Global Status Report] p. 15. Manufacturing of renewable energy devices uses non-renewable resources such as mined metals and land surface.

{{main|Biomass}}

File:Faz S Sofia canavial 090607 REFON.JPG plantation in Brazil (State of São Paulo). Cane is used for biomass energy.]]

Biomass is referring to biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials.

Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources (i.e., maintaining a positive renewal rate) can reduce air pollution, soil contamination, habitat destruction and land degradation.{{cite web |title=Benefits of Renewable Energy Use |url=http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/public-benefits-of-renewable.html |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |access-date=2013-01-04 |year=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325093405/http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/public-benefits-of-renewable.html |archive-date=2012-03-25 }} Biomass energy is derived from six distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, plants, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the advent of burning wood to make fire, and wood remains the largest biomass energy source today.{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303740704577524822063133842 |title=Wood-Fired Plants Generate Violations |first1=Justin |last1=Scheck |first2=Ianthe Jeanne |last2=Dugan |newspaper=WSJ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2012-04-12}}Global biomass fuel resources, Matti Parikka, in Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 27, Issue 6, December 2004, Pages 613–620, Pellets 2002. The first world conference on pellets

However, low tech use of biomass, which still amounts for more than 10% of world energy needs may induce indoor air pollution in developing nations{{cite journal |vauthors=Duflo E, Greenstone M, Hanna R |title=Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being |journal=S.A.P.I.EN.S |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=2008 |url=http://sapiens.revues.org/index130.html}} and results in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000.{{cite journal |vauthors=Ezzati M, Kammen DM |title=The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps, and data needs |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=110 |issue=11 |pages=1057–68 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12417475 |pmc=1241060 |doi=10.1289/ehp.021101057|bibcode=2002EnvHP.110.1057E }}

The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region.Frauke Urban and Tom Mitchell 2011. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5792&title=climate-change-disasters-electricity-generation Climate change, disasters and electricity generation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024704/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5792&title=climate-change-disasters-electricity-generation |date=2012-09-20 }}. London: Overseas Development Institute and Institute of Development Studies Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are common in the United States. Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks). Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in the UK. The biomass power generating industry in the United States, which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply.{{cite web

|url = http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/renew_energy_consump/table4.html

|title = U.S. Electric Net Summer Capacity

|date = July 2009

|publisher = U.S. Energy Information Administration

|access-date = 2010-01-25

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110013735/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/renew_energy_consump/table4.html

|archive-date = 2010-01-10

}}

{{main|Biofuel}}

File:Sao Paulo ethanol pump 04 2008 74 zoom.jpg has bioethanol made from sugarcane available throughout the country. Shown a typical Petrobras gas station at São Paulo with dual fuel service, marked A for alcohol (ethanol) and G for gasoline.]]

A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.{{cite journal | title = Biology and genetic improvement of Jatropha curcas L.: A review| journal = Applied Energy | volume = 87 | issue = 3 | year = 2010| pages = 732–742 |author1=B.N. Divakara |author2=H.D. Upadhyaya |author3=S.P. Wani |author4=C.L. Laxmipathi Gowda | doi = 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.07.013| bibcode = 2010ApEn...87..732D | url = http://oar.icrisat.org/174/1/nset10.pdf }}

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane or switchgrass.

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.

Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes.,Redman, G., The Andersons Centre. [http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl?id=7198;isa=DBRow;op=show;dbview_id=2457 "Assessment of on-farm AD in the UK"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113120322/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl?id=7198%3Bisa%3DDBRow%3Bop%3Dshow%3Bdbview_id%3D2457 |date=2010-11-13 }}, National Non-Food Crops Centre, 2008-06-09. Retrieved on 2009-05-11. etc. is also a renewable source of energy.

{{main|Biogas}}

Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops.National Non-Food Crops Centre. [http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion "NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet: Anaerobic Digestion"], Retrieved on 2011-02-16 It is primarily methane ({{chem|CH|4}}) and carbon dioxide ({{ CO2}}) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide ({{chem|H|2|S}}), moisture and siloxanes.

{{main|Natural fiber}}

Natural fibres are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibres are of two types: natural fibre which consists of animal and plant fibres, and man made fibre which consists of synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres.

Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth."Capitalizing on Environmental Injustice: The Polluter-Industrial Complex in the Age of Globalization", by Daniel Faber, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 17 Jul 2008 They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world's capacity to replenish them."Management for a Small Planet" by Jean Garner Stead and W. Edward Stead, M.E. Sharpe 2009 A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment."Environmental Science: Creating a Sustainable Future" by Daniel D. Chiras, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 21 Dec 2004

Image:Surexploitation morue surpêcheEn.jpg stocks severely overfished leading to abrupt collapse]]

{{main|Overfishing}}

National Geographic has described ocean over fishing as "simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves."{{cite magazine |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/our-programs/pristine-seas/ |title=Overfishing |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=2013-01-06}}

Tuna meat is driving overfishing as to endanger some species like the bluefin tuna. The European Community and other organisations are trying to regulate fishery as to protect species and to prevent their extinctions.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:358:0059:0080:EN:PDF COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 2371/2002] of 20 December 2002 on the conservation and sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources under the Common Fisheries Policy. Retrieved 2013-01-05. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65.

{{cite web

|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm

|title=Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Part V

|access-date=2012-05-01

}}

Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the North Sea of Europe, the Grand Banks of North America and the East China Sea of Asia.{{cite web

|url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-08/16/content_363493.htm

|title=Pollution, overfishing destroy East China Sea fishery

|editor=Lu Hui

|work=Xinhua on GOV.cn

|date=16 August 2006

|access-date=2012-05-01

|archive-date=2012-02-24

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224105748/http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-08/16/content_363493.htm

|url-status=dead

}}

The decline of penguin population is caused in part by overfishing, caused by human competition over the same renewable resources{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100906145115.htm |title=Most Penguin Populations Continue to Decline, Biologists Warn |publisher=Science Daily |work=Science News |date=Sep 9, 2010 |access-date=2013-01-05}}

File:Deforestation central Europe - Rodungen Mitteleuropa.jpg in Europe in 2018]]

{{main|Deforestation}}

Besides their role as a resource for fuel and building material, trees protect the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by creating oxygen.[http://chemistry.about.com/od/environmentalchemistry/f/oxygen-produced-by-trees.htm How Much Oxygen Does One Tree Produce?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115175416/http://chemistry.about.com/od/environmentalchemistry/f/oxygen-produced-by-trees.htm |date=2012-11-15 }} By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com Guide The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change. Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.Mumoki, Fiona. "The Effects of Deforestation on our Environment Today." Panorama. TakingITGlobal. 18 July 2006. Web. 24 March 2012.

Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture.{{cite web|url=http://www.wrm.org.uy/deforestation/UNreport.html |title=Underlying Causes of Deforestation |work=UN Secretary-General's Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010411092448/http://wrm.org.uy/deforestation/UNreport.html |archive-date=2001-04-11 }} Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.{{cite web|url=http://www.uwec.edu/jolhm/EH2/Rogge/index.htm|author=Daniel Rogge|work=University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire|title=Deforestation and Landslides in Southwestern Washington|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805191140/http://www.uwec.edu/jolhm/EH2/Rogge/index.htm|archive-date=2012-08-05}}{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/413717.stm |title=China's floods: Is deforestation to blame? |work=BBC News |date=August 6, 1999 |access-date=2013-01-05}}

Rain forests house many species and organisms providing people with food and other commodities. In this way biofuels may well be unsustainable if their production contributes to deforestation.{{citation |url=http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Publications/AssessingBiofuels/tabid/56055/Default.aspx |title=Assessing biofuels: towards sustainable production and use of resources |year=2009 |publisher=International Resource Panel, United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=2013-01-05}}

File:Bison skull pile edit.jpg]]

{{main|Endangered species}}

Some renewable resources, species and organisms are facing a very high risk of extinction caused by growing human population and over-consumption. It has been estimated that over 40% of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct.{{cite web|url=http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/threatened-species/|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525032656/http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/threatened-species/|archive-date=25 May 2017|title=Threatened Species|publisher=Conservation and Wildlife|access-date=2 June 2012}} Many nations have laws to protect hunted species and to restrict the practice of hunting. Other conservation methods include restricting land development or creating preserves. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview |title=Red List Overview |date=February 2011 |publisher=IUCN |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527175928/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview |archive-date=27 May 2012 }} Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species.

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• Exploitation of natural resources
• Habitat conservation
• List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom
• Natural capital
• Natural resource
• Non-renewable resource
• Recycling
• Resource
• Seed tree
• Stewardship
• Sustainable development
• Scarcity

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{{Portal|Renewable energy|Environment}}

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{{Reflist}}

• Krzeminska, Joanna, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125
• Masters, G. M. (2004). Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons.
• Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011, April). Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1513–1524.
• Sawin, Janet. "Charting a New Energy Future." State of the World 2003. By Lester R. Brown. Boston & Company, Incorporated, 2003.

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