transgender genocide

{{Further|Violence against LGBT people}}{{Synthesis|section|date=February 2024|talksection=WP:NOR_violation}}

Throughout history, many transgender persons have experienced systematic persecution, including mass incarceration, forceful changes of gender, and social death. Historians have described as genocidal selected actions against transgender people, including colonialist and Nazi activities that occurred before the term genocide was used in international law.{{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|pp=529–530}} Adam Jones wrote in his 2017 book Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction that "In recent years, as gay rights have become gradually more accepted and respected, the burden of atrocity has increasingly targeted transgender women and male transvestites."{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=9781138780439 |edition=3rd |location=London |pages=637–639 |author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)}}

{{main|Transgender people in Nazi Germany}}

File:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft - Bibliothek 1933.jpg members plunder the library of the Institute for Sexology]]

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14597, Berlin, Opernplatz, Bücherverbrennung.jpg

Matthew Waites examines the absence of sexuality, gender, sexual orientation or gender identity as group categories in the Genocide Convention. He argues that those targeted by the Nazis because of their non-conforming gender identities should be recognized as a genocide unique from the Holocaust.{{sfn|Waites|2018|p=55}} According to the Museum of Jewish Heritage, the Nazi German government "brutally targeted the trans community, deporting many trans people to concentration camps and wiping out vibrant community structures."{{Cite web |title=Transgender Experiences in Weimar and Nazi Germany |url=https://mjhnyc.org/events/transgender-experiences-in-weimar-and-nazi-germany/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628134816/https://mjhnyc.org/events/transgender-experiences-in-weimar-and-nazi-germany/ |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=Museum of Jewish Heritage — A Living Memorial to the Holocaust |language=en-US}} This area of research is underdeveloped and the number of transgender victims is unknown.{{Cite magazine |last=Carlo |first=Andrea |date=April 7, 2022 |title=How LGBTQ Victims Were Erased From Holocaust History |url=https://time.com/5953047/lgbtq-holocaust-stories/ |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608034518/https://time.com/5953047/lgbtq-holocaust-stories/ |archive-date=June 8, 2023}}{{Cite web |last=Bradlow |first=Josh |date=January 27, 2020 |title=Remembering the Holocaust |url=https://www.stonewall.org.uk/node/127916 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Stonewall UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222075524/https://stonewall.org.uk/node/127916 |archive-date=December 22, 2023}} Heather Panter, writing in the book Genocide and Victimology, noted that the number of transgender people targeted by the Nazis was likely lower than the number of gay people targeted.{{Sfn|Panter|2020|p=74}}

Matt Fuller and Leah Owen argued that while Nazi anti-queer ideology was "incoherent and erratic", they targeted transgender people with extermination and memoricide.{{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|pp=535–537}} They cited the looting and burning of the books at the Institute for Sexology as an example of this memoricide. {{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|pp=534–535}} The Institute for Sexology published journals on trans and queer issues and pioneered early gender-affirming surgeries.{{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|pp=530–531}} The institute also hosted the D'Eon Organization, which was founded in 1930 to advocate trans rights.{{Cite journal |last=Sutton |first=Katie |date=2012 |title="We Too Deserve a Place in the Sun": The Politics of Transvestite Identity in Weimar Germany |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23269669 |journal=German Studies Review |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=348 |doi=10.1353/gsr.2012.a478043 |jstor=23269669}} Fuller and Owen cited Bauer (2017) to explain a psychological element to this, stating "the mere presence of the bodies and desires of trans people was a challenge, threat, and source of anxiety to many Nazis, meaning they – or the physical archive that reflected their identity – had to be destroyed."{{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|pp=535–536}}

The Nazis provided varied justifications for their targeting of queer people and that they often conflated trans issues with homosexuality.{{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|pp=531, 536}} In a document outlining the division of labor in the Reich office for the Combatting of Homosexuality and Abortion, "transvesites" were listed as a responsibility of the organization, separately from "all manifestations of homosexuality" and "combating of all enemies of positive population growth", suggesting trans identity was conceived of as a distinct issue and threat by the Nazis. As part of the 1933 mass incarceration of gay men in Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp, Hamburg city administration told the chief of police to "pay particular attention to transvestites and to deliver them to the concentration camps if necessary."{{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|p=533}}

Fuller and Owen further argued that transmasculine and transfeminine individuals faced inconsistent treatment. Masculine presentations from those assigned female at birth were stigmatized: the National Socialist Women's League published a book in 1934 which warned gender ambiguity represented "signs of degeneration emanating from an alien race ... inimical to reproduction and for this reason damaging to the Volk. Healthy races do not artificially blur sexual differences" and Himmler complained in 1937 about the "nauseat[ing] catastrophe that was masculinizing ['young girls and women'] so that, over time, the difference between the sexes, the polarity, is blurred. From there, the path to homosexuality is not too far off." There is an inconsistency in individual accounts of transmasculine people.{{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|p=533}} One was forcibly detransitioned, another was detained in Lichtenburg concentration and released 10 months later with a permit from the Gestapo to wear men's clothing, and another was allowed to dress as a man without a permit following a medical examination and a promise that they had never engaged in homosexual relations.{{sfn|Fuller|Owen|2022|p=533}}

In 2022, the Regional Court of Cologne ruled that denying that trans people were targeted by the Nazis qualifies as "a denial of Nazi crimes".{{Cite news |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Vollbrecht-Tweet darf als Leugnung von NS-Verbrechen bezeichnet werden |trans-title=Vollbrecht tweet can be described as a denial of Nazi crimes |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/bildung/marie-luise-vollbrecht-verliert-streit-um-meinungsaeusserung-a-fabb1812-5a5c-4b52-8982-590f5b0e6f2f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616221935/https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/bildung/marie-luise-vollbrecht-verliert-streit-um-meinungsaeusserung-a-fabb1812-5a5c-4b52-8982-590f5b0e6f2f |archive-date=June 16, 2024 |access-date=December 31, 2022 |work=Der Spiegel |language=de}}

In the mid-1960s in South Sulawesi, an Islamic militia (Ansor) and an Islamic purification movement (led by Kahar Muzakkar) stigmatized, persecuted, and murdered many among the bissu, a transgender social group. The bissu were seen as objectionable under Islam and, in 1966, an Islamic "Operation Repent" targeted nonconforming Indonesian genders. Bissu rituals were violently suppressed, bissu heads were shorn, and bissu were ordered to conform to male gender roles or die. To demonstrate this coercive threat, a bissu leader was decapitated.{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Sharyn Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScyMAgAAQBAJ |title=Gender Diversity in Indonesia: Sexuality, Islam and Queer Selves |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=9781135169831}}{{Cite book |last=Boellstorff |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Boellstorff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2OYDwAAQBAJ |title=The Gay Archipelago: Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2005 |pages=39 |isbn=9780691123349}}{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=R. Anderson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9wo1h3JuEQC |title=Calling Back the Spirit: Music, Dance, and Cultural Politics in Lowland South Sulawesi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780195354652 |pages=37–38}}

Jones describes Brazil's treatment of transgender people as "unquestionably gendercidal", noting that at least one trans person was reported killed every 27 hours in 2014. Brazil has had the highest amount of transgender murder victims in the world since 2009, with the average lifespan of a transgender Brazilian being less than half that of a cisgender Brazilian.{{Cite news |last1=Bowater |first1=Donna |last2=Moraes |first2=Priscilla |date=April 22, 2015 |title=Brazil: Targeting trans people with impunity |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/4/22/brazil-targeting-trans-people-with-impunity |access-date=July 5, 2022 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416151649/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/4/22/brazil-targeting-trans-people-with-impunity |archive-date=April 16, 2024}}{{Cite web |last=Pinheiro |first=Ester |date=January 23, 2022 |title=Brazil continues to be the country with the largest number of trans people killed |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2022/01/23/brazil-continues-to-be-the-country-with-the-largest-number-of-trans-people-killed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818065513/https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2022/01/23/brazil-continues-to-be-the-country-with-the-largest-number-of-trans-people-killed |archive-date=August 18, 2024 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Brasil de Fato |translator-first=Ana Paula |translator-last=Rocha}} Activists in Brazil have also described the targeting of transgender people, particularly Afro-Brazilian transgender women, as a genocide.{{Cite journal |last=Swift |first=Jaimee A. |date=February 23, 2021 |title=Gender and Racial Violence Against Afro-Brazilian LGBTQ+ Women |url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1700 |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Politics |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1700 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}{{Cite web |last=Araujo |first=Felipe Neis |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Harm Reduction and Liberation for Black Trans Drug Users in Brazil |url=https://filtermag.org/matuzza-sankofa-trans-harm-reduction-brazil/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Filter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423180016/https://filtermag.org/matuzza-sankofa-trans-harm-reduction-brazil/ |archive-date=April 23, 2024}} The neologism {{lang|pt|transgenerocídio}} ({{langx|pt|transgendercide}}) is a term used in Brazil to classify transgender genocide.{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2021 |title=O crime de feminicídio e o combate à violência contra as mulheres: a ineficácia das medidas protetivas |trans-title=The crime of femicide and the fight against violence against women: the ineffectiveness of protective measures |url=http://boletimjuridico.publicacoesonline.com.br/o-crime-de-feminicidio-e-o-combate-a-violencia-contra-as-mulheres-a-ineficacia-das-medidas-protetivas/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=Boletim Jurídico |language=pt-BR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505181700/http://boletimjuridico.publicacoesonline.com.br/o-crime-de-feminicidio-e-o-combate-a-violencia-contra-as-mulheres-a-ineficacia-das-medidas-protetivas/ |archive-date=May 5, 2023}}{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2021 |title=Feminicídio |trans-title=Femicide |url=https://www.todoestudo.com.br/filosofia/feminicidio |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=Todo Estudo |language=pt-br |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507214536/https://www.todoestudo.com.br/filosofia/feminicidio |archive-date=May 7, 2023}}

{{Further|Transgender rights in the United States|2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States|Violence against transgender people in the United States}}

Sue E. Spivey and Christine Robinson have argued that the ex-gay movement, which encourages transgender as well as other LGBT people to renounce their identities, advocates social death and therefore could meet some legal definitions of genocide.{{sfn|Spivey|Robinson|2010|pp=68–70}} Spivey and Robinson argued that "by waging a culture war using hate propaganda and misusing scientific research to gain public legitimacy, the movement seeks to deploy state powers and the medical profession to perpetrate genocidal acts on its behalf."{{sfn|Spivey|Robinson|2010|p=83}}

Transgender journalist Emily St. James has described some US laws as meeting criteria mentioned in the United Nations definition of genocide, including laws banning gender-affirming care ("causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part"), and those allowing child protective services to pursue child abuse claims against the parents of children receiving gender-affirming care and remove said children ("forcibly transferring children of the group to another group").{{Cite web |last=St. James |first=Emily |date=March 24, 2022 |title=The time to panic about anti-trans legislation is now |url=https://www.vox.com/first-person/22977970/anti-trans-legislation-texas-idaho |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822220945/https://www.vox.com/first-person/22977970/anti-trans-legislation-texas-idaho |archive-date=August 22, 2024 |work=Vox}}

Transgender healthcare bans in the US have been condemned by medical organizations. A report published by Yale School of Medicine in response to bans on gender-affirming care in Alabama and Texas argued that the bans were no more ethical than a prohibition on healthcare for any other life-threatening medical condition.{{cite web |last1=Boulware |first1=Susan |last2=Kamody |first2=Rebecca |last3=Kuper |first3=Laura |title=Biased Science: The Texas and Alabama Measures Criminalizing Medical Treatment for Transgender Children and Adolescents Rely on Inaccurate and Misleading Scientific Claims |url=https://medicine.yale.edu/lgbtqi/research/gender-affirming-care/report%20on%20the%20science%20of%20gender-affirming%20care%20final%20april%2028%202022_442952_55174_v1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516174705/https://medicine.yale.edu/lgbtqi/clinicalcare/gender-affirming-care/report%20on%20the%20science%20of%20gender-affirming%20care%20final%20april%2028%202022_442952_55174_v1.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |publisher=Yale School of Medicine}} The president of World Professional Association of Transgender Health wrote an opinion article in the New York Times stating her view that these laws constituted an effort to "rid the world of transgender people."{{cite news |last1=Bowers |first1=Marci |date=April 2023 |title=What Decades of Providing Trans Health Care Have Taught Me |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/01/opinion/trans-healthcare-law.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717070621/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/01/opinion/trans-healthcare-law.html |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |work=The New York Times}} Similar sentiments were expressed in a WPATH public communique: "Anti-transgender health care legislation is not about protections for children but about eliminating transgender persons on a micro and macro scale."{{cite web |title=Statement of Opposition to Legislation Banning Access to Gender-Affirming Health Care in the US |url=https://www.wpath.org/media/cms/Documents/Public%20Policies/2023/USPATH_WPATH%20Statement%20re_%20GAHC%20march%208%202023.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712215952/https://www.wpath.org/media/cms/Documents/Public%20Policies/2023/USPATH_WPATH%20Statement%20re_%20GAHC%20march%208%202023.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |publisher=World Professional Association of Transgender Health}}

In a 2015 interview with CBC Radio, Terryn Witten, an expert on transgender violence, said that if just looking at the United States, she would not use the term genocide and instead refer to it as "rampant murder".{{sfn|Grant|2015|loc=time: 5:53}} Witten does argue that when taking a global perspective, there is a transgender genocide ongoing.{{sfn|Grant|2015|loc=time: 5:53}} In the same interview, hate crime expert Bernie Farber of the Canadian Jewish Congress contested the use of the term "transgender genocide". He described it as being insensitive to victims of recognized genocides, such as the Holocaust, because it does not meet the legal test, despite the "terrible crimes against the community."{{sfn|Grant|2015|loc=time: 17:25}}

Statements made by American right-wing media figures regarding trans people have been criticized as employing violent rhetoric including incitement to genocide. During a speech at the 2023 Conservative Political Action Conference, political commentator Michael Knowles stated "There can be no middle way in dealing with transgenderism. It is all or nothing," arguing that trans people's gender identities are a falsehood that should not be indulged and "for the good of society, … transgenderism must be eradicated from public life entirely."{{Cite web |last=Hawkinson |first=Katie |date=4 March 2023 |title=Michael Knowles Says Transgenderism Must Be 'Eradicated' at CPAC |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/michael-knowles-calls-for-eradication-of-transgender-people-at-conservative-political-action-conference/ |website=The Daily Beast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511232429/https://www.thedailybeast.com/michael-knowles-calls-for-eradication-of-transgender-people-at-conservative-political-action-conference/ |archive-date=11 May 2025}}{{bsn|date=May 2025}} The previous week, Knowles had claimed on his online show presented by the Daily Wire that a genocide against trans people is impossible because they are "not a legitimate category of being." His statements were criticized by the Human Rights Campaign{{Cite web |last=Luneau |first=Delphine |date=6 March 2023 |title=Human Rights Campaign: Extremists at CPAC Laid Bare Hatred at Root of Vile Legislation Targeting Trans People |url=https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/human-rights-campaign-extremists-at-cpac-laid-bare-hatred-at-root-of-vile-legislation-targeting-trans-people |website=Human Rights Campaign |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506143709/https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/human-rights-campaign-extremists-at-cpac-laid-bare-hatred-at-root-of-vile-legislation-targeting-trans-people |archive-date=6 May 2025}} as well as the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention which noted "The speed of Knowles' response suggests that he may be concerned that his words put him in violation of laws against incitement and may make him accountable for future hate crimes and mass atrocities against trans people."{{Cite web |date=13 March 2025 |title=Red Flag Alert for Genocide - USA |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts/red-flag-alert-for-genocide---usa |website=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318040306/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts/red-flag-alert-for-genocide---usa |archive-date=18 March 2025}} Matt Walsh, another Daily Wire commentator and a key figure of the anti-gender movement in the US, garnered similar criticism in December 2024 after stating "We are not gonna rest until every child is protected, until trans ideology is entirely erased from the earth" at a protest against gender-affirming care for transgender youth.{{Cite magazine |last=McCann Ramirez |first=Nikki |date=4 December 2024 |title=Right-winger at SCOTUS rally vows to 'erase' trans ideology 'from this Earth' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/matt-walsh-supreme-court-erase-trans-ideology-earth-1235192666/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210021832/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/matt-walsh-supreme-court-erase-trans-ideology-earth-1235192666/ |archive-date=10 February 2025}} Far-right US Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene was faced with backlash from Minnesota Democratic Party Chairman Ken Martin and other public figures in February of 2022 when she threatened that her husband would beat a trans camp counselor "into the ground" during an appearance on conspiracy theorist Alex Jones's Infowars program, further stating such action was necessary to "stand up against" trans people while claiming their presence around children constitutes child grooming.{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Ewan |date=24 February 2022 |title=Marjorie Taylor Greene Claims Violence Needed To 'Stand Up' To Trans People |url=https://www.newsweek.com/marjorie-taylor-greene-trans-violence-alex-jones-1682223 |website=Newsweek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331065425/https://www.newsweek.com/marjorie-taylor-greene-trans-violence-alex-jones-1682223 |archive-date=31 March 2025}} Charlie Kirk, founder of the conservative organization Turning Point USA, was accused of encouraging mass violence against LGBTQ+ people in February 2023 when he stated in regards to trans women participating in women's sports that "Someone should have took care of it the way we used to take care of things in the 1950s and '60s" during a conversation with anti-trans activist Riley Gaines on his Real America's Voice show, also claiming that "the decline of American men" and a decrease in testosterone levels has caused trans identity to become more common.{{Cite web |last=Bickerton |first=James |date=17 March 2023 |title=College Chancellor Threatened With Legal Action Over Charlie Kirk Protests |url=https://www.newsweek.com/college-chancellor-threatened-legal-action-over-charlie-kirk-protests-1788487 |website=Newsweek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312215548/https://www.newsweek.com/college-chancellor-threatened-legal-action-over-charlie-kirk-protests-1788487 |archive-date=12 March 2024}}

In 2025, the Lemkin Institute put out a "Red Flag Alert for Genocide" of transgender individuals, in particular citing conservative commentator Michael Knowles's comments of eradicating "transgenderism". They further stated that the Trump Administration's actions, such as identity denial, are part of a "genocidal process against the transgender community".

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Some scholars have argued that the definition of genocide should be applied to transgender persons, or expanded to cover transgender persons, because they are victims of institutional discrimination, persecution, and violence.{{Cite journal |last=Purnomo |first=Anandy Satrio |date=2020 |title=The Urgency to Include Gender as Protected Group Under the Crime of Genocide |url=https://jurnal.fh.unpad.ac.id/index.php/pjil/article/view/344 |journal=Padjadjaran Journal of International Law |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=79–93 |doi=10.23920/pjil.v4i1.344|s2cid=235049254 |doi-access=free}}{{harvnb|Kritz|2014|pp=2–3}}; {{harvnb|Kidd|Witten|2008|pp=51–54}}; {{harvnb|Eichert|2021}}; {{harvnb|Waites|2018|p=55}} In a 2008 academic article in hate studies, Jeremy Kidd and Tarynn Witten argue that the abuse and violence against transgender people would qualify as genocide as defined by the Genocide Convention, if the definition was expanded to include gender identity and sexual orientation.{{sfn|Kidd|Witten|2008|pp=51–54}} In line with the convention, they argue that transphobic discrimination and violence are not random or atomized, but rather come from the intent "to eradicate a group of people who violate a widely held and popularly reinforced norm of binary gender with a connection to heteronormative sexuality."{{sfn|Kidd|Witten|2008|pp=51–54}} They say that this motive of "eradication/annihilation" (p. 51) is systemic, pandemic, institutionalized (e.g., through the penal system and military), and spread widely through media and film. They say that transgender people face an increased risk of abuse and violence throughout their lives and that, despite being targeted in ways that fit some criteria of the Genocide Convention, they do not have access to the same legal protections as other groups.{{sfn|Kidd|Witten|2008|p=24}}

The Rome Statute, a 1998 treaty that established the International Criminal Court and codified investigations into genocide, outlines a definition of gender-based persecution. This definition, however, only "refers to the two sexes, male and female."{{Cite journal |last=Chertoff |first=Emily |date=2017 |title=Prosecuting Gender-Based Persecution: The Islamic State at the ICC |url=https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/10281/25_126YaleLJ1050_2016_2017_.pdf?sequence=2 |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=1053}} Valerie Oosterveld attributed this definition to conservative political pressure from states like Azerbaijan, the Holy See, and some nongovernmental organizations in the lead-up to the treaty's adoption.{{Cite journal |last=Oosterveld |first=Valarie |date=2006 |title=Gender, Persecution, and the International Criminal Court: Refugee Law's Relevance to the Crime against Humanity of Gender-Based Persecution |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=djcil |journal=Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law |volume=17 |issue=49 |pages=57–58 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311050838/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=djcil |archive-date=March 11, 2024}} While this definition has not yet been litigated at the ICC, it is likely that it would be used to exclude transgender people from international legal protections.

In a 2014 article, Brian Kritz assessed the ability of the International Criminal Court to protect and promote transgender rights, arguing that existing law should be explicitly extended to transgender people.{{sfn|Kritz|2014|pp=35–38}} He noted that the lack of existing protections for transgender people under international law was in-and-of-itself "a violation of the basic human rights of the global transgender and intersex populations."{{sfn|Kritz|2014|p=38}}

Scholars have made similar arguments regarding the legal definition of crimes against humanity.{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Charles Barrera |date=2017 |title=Embracing Ambiguity and Adopting Propriety: Using Comparative Law to Explore Avenues for Protecting the LGBT Population under Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/217204592.pdf |journal=Minnesota Law Review |volume=101 |issue=157 |pages=1287}}{{Cite journal |last=Hagopian |first=Andrew Summer |date=2016 |title=Persecution and Protection of Sexual and Gender Minorities under Article 7(1)(h) of the Rome Statute |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/soas3&div=9&id=&page= |journal=SOAS Law Journal |volume=3 |issue=55}}

In the past, international courts have interpreted genocidal sexual violence to be a problem of cisgender women alone, often classifying the same systematic sexual violence against all members, who are not cisgender women, as crimes against humanity, as was done by the United Nations International Fact-Finding Mission for Myanmar. Eichert argues that this interpretation "discounts the suffering of victims and needlessly weakens attempts to identify, prevent, and punish the crime of genocide" and pleads for the field to adopt a broader understanding of genocidal sexual violence, which is not limited to cisgender women alone.{{sfn|Eichert|2021}}

Genocide studies research that focuses exclusively on transgender people is rare, with Lily Nellans noting that "the unique and specific experiences of queer people during genocide remain absent from this type of research, limiting our understanding of genocidal processes".{{Cite journal |last=Nellans |first=Lily |date=December 21, 2020 |title=A Queer(er) Genocide Studies |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1786&context=gsp |url-status=live |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=48–68 |doi=10.5038/1911-9933.14.3.1786 |s2cid=234544443 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301094637/https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1786&context=gsp |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |doi-access=free}}{{Rp|page=51}} Henry Theriault has argued that discrimination against transgender people is "largely tolerated" despite the fact that identical laws targeting other marginalized people would spark severe public outcry.{{Cite journal |last=Theriault |first=Henry C. |date=2012 |title=Against the Grain: Critical Reflections on the State and Future of Genocide Scholarship |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=gsp |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=137 |doi=10.3138/gsp.7.1.123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517133616/https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=gsp |archive-date=May 17, 2023}}

Alexander Laban Hinton, an anthropologist focused on genocide, has criticized what he characterizes as "the prioritization of certain protected groups and not others" in established legal definitions of genocide, specifically noting transgender people as a group that could never be targeted by genocide in the status quo.{{Cite journal |last=Hinton |first=Alexander L. |date=December 20, 2019 |title=The First Lesson in Prevention |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1677&context=gsp |url-status=live |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=137 |doi=10.5038/1911-9933.13.3.1677 |s2cid=213684697 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517133937/https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1677&context=gsp |archive-date=May 17, 2023 |doi-access=free}} Haley Marie Brown describes violence against transgender women as a "life force atrocity" that is justified using genocidal logic, describing how such violence is often coupled with attempts to eliminate any evidence of a person's transness through complete destruction of their bodies.{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Haley Marie |title=Denial: The Final Stage of Genocide |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=9780367818982 |editor-last=Cox |editor-first=John |location=New York |pages=184–195 |chapter=The forgotten murders: Gendercide in the twenty-first century and the destruction of the transgender body |editor-last2=Khoury |editor-first2=Amal |editor-last3=Minslow |editor-first3=Sarah}}

Leah Owen, a lecturer at Swansea University, has argued that anti-transgender ideologies rely on "discourses of 'toxification'", drawing on a paper by Rhiannon Neilsen{{Cite journal |last=Neilsen |first=Rhiannon |date=May 1, 2015 |title='Toxification' as a more precise early warning sign for genocide than dehumanization? An emerging research agenda |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol9/iss1/9 |url-status=live |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.5038/1911-9933.9.1.1277 |issn=1911-0359 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418070212/https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol9/iss1/9/ |archive-date=April 18, 2024 |doi-access=free}} that proposed "toxification" as a more precise alternative to the traditional fourth stage of genocide, dehumanization. Owen compares Nielsen's concept of toxification, in which groups of people are compared to pathogens or threats and their removal from society is necessitated, to statements from Popes Benedict XVI and Francis, Janice Raymond, Abigail Shrier, and Helen Joyce,{{sfn|Owen|2022|pp=486–488}} arguing that regardless of agreement on other issues, anti-transgender activists consistently seek to reduce or eliminate transgender people's public presence. Nevertheless, she refrains from claiming that the modern anti-gender movement is inciting genocide yet, arguing that it lacks a securitizing urge to mobilize against transgender people.{{sfn|Owen|2022|pp=488–490}}

Some surveys have indicated that there is a concern among transgender individuals that trans-associated genetic research may lead to eugenics. A study conducted in 2021 found that many of those surveyed believe that genetic research could end up with a kind of "eugenics" that would, in effect, "eliminate" transgender people, while some respondents feared that, in more transphobic areas, trans-associated research would lead to "medical genocide".{{cite journal |last1=Rajkovic |first1=Antoine |last2=Cirino |first2=Allison L. |last3=Berro |first3=Tala |last4=Koeller |first4=Diane R. |last5=Zayhowski |first5=Kimberly |year=2022 |title=Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals' perspectives on research seeking genetic variants associated with TGD identities: A qualitative study |journal=Journal of Community Genetics |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.1007/s12687-021-00554-z |pmc=8799808 |pmid=34637070}}{{Secondary source needed|date=June 2025}}

Sterilization that is forced upon transgender people, in order to obtain legal recognition, is characterized by political theorist Anna Carastathis as a violation of reproductive rights, eugenic, and genocidal.{{Cite book |last=Carastathis |first=Anna |url=https://www.sah.aegean.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/In-Fertile-Citizens.pdf |title=(In)Fertile Citizens: Anthropological and Legal Challenges of Assisted Reproduction Technologies |publisher=University of the Aegean |year=2015 |isbn=978-618-82208-5-0 |editor1-last=Kantsa |editor1-first=Venetia |pages=79–92 |chapter=Compulsory sterilisation of transgender people as gendered violence |editor2-last=Zanini |editor2-first=Giulia |editor3-last=Papadopoulou |editor3-first=Lina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717064817/https://www.sah.aegean.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/In-Fertile-Citizens.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |url-status=live}} On the extent of this practice among European counties, she cites a 2013 report by the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.{{Cite report |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez |last=Méndez |first=Juan E. |date=February 1, 2013 |id=A/HRC/22/53 |access-date=December 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819204408/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf |archive-date=August 19, 2024}} Recognizing that transgender persons are not covered by legal definitions of genocide, she argues "that trans people are systematically written out of legal existence" both through the compulsory sterilization and their exclusion from the Genocide Convention. In contradistinction to Carastathis, political scientist Jemima Repo argues that compulsory sterilization does give transgender people a political existence, but at the expense of a capacity to extend kinship (i.e., family) into the future. As a result, Repo says that reproduction, at least in Finland, becomes a mode of transgender resistance in the face of sterilization demands.{{cite journal |last=Repo |first=Jemima. |doi=10.1017/S1743923X1800034X |title=Governing juridical sex: Gender recognition and the biopolitics of trans sterilization in Finland |journal=Politics & Gender |volume=15 |number=1 |date=2019 |pages=83–106}}

Transgender genocide has been examined by scholars of queer studies, hate studies, and other fields.{{sfn|Kidd|Witten|2008|pp=51–54}}{{sfn|Waites|2018|p=55}}

Trans and other queer activists have used the term "transgender genocide" to oppose discrimination and violence against transgender people, especially when seen as a global phenomenon.{{bulleted list|

|{{Cite book |last=Jauk |first=Daniela |title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2016 |isbn=9781118663219 |editor1-last=Wong |editor1-first=W. C. A. |chapter=Transgender Movements in International Perspective |editor2-last=Wickramasinghe |editor2-first=M. |editor3-last=hoogland |editor3-first=r. |editor4-last=Naples |editor4-first=N. A.}}

|{{Cite report |url=http://redlactrans.org.ar/site/stop-trans-genocide-cedostalc-report-2018-belize/ |title=Stop Trans Genocide – CeDoSTALC Report 2018 – Belize |last=Gray |first=Ian |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710045323/http://redlactrans.org.ar/site/stop-trans-genocide-cedostalc-report-2018-belize/ |archive-date=July 10, 2022}}

|{{Cite web |last=Torchia |first=Franco |date=March 1, 2019 |title=Cuerpos que no importan: el silenciado genocidio travesti-trans |trans-title=Bodies that do not matter: the silenced transvestite-trans genocide |url=https://www.infobae.com/opinion/2019/05/01/cuerpos-que-no-importan-el-silenciado-genocidio-travesti-trans/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Infobae |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325071252/https://www.infobae.com/opinion/2019/05/01/cuerpos-que-no-importan-el-silenciado-genocidio-travesti-trans/ |archive-date=March 25, 2024}}

|{{Cite book |title=The Sage Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender |publisher=Sage Publishing |year=2017 |editor-last=Nadel |editor-first=Kevin L. |isbn=9781483384283 |pages=1697 |chapter=Stop Trans Genocide}}

|{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2021 |title=Montana tries again with another transgender genocide Law |url=https://queermed.com/2021/05/montana-tries-again-with-another-transgender-genocide-law/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=QueerMed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517133620/https://queermed.com/2021/05/montana-tries-again-with-another-transgender-genocide-law/ |archive-date=May 17, 2023}}

}} In 2013, it was reported that, "...a coalition of NGOs from South America and Europe started the 'Stop Trans Genocide' campaign."{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2013 |title=Transgender Europe: TDOR 2013 |url=https://transrespect.org/en/transgender-europe-tdor-2013/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807033032/https://transrespect.org/en/transgender-europe-tdor-2013/ |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Transgender Europe}} For example, the term was used by a Latin American trans activist who sought asylum in Germany.{{Cite news |last=Hunglinger |first=Stefan |date=July 20, 2020 |title=Sichtbarkeit durch Körpereinsatz |trans-title=Visibility through physical use |url=https://taz.de/Trans-Aktivistin-aus-Chile/!5695892/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413122453/https://taz.de/Trans-Aktivistin-aus-Chile/!5695892/ |archive-date=April 13, 2024 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |newspaper=Die Tageszeitung: Taz |language=de}} In 2018, Planned Parenthood of New York City president Laura McQuade said in a speech that a Trump administration proposal to change federal recognition of transgender persons would lead to genocide.{{Cite web |last=Maskar |first=Noah |date=October 24, 2018 |title=NYC Advocates Slam Trump's Push For Transgender 'Genocide' |url=https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/nyc-advocates-slam-trumps-push-transgender-genocide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917090205/https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/nyc-advocates-slam-trumps-push-transgender-genocide |archive-date=September 17, 2023 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Patch |language=en}}

• List of people killed for being transgender
• AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
• Black genocide
• Gender and violence

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Eichert |first=David |date=2021 |title=Expanding the Gender of Genocidal Sexual Violence: Towards the Inclusion of Men, Transgender Women, and People Outside the Binary |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0t259988 |journal=UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs |volume=25 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228092103/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0t259988 |archive-date=December 28, 2023}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Matt |last2=Owen |first2=Leah |date=October 2, 2022 |title=Nazi Gender Ideology, Memoricide, and the Attack on the Berlin Institute for Sexual Research |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2022.2131383 |journal=Peace Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=529–540 |doi=10.1080/10402659.2022.2131383 |s2cid=252791832 |issn=1040-2659}}
• {{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Sarah |date=January 9, 2015 |title=The 'quiet genocide' against the transgender community |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/muhammad-cartoon-controversy-transgender-genocide-and-tobogganing-bans-1.2906924/the-quiet-genocide-against-the-transgender-community-1.2906927 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |work=CBC Radio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526222038/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/muhammad-cartoon-controversy-transgender-genocide-and-tobogganing-bans-1.2906924/the-quiet-genocide-against-the-transgender-community-1.2906927 |archive-date=May 26, 2022}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Kidd |first1=Jeremy D. |last2=Witten |first2=Tarynn M. |date=2008 |title=Transgender and transsexual identities: the next strange fruit – hate crimes, violence and genocide against the global trans-communities |url=http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12389/21379 |journal=Journal of Hate Studies |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=31–62 |doi=10.33972/jhs.47 |hdl=20.500.12389/21379|doi-access=free }}
• {{Cite journal |last=Kritz |first=Brian |date=2014 |title=The global transgender population and the International Criminal Court |url=https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/5776/Kritz_Final.pdf |journal=Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal |volume=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106052016/https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/5776/Kritz_Final.pdf |archive-date=January 6, 2024}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Leah |date=October 2, 2022 |title="Parasitically Occupying Bodies": Exploring Toxifying Securitization in Anti-Trans and Genocidal Ideologies |journal=Peace Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=481–494 |doi=10.1080/10402659.2022.2129000 |issn=1040-2659 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite book |last1=Panter |first1=Heather |title=Genocide and Victimology |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-85844-4 |editor-last=Eski |editor-first=Yarin |chapter=LGBT+ Genocide: Understanding hetero-nationalism and the politics of psychological silence}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Spivey |first1=Sue E. |last2=Robinson |first2=Christine M. |date=April 2010 |title=Genocidal Intentions: Social Death and the Ex-Gay Movement |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=gsp |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=68–88 |doi=10.3138/gsp.5.1.68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816000840/https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=gsp |archive-date=August 16, 2024}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Waites |first=Matthew |date=2018 |title=Genocide and Global Queer Politics |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623528.2017.1358920 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=44–67 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2017.1358920 |s2cid=148737818}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last=Baader |first=Benjamin M. |date=2019 |chapter=Genocide, transsexuality, the limits of coherence, and the radiance of the universe |title=Homosexuality, Transsexuality, Psychoanalysis and Traditional Judaism |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315180151}}
• {{cite journal |last=Bloch |first=L. June |date=2023 |title=Anti-Trans Laws, the UN Genocide Convention and the Legal Calculation of Acceptable Suicide Rates |journal=Anthropology Now |volume=15 |number=2–3 |pages=146–161 |doi=10.1080/19428200.2023.2321049}}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Bloxham |editor1-first=Donald |editor1-link=Donald Bloxham |editor2-last=Moses |editor2-first=A. Dirk |editor2-link=A. Dirk Moses |title=Genocide: Key Themes |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-286526-7 |language=en |first=Elisa |last=von Joeden-Forgey |pages=126–127 |chapter=Gender and genocide}}
• {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Haley Marie |title=Denial: The Final Stage of Genocide? |chapter=The forgotten murders: Gendercide in the twenty-first century and the destruction of the transgender body |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-43734-8 |language=en}}
• {{cite journal |last=Standish |first=Katerina |date=2022 |title=Everyday genocide: femicide, transicide and the responsibility to protect |journal=Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research |volume=14 |number=3 |pages=215–230 |doi=10.1108/JACPR-10-2021-0642}}

{{refend}}

{{Transgender topics}}

{{Genocide topics}}

Category:Gendercide

Category:2000s neologisms

Category:Linguistic controversies

Category:LGBTQ-related controversies

Genocide