territorial evolution of Canada

!Event

!Change

|The Dominion of Canada was formed by the United Kingdom from three provinces of British North America:{{cite wikisource |title=Constitution Act, 1867 |date=March 29, 1867}}{{efn|The borders of Canada were, from Passamaquoddy Bay: up the St. Croix River to its source; north to the St. John River; up that to the St. Francis River; up that to its source at Lake Pohenegamook; southwesterly to a point on the north branch of the St. John River 10 miles distant from the main branch; then a line from there to where the St. John River crosses 46°25′ north; up the river to its source; then along the height of the land to the source of Halls Stream; down that to 45° north; west along that to the St. Lawrence River; up that to the Great Lakes, passing through Lake Ontario, the Niagara River, Lake Erie, the Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior, to the Pigeon River; up the height of the land around to a point north of Blanc-Sablon; then south to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The country included Cape Breton Island and Anticosti Island, but excluded nearby Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island.{{cite web

|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/br-1842.asp

|title=Text of "The Webster–Ashburton Treaty"

|publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School

|access-date=2023-11-29

}}}}

• The Province of Canada, which was split at the Ottawa River into the provinces of Ontario to the west, and Quebec to the east{{efn|The exact border between of Ontario and Quebec was: from where the St. Lawrence River leaves the border with the United States; down the river to a marker on the north bank of Lake Saint Francis at the border of the township of Lancaster (now part of South Glengarry) and the seigneurie of New Longueuil; north 34° west along the boundary to the western angle of New Longueuil; north 25° east along the boundary to the Ottawa River; up that to its source; then north to the height of the land.{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_33642 | page=58 | title=First Gazetteer of Upper Canada | publisher=Copp, Clark & Company | year=1876 | author=Scadding, Henry | access-date=October 3, 2024}}}}
• New Brunswick{{efn|The border between New Brunswick and Quebec was, from the outlet of Beau Lake: a line to a point one mile south of the southern point of Long Lake; a line to the southern point of the fiefs of Madawaska and Temiscouata; along that southeast boundary to its southeast angle; north to an east-west line tangent to the height of the land dividing the Rimouski River and the St. John River; east to a north-south line tangent to the height of the land dividing the Rimouski River from the Restigouche River; north to 48° north; east to the Patapédia River; down that to the Restigouche River; and down that to Chaleur Bay.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiEWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA100 | title=Boundary Line Between Canada & New Brunswick | year=1856}}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMFYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA402 | title=A monograph of the evolution of the boundaries of the Province of New Brunswick | year=1901 | author=Ganong, William Francis | page=402}}}}
• Nova Scotia{{efn|The border between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia was, from the Bay of Fundy; up the Missaguash River to a post near Black Island; then a complex of lines through and past Black Island, eventually reaching Tidnish Bridge; then down the Tidnish River to Baie Verte.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMFYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA369 | title=A monograph of the evolution of the boundaries of the Province of New Brunswick | year=1901 | author=Ganong, William Francis | page=369}}}}

The capital was established at Ottawa.

Canada inherited territorial disputes with the United States over Machias Seal Island and North Rock, which remain disputed up to the present.{{cite web | url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/a-haven-for-puffins-tranquil-island-off-nova-scotia-is-a-rare-piece-of-disputed-territory-between-canada-and-the-u-s | title=Puffin Wars: The island paradise at centre of last Canada-U.S. land dispute | newspaper=National Post | author=O'Connor, Joe | date=November 27, 2012 | access-date=April 1, 2019}}

|align="center"|File:Canada change 1867-07-01.png

Disputes:
File:Canada dispute change 1867-07-01.png

|The United Kingdom transferred most of its remaining land in North America to Canada, with the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land becoming the North-West Territories.{{efn|The new borders of Canada were, from the existing Canada-United States border at the Pigeon River: up the Boundary Waters to the Rainy River and the northwest angle of the Lake of the Woods; south to 49° north; west to the ridge of the Rocky Mountains; north along that to 120° west; north to 60° north; west to the disputed border with the United States described as the "summit of the mountains parallel to the coast"; north along that to 141° west; then north to the Arctic Ocean. The border then followed the coastline, leaving it to include the half of Baffin Bay within the Hudson Bay watershed, then back to the mainland; it then ran down the "Coasts of Labrador", the extent of which were disputed, until it reached the existing Canada–Newfoundland border at Blanc-Sablon.{{cite book |author=Van Zandt, Franklin K. |year=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |oclc=69426475 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n23 14]–15}}{{cite web | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/history-canada.html | title=History of Canada | publisher=Government of Canada | access-date=April 1, 2019}}}} The British government made the transfer after Canada and the Hudson's Bay Company agreed to the terms, including a payment of £300,000 from Canada to the Company.{{cite wikisource |title=Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order|date=June 23, 1870}}

Due to a vague description and lack of quality surveying, part of the western border with the United States was unclear and disputed.{{cite book |author=Van Zandt, Franklin K. |year=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |oclc=69426475 | page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n41 32]}} Canada disagreed with the United Kingdom over the extent of Labrador that remained with Newfoundland Colony, citing the historical use of the term "Coasts of Labrador."

A rectangular area of the newly acquired region around the city of Winnipeg was made the province of Manitoba.{{efn|Manitoba was bounded by 96° west, 99° west, 50°30′ north, and 49° north.}}

{{cite wikisource

|title=Manitoba Act, 1870

|date=May 12, 1870}}

|align="center"|File:Canada change 1870-07-15.png

Disputes:
File:Canada dispute change 1870-07-15.png

|The British colony of British Columbia joined Canada as the sixth province.{{cite wikisource |title=British Columbia Terms of Union |date=May 16, 1871}}{{efn|The new borders of Canada were, from the existing Canada-United States border where the ridge of the Rocky Mountains crosses 49° north: west to the Pacific Ocean, through the Strait of Juan de Fuca, around Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii to the Dixon Entrance; back on land where it ran north along the disputed border with the United States; then up that to where it met the existing border.{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsAuAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA190 | title=The British Columbia Act, 1866 | access-date=April 1, 2019| last1=Rickards | first1=Sir George Kettilby | year=1866 }}}} The province brought along its dispute with the United States over the San Juan Islands, as well as its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute.

|align="center"|File:Canada change 1871-07-20.png

Disputes:
File:Canada dispute change 1871-07-20.png

|The dispute with the United States over the San Juan Islands was resolved in favour of the United States claim.{{cite book |author=Van Zandt, Franklin K. |year=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |oclc=69426475 | page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n27 18]}}

|align="center"|File:Canada change 1872-10-21.png

Disputes:
File:Canada dispute change 1872-10-21.png

|The British colony of Prince Edward Island joined Canada as the seventh province.

{{cite wikisource

|title=Prince Edward Island Terms of Union

|date=June 26, 1873

}}

|File:Canada change 1873-07-01.png

|The borders of Ontario were provisionally expanded north and west. When the Province of Canada was formed, its borders were not entirely clear, and Ontario claimed to eventually reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean. With Canada's acquisition of Rupert's Land, Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders, especially since some of the new areas it was interested in were rapidly growing. After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area, the province asked for an elaboration on its limits, and its boundary was moved north to 51° north, and west to a line running north from Hunter's Island.

{{cite book

| title=Report on the Boundaries of the Province of Ontario

| last=Mills

| first = David

| publisher=Hunter, Rose & Co

| location=Toronto

| page=347

| url={{google books|BlYCAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes|page=347}}

| year=1877}}

|File:Canada change 1874-06-26.png

|The District of Keewatin was created from a central strip of the North-West Territories to provide government for the growing area north of Manitoba and west of Ontario; while the North-West Territories consisted of several districts, Keewatin had an elevated status and many sources note it distinct from the rest of the North-West Territories.{{efn|The District of Keewatin was defined as the mainland area west of Ontario and Hudson Bay; east of Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Cedar Lake, and a line north from Cedar Lake; and north of the United States.}}

{{cite book

| title=The Boundaries of the Canadian Confederation

| last = Nicholson

| first = Norman L.

| publisher=Macmillan Company of Canada Ltd.

| location=Toronto

| page=113

| url={{google books|Ek7cloNk3E8C|page=113|plainurl=yes}}

| year=1979}}

|File:Canada change 1876-10-07.png

|The United Kingdom transferred its Arctic Islands to Canada, where they were made part of the North-West Territories.{{cite wikisource |title=Adjacent Territories Order |date=July 31, 1880}} The archipelago was still being explored and new islands discovered, but the United Kingdom and Canada had claimed the whole archipelago, so new discoveries are not noted unless disputed.

|File:Canada change 1880-09-01.png

|Manitoba was expanded, gaining land from the District of Keewatin and North-West Territories to the west, north, and east.{{efn|Manitoba's new western and northern borders were defined only by township ranges and survey borders, with the southern border being the United States and the eastern border being Ontario.}} Since the province's new eastern border was defined as the "western boundary of Ontario", the exact definition of which was still unclear, Ontario disputed a portion of the new region.

{{cite web

| url=https://amls.ca/history/

| title=Land Surveying in Manitoba

| publisher=Association of Manitoba Land Surveyors

| access-date=November 29, 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAKvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA96|title=Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada|last=Canada|date=3 August 1881|publisher=Brown Chamberlin, Law Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty|via=Google Books}}

|File:Canada change 1881-12-23.png

|The southwestern border of the District of Keewatin was adjusted to conform to the boundaries of the provisional districts of the North-West Territories.{{efn|The new border transferred land from the District of Keewatin west of the Nelson River and Lake Winnipeg, south of a line extending east from the northern border of the District of Saskatchewan, and north of Manitoba, to the North-West Territories.}}{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ42AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA943|title=The Consolidated Orders in Council of Canada: Under the Authority and Direction of His Excellency the Governor-general in Council|last1=Canada|first2=Harris Harding|last2=Bligh|date=3 August 1889|publisher=B. Chamberlain|via=Google Books}}

|File:Canada change 1886-05-07.png

|The dispute between Manitoba and Ontario ended as Ontario's borders were finalized, extending the province west to the Lake of the Woods and north to the Albany River.

{{cite wikisource

|title=Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act 1889

|date=August 12, 1889}}

|File:Canada change 1889-08-12.png

|The District of Keewatin was expanded to the portion of the North-West Territories north of Ontario.

{{cite book

| editor-last = Keltie

| editor-first = J. Scott

| url= {{google books|XvYb0J0DVB4C|page=223|plainurl=yes}}

| title=The Statesman's Year-Book

| location = London

| publisher = MacMillan & Co

| year=1899

| page=223}}

|File:Canada change 1895-10-02.png

|Southampton Island, Coats Island, Akimiski Island, and other islands were transferred from the North-West Territories to the District of Keewatin, and Boothia Peninsula and Melville Peninsula were transferred from the District of Keewatin to the North-West Territories.

{{cite report

| title = Extract from Order in Council (Dominion) of the 18th December, 1897, Establishing Provisional Districts in the Unorganized Portions of Canada

| volume = VIII

| pages = 4012–4013

| work = The Labrador Boundary Dispute Documents

| url = http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/pdf/labrador-boundary-dispute-documents.pdf

| access-date = May 9, 2014

| quote=The District of Franklin (situated inside of the grey border on the map herewith) comprising Melville and Boothia Peninsulas, ...}}

|File:Canada change 1897-12-18.png

|Yukon Territory was created from the District of Yukon in the northwestern part of the North-West Territories to supply a more local government to the explosive growth in population due to the Klondike Gold Rush.{{efn|The borders of Yukon Territory were, from the Arctic Ocean: south along the international boundary to 60° north; east to the Liard River; north along the river to the height of the land; along that, approximately parallel to the Peel River, to 136° west; then north.}}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBBQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA6 | title=Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada | year=1896 | page=xlviii | access-date=March 29, 2019| author1=Canada }}

{{cite wikisource

|title=Yukon Territory Act

|date=June 13, 1898}}

Quebec was enlarged north.{{cite wikisource

|title=Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898

|date=June 13, 1898}}{{efn|The new northern border of Quebec was, starting from James Bay: up the Eastmain River to its source; east to the Hamilton River; then down that to the border with Newfoundland, which was still heavily disputed.}}

|File:Canada change 1898-06-13.png

|The eastern border of Yukon Territory was slightly adjusted, thus exchanging some area with the North-West Territories, and also including some more islands.

{{Cite canlaw

|short title = Yukon Territory Act

|abbr = S.C.

|year = 1901

|chapter = 41

|section = 14

|link = {{google books|Vg8vAAAAIAAJ|page=174|plainurl=yes}}

|linkloc = Google Books

}}

|File:Canada change 1901-05-23.png

|The Alaska boundary dispute was resolved, generally in favour of the United States claim.

|align="center"|File:Canada change 1903-10-20.png

Disputes:
File:Canada dispute change 1903-10-20.png

|The provinces of Alberta (act) and Saskatchewan (act) were created from the North-West Territories. The provinces consisted of the area between British Columbia, Manitoba, the 60th parallel north, and the United States, with Alberta west of the 4th meridian of the Dominion Land Survey and Saskatchewan east of it. The status of the District of Keewatin was lowered back to the other districts of the North-West Territories.

{{cite wikisource

|title=Alberta Act

|date=July 20, 1905}}

{{cite wikisource

|title=Saskatchewan Act

|date=July 20, 1905}}

{{cite journal

| last1 = Thomson

| first1 = Malcolm M.

| last2 = Tanner

| first2 = Richard W.

| title = Canada's Prime Meridian

| journal = Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

| volume = 71

| page = 204

| location = Toronto

| date = April 1977

| bibcode = 1977JRASC..71..204T}}

{{cite encyclopedia

| last = Widdis

| first = Randy

| title = 49th Parallel

| encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan

| publisher = Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina

| year = 2006

| url = http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/49th_parallel.html

| access-date = January 6, 2009}}

{{cite encyclopedia

| last = Lewry

| first = Marilyn

| title = Boundary surveys

| encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan

| publisher = Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina

| year = 2006

| url = http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/boundary_surveys.html

| access-date = January 6, 2009}}

|File:Canada change 1905-09-01.png

|The North-West Territories were renamed the Northwest Territories.

{{cite web

| title = History of the Name of the Northwest Territories

| work = Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre

| url = http://www.pwnhc.ca/territorial-evolution-of-the-northwest-territories/

| access-date =October 17, 2015 }}

[https://archive.org/stream/revisedstatuteso02cana#page/1150/mode/2up c.62, RSC 1906]

|File:Canada change 1906-00-00.png

|The Newfoundland Colony became a dominion of the United Kingdom, inheriting the Labrador boundary dispute.

|align="center"|Disputes:
File:Canada dispute change 1907-09-26.png

|A boundary treaty redefined the maritime border with the United States.{{cite book |author=Van Zandt, Franklin K. |year=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |oclc=69426475 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n27 18]–20}} Among other changes, this "de-enclaved" Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie by making the water around it contiguous with the water on the American side of the border.[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015027937153?urlappend=%3Bseq=25 Treaty between the United States of America and the United Kingdom Concerning the Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean], signed April 11, 1908; accessed June 30, 2015{{cite map|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/282773953/StLawrenceRiver-GreatLakes-12|title=International Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, Sheet No. 12 – Niagara River|publisher=International Waterways Commission|date=August 15, 1913|access-date=2016-08-08|location=Buffalo, New York}}

|align="center"|no change to map

|A boundary treaty with the United States addressed a slight uncertainty in the maritime border in Passamaquoddy Bay between New Brunswick and the United States.[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/125436.pdf 36 Stat. 2477]Van Zandt, p. 20 The border was adjusted to run east of Pope's Folly Island, which previously lay on the border line, and had been the subject of some debate for many years.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1893/06/20/archives/who-owns-popes-folly-island-great-britains-original-chart-conceded.html | title=Who Owns Pope's Folly Island? | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 20, 1893 | access-date=May 11, 2015}}Link to a download for the United States Geological Survey map of the Eastport Quadrangle from 1907: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170803135014/https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5637963]

|File:Canada change 1910-08-20.png

|Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec (act) were all expanded northward into land from the Northwest Territories. Quebec was expanded north to fill the mainland, Manitoba extended north to the 60th parallel north, and the new border between Manitoba and Ontario ran northeast from the previous northeastern corner of Manitoba.{{Cite web|url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Misc/mbea_1912.html|title=Manitoba Boundaries Extension Act, 1912|website=solon.org|access-date=October 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111182618/https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Misc/mbea_1912.html|archive-date=November 11, 2020|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2152&context=rso|title=Ontario Boundaries Extension Act}}

|File:Canada change 1912-05-15.png

|The maritime boundaries of the Northwest Territories were extended to the North Pole.

|align="center"|no change to map

|The border with the United States was adjusted in several places.{{cite web | url=http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1925/TS0037.pdf | title=Treaty Between Canada and the United States of America to define more accurately and to complete the International Boundary between the two Countries | date=February 24, 1925 | access-date=May 8, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816222704/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1925/TS0037.pdf | archive-date=2016-08-16 | url-status=dead }}Van Zandt, pp. 21–22 The only change to a land border redefined how the border between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains should be considered; previously, the border followed the curve of the parallel between each border monument, while the treaty changed this to straight lines between each monument. Through this, the United States netted a gain of between {{cvt|30|and(-)|35|acre|km2}} of land. There was also a change to the border in the Lake of the Woods; due to inaccurate surveying, the previous border intersected itself several times in the lake, creating enclaves of United States water surrounded by Canadian water. The treaty changed the border to use the southernmost intersection as the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods. Finally, the maritime border in the Bay of Fundy was adjusted, netting Canada roughly {{cvt|9|acre|km2}} of water.

|align="center"|too small to map

|The Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council decided the Labrador boundary dispute with the Dominion of Newfoundland in favour of Newfoundland.

{{cite web

| title = Henri Dorion debunks the Ten Great Myths about the Labrador boundary

| publisher = Quebec – National Assembly – First Session, 34th Legislature

| date = October 17, 1991

| url = http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Rapids/3330/constitution/hden.htm

| access-date = October 17, 2015

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091026232154/http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Rapids/3330/constitution/hden.htm

| archive-date=October 26, 2009}}

{{efn|The new Canada-Newfoundland border was, from Blanc-Sablon on the Gulf of St. Lawrence: north to 52° north; west to the height of the land; then following that around to include the watershed of the eastern coast of the Labrador Peninsula.}} Quebec has occasionally indicated it does not recognize this border, but has not actively disputed the matter.

|align="center"|File:Canada change 1927-03-11.png

Disputes:
File:Canada dispute change 1927-03-11.png

|Norway ceded its long-dormant claim to the Sverdrup Islands to Canada, in exchange for British recognition of Norway's sovereignty over Jan Mayen.

|align="center"|Disputes:
File:Canada dispute change 1930-11-11.png

|The Statute of Westminster 1931 confirmed Canada's sovereignty from the United Kingdom on legislative and foreign issues.

|align="center"|no change to map

|The Dominion of Newfoundland joined as the tenth province, Newfoundland.

{{cite wikisource

|title=Newfoundland Act

|date=March 23, 1949}}

{{cite web

| last = Webb

| first = Jeff A.

| title = The Commission of Government, 1934-1949

| website = Heritage: Newfoundland & Labrador

| publisher = Memorial University of Newfoundland and the C.R.B. Foundation.

| date = March 2008

| url = http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/commission-government.php

| access-date = October 17, 2015 }}

|File:Canada change 1949-03-31.png

|The maritime border with Denmark was defined, notably "skipping" Hans Island which lies directly between Ellesmere Island and Greenland, and which was technically on neither side of the border.{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20950/volume-950-I-13550-English.pdf|title=Agreement relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between Greenland and Canada (with annexes); signed December 17, 1973; United Nations Treaty Series 13550 | access-date=May 12, 2017}}

|align="center" rowspan=4|no change to map

|The United States claimed maritime borders west of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, within the Dixon Entrance, and in the Beaufort Sea that conflicted with claims of Canada.{{cite web|url= http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/publications/full/bsb5-3_gray.pdf |title=Canada's Unresolved Maritime Boundaries|pages=61–67|last=Gray|first=David H.| work= IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin|date=Autumn 1997|access-date=2015-03-21}}

|The Constitution Act, 1982, via the Canada Act 1982, made Canada completely independent of the United Kingdom, removing the requirement to involve the British parliament in amending the Canadian constitution.

|The International Court of Justice decided the maritime border with the United States in the Gulf of Maine.[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=6f&case=67&code=cigm&p3=4 Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada v. United States)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817084511/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=6f&case=67&code=cigm&p3=4 |date=2016-08-17 }}, accessed June 30, 2015 No land changed hands, and the scope of the case did not include the sovereignty of Machias Seal Island.

|The territory of Nunavut was created from roughly the eastern half of the Northwest Territories.{{efn|The Northwest Territories-Nunavut border was complex and described in Schedule I of the Nunavut Act.}}{{cite web | url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-28.6/ | title=Nunavut Act | publisher=Government of Canada | access-date=May 12, 2017}}

|File:Canada change 1999-04-01.png

|The province of Newfoundland was renamed Newfoundland and Labrador.

{{cite web

| title = Constitution Amendment, 2001 (Newfoundland and Labrador)

| publisher = Government of Canada

| date = December 6, 2001

| url = http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/cap_2001nl.html

| archive-date=August 31, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140831173048/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/cap_2001nl.html| access-date = October 17, 2015 }}

|File:Canada change 2001-12-06.png

|Yukon Territory was renamed Yukon, though it remained a territory.

{{cite web

| title = Yukon Territory name change to Yukon

| url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/040006/f2/040006-15-e.pdf

| date = April 1, 2003

| access-date = July 14, 2009

| website = Library and Archives Canada}}

|File:Canada change 2003-04-01.png

|The border with Denmark was defined so that it passes through Hans Island rather than skipping over it.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/14/world/canada/hans-island-ownership-canada-denmark.html | title=After 49 years, Canada and Denmark Settle the Ownership of an Arctic Island | work=The New York Times | author=Austen, Ian | date=June 14, 2022 | accessdate=June 14, 2022}} The agreement was announced on June 14, 2022, and the Danish parliament passed it on December 19, 2023.{{cite web | url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20231/beslutningsforslag/b14/tidsplan.htm | title=Forslag til folketingsbeslutning om Danmarks indgåelse af overenskomst af 14. juni 2022 mellem Kongeriget Danmarks regering sammen med Naalakkersuisut på den ene side og Canadas regering på den anden side om maritim afgrænsning og landeafgrænsning i området mellem Grønland og Canada. | language=danish | trans-title=Proposal for a parliamentary resolution on Denmark's conclusion of an agreement of 14 June 2022 between the government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with Naalakkersuisut on the one hand and the government of Canada on the other hand on maritime delimitation and land delimitation in the area between Greenland and Canada. | access-date=June 11, 2024 | website=Folketing}}

|File:Canada change 2023-12-19.png