stacte

Most ancient sources refer to Stacte as being a product of myrrh.{{Cite web|url=http://www.making-incense.com/monographs/stacte.htm|title=Stacte - Information & Properties | Natural Aromatics|date=27 March 2021|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217124333/http://www.making-incense.com/monographs/stacte.htm|url-status=dead}} It is variously described as the transparent parts separated or extracted from the myrrh resin, the myrrh that exudes spontaneously from the tree, or the product of myrrh heated over fire.

The ancient Greek botanist Theophrastus described the manufacturing of stacte: "From the myrrh, when it is bruised flows an oil; it is in fact called "stacte" because it comes in drops slowly." The ancient Roman historian Pliny, in Natural History, described stacte as "the liquid which exuded naturally from the myrrh tree before the gum was collected from man-made incisions".Pliny,Natural History, {{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Pancirollus described myrrh as a drop or tear distilling from a tree in Arabia Felix, and stacte as a drop of myrrh, which is extracted from it, and yielding a most precious liquid.The New John Gill Exposition of the entire bible, {{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Dioscorides wrote that stacte was made from myrrh. He recorded that after having bruised the myrrh and dissolved it in oil of balanos over a gentle fire, hot water was poured over it. The myrrh and oil would sink to the bottom like a deposit; and as soon as this has occurred, they strained off the water and squeeze the sediment in a press.Dioscorides, Matria MedicaGroom, Nigel, Frankincense and Myrrh: A Study of the Ancient Arabian Incense Trade

Ben-Yehoshua, et al., write "Stacte, which appears in the Bible in Exodus (30:34), probably refers to the liquid form of myrrh" and states that ancient writers referred to "a naturally flowing gum, called stacte, which sometimes flows from the bark of the tree without any cutting, before the actual harvest."Ben-Yehoshua, S., Borowitz, C., & Ondrej Hanuš, L. (2012). 1 Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea. Horticultural Reviews, 39, 1., pg. 41

Stoddart, who lists myrrh as a balm, informs us that "Myrrh—after the almost clear stacte has passed through—is reddish brown ... Stacte is the thinnest moiety of myrrh, the very best of which is forced through tiny holes in the intact bark at the start of spring."Stoddart, David Michael, The scented ape: the biology and culture of human odour Pomet wrote that to obtain stacte one must first gather the myrrh "that flows spontaneously from the tree" and to look for portions of the resin which are "clear and transparent, apt to crumble, light." He says to choose the myrrh "that when it is broke, has little white spots in it." We are told that "stacte is that liquid part which is found in the center or middle of the lumps or clots of myrrh." Pomet also wrote that stacte is that "which is first so gather'd from the tree without force, and also press'd from the myrrh ... there is prepar'd from it, an extract, an oil or liquor of myrrh."Pomet, Monfieur, History of Druggs, 1709

The Gerrhaean tribute to Antiochus III in 205 BC included one thousand talents of frankincense and two hundred of "stacte myrrh."

Cant. 5:5 reads, "I rose up to open to my beloved; And my hands dropped with myrrh, And my fingers with stacte" referring to myrrh and the stacte which seems to have exuded from it.Theocritean parallels to the Song of Songs by Wm. G. Seiple, Johns Hopkins University, The American Journal of Semitic Languages. This would seem to agree with Sauer and Blakely who note that stacte was extracted from myrrh.Archaeology Along the Spice Route of Yemen by James A. Sauer and Jeffrey A. Blakely. Araby the blest: studies in Arabian archaeology, By Daniel T. Potts

Abrahams informs that "With regard to the Tabernacle incense, most scholars agree that the term 'stacte' is of Latin and Greek origin, and that stacte represents myrrh."Onycha, Ingredient of the Ancient Jewish Incense: An Attempt at Identification, HJ Abrahams - Economic Botany, 1979 A. Lucas informs us in no uncertain terms that stacte is indeed a product of the myrrh tree.Notes on Myrrh and Stacte, A Lucas - The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1937{{Cite journal|jstor = 3854456|title = Notes on Myrrh and Stacte|journal = The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume = 23|issue = 1|pages = 27–33|last1 = Lucas|first1 = A|doi = 10.2307/3854456|year = 1937}} Tucker says that "Common myrrh is obtained from Commiphora myrrha; this is the species from which . . . stacte, was obtained."Frankincense and myrrh, AO Tucker - Economic botany, 1986{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF02859654 | volume=40 | issue=4 | title=Frankincense and myrrh | year=1986 | journal=Economic Botany | pages=425–433 | last1 = Tucker | first1 = Arthur O.| bibcode=1986EcBot..40..425T | s2cid=12460227 }}

R. Steuer, in his scholarly paper "Stacte in Egyptian Antiquity," gives a convincing argument in favor of stacte being the product of the myrrh tree in ancient Egypt.Steuer, Robert O., Stacte in Egyptian Antiquity{{Cite journal|jstor = 594360|title = Stactē in Egyptian Antiquity|journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume = 63|issue = 4|pages = 279–284|last1 = Steuer|first1 = Robert O|doi = 10.2307/594360|year = 1943}}

Myrrh Extract scented with Benzoin is a possibility. Myrrh in antiquity and classical times was seldom myrrh alone but was a mix of myrrh and some other oil. Stacte may have been light myrrh scented with benzoin (benzoin is described in section 2.1 below).

According to Rosenmuller, stacte was myrrh and another oil mixed together.Rimmel, Eugene, The book of perfumes (MDCCCLXV) One definition of "myrrh" in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is myrrh mixed with another aromatic oil. Writers in antiquity and classical times refer often to "mixed myrrh"Almalech, Mony. "Kosher fat." (2013)Logan, Alastair HB. "The mystery of the five seals: Gnostic initiation reconsidered." Vigiliae christianae (1997): 188–206.McCarter, P. Kyle. "The Balaam Texts from Deir ʿAllā: The First Combination." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1980): 49–60.Miller II, Robert D. "Shamanism and Totemism in Early Israel." Washington Academy of Sciences. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 100.4 (2014): 21.SL Fischman, The history of oral hygiene products: how far have we come in 6000 years?,- Periodontology 2000, 1997 and "scented myrrh".Geldard, Richard G. Parmenides and the way of truth. Richard Geldard, 2007.Wood, Algum. "Solomon's Plant Life: Plant Lore and Image in the Solomonic Writings." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 51 (1999): 26-33Tucker, Arthur O. "Frankincense and myrrh." Economic Botany 40.4 (1986): 425-433 One kind of myrrh described by Dioscorides was "like the stacte, a composition of myrrh and some other ingredient."The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Hutton, Shaw, and Pearson Then in another place{{Citation needed|reason=Where was this stated?|date=December 2023}} he wrote that stacte was a mix of two fats (the first natural exudations of myrrh was often referred to as "the fat of fresh myrrh") which included styrax (referred to as storax in antiquity).A. Lucas, Notes on Myrrh and Stacte Dioscordes defining stacte as Styrax and another substance and in another place as Myrrh and another substance seems to bring myrrh and storax together.

Although many scholars cite Styrax officinalis as the biblical storax, it exudes very little resin. This would seem to have necessitated the import of a storax such as Styrax benzoin, which is chemically similarBirney, K. J., & Koh, A. J. (2018). Adventures in Storax. Full Spectrum: Micro-Publications and could have scented the slight bitter note of myrrh and met the demands of making large amounts of incense described in the Bible.

The book of Ecclesiasticus lists storax as one of the ingredients when alluding to the sacred incense of the biblical tabernacle,Ecclesiasticus 24:15 speaking of "a pleasant odour like the best myrrh, as galbanum, and onyx, and sweet storax, [in antiquity Styrax was referred to as Storax] and as the fume of frankincense in the tabernacle". Either myrrh was treated with storax or by the time of the first temple period a fifth ingredient was added to the ketoret.Taylor's edition of Calmet's great dictionary of the Holy Bible, by Augustin Calmet, Charles Taylor, Edward Wells Myrrh may have been treated with storax or storax oil to further enhance the fragrance."Year-Book of Pharmacy, comprising abstracts of papers relating to pharmacy, materia medica and chemistry contributed to British and foreign journals with Transactions of the British Pharmaceutical Conference," J. C. C. PAYNE, J.P., Pn.C, President, Belfast Frederic Charles Cook's commentary on Exodus 30:34 says that it seems by no means unlikely that benzoin was part of the incense of Exodus 30.The Holy Bible, According to the Authorized Version (A.D. 1611): pt. I, By Frederic Charles Cook For centuries, myrrh has been scented with Styrax benzoin, particularly in the Middle East, to scent private homes and places of worship.{{Cite web | title=Cooking with the Bible - HERBS AND SPICES | url=http://www.cookingwiththebible.com/reader/Default.aspx/GR3410-4252/lore/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212194517/http://www.cookingwiththebible.com:80/reader/Default.aspx/GR3410-4252/lore/ | access-date=2024-12-18 | archive-date=2007-12-12}} Myrrh treated with Styrax benzoin exudes qualities similar to that of opobalsamum (Mecca myrrh).

Lucas and Steuer, however, independently insist that stacte is simply a form of myrrh (e.g., a myrrh extract or the light myrrh resin which exudes naturally without harvesting assistance).

Opobalsamum (Commiphora opobalsamum [L.] Engl. Mecca myrrh) is a rare type of myrrh in the genus Commiphora. Some writers believe that stacte was derived from the balsam tree, Commiphora opobalsamum, known as kataf in the Talmud, which grows wild in Yemen, around Mecca, and in Israel.Yad, Kley HaMikdash 2:4; cf. Kerithoth 6a; Rashi; Radak, Sherashim; Saadia; Rambam on Kerithoth 1:1{{Cite web |url=http://bible.ort.org/books/Torahd5.asp?action=displayid&id=2414#C1806 |title=Ki Tisa |access-date=9 March 2010 |archive-date=14 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514102115/http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displayid&id=2414#C1806 |url-status=dead }}Jehuda Feliks (2007), "Storax", Encyclopaedia Judaica, 19 (2nd ed.), Thomson Gale, p. 238 The Revised Standard Version places "opobalsamum" in the margin by Exodus 30:34.

Gamliel said, "Stacte is simply the sap that drips from the tapping of the wood of the balsam tree" (Kerithot 6a). Iluz, et al., write that "researchers (Alpini, 1718; Feliks, 1995; Hepper, 1992; Linnaeus, 1764) have agreed with confidence that balsam is Commiphora gileadensis 1 (=C. opobalsamum), which grows wild today in the dry stony hills around the Red Sea."Iluz, D., Hoffman, M., Gilboa-Garber, N., & Amar, Z. . Medicinal properties of Commiphora gileadensis. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(8), (2010), 516-520. Ben-Yehoshua, et al., writing about "the most important spices used in religious ritual in ancient Israel" include opobalsamum referring to it as the "balm of Gilead, called also Judaean balsam, Hebrew—tzori, nataf, or Apharsemon (Exodus 30: 34)."Ben-Yehoshua, Shimshon, Carole Borowitz, and Lumír Ondrej Hanuš. "1 Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea." Horticultural Reviews39 (2012): 1. Bos, et al., says that stacte is the "oil of the balsam tree, Commiphora opobalsamum, and features in Rabbinic literature."Bos, G., et al. "Shin." Medical Synonym Lists from Medieval Provence: Shem Tov ben Isaac of Tortosa: Sefer ha-Shimmush. Book 29. BRILL, 2011. 495-528.

In Fauna and Flora of the Bible, translators define stacte (nataf) as a resinous, aromatic gum exuding from Commiphora opobalsamum.Fauna and Flora of the Bible, United Bible Society, Prepared in Cooperation with Committee on Translations of the United Bible Society, London, New York, Stuttgart, 1980, Pg 178 Van Dam writes that stacte, which many equate with nataf, is a resinous aromatic gum of a balsam tree which he identifies as Commiphora opobalsamum.Van Dam, Cornelis. "The Incense Offering in Its Biblical Context." Mid-America Journal of Theology (1991): 179–194. Some Latin texts of Exodus 30:34 translate stacte as a specie of myrrh, which Abraham states is opobalsamum.Ben-Abraham, David. "Holy Incense: The Jewish Prescription at the time of the Temple."

From the genus Commiphora,Aromatherapy science: a guide for healthcare professionals, By Maria Lis-BalchinThe botanical aspects of ancient Egyptian embalming and burial, BB Baumann - Economic Botany, 1960 opobalsamum is a relative of the official myrrh known as Commiphora myrrha{{Cite web | title=Location of Myrrh | first=Rebecca Joy | last=Knottnerus | website=Christopher's Herbeal legacy | url=http://www.herballegacy.com/Knottnerus_Location.html}} and produces a myrrh resin known as Mecca myrrh.{{Cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=COOP2|title=USDA Plants Database|website=plants.usda.gov}} Irenaeus referred to "myrrh called opobalsamum."Early Christianity: Religions Ancient And Modern, by S B Slack - 1914 The juice exudes spontaneously during the heat of summer, in resinous drops, but at other times the process is helped by making incisions in the bark.Grieve,M., A Modern Herbal It historically has produced a very pleasant aromatic resin with many alleged medicinal properties. The resin has a strong fragrant smell, with something of the lemon or citron flavour, a scent of vanilla, and the bitter, astringent aroma of Commiphora myrrha.Mortimer,Thomas, A general dictionary of commerce, trade, and manufactures: Exhibiting their present state in every part of the world; and carefully comp. from the latest and best authorities, Pg. 863 under "Opobalsamum", Publisher: R. Phillips, London (1810)

There are several lesser recognized contenders for the title "Stacte" which should also be mentioned here:

Storax (Styrax officinalis, syn. S. officinale) is a species belonging to the family Styracaceae. Many modern authorities identify stacte with the gum of this storax treePharmaceutical journal: A weekly record of pharmacy ,1889 – PharmacyPachad Yitzchak, s.v. Ketoreth; cf. Dioscorides, De Materia Medica 1:79Smiths Bible Dictionary, under Stacte and most commonly referred to by writers as Styrax officinalis. One source states that stacte is "the product of the Storax ... [T]he Septuagint name 'Stacte,' derived from the verb 'stazo,' to flow. By metonymy the name of the product, most probably, was transferred to the tree—as was the case in so many other instances among the ancient Israelites . . . [It] must not for a moment be confused or confounded with the Liquid Storax of commerce, which is the product of an altogether different Eastern tree . . . The Talmud contains several references to the Storax plant and its product. Of course in connection with the preparation of the holy incense for the Temple services."Bible Flowers and Flower Lore (Contents originally appeared in the "Jewish World" and was revised and printed in this volume)

The ancient book of Jubilees, part of the Dead Sea scroll collection found in Qumran, makes reference to storax.Jubilees, iii. 27, xvi. 24; K. ii. 45, 69Jewish Encyclopedia, under Plants Carroll and Siler say that "The Septuagint's translation was most likely in error because it seems unlikely that nataph is a form of myrrh . . . it seems that its translation in the Septuagint as stacte was made simply because both nataph and stacte mean 'to drip' . . . the storax tree seems more likely. Our word storax may even come from the Hebrew tsori."Let My Prayer Be Set Before Thee: The Burning of Incense in the Temple Cult of Ancient Israel, James L. Carroll and Elizabeth Siler

Benzoin (Styrax benzoin syn. Styrax tonkinensis) is a close relative of and of the same genus as Styrax officinalis above.Demiray, Hatice, et al. "Identification of benzoin obtained from calli of Styrax officinalis by HPLC." Turkish Journal of Botany 37.5 (2013): 956-963{{Cite web | title=HellenicGods.org - storax | url=http://www.hellenicgods.org/storax | access-date=2024-12-18 | website=www.hellenicgods.org}} In his commentary on Exodus 30:34 Frederic Charles Cook wrote that "it seems by no means unlikely that the stacte here mentioned was the gum known as Benzoin, or Gum Benjamin, which is an important ingredient in the incense now used in churches and mosks, and is the produce of another storax-tree (Styrax benzoin) that grows in Java and Sumatra."The Holy Bible, According to the Authorized Version (A.D. 1611): pt. I, By Frederic Charles Cook

Benzoin has a history steeped in antiquity and was once employed by the ancient Egyptians in the art of perfumery and incense. The apothecary of Shemot (Book of Exodus) would have been familiar with its aromatic uses. All the compounds identified in benzoin resin were detected in an archaeological organic residue from an Egyptian ceramic censer, thus proving that this resin was used as one of the components of the mixture of organic materials burned as incense in ancient Egypt.Journal of Chromatography A Volume 1134, Issues 1-2, 17 November 2006, Pages 298-304, Aromatic resin characterisation by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: Raw and archaeological materials, Francesca Modugnoa, Erika Ribechinia and Maria Perla Colombini, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35-56126 Pisa, Italy Morfit writes that the priests of Memphis burned benzoin incense every morning.Morfit, Campbell, Perfumery: Its Manufacture and Use The name "benzoin" is probably derived from Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي, "Javan frankincense"); compare the mid-eastern terms "gum benjamin" and "benjoin". H.J. Abrahams states that the use of benzoin in the Biblical incense is not inconceivable since Syro-Arabian tribes maintained extensive trade routes prior to Hellenism. Benzoin was available via import to the Biblical lands during the Old Testament era.

According to McClintock and Strong, the Hindustanis use benzoin to burn in their temples-which Strong and McClintoch write is a circumstance strongly in favor of the hypothesis that the stacte of Exodus is a storax.Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 9, By John McClintock, James Strong

Many scholars cite Styrax officinalis as the biblical storax, however the yield of resin produced by S. officinalis, if any is produced at all, is extremely small. The large amounts of stacte needed for liturgical purposes, especially in the first temple period, would seem to have necessitated the import of a storax that could have met the demand. Styrax benzoin yields a much larger yield of resin and could fill this need quite adequately. As mentioned above, Styrax benzoin is a close relative of and of the same genus as Styrax officinalis. Herodotus of Halicarnassus in the 5th century BC indicates that different kinds of storax were traded.Encyclopædia Britannica 1893:Incense of the Old Testament Gamaliel said that stacte was nothing more than the sap that drips from the branches of the balsam tree. Balsam is a term that has been used for a variety of pleasantly scented vegetable gums that usually contain benzoic acid such as is contained in gum benzoin from the gum benzoin tree.Willis 1973:677

Dioscordes describes two kinds of stacte: one which is derived from myrrh and one which was derived from storax. He also refers to "another called gabirea ...it also yields much stacte."International Standard Bible EncyclopediaDioscordes: Materia Medica Houtman writes that stacte refers to myrrh, but is also used for other types of gums.Exodus, Volume 1 By Dr. Cornelis Houtman (Scholarly exhaustive commentary on the book of Exodus)

Rosenmeuller records that "the Greeks also called stacte, a species of storax gum, which Dioscorides describes, as transparent like a tear, and resembling myrrh."The Mineralogy and Botany of the Bible, Rosenmeuller , E. F. In the Orphic Hymns, the Greek word for storax is στόρακας or στόρακα.

One ancient Egyptian perfume formula (1200 BC) consisted of "storax, labdanum, galbanum, frankincense, myrrh, cinnamon, cassia, honey, raisins."Aromatherapy: A Complete Guide to the Healing Art, By Kathi Keville, Mindy Green

Again, the possibility exists that instead of being stacte itself, Benzoin may have been the agent used for scenting a Myrrh Extract (See section 1.1 above).

It is believed by some that Liquidambar was the stacte of antiquity.Hepper 1987a: 49Ancient Egyptian materials and technology, by Paul T. Nicholson, Ian Shaw This ancient product was discovered in King Tut's tomb.

Opoponax (Commiphora guidottii) is a member of the myrrh family and has been considered to have been stacte. It is sometimes referred to as opobalsamum, and is a relative of but not the true C. opobalsamum.Bo Jensen, MSc{{Cite web|url=http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils22/EssentialOils22.htm|title = Essential oils}}

Balsam of Tolu and Balsam of Peru (Myroxylon balsamum) are sometimes called opobalsamum and are sometimes substituted for it, however they are not the true C. opobalsamum.Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volumes 15-16 By Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) pg.40 The balsams have a sweet, aromatic, resinous scent with an odour resembling vanilla or benzoin.Margaret Graves, A Modern Herbal, 1931 Both Balsam of Tolu and Balsam of Peru come from the same tree, Myroxylon, but each differs in production. The word Myroxylon is literally "fragrant wood" in Greek, or Quina/Balsamo. The balsams substitute for opobalsamum which some believe to be stacte.Ex. 30:34; R.V. marg., "opobalsamum"

Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) is a bush which exudes an aromatic resin.

Rosenmuller says that the etymology of the word stacte indicates "to distil", and that it was a distillate from myrrh and cinnamon which was mixed together.

Moldenke writes that the myrrh of certain parts of Biblical history was actually labdanum.Moldenke, Harold N. and Alma L. Moldenke, Plants of the Bible, 1941. It is believed that many instances in the Bible where it speaks of myrrh it is actually referring to a mixture of myrrh and labdanum.Stewart, David, Healing Oils of the Bible According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary one of the definitions of "myrrh" is "a mixture of myrrh and labdanum." If what was often referred to as myrrh was actually a mixture of myrrh and labdanum, then the manufacturing of stacte as described by Dioscorides could have reasonably been the product of this myrrh and labdanum mixture.

Labdanum (loT, stacte; translated "myrrh" in Genesis 37:25, margin "ladanum"; 43:11) The fragrant resin obtained from some species of cistus and called in Arabic ladham, in Latin ladanum.E. W. G. Masterman, Bible Encyclopedia Stacte is described as resin which exudes naturally without a man-made incision. Labdanum exudes from the rock rose bush naturally without any incisions being made.

Stacte might have been the sweetly fragrant resin that used to exude spontaneously from Amyris kataf, the bark of which, in other opinions, is the biblical "cinnamon".Worwood, Valerie Ann, The Fragrant Heavens: The Spiritual Dimension of Fragrance and Aromatherapy or may have been the product of the cinnamon tree itself.

Jules Janick writes: "Stacte; unknown, probably oil of cinnamon or cassia or aromatic gem resins."History of Horticulture © 2002 Jules Janick, Purdue University, Lectures 26-27, Spices and History

From Webster's Dictionary: "Stacte: one of the sweet spices used by the ancient Jews in the preparation of incense. It was perhaps an oil or other form of myrrh or cinnamon, or a kind of storax."Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

===Balsam===

Groom defines balsam as simply as "a viscous, resinous exudation from certain trees and shrubs, with a consistency which is thick but not solid. The principle balsams used in modern perfumery are Balsam of Peru, Balsam of Tolu, Balsam of Copaiba, Storax and Balm of Gilead [opobalsamum]. They have in common a vanilla like odor. The words balsam and balm are often used synonymously."Groom, Nigel, The Perfume Handbook, Springer, 1992

As stated above, some use Balsam of Tolu and Peru as a substitute for opobalsamum (Balm of Gilead), which they believe is the original stacte, because of the similarity of scent (opobalsamum is in the commiphora or the myrrh family). Groom describes the scent of these balsams as vanilla like and referring to Styrax benzoin, he says "the resin from it has a storax-like fragrance . . . and has a vanilla-like fragrance."Groom, Nigel

Gamaliel wrote, "Stacte is simply the sap that drips from the tapping of the wood of the balsam tree" (Kerithot 6a).Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, Kerithot 6a

{{Reflist}}

• {{aut|Bible Encyclopedia.net}} (2007): [http://bibleencyclopedia.net/index.php?title=Stacte&oldid=17236 Stacte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601093833/http://bibleencyclopedia.net/index.php?title=Stacte&oldid=17236 |date=1 June 2008 }}. Version of 07:35, 22 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-DEC-19.
• {{aut|International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE)}} (1915): [http://www.studylight.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T8376 Stacte]. Retrieved 2007-DEC-19.

Category:Incense material

Category:Myrrh

Category:Plants in the Bible