vitis

File:Vigne inflorescence 2.jpg

In the wild, all species of Vitis are normally dioecious, but under domestication, variants with perfect flowers appear to have been selected. Flower buds are formed late in the growing season and overwinter for blooming in the spring of the next year. They produce leaf-opposed cymes. Vitis is distinguished from other genera in the Vitaceae family by its petals, which remain joined at the tip and detach from the base to fall off together as a calyptra or 'cap'. The flowers are pentamerous. The calyx is greatly reduced or nonexistent in most species. The fruit is a berry, ovoid in shape and juicy, with a two-celled ovary each containing two ovules, thus normally producing four seeds per flower (or fewer by way of aborted embryos).Gleason and Cronquist volume 2, New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, p. 517. {{LCCN|6316478}}

Other parts of the vine include the tendrils which are leaf-opposed, branched in Vitis vinifera, and support the climbing plant by twining around surrounding structures such as branches or the trellising of a vine-training system.

The genus Vitis is divided into two subgenera, Euvitis Planch. have 38 chromosomes (n=19) with berries borne on clusters{{cite web |first1=M.D. |last1=Bennett |first2=I.J. |last2=Leitch |date=2012 |url=http://www.data.kew.org/cvalues/ |title=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Plant DNA C-values database, release 6.0 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2016-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319150604/http://data.kew.org/cvalues/ |archive-date=2016-03-19 |url-status=dead}} and Muscadinia Planch. 40 (n=20) with small clusters.{{Cite web|url=https://www.uaex.edu/yard-garden/resource-library/plant-week/vitis-rotundifolia-muscadine-grape-scuppernong-11-13-2015.aspx|title=Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong|website=Plant of the Week: Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong|publisher=University of Arkansas|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}{{cite journal | last1=Lu | first1=Jiang | last2=Lamikanra | first2=Olusola | title=Barriers to Intersubgeneric Crosses between Muscadinia and Euvitis | journal=HortScience | publisher=American Society for Horticultural Science | volume=31 | issue=2 | year=1996 | issn=0018-5345 | doi=10.21273/hortsci.31.2.269 | pages=269–271| doi-access=free}}

Wild grapes can resemble the single-seeded Menispermum canadense (moonseed), which is toxic.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |others=United States Department of the Army |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=118 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}

File:Ornamental grape.jpg with autumn leaves]]

Most Vitis species are found mostly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in North America and eastern Asia, exceptions being a few in the tropics and the wine grape Vitis vinifera which originated in southern Europe and southwestern Asia. Grape species occur in widely different geographical areas and show a great diversity of form.

Their growth makes leaf collection challenging and polymorphic leaves make identification of species difficult. Mature grapevines can grow up to {{Convert|48|cm|abbr=off}} in diameter at breast height and reach the upper canopy of trees more than {{Convert|35|m|abbr=off}} in height.{{cite journal|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1364&context=plantpathpapers|title=Upper Canopy Collection and Identification of Grapevines (Vitis) from Selected Forests in the Southeastern United States|journal=Castanea (From University of Nebraska Digital Commons)|volume=75|issue=1|pages=141–149|year=2010|author=Everhart SE}}

Many species are sufficiently closely related to allow easy interbreeding and the resultant interspecific hybrids are invariably fertile and vigorous. Thus the concept of a species is less well defined and more likely represents the identification of different ecotypes of Vitis that have evolved in distinct geographical and environmental circumstances.

The exact number of species is not certain. Plants of the World Online states 81 species are accepted, but lists 84. More than 65 species in Asia are poorly defined.{{cite book |last=Galet |first=Pierre |title=Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages |year=2000 |publisher=Hachette Pratique |isbn=2-01-236331-8}} Approximately 25 species are known in North America, and these were studied extensively in the late 1800s by German-American botanist George Englemann.{{Cite journal |last=Hannickel |first=Erica |date=2023-10-20 |title=Vitis, Wine, and Medicine: The Other Careers of George Engelmann (1809–1884) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123423861 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=108 |pages=465–478 |doi=10.3417/2023812|url-access=subscription }} By contrast, just one, V. vinifera has Eurasian origins.{{cite news|title=Distribution of the world's grapevine varieties |year=2017 | publisher=OIV - International Organization of Vine and Wine |location=Paris |isbn=979-10-91799-89-8 |url=http://www.oiv.int/public/medias/5888/en-distribution-of-the-worlds-grapevine-varieties.pdf}} Some of the more notable species include:

1. Vitis aestivalis, the summer grape, native to the Eastern United States, especially the Southeastern United States
2. Vitis amurensis, native to the Asian continent, including parts of Siberia and China
3. Vitis arizonica, The Arizona grape is native to Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, New Mexico, Texas, and Northern Mexico.{{Cite web|url=http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxauthid=1&taxon=3578&clid=25#|title = SEINet Portal Network - Vitis arizonica}}
4. Vitis berlandieri, native to the southern North America, primarily Texas, New Mexico and Arkansas. Primarily known for good tolerance against soils with a high content of lime, which can cause chlorosis in many vines of American origin
5. Vitis californica, the California wild grape, or Northern California grape, or Pacific grape, is a wild grape species widespread across much of California as well as southwestern Oregon
6. Vitis coignetiae, the crimson glory vine, a species from East Asia grown as an ornamental plant for its crimson autumn foliage
7. Vitis labrusca L., the fox grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the Eastern United States and Canada. The Concord grape was derived by a cross with this species
8. Vitis riparia, the riverbank grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the entire Eastern United States and north to Quebec
9. Vitis rotundifolia (syn. Muscadinia rotundifolia), the muscadine, used for jams and wine. Native to the Southeastern United States from Delaware to the Gulf of Mexico
10. Vitis rupestris, the rock grapevine, used for breeding of Phylloxera resistant rootstock. Native to the Southern United States
11. Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine. Native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia.
12. Vitis vulpina, the frost grape, native to the Eastern United States, from Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas{{PLANTS|symbol=VIVU|taxon=Vitis vulpina L.|access-date=7 June 2022}} Treated by some as a synonym of V. riparia.{{cite web |url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/96939 |title=Vitis riparia (Frost grape) (Vitis vulpina) |work=The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) |author1=Jain, E. |author2=Bairoch, A. |author3=Duvaud, S. |author4=Phan, I. |author5=Redaschi, N. |author6=Suzek, B.E. |author7=Martin, M.J. |author8=McGarvey, P. |author9=Gasteiger, E. |date=November 3, 2009 |publisher=The UniProt Consortium |access-date=November 16, 2009}}

Plants of the World Online also includes:

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

1. Vitis acerifolia Raf.
2. Vitis amoena Z.H. Chen, Feng Chen & WW.Y. Xie
3. Vitis baihuashanensis M.S.Kang & D.Z.Lu
4. Vitis balansana Planch.
5. Vitis bashanica P.C.He
6. Vitis bellula (Rehder) W.T.Wang
7. Vitis betulifolia Diels & Gilg
8. Vitis biformis Rose
9. Vitis blancoi Munson
10. Vitis bloodworthiana Comeaux
11. Vitis bourgaeana Planch.
12. Vitis bryoniifolia Bunge
13. Vitis × champinii Planch.
14. Vitis chunganensis Hu
15. Vitis chungii F.P.Metcalf
16. Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet
17. Vitis davidi (Rom.Caill.) Foëx
18. Vitis × doaniana Munson ex Viala
19. Vitis erythrophylla W.T.Wang
20. Vitis fengqinensis C.L.Li
21. Vitis ficifolia Bunge
22. Vitis flavicosta Mickel & Beitel
23. Vitis flexuosa Thunb.
24. Vitis girdiana Munson
25. Vitis hancockii Hance
26. Vitis heyneana Schult.
27. Vitis hissarica Vassilcz.
28. Vitis hui W.C.Cheng
29. Vitis jaegeriana Comeaux
30. Vitis jinggangensis W.T.Wang
31. Vitis jinzhainensis X.S.Shen
32. Vitis kaihuaica Z.H.Chen, Feng Chen & W.Y Xie
33. Vitis kiusiana Momiy.
34. Vitis lanceolatifoliosa C.L.Li
35. Vitis longquanensis P.L.Chiu
36. Vitis luochengensis W.T.Wang
37. Vitis menghaiensis C.L.Li
38. Vitis mengziensis C.L.Li
39. Vitis metziana Miq.
40. Vitis monticola Buckley
41. Vitis mustangensis Buckley
42. Vitis nesbittiana Comeaux
43. Vitis × novae-angliae Fernald
44. Vitis novogranatensis Moldenke
45. Vitis nuristanica Vassilcz.
46. Vitis palmata Vahl
47. Vitis pedicellata M.A.Lawson
48. Vitis peninsularis M.E.Jones
49. Vitis piasezkii Maxim.
50. Vitis pilosonervia F.P.Metcalf
51. Vitis popenoei J.L.Fennell
52. Vitis pseudoreticulata W.T.Wang
53. Vitis quinlingensis P.C.He
54. Vitis retordii Rom.Caill. ex Planch.
55. Vitis romanetii Rom.Caill.
56. Vitis ruyuanensis C.L.Li
57. Vitis saccharifera Makino
58. Vitis shenxiensis C.L.Li
59. Vitis shizishanensis Z.Y.Ma, J.Wen, Q.Fu & X.Q.Liu
60. Vitis shuttleworthii House
61. Vitis silvestrii Pamp.
62. Vitis sinocinerea W.T.Wang
63. Vitis sinoternata W.T.Wang
64. Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
65. Vitis tsoi Merr.
66. Vitis wenchowensis C.Ling
67. Vitis wenxianensis W.T.Wang
68. Vitis wilsoniae H.J.Veitch
69. Vitis wuhanensis C.L.Li
70. Vitis xunyangensis P.C.He
71. Vitis yunnanensis C.L.Li
72. Vitis zhejiang-adstricta P.L.Chiu

{{div col end}}

There are many cultivars of grapevines; most are cultivars of V. vinifera. One of them includes, Vitis 'Ornamental Grape'.

Hybrid grapes also exist, and these are primarily crosses between V. vinifera and one or more of V. labrusca, V. riparia or V. aestivalis. Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably phylloxera), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" taste of V. labrusca.

The Latin word Vitis is feminine,{{citation |author1=Lewis, C.T. |author2=Short, C. |year=1958 |title=A Latin Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford}} and therefore adjectival species names take feminine forms, such as V. vinifera.{{citation |author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title}} Article 23.5{{refn|group=lower-alpha|-fer is an adjectival suffix, with forms -fer (M), -fera (F), and -ferum (N).{{citation |author=Stearn, W.T. |year=1992 |title=Botanical Latin: History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition |publisher=David and Charles}}}}

File:Palatina.jpg{{Main|List of grape diseases|Phylloxera}}

Phylloxera is an American root aphid that devastated V. vinifera vineyards in Europe when accidentally introduced in the late 19th century. Attempts were made to breed in resistance from American species, but many winemakers and customers did not like the unusual flavour profile of the hybrid vines. However, V. vinifera grafts readily onto rootstocks of the American species and their hybrids with V. vinifera, and most commercial production of grapes now relies on such grafts.

The black vine weevil is another root pest.

Grapevines are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.

File:Pago de miraflores la alta albariza sanlúcar barrameda.jpg at Jerez.]]

File:Parra en Hontecillas.jpg.]]

According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.

The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes (regardless of the grapes' final destination):{{cite web|title=OIV Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture 2016|url=http://www.oiv.int/public/medias/5029/world-vitiviniculture-situation-2016.pdf|access-date=7 September 2017}}

{{Aligned table

| class = wikitable sortable | cols = 3 | row1header = on |col2align = right | col3align = right

| Country

| Area under vine (ha x10³)

| Grape production (metric ton x10⁶)

| {{noflag|World}} | 7511 | 75.7

| {{flag|Spain}} | 1021| 6.0

| {{flag|China}} | 830 | 12.6

| {{flag|France}} | 786 | 6.3

| {{flag|Italy}} | 682 | 8.2

| {{flag|Turkey}} | 497 | 3.6

| {{flag|United States}} | 419 | 7.0

| {{flag|Argentina}} | 225 | 2.4

| {{flag|Iran}} | 223 | 2.1

| {{flag|Portugal}} | 217 |

| {{flag|Chile}} | 211 | 3.1

| {{flag|Romania}} | 192 |

| {{flag|Australia}} | 149 | 1.7

| {{flag|Moldova}} | 140 |

| {{flag|South Africa}} | 130 | 2.0

| {{flag|India}} | 120 | 2.6

| {{flag|Brazil}} | 85 | 1.5

| {{flag|Bulgaria}} | 60 |

| {{flag|New Zealand}} | 39 |

}}

Grapevines are widely cultivated by gardeners, and numerous suppliers cater specifically for this trade. The plants are valued for their decorative foliage, often colouring brightly in autumn; their ability to clothe walls, pergolas and arches, thus providing shade; and their fruits, which may be eaten as dessert or provide the basis for homemade wines. Popular varieties include:-

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Buckland Sweetwater' (white dessert)
• 'Chardonnay' (white wine)
• 'Foster's Seedling' (white dessert)
• 'Grenache' (red wine)
• 'Muscat of Alexandria' (white dessert)
• 'Müller-Thurgau' (white wine)
• 'Phoenix' (white wine)
• 'Pinot noir' (red wine)
• 'Regent' (red wine)
• 'Schiava Grossa' (red dessert)
• 'Seyval blanc' (white wine){{cite book|last=Klein|first=Carol|title=Grow your own fruit|year=2009|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845334345|pages=224}}
• 'Tempranillo' (red wine)

{{div col end}}

The following varieties have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 107 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 18 February 2019}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• 'Boskoop Glory'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/57774/Vitis-Boskoop-Glory-(O-B)/Details | title = Vitis 'Boskoop Glory' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}} (dessert/wine)
• 'Brant'{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Vitis 'Brant '|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/80403/Vitis-Brant-(O-B)/Details | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}} (black dessert)
• 'Claret Cloak' or 'Frovit'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/115590/Vitis-Claret-Cloak-Frovit/Details | title = Vitis 'Claret Cloak' ('Frovit') | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}} (ornamental)
• 'New York Muscat'{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Vitis 'New York Muscat'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/203614/Vitis-New-York-Muscat-(O-B)/Details | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}} (black dessert)
• 'Purpurea'{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Vitis 'Purpurea'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4675|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130707074346/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4675|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}} (ornamental)

{{div col end}}

The fruit of several Vitis species are grown commercially for consumption as fresh grapes and for fermentation into wine.{{Cite journal |last1=Frenkel |first1=Omer |last2=Brewer |first2=Marin Talbot |last3=Milgroom |first3=Michael G. |date=2010 |title=Variation in Pathogenicity and Aggressiveness of Erysiphe necator from Different Vitis spp. and Geographic Origins in the Eastern United States |journal=Phytopathology |language=en |volume=100 |issue=11 |pages=1185–1193 |doi=10.1094/PHYTO-01-10-0023 |issn=0031-949X |pmid=20932167 |doi-access=free}} Vitis vinifera is the most important such species.{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Kelly |last2=Sims |first2=Charles |last3=Odabasi |first3=Asli |last4=Bartoshuk |first4=Linda |last5=Conner |first5=Patrick |last6=Gray |first6=Dennis |date=2016 |title=Consumer Acceptability of Fresh-Market Muscadine Grapes |journal=Journal of Food Science |language=en |volume=81 |issue=11 |pages=S2808–S2816 |doi=10.1111/1750-3841.13522 |issn=1750-3841 |pmid=27741360 |quote=Nearly all table grapes that are sold in commercial markets are V. vinifera.}}

The leaves of several species of grapevine are edible and are used in the production of dolmades and Vietnamese lot leaves.{{Cite journal |last1=Cosme |first1=Fernanda |last2=Pinto |first2=Teresa |last3=Vilela |first3=Alice |date=2017 |title=Oenology in the Kitchen: The Sensory Experience Offered by Culinary Dishes Cooked with Alcoholic Drinks, Grapes and Grape Leaves |journal=Beverages |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=42 |doi=10.3390/beverages3030042 |doi-access=free}}

The grapevine (typically Vitis vinifera) has been used as a symbol since ancient times. In Greek mythology, Dionysus (called Bacchus by the Romans) was god of the vintage and, therefore, a grapevine with bunches of the fruit are among his attributes. His attendants at the Bacchanalian festivals hence had the vine as an attribute, together with the thyrsus, the latter often entwined with vine branches. For the same reason, the Greek wine cup (cantharos) is commonly decorated with the vine and grapes, wine being drunk as a libation to the god.

File:Monnaie_-_Prutah,_bronze,_Jérusalem,_Judée,_première_guerre_judéo-romaine_-_btv1b11318591v_(2_of_2).jpg]]

The grapevine has a profound symbolic meaning in Jewish tradition and culture since antiquity.Wulkan, Reba, "The Grape and the Vine: A Motif in Contemporary Jewish Textiles" (1998). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 217. It is referenced 55 times in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), along with grapes and wine, which are also frequently mentioned (55 and 19, respectively). It is regarded as one of the Seven Species,{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|8:8|HE}}{{Cite journal |last1=Netzer |first1=Yishai |last2=Netzer |first2=Nissan |date=2021 |title=Hebrew Vine and Wine Terms from Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/judea-and-samaria-research-studies/2021/07/05/%d7%92%d6%b6%d6%bc%d7%a4%d6%b6%d7%9f-%d7%91%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%91%d7%9f-%d7%92%d6%b8%d6%bc%d7%a4%d6%b6%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%a0%d7%97%d7%99-%d7%92%d7%a4%d7%9f-%d7%95%d7%99%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9e/ |journal=Judea and Samaria Research Studies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=127–145 |doi=10.26351/JSRS/30-1/5 |s2cid=241465067 |issn=2617-8737|url-access=subscription }} and is employed several times in the Bible as a symbol of the Israelites as the chosen people.{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|5:7}}, {{Bibleverse|Hosea|9:10}} The grapevine has a prominent place in Jewish rituals: the wine was given a special blessing, "creator of the fruit of the vine", and the Kiddush blessing is recited over wine or grape juice on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. It is also employed in various parables and sayings in rabbinic literature. According to Josephus and the Mishnah, a golden vine was hung over the inner chamber of the Second Temple. The grapevine is featured on Hasmonean and Bar Kokhba revolt coinage, and as a decoration in mosaic floors of ancient synagogues.

In Christian iconography, the vine also frequently appears. It is mentioned several times in the New Testament. We have the parable of the kingdom of heaven likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of Jesus Christ based on his own statement, "I am the true vine (John 15:1)." In that sense, a vine is placed as sole symbol on the tomb of Constantia, the sister of Constantine the Great, and elsewhere. In Byzantine art, the vine and grapes figure in early mosaics, and on the throne of Maximianus of Ravenna it is used as a decoration.

The vine and wheat ear have been frequently used as symbol of the blood and flesh of Christ, hence figuring as symbols (bread and wine) of the Eucharist and are found depicted on ostensories. Often the symbolic vine laden with grapes is found in ecclesiastical decorations with animals biting at the grapes. At times, the vine is used as symbol of temporal blessing.{{Americana|wstitle=Vine in Art and Symbolism|year=1920|author=Clement W. Coumbe|inline=1}}

In Mandaeism, uthras (angels or celestial beings) are often described as personified grapevines ({{transliteration|myz|gupna}}).{{cite book |url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/ |last1=Gelbert |first1=Carlos |title=Ginza Rba |year=2011 |publisher=Living Water Books |location=Sydney |isbn=9780958034630}}

• Vine staff
• Annual growth cycle of grapevines
• Old vine

{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{ cite journal |author1=Francesco Emanuelli |author2=Silvia Lorenzi |author3=Lukasz Grzeskowiak |author4=Valentina Catalano |author5=Marco Stefanini |author6=Michela Troggio |author7=Sean Myles |author8=José M. Martinez-Zapater |author9=Eva Zyprian |author10=Flavia M. Moreira |author11=M. Stella Grando |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |volume=13 |pages=39 |title=Genetic diversity and population structure assessed by SSR and SNP markers in a large germplasm collection of grape |journal=BMC Plant Biology |publisher=BioMed Central Ltd. |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-13-39 |pmid=23497049 |pmc=3610244 |doi-access=free }}
• {{ cite journal |author1=Roberto Bacilieri |author2=Thierry Lacombe |author3=Loic Le Cunff |author4=Manuel Di Vecchi Staraz |author5=Valerie Laucou |author6=Blaise Genna |author7=Jean-Pierre Peros |author8=Patrice This |author9=Jean-Michel Boursiquot |year=2013 |volume=13 |title=Genetic structure in cultivated grapevines is linked to geography and human selection |journal=BMC Plant Biology |publisher=BioMed Central Ltd. |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-13-25|pmid=23394135 |pages=25|pmc=3598926 |doi-access=free }}

• {{Commons category-inline|Vitis|Vitis}}
• {{Wikispecies-inline}}
• [http://www.eu-vitis.de/docs/descriptors/mcpd/WP2-DESCRIPTORS-v4.pdf List of 48 descriptors] defined in the GRAPEGEN06 project (selected from the 151 OIV descriptors published in June 2007)

{{Viticulture}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q191019}}

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Category:Vitaceae genera

Category:Vines

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Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Extant Selandian first appearances