transcription factor Sp1

The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters. The encoded protein is involved in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis, immune responses, response to DNA damage, and chromatin remodeling. post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and proteolytic processing significantly affect the activity of this protein, which can be an activator or a repressor.

In the SV40 virus, Sp1 binds to the GC boxes in the regulatory sequence of the genome.

SP1 belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. The protein is 785 amino acids long, with a molecular weight of 81 kDa. The SP1 transcription factor contains two glutamine-rich activation domains at its N-terminus that are believed to be necessary for promoter trans-activation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, He S, Sun JM, Davie JR | title = Gene regulation by Sp1 and Sp3 | journal = Biochemistry and Cell Biology | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 460–471 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15284899 | doi = 10.1139/o04-045 }} SP1 most notably contains three zinc finger protein motifs at its C-terminus, by which it binds directly to DNA and allows for interaction of the protein with other transcriptional regulators. Its zinc fingers are of the Cys₂/His₂ type and bind the consensus sequence 5'-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3' (GC box element).

Some 12,000 SP-1 binding sites are found in the human genome.{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang B, Song L, Cai J, Li L, Xu H, Li M, Wang J, Shi M, Chen H, Jia H, Hou Z | title = The LIM protein Ajuba/SP1 complex forms a feed forward loop to induce SP1 target genes and promote pancreatic cancer cell proliferation | journal = Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 205 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31101117 | pmc = 6525466 | doi = 10.1186/s13046-019-1203-2 | doi-access = free }}

Sp1 has been used as a control protein to compare with when studying the increase or decrease of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and/or the estrogen receptor, since it binds to both and generally remains at a relatively constant level.{{cite journal | vauthors = Wormke M, Stoner M, Saville B, Walker K, Abdelrahim M, Burghardt R, Safe S | title = The aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates degradation of estrogen receptor alpha through activation of proteasomes | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 1843–55 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12612060 | pmc = 149455 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.23.6.1843-1855.2003 }}

Recently, a putative promoter region in FTMT, and positive regulators {SP1, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and Ying Yang 1 (YY1)] and negative regulators [GATA2, forkhead box protein A1 (FoxA1), and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein b (C/EBPb)] of FTMT transcription have been identified (Guaraldo et al, 2016).The effect of DFP on the DNA-binding activity of these regulators to the FTMT promoter was examined using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Among the regulators, only SP1 displayed significantly increased DNA- binding activity following DFP treatment in a dose-dependent manner. SP1 knockdown by siRNA abolished the DFP-induced increase in the mRNA levels of FTMT, indicating SP1-mediated regulation of FTMT expression in the presence of DFP. Treatment with Deferiprone increased the expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear SP1 with predominant localization in the nucleus.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hara Y, Yanatori I, Tanaka A, Kishi F, Lemasters JJ, Nishina S, Sasaki K, Hino K | title = Iron loss triggers mitophagy through induction of mitochondrial ferritin | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = e50202 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32975364 | doi = 10.15252/embr.202050202 | pmc = 7645172 }}

Plicamycin, an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces plicatus, and Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone from Withania somnifera plant are known to inhibit Sp1 transcription factor.{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi ES, Nam JS, Jung JY, Cho NP, Cho SD | title = Modulation of specificity protein 1 by mithramycin A as a novel therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 4 | pages = 7162 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25418289 | pmc = 4241519 | doi = 10.1038/srep07162 | bibcode = 2014NatSR...4.7162C }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Prasanna KS, Shilpa P, Salimath BP | title = Withaferin A suppresses the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells via Sp1 transcription | journal = Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 138–148 | year = 2009 | url = http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/Withaferin%20A_0.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

miR-375-5p microRNA significantly decreased expression of SP1 and YAP1 in colorectal cancer cells. SP1 and YAP1 mRNAs are direct targets of miR-375-5p.{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu X, Chen X, Xu M, Liu X, Pan B, Qin J, Xu T, Zeng K, Pan Y, He B, Sun H, Sun L, Wang S | title = miR-375-3p suppresses tumorigenesis and partially reverses chemoresistance by targeting YAP1 and SP1 in colorectal cancer cells | journal = Aging | volume = 11 | issue = 18 | pages = 7357–7385 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31543507 | pmc = 6781994 | doi = 10.18632/aging.102214 }}

Transcription factor Sp1 has been shown to interact with:

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• AATF,
• CEBPB,{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu YW, Tseng HP, Chen LC, Chen BK, Chang WC | title = Functional cooperation of simian virus 40 promoter factor 1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta and delta in lipopolysaccharide-induced gene activation of IL-10 in mouse macrophages | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 171 | issue = 2 | pages = 821–8 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12847250 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.821 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Foti D, Iuliano R, Chiefari E, Brunetti A | title = A nucleoprotein complex containing Sp1, C/EBP beta, and HMGI-Y controls human insulin receptor gene transcription | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 8 | pages = 2720–32 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12665574 | pmc = 152545 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.23.8.2720-2732.2003 }}
• COL1A1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, Artlett CM, Jimenez SA, Hall DJ, Varga J | title = Positive regulation of human alpha 1 (I) collagen promoter activity by transcription factor Sp1 | journal = Gene | volume = 164 | issue = 2 | pages = 229–34 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7590335 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00508-4 }}
• E2F1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin SY, Black AR, Kostic D, Pajovic S, Hoover CN, Azizkhan JC | title = Cell cycle-regulated association of E2F1 and Sp1 is related to their functional interaction | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 1668–75 | date = April 1996 | pmid = 8657142 | pmc = 231153 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.16.4.1668 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Rotheneder H, Geymayer S, Haidweger E | title = Transcription factors of the Sp1 family: interaction with E2F and regulation of the murine thymidine kinase promoter | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 293 | issue = 5 | pages = 1005–15 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10547281 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3213 }}{{cite journal|author1-link=Jan Karlseder | vauthors = Karlseder J, Rotheneder H, Wintersberger E | title = Interaction of Sp1 with the growth- and cell cycle-regulated transcription factor E2F | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 1659–67 | date = April 1996 | pmid = 8657141 | pmc = 231152 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.16.4.1659 }}
• FOSL1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Evellin S, Galvagni F, Zippo A, Neri F, Orlandini M, Incarnato D, Dettori D, Neubauer S, Kessler H, Wagner EF, Oliviero S | title = FOSL1 controls the assembly of endothelial cells into capillary tubes by direct repression of αv and β3 integrin transcription | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1198–209 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23319049 | pmc = 3592019 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.01054-12 }}
• GABPA,{{cite journal | vauthors = Galvagni F, Capo S, Oliviero S | s2cid = 29403871 | title = Sp1 and Sp3 physically interact and co-operate with GABP for the activation of the utrophin promoter | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 306 | issue = 5 | pages = 985–96 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11237613 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4335 | hdl = 2318/141203 | hdl-access = free }}
• HDAC1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Di Padova M, Bruno T, De Nicola F, Iezzi S, D'Angelo C, Gallo R, Nicosia D, Corbi N, Biroccio A, Floridi A, Passananti C, Fanciulli M | title = Che-1 arrests human colon carcinoma cell proliferation by displacing HDAC1 from the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 38 | pages = 36496–504 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12847090 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M306694200 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh J, Murata K, Itahana Y, Desprez PY | title = Constitutive expression of the Id-1 promoter in human metastatic breast cancer cells is linked with the loss of NF-1/Rb/HDAC-1 transcription repressor complex | journal = Oncogene | volume = 21 | issue = 12 | pages = 1812–22 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11896613 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1205252 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Dufau ML | title = Silencing of transcription of the human luteinizing hormone receptor gene by histone deacetylase-mSin3A complex | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 36 | pages = 33431–8 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12091390 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M204417200 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sun JM, Chen HY, Moniwa M, Litchfield DW, Seto E, Davie JR | title = The transcriptional repressor Sp3 is associated with CK2-phosphorylated histone deacetylase 2 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 39 | pages = 35783–6 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12176973 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.C200378200 | doi-access = free }}
• HDAC2,{{cite journal | vauthors = Won J, Yim J, Kim TK | title = Sp1 and Sp3 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter in normal human somatic cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 41 | pages = 38230–8 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12151407 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M206064200 | doi-access = free }}
• HMGA1,
• HCFC1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Wysocka J, Myers MP, Laherty CD, Eisenman RN, Herr W | title = Human Sin3 deacetylase and trithorax-related Set1/Ash2 histone H3-K4 methyltransferase are tethered together selectively by the cell-proliferation factor HCF-1 | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 17 | issue = 7 | pages = 896–911 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12670868 | pmc = 196026 | doi = 10.1101/gad.252103 }}
• HTT,{{cite journal | vauthors = Li SH, Cheng AL, Zhou H, Lam S, Rao M, Li H, Li XJ | title = Interaction of Huntington disease protein with transcriptional activator Sp1 | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 1277–87 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11839795 | pmc = 134707 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.22.5.1277-1287.2002 }}
• KLF6,{{cite journal | vauthors = Botella LM, Sánchez-Elsner T, Sanz-Rodriguez F, Kojima S, Shimada J, Guerrero-Esteo M, Cooreman MP, Ratziu V, Langa C, Vary CP, Ramirez JR, Friedman S, Bernabéu C | title = Transcriptional activation of endoglin and transforming growth factor-beta signaling components by cooperative interaction between Sp1 and KLF6: their potential role in the response to vascular injury | journal = Blood | volume = 100 | issue = 12 | pages = 4001–10 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12433697 | doi = 10.1182/blood.V100.12.4001 | doi-access = free }}
• MEF2C,{{cite journal | vauthors = Krainc D, Bai G, Okamoto S, Carles M, Kusiak JW, Brent RN, Lipton SA | title = Synergistic activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 promoter by myocyte enhancer factor 2C and Sp1 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 273 | issue = 40 | pages = 26218–24 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9748305 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.40.26218 | doi-access = free }}
• MEF2D,{{cite journal | vauthors = Park SY, Shin HM, Han TH | title = Synergistic interaction of MEF2D and Sp1 in activation of the CD14 promoter | journal = Molecular Immunology | volume = 39 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 25–30 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12213324 | doi = 10.1016/S0161-5890(02)00055-X }}
• MSX1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Shetty S, Takahashi T, Matsui H, Ayengar R, Raghow R | title = Transcriptional autorepression of Msx1 gene is mediated by interactions of Msx1 protein with a multi-protein transcriptional complex containing TATA-binding protein, Sp1 and cAMP-response-element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP/p300) | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 339 | issue = 3 | pages = 751–8 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10215616 | pmc = 1220213 | doi = 10.1042/0264-6021:3390751 }}
• Myogenin,{{cite journal | vauthors = Biesiada E, Hamamori Y, Kedes L, Sartorelli V | title = Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins and Sp1 interact as components of a multiprotein transcriptional complex required for activity of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 2577–84 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10082523 | pmc = 84050 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.19.4.2577 }}
• POU2F1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Gunther M, Laithier M, Brison O | title = A set of proteins interacting with transcription factor Sp1 identified in a two-hybrid screening | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry | volume = 210 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 131–42 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10976766 | doi = 10.1023/A:1007177623283 | s2cid = 1339642 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ström AC, Forsberg M, Lillhager P, Westin G | title = The transcription factors Sp1 and Oct-1 interact physically to regulate human U2 snRNA gene expression | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 24 | issue = 11 | pages = 1981–6 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8668525 | pmc = 145891 | doi = 10.1093/nar/24.11.1981 }}
• PPP1R13L,{{cite journal | vauthors = Takada N, Sanda T, Okamoto H, Yang JP, Asamitsu K, Sarol L, Kimura G, Uranishi H, Tetsuka T, Okamoto T | title = RelA-associated inhibitor blocks transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by inhibiting NF-kappaB and Sp1 actions | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 76 | issue = 16 | pages = 8019–30 | date = August 2002 | pmid = 12134007 | pmc = 155123 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.76.16.8019-8030.2002 }}
• PSMC5,{{cite journal | vauthors = Su K, Yang X, Roos MD, Paterson AJ, Kudlow JE | title = Human Sug1/p45 is involved in the proteasome-dependent degradation of Sp1 | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 348 | issue = 2 | pages = 281–9 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10816420 | pmc = 1221064 | doi = 10.1042/0264-6021:3480281 }}
• PML,{{cite journal | vauthors = Vallian S, Chin KV, Chang KS | title = The promyelocytic leukemia protein interacts with Sp1 and inhibits its transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor promoter | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 7147–56 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 9819401 | pmc = 109296 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.18.12.7147 }}
• RELA,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuang PP, Berk JL, Rishikof DC, Foster JA, Humphries DE, Ricupero DA, Goldstein RH | s2cid = 15753719 | title = NF-kappaB induced by IL-1beta inhibits elastin transcription and myofibroblast phenotype | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 283 | issue = 1 | pages = C58-65 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12055073 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00314.2001 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sif S, Gilmore TD | title = Interaction of the v-Rel oncoprotein with cellular transcription factor Sp1 | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 68 | issue = 11 | pages = 7131–8 | date = November 1994 | pmid = 7933095 | pmc = 237152 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.68.11.7131-7138.1994}}
• SMAD3,{{cite journal | vauthors = Botella LM, Sánchez-Elsner T, Rius C, Corbí A, Bernabéu C | title = Identification of a critical Sp1 site within the endoglin promoter and its involvement in the transforming growth factor-beta stimulation | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 37 | pages = 34486–94 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11432852 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M011611200 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10261/168007 | hdl-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Poncelet AC, Schnaper HW | title = Sp1 and Smad proteins cooperate to mediate transforming growth factor-beta 1-induced alpha 2(I) collagen expression in human glomerular mesangial cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 10 | pages = 6983–92 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11114293 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M006442200 | doi-access = free }}
• SUMO1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang YT, Chuang JY, Shen MR, Yang WB, Chang WC, Hung JJ | title = Sumoylation of specificity protein 1 augments its degradation by changing the localization and increasing the specificity protein 1 proteolytic process | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 380 | issue = 5 | pages = 869–85 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18572193 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.043 }}
• SF1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugawara T, Saito M, Fujimoto S | title = Sp1 and SF-1 interact and cooperate in the regulation of human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene expression | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 141 | issue = 8 | pages = 2895–903 | date = August 2000 | pmid = 10919277 | doi = 10.1210/endo.141.8.7602 | doi-access = free }}
• TAL1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Lécuyer E, Herblot S, Saint-Denis M, Martin R, Begley CG, Porcher C, Orkin SH, Hoang T | title = The SCL complex regulates c-kit expression in hematopoietic cells through functional interaction with Sp1 | journal = Blood | volume = 100 | issue = 7 | pages = 2430–40 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12239153 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0568 | doi-access = free }}
• UBC.
• WRN,{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamabe Y, Shimamoto A, Goto M, Yokota J, Sugawara M, Furuichi Y | title = Sp1-mediated transcription of the Werner helicase gene is modulated by Rb and p53 | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 11 | pages = 6191–200 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 9774636 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.18.11.6191 | pmc = 109206 }}
• DDX3X

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{{Reflist|35em}}

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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Dreier B, Beerli RR, Segal DJ, Flippin JD, Barbas CF | title = Development of zinc finger domains for recognition of the 5'-ANN-3' family of DNA sequences and their use in the construction of artificial transcription factors | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 31 | pages = 29466–78 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11340073 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M102604200 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Tseng L, Gao J, Mazella J, Zhu HH, Lane B | title = Differentiation-dependent and cell-specific regulation of the hIGFBP-1 gene in human endometrium | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 828 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–37 | date = September 1997 | pmid = 9329821 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48521.x | bibcode = 1997NYASA.828...27T | s2cid = 1601677 | doi-access = free }}
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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Seelamgari A, Maddukuri A, Berro R, de la Fuente C, Kehn K, Deng L, Dadgar S, Bottazzi ME, Ghedin E, Pumfery A, Kashanchi F | title = Role of viral regulatory and accessory proteins in HIV-1 replication | journal = Frontiers in Bioscience | volume = 9 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 2388–413 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15353294 | doi = 10.2741/1403 | doi-access = free }}
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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kamine J, Chinnadurai G | title = Synergistic activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter by the viral Tat protein and cellular transcription factor Sp1 | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 66 | issue = 6 | pages = 3932–6 | date = June 1992 | pmid = 1583736 | pmc = 241184 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.66.6.3932-3936.1992}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Szpirer J, Szpirer C, Riviere M, Levan G, Marynen P, Cassiman JJ, Wiese R, DeLuca HF | title = The Sp1 transcription factor gene (SP1) and the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene (VDR) are colocalized on human chromosome arm 12q and rat chromosome 7 | journal = Genomics | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 168–73 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1662663 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90114-T }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Gumucio DL, Rood KL, Blanchard-McQuate KL, Gray TA, Saulino A, Collins FS | title = Interaction of Sp1 with the human gamma globin promoter: binding and transactivation of normal and mutant promoters | journal = Blood | volume = 78 | issue = 7 | pages = 1853–63 | date = October 1991 | pmid = 1912570 | doi = 10.1182/blood.V78.7.1853.1853 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kamine J, Subramanian T, Chinnadurai G | title = Sp1-dependent activation of a synthetic promoter by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 88 | issue = 19 | pages = 8510–4 | date = October 1991 | pmid = 1924310 | pmc = 52538 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.19.8510 | bibcode = 1991PNAS...88.8510K | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Courey AJ, Holtzman DA, Jackson SP, Tjian R | title = Synergistic activation by the glutamine-rich domains of human transcription factor Sp1 | journal = Cell | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 827–36 | date = December 1989 | pmid = 2512012 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90606-5 | s2cid = 2910480 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Harrich D, Garcia J, Wu F, Mitsuyasu R, Gonazalez J, Gaynor R | title = Role of SP1-binding domains in in vivo transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 63 | issue = 6 | pages = 2585–91 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2657100 | pmc = 250732 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.63.6.2585-2591.1989}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Jackson SP, Tjian R | title = O-glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors: implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation | journal = Cell | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 125–33 | date = October 1988 | pmid = 3139301 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90015-3 | s2cid = 42523965 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kadonaga JT, Carner KR, Masiarz FR, Tjian R | title = Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain | journal = Cell | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1079–90 | date = December 1987 | pmid = 3319186 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90594-0 | s2cid = 19383553 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang R, Min W, Sessa WC | title = Functional analysis of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase promoter. Sp1 and GATA factors are necessary for basal transcription in endothelial cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 25 | pages = 15320–6 | date = June 1995 | pmid = 7541039 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.25.15320 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Hagen G, Dennig J, Preiss A, Beato M, Suske G | title = Functional analyses of the transcription factor Sp4 reveal properties distinct from Sp1 and Sp3 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 42 | pages = 24989–94 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7559627 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.42.24989 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Datta PK, Raychaudhuri P, Bagchi S | title = Association of p107 with Sp1: genetically separable regions of p107 are involved in regulation of E2F- and Sp1-dependent transcription | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 5444–52 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7565695 | pmc = 230794 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.15.10.5444 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, Mukherjee S, Jia F, Narayan O, Zhao LJ | title = Interaction of virion protein Vpr of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with cellular transcription factor Sp1 and trans-activation of viral long terminal repeat | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 43 | pages = 25564–9 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7592727 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.43.25564 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Howcroft TK, Palmer LA, Brown J, Rellahan B, Kashanchi F, Brady JN, Singer DS | title = HIV Tat represses transcription through Sp1-like elements in the basal promoter | journal = Immunity | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–38 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7621073 | doi = 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90165-5 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Ferrari N, Desmarais D, Royal A | title = Transcriptional activation of the neuronal peripherin-encoding gene depends on a G + C-rich element that binds Sp1 in vitro and in vivo | journal = Gene | volume = 159 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–65 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7622044 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00140-2 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Tan NY, Midgley VC, Kavurma MM, Santiago FS, Luo X, Peden R, Fahmy RG, Berndt MC, Molloy MP, Khachigian LM | title = Angiotensin II-inducible platelet-derived growth factor-D transcription requires specific Ser/Thr residues in the second zinc finger region of Sp1 | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 102 | issue = 4 | pages = e38-51 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18258854 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.167395 | doi-access = free }}

{{Refend}}

• {{MeshName|Sp1+Transcription+Factor}}
• {{FactorBook|SP1}}

{{PDB Gallery|geneid=6667}}

{{Transcription factors|g2}}

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Category:Transcription factors