straw-headed bulbul
{{Short description|Species of songbird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Straw Headed Bulbul.jpg
| image_caption = In Singapore
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = {{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}
| taxon = Pycnonotus zeylanicus
| authority = (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
| range_map = Pycnonotus zeylanicus distribution map.png
| synonyms = * Sturnus zeylanicus (protonym)
}}
The straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, arable land, plantations, and rural gardens. It is threatened by habitat loss and poaching.
The straw-headed bulbul is prized for its singing ability and is a highly sought-after species by bird enthusiasts in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. This trade is causing population reductions across the species' range and is a major barrier to its conservation.{{Cite journal | last1=Bergin | first1=D. | last2=Chng | first2=S.C.L. | last3=Eaton | first3=J.A. | last4=Shepherd | first4=C.R. | date=2018 | title=The final straw? An overview of Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus trade in Indonesia | journal=Bird Conservation International | volume=28 | issue=1 | pages=126–132 | doi=10.1017/S0959270917000302 | doi-access=free }} Trapping has been facilitated in recent years by the spread of logging roads across its forest habitat. Due to this, the straw-headed bulbul was uplisted from endangered to critically endangered on the IUCN Red List in 2018.{{Cite news|url=http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/red-list-northern-bald-ibis-pink-pigeon-making-comeback|title=Red List: Northern Bald Ibis, Pink Pigeon making a comeback|author=BirdLife International|work=BirdLife|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en-us}}
Taxonomy and systematics
The straw-headed bulbul was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the starlings in the genus Sturnus and coined the binomial name Sturnus zeylanicus.{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 2 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=804 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656299 }} Gmelin based his description on the "Ceylonese stare" that had been described in 1783 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds.{{ cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1783 | title=A General Synopsis of Birds | volume=2, Part 1 | publisher=Printed for Leigh and Sotheby | location=London | page=11 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727979 }} The English name chosen by Latham and Gmelin's specific epithet were both based on the mistakenly belief that the species was found in Sri Lanka.{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=414 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n414/mode/1up }}{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1960 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=9 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=226 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480901 }} In 1924 Herbert C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss designated the type locality as Java.{{ cite journal | last1=Robinson | first1=H.C. | author1-link=Herbert C. Robinson | last2=Kloss | first2=C. Boden | author2-link=C. Boden Kloss | date=1924 | title=The birds of south-west and peninsula Siam | journal=Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam | volume=5 | issue=3 | pages=1-397 [272] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30702434 }} The straw-headed bulbul is now one of 32 species placed in the genus Pycnonotus that was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Bulbuls | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/bulbuls/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=20 May 2023}}
Alternate names for the straw-headed bulbul include the straw-crowned bulbul and the yellow-crowned bulbul.{{ cite book | last1=Fishpool | first1=L.D.C. |last2=Tobias | first2=J.A. | year=2005 | chapter=Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Christie | editor3-first=D.A. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=10: Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-72-6 | pages=124-250 [169] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0010unse/page/169/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Commons-inline|Pycnonotus zeylanicus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q780707}}
Category:Birds described in 1789
Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Pycnonotidae-stub}}