resist
{{Short description|Protection used in manufacturing and art}}
{{other uses}}
File:Percival David Collection DSCF3122 17.jpg vase, 14th century; the unglazed medallions were coated with a resist before the vase was coated with liquid glaze.[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3179870&partId=1 British Museum page]]]
A resist, used in many areas of manufacturing and art, is something that is added to parts of an object to create a pattern by protecting these parts from being affected by a subsequent stage in the process.OED, "Resist", 3. "Any composition applied to a surface to protect it in part from the effects of an agent employed on it for some purpose". Often the resist is then removed.
For example in the resist dyeing of textiles, wax or a similar substance is added to places where the dye is not wanted. The wax will "resist" the dye, and after it is removed there will be a pattern in two colours. Batik, shibori and tie-dye are among many styles of resist dyeing.[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/resist-dyed-textiles/ Resist-dyed textiles], Victoria and Albert Museum, LondonYoshiko Iwamoto Wada, Mary Kellogg Rice, Jane Barton, Shibori: The Inventive Art of Japanese Shaped Resist Dyeing : Tradition, Techniques, Innovation, 1999, Kodansha International, {{ISBN|4770023995}}, 9784770023995
Wax or grease can also be used as a resist in pottery, to keep some areas free from a ceramic glaze; the wax burns away when the piece is fired.Medley, Margaret, The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics, pp. 151–152, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon, {{ISBN|071482593X}} Song dynasty Jizhou ware used paper cut-outs and leaves as resists or stencils under glaze to create patterns.Medley, pp. 158–159 Other uses of resists in pottery work with slip or paints, and a whole range of modern materials used as resists.Beard, Peter, Resist and Masking Techniques (Ceramics Handbooks), 1996, University of Pennsylvania Press,
{{ISBN|0812216113}}, 9780812216110 A range of similar techniques can be used in watercolour and other forms of painting.Reyner, Nancy, Acrylic Revolution: New Tricks and Techniques for Working with the World's Most Versatile Medium, pp. 40–42, 2007, North Light Books, {{ISBN|1581808046}}, 9781581808049, [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0N_wjD3TBMC&pg=PA40 google books]Susan Crabtree, Peter Beudert, Scenic Art for the Theatre: History, Tools and Techniques, p. 391, 2012, CRC Press, {{ISBN|1136084304}}, 9781136084300 While these artistic techniques stretch back centuries, a range of new applications of the resist principle have recently developed in microelectronics and nanotechnology. An example is resists in semiconductor fabrication, using photoresists (often just referred to as "resists") in photolithography.D. Widmann, H. Mader, H. Friedrich, Technology of Integrated Circuits, pp. 92–115, 2013, Springer Science & Business Media, {{ISBN|366204160X}}, 9783662041604, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nC7wCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 google books]
Etching
Etching processes use a resist, though in these typically the whole object is covered in the resist (called the "ground" in some contexts), which is then selectively removed from some parts. This is the case when a resist is used to prepare the copper substrate for champlevé enamels, where parts of the field are etched (with acid or electrically) into hollows to be filled with powdered glass, which is then melted.{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=R. L. |title=Relief Electro-Etching for Champlevé Enamelling |url=http://www.guildofenamellers.org/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/1-technical-documents?download=4:relief-electro-etching |publisher=Guild of Enamellers |accessdate=30 October 2016}} In chemical milling, as many forms of industrial etching are called, the resist may be referred to as the "maskant",[http://osp.mans.edu.eg/s-hazem/NTM/NTCM.html Nontraditional Chemical Processes] and in many contexts the process may be known as masking. A fixed resist pre-shaped with the pattern is often called a stencil, or in some contexts a frisket.The Guild Handbook of Scientific Illustration, ed. Elaine R. S. Hodges, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, {{ISBN|0471360112}}, 9780471360117, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gD8pWkA6TcwC&pg=PA194 google books]
The Oxford English Dictionary does not record the word "resist" in this sense before the 1830s, when it was used in relation to both "calico-printing" (1836) and metalwork with copper (1839).OED, "Resist", 2. and 3. (original edition) Resists were also used to etch steel from the mid 19th-century.{{cite book|author=Michael R. Peres|title=The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4Wx9yKrDS0C&pg=PA102|year=2013| publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-10613-2| page=102}}
Gallery
File:Kosode (Running waters and wheels with mallets).Detail. Matsuzakaya Collection.jpg|{{Transliteration|ja|Yūzen}} resist technique, with crisp, thin white outlines around the dyed patterns, created by ridges of resist paste that separate areas of dye
File:Buddhist Priest's Mantle (Kesa) LACMA M.2006.46 (16 of 18).jpg|Detail of tie-dyed silk (kanako shibori) with embroidery, Japan, 17th century. Pressure resist, no paste.
File:Batik-encerat2.jpg|Applying a batik resist in Sri Lanka
File:Tea Bowl (Chawan) with Leaf LACMA 58.49.5 (2 of 2).jpg|Jizhou ware tea bowl with natural leaf resist decoration and brown glaze, late southern Song dynasty, about 1200–1279
File:Al photoresist pattern developed via Nomarski DIC.jpg|A problem in a silicon integrated circuit wafer. The pink and blue irregularly-shaped rectangles are areas of photoresist that should have been fully developed and rinse away (purple), but there was a defect in processing. Seen under differential interference contrast microscopy.