voiced labiodental affricate

{{infobox IPA

| above = Voiced labiodental affricate

| ipa symbol = b̪v

}}

The voiced labiodental affricate ({{IPA|[b̪͡v]}} in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a voiced labiodental stop {{IPA|[b̪]}} and released as a voiced labiodental fricative {{IPA|[v]}}.

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental affricate:

There are two variants of the stop component:
bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips. The affricate with this stop component is called bilabial-labiodental.
labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
The fricative component of this affricate is labiodental, articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.

Occurrence

class="wikitable" !colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="2" \| Chinese	Teochew	{{lang\|zh-Hant\|未來}} {{lang\|mis\|bhuê⁷ lai⁵}}	{{IPA\|[b̪͡vue꜔꜔ lai˥˥]}}	'future'	Allophone of /b/ before /u/ in Chaoyang dialect{{sfnp\|Zhang\|2016\|pp=233}}
Some Central Plains Mandarin dialects \|脊椎 jǐ zhuī \|[tɕi⁵⁵b̪͡ve²⁴] \|'backbone' \|The labialized retroflex fricatives and affricates [ʂʷ][tʂʷ][tʂʰʷ](sometimes including [ʐʷ~ɻʷ]) in Old Mandarin (respectively represented by sh, zh, ch in modern Standard Mandarin) become the labiodental [f][p̪͡f][p̪͡fʰ] (sometimes including [v]).{{Cite journal \|last=Zhao \|first=Yuanren \|last2=Kang \|first2=Woon-Hwa \|last3=Shim \|first3=So-Hee \|date=2023-07-31 \|title=Study on Roman Characters in Mandarin by Zhao Yuanren (1) \|url=https://doi.org/10.35822/jcllt.2023.7.53.129 \|journal=The Journal of Chinese Language, Literature and Translation \|volume=53 \|pages=129–166 \|doi=10.35822/jcllt.2023.7.53.129 \|issn=1226-8100}} The unaspirated [p̪͡f] occasionally becomes voiced under intervocalic situations.
rowspan=2\|English	rowspan=2\|Some speakers	invent	{{IPA\|[ɪɱˈb̪͡vent]}}	'invent'	Allophone of /v/ after nasal consonants for some speakers. Usually occurs in fast and/or casual speech.
obvious	{{IPA\|[ˈɑˌb̪͡viˌəs]}}	'obvious'	Occasional pronunciation of a /bv/ or /pv/ consonant cluster.
Italian	Some central-south dialects{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1992\|p=71}}	{{lang\|it\|in vetta}}	{{IPA\|[iɱˈb̪͡vet̪t̪ä]}}	'at the top'	Labiodental; allophone of {{IPA\|/v/}} after nasals.{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1992\|p=71}} See Italian phonology
colspan=2\|Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|pp=72–73}}	{{lang\|lb\|Kampf am Ënnergrond}}	{{IPA\|[{{nowrap\|ˈkʰɑmb͡v ɑm}} ˈənɐɡʀont]}}	'underground battle'	Allophone of a word-final {{IPA\|/pf/}} before a word-initial vowel. Occurs only in German loanwords.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|pp=72–73}} See Luxembourgish phonology
colspan=2\|Ngiti{{sfnp\|Kutsch Lojenga\|1994\|p=31}}	{{lang\|niy\|abvɔ}}	{{IPA\|[āb̪͡vɔ̄]}}	'thorny vine'	Less commonly [{{IPA link\|b͡β}}]{{sfnp\|Kutsch Lojenga\|1994\|p=45}}
colspan=2\|Sopvoma (Mao)Giridhar, P P. "Mao Naga Grammar." 1994, p. 26. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2262/page/n9/mode/2up	{{lang\|nbi\|bvóthà}}	{{IPA\|[b̪͡vótʰà]}}	'kill by goring'	Distinct from the voiced labiodental fricative [{{IPA link\|v}}].
Tsonga	XiNkuna dialect	shilebvu	{{IPA\|[ʃileb̪͡vu]}}	'chin'

Notes

References

{{cite book

|last1=Zhang

|first1=Guangyu

|title=閩客方言史稿

|trans-title=History of Min & Hakka Dialects

|year=2016

|publisher=Wu-Nan Book Inc.

|isbn=9789571187419

|edition=增訂本}}

{{citation

|last=Canepari

|first=Luciano

|year=1992

|title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana

|trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation

|language=Italian

|location=Bologna

|publisher=Zanichelli

|isbn=88-08-24624-8

}}

{{citation

|last1=Gilles

|first1=Peter

|last2=Trouvain

|first2=Jürgen

|year=2013

|title=Luxembourgish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=1

|pages=67–74

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Kutsch Lojenga

|first=Constance

|year=1994

|title=Ngiti: a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire

|location=Köln

|publisher=Rüdiger Köppe Verlag

|isbn=978-3-927620-71-1

}}

External links

{{phoible|bv}}

Category:Affricates

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" !colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="2" \| Chinese	Teochew	{{lang\|zh-Hant\|未來}} {{lang\|mis\|bhuê⁷ lai⁵}}	{{IPA\|[b̪͡vue꜔꜔ lai˥˥]}}	'future'	Allophone of /b/ before /u/ in Chaoyang dialect{{sfnp\|Zhang\|2016\|pp=233}}
Some Central Plains Mandarin dialects \|脊椎 jǐ zhuī \|[tɕi⁵⁵b̪͡ve²⁴] \|'backbone' \|The labialized retroflex fricatives and affricates [ʂʷ][tʂʷ][tʂʰʷ](sometimes including [ʐʷ~ɻʷ]) in Old Mandarin (respectively represented by sh, zh, ch in modern Standard Mandarin) become the labiodental [f][p̪͡f][p̪͡fʰ] (sometimes including [v]).{{Cite journal \|last=Zhao \|first=Yuanren \|last2=Kang \|first2=Woon-Hwa \|last3=Shim \|first3=So-Hee \|date=2023-07-31 \|title=Study on Roman Characters in Mandarin by Zhao Yuanren (1) \|url=https://doi.org/10.35822/jcllt.2023.7.53.129 \|journal=The Journal of Chinese Language, Literature and Translation \|volume=53 \|pages=129–166 \|doi=10.35822/jcllt.2023.7.53.129 \|issn=1226-8100}} The unaspirated [p̪͡f] occasionally becomes voiced under intervocalic situations.
rowspan=2\|English	rowspan=2\|Some speakers	invent	{{IPA\|[ɪɱˈb̪͡vent]}}	'invent'	Allophone of /v/ after nasal consonants for some speakers. Usually occurs in fast and/or casual speech.
obvious	{{IPA\|[ˈɑˌb̪͡viˌəs]}}	'obvious'	Occasional pronunciation of a /bv/ or /pv/ consonant cluster.
Italian	Some central-south dialects{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1992\|p=71}}	{{lang\|it\|in vetta}}	{{IPA\|[iɱˈb̪͡vet̪t̪ä]}}	'at the top'	Labiodental; allophone of {{IPA\|/v/}} after nasals.{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1992\|p=71}} See Italian phonology
colspan=2\|Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|pp=72–73}}	{{lang\|lb\|Kampf am Ënnergrond}}	{{IPA\|[{{nowrap\|ˈkʰɑmb͡v ɑm}} ˈənɐɡʀont]}}	'underground battle'	Allophone of a word-final {{IPA\|/pf/}} before a word-initial vowel. Occurs only in German loanwords.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|pp=72–73}} See Luxembourgish phonology
colspan=2\|Ngiti{{sfnp\|Kutsch Lojenga\|1994\|p=31}}	{{lang\|niy\|abvɔ}}	{{IPA\|[āb̪͡vɔ̄]}}	'thorny vine'	Less commonly [{{IPA link\|b͡β}}]{{sfnp\|Kutsch Lojenga\|1994\|p=45}}
colspan=2\|Sopvoma (Mao)Giridhar, P P. "Mao Naga Grammar." 1994, p. 26. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2262/page/n9/mode/2up	{{lang\|nbi\|bvóthà}}	{{IPA\|[b̪͡vótʰà]}}	'kill by goring'	Distinct from the voiced labiodental fricative [{{IPA link\|v}}].
Tsonga	XiNkuna dialect	shilebvu	{{IPA\|[ʃileb̪͡vu]}}	'chin'