the Backs

File:cmglee Cambridge aerial.jpg.|alt=]]

Image:TheBacks-Cambridge-RichardLyne-1574.jpg plan engraved by Richard Lyne in 1574]]

Image:TheBacks-Cambridge-CapabilityBrown-plan-1779.jpg, 1779]]

Image:St Johns New Court.jpg (left) was the first major college building built on the west side of the River Cam.[http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/new-court New Court - St John's College]]]

File:The Northwest Prospect of the University and Town of Cambridge 1743.jpg skyline]]

The Backs refers to the colleges' backs. The region is made up of the following colleges' back grounds (from north to south):

• St John's — buildings on both sides of the river, spanned by the St John's Kitchen Bridge and the Bridge of Sighs
• Trinity — buildings on the east bank, spanned by Trinity College Bridge.
• Trinity Hall — buildings on the east bank but with no rear grounds on the west bank.
• Clare — buildings on the east bank, spanned by Clare Bridge.
• King's — buildings on the east bank, spanned by King's Bridge.
• Queens' — buildings on both sides of the river, spanned by the Mathematical Bridge.

Sometimes included in The Backs are the following colleges:{{cite web |title= The Cambridge Backs |url = https://www.puntcambridge.co.uk/cambridge-backs/ | website = puntcambridge.co.uk|date = 9 October 2017 | access-date = 23 December 2020}}

• Magdalene — grounds on the west bank just south of the Magdalene Street Bridge.
• Darwin — just beyond Silver Street at the southern end of The Backs.
• Jesus — just beyond the northern end of The Backs, behind Jesus Green.

Historically, much of the land was used by the colleges for grazing livestock or growing fruit. Cattle can still be found grazing behind King's College. The river was also an important commercial thoroughfare to the mill at Silver Street.

In the 16th century, the area consisted of pasture, gardens and orchards owned by colleges of the University, with wooden bridges across the River Cam. The colleges ultimately planted avenues of trees and built sturdier bridges. In 1772, St John's College consulted English landscape architect Lancelot ("Capability") Brown (1716–1783), who laid out a "wilderness" on the college side of Queen's Road which still exists today.{{cite news|last=Buchan|first=Ursula|title=Landscape plan for the Cambridge Backs [print version: Way forward for the Cambridge Backs]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/main.jhtml;jsessionid=1CMPBXA410GHDQFIQMFCFF4AVCBQYIV0?xml=/gardening/2007/11/30/garden-cambridge-backs130.xml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080208203841/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/main.jhtml;jsessionid=1CMPBXA410GHDQFIQMFCFF4AVCBQYIV0?xml=/gardening/2007/11/30/garden-cambridge-backs130.xml|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 8, 2008|publisher=The Daily Telegraph (Gardening)|date=30 November 2007|page=G3}}

In 1779, Brown presented a plan to the University of Cambridge to create country-house style parkland with its focus on King's College's Gibbs Building. The plan would have involved removing avenues, transforming the river into a lake, and planting clumps of trees to screen the other colleges. It was never implemented, possibly because it would have removed historic college boundaries and three important bridges.

In response to many elm trees succumbing to Dutch elm disease, a Backs Committee was formed in 1979 so that a joint approach could be taken to the problem facing The Backs. As a result of the committee's work, trees were cut down and new ones planted in their place. However, the committee stopped meeting in 1994.

In 1995, English Heritage listed The Backs as a Grade 1 Historic Park.{{cite web|title=The Backs landscape strategy|url=http://www.clare.cam.ac.uk/about/BacksLandscapeStrategy.html|publisher=Clare College, University of Cambridge|date=2007-12-20|access-date=2007-12-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222144753/http://www.clare.cam.ac.uk/about/BacksLandscapeStrategy.html |archive-date = 2007-12-22}}

In the 2000s, six University of Cambridge colleges on The Backs commissioned Robert Myers, a landscape architect who had studied at Girton College, to prepare a new landscape management plan for the area. The report, entitled The Backs Cambridge Landscape Strategy,{{cite web|title=The Backs Cambridge landscape strategy|url=http://131.111.214.230/about/documents/432_01TheBacksLandscapeReport.pdf|publisher=Robert Myers Associates|date=November 2007|access-date=2007-12-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223112630/http://131.111.214.230/about/documents/432_01TheBacksLandscapeReport.pdf|archive-date=2007-12-23}} was completed in November 2007 and released on 1 December 2007. It sets out proposals for the evolution of The Backs over the next 50 years. Myers' proposal is to improve the "legibility, coherence and visual quality of the landscape as a whole"The Backs Cambridge Landscape Strategy, above, para 5.8 on page 19. by retaining and enhancing the existing structure of the landscape and sight lines, while screening off the traffic on Queens Road. Over-mature and inappropriately-sited trees will be removed and new ones planted. In addition, there will be a phased replacement of avenues, an extension of the "wilderness" planting behind St John's and along the edge of Queens Road, and the creation of a "wildlife corridor". In particular, as regards Queens' Green at the southern end of The Backs, which is owned by Cambridge City Council, there is a proposal to extend an existing avenue of beech trees to the Queens Road to create an additional "rung" to the "ladder effect" created by other tree avenues, and to plant more trees and wilderness to partly enclose a stretch of grass.

The colleges are currently in consultation with the City Council and English Heritage regarding the report, and if it is approved will carry out the suggested work in their own time using their own funds.

In December 2007, The Daily Telegraph reported that "there has been a remarkable degree of consensus between institutions [i.e., the colleges of the University owning parts of The Backs] well known for prizing their autonomy".

File:TheBacks-Cambridge-WilliamCustance-1798.jpg|Detail of a 1798 map surveyed by William Custance and engraved by J. Russell showing The Backs

File:TheBacks-Cambridge-SpendloweLamborn-late18C.jpg|Spendlowe Lamborn's late-18th-century engravings of the Old Bridge at King's College and Trinity College Bridge

File:King's College Chapel from The Backs, Cambridge, UK.jpg|King's College Chapel from The Backs

File:King's_College_Cambridge_from_the_Backs.jpg|King's College Chapel viewed from the Backs

File:Kings College Chapel and the Gibbs Building from the Backs.JPG|King's College Chapel and the Gibbs Building (King's College) from the Backs

File:ClareCollegeAndKingsChapel.jpg|Clare College and King's College Chapel from The Backs

File:Clare Bridge 2003.jpg|Clare Bridge

File:River Cam green.JPG|A view of the River Cam near Trinity College

File:cmglee_Cambridge_Trinity_College_avenue.jpg|Trinity College's avenue and gate to Queen's Road viewed from the Backs

File:Jerwood Library Trinity Hall Cambridge.jpg|Trinity Hall's Jerwood Library on the bank of the Cam

File:cmglee_Cambridge_Wren_Library_University_Library.jpg|View of the northern end, with the Wren Library and University Library, from St John's College tower

• List of bridges in Cambridge
• Punt (boat)

{{Reflist|2}}

• {{cite book|last=Stubbings|first=Frank H. (Henry) (comp.)|title=Bedders, Bulldogs and Bedells: A Cambridge Glossary|edition=Rev. and enl.|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-521-47978-9}}

• {{Citation |last=Whiffen|first=Marcus|title=Academical Elysium — The Landscaping of the Cambridge Backs|location=[?Cambridge]|publisher=[s.n.]|year=1947}}.
• {{cite web|title=Queens College Record 2000 — The Grove Elms|url=http://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/Queens/Record/2000/Fabric/Grove.html|publisher=Queens' College, Cambridge|year=2000|access-date=2007-12-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080128145813/http://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/Queens/Record/2000/Fabric/Grove.html |archive-date = 2008-01-28}}

• {{cite book|last=Workman|first=J|title=The Backs (An Outline for the Formation of a Joint Policy for the Conservation of the Trees and Landscape...)|location=[?Cambridge]|publisher=[s.n.]|year=1976}}
• {{cite book|last=Walters|first=S.M.|title=The Future of the Backs: A Memorandum Summarising the Results to Date of Discussion and Action Initiated by King's College Garden Committee in 1974, with Recommendations for Future Coordinated Action|location=[?Cambridge]|publisher=[s.n.]|year=1979}}
• {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Jane|title=Trinity College: A Garden History|location=Cambridge|publisher=Trinity College, Cambridge|year=2002}}

Some of the references in this section were obtained from {{Cite journal|title=The Backs Cambridge landscape strategy|url=http://131.111.214.230/about/documents/432_01TheBacksLandscapeReport.pdf|publisher=Robert Myers Associates|date=November 2007|access-date=2007-12-21|page=28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223112630/http://131.111.214.230/about/documents/432_01TheBacksLandscapeReport.pdf|archive-date=2007-12-23}}.

• [https://map.cam.ac.uk Map of the University of Cambridge]

{{Coord|52.20437|N|0.11404|E|source:placeopedia|display=title}}

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Category:Gardens by Capability Brown

Category:Geography of Cambridge

Category:History of Cambridge

Category:Parks and open spaces in Cambridge

Category:River Cam

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