voiced retroflex flap

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɽ⟩ in IPA}}

{{redirect|Retroflex flap|the voiceless consonant|Voiceless retroflex flap}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɽ

|ipa number=125

|decimal=637

|x-sampa=r`

|kirshenbaum=*.

|braille=256

|braille2=r

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x027D.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɽ}}, a letter r with tail, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`.

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex flap:

Occurrence

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" |Language!! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

colspan="2" |Bengali{{Harvcoltxt|Mazumdar|2000|p=57}}

| {{lang|bn|গাড়ি}}

| {{IPA|[ɡaɽi]}}

| 'car'

| Apical postalveolar. See Bengali phonology

rowspan="2" |Dutch{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107}}{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=50–51, 53–55}}

| North Brabant{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|p=107}}

| rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl-NL|riem|italic=yes}}

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɽim]}}

| rowspan="2" | 'belt'

| rowspan="2" | A rare word-initial variant of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=95, 97, 101, 107}}{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=50–51, 53–54}} Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology

Northern Netherlands{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=54}}

colspan="2" |Elfdalian

| {{lang|ovd|luv}}

| {{IPA|[ɽʏːv]}}

| 'permission'

colspan="2" | Enga

| {{Lang|enq-Latn|yála}}

| {{IPA|[jɑɽɑ]}}

| 'shame'

colspan="2" | Gokana{{cite web |url=http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf |title=Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni |author=L.F. Brosnahan |access-date=2013-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403122650/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-03 }}

| {{lang|gkn|bele}}

| {{IPA|[beːɽeː]}}

| 'we'

| Apical postalveolar. Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}}, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply {{IPAblink|l}} instead.

colspan="2" | Hausa

| {{Lang|ha-Latn|bara}}

| {{IPA|[bəɽä]}}

| 'servant'

| Represented in Arabic script with {{angbr|ر}}

rowspan="2" | Hindustani{{Harvcoltxt|Tiwari|2004|p=?}}

| Hindi

| {{lang|hi|बड़ा}}

| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[bəɽäː]}}

| rowspan="2" |'big'

| rowspan="2" | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Hindustani phonology

Urdu

| {{lang|ur|بڑا|rtl=yes}}

colspan="2" | Nepali{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=377}}

| {{Lang|ne|भाड़ा}}

| {{IPA|[bʱäɽä]}}

| 'rent'

| Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of {{IPA|/ɖ, ɖʱ/}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=374}} See Nepali phonology

rowspan="2" | Norwegian

| Central dialects{{Harvcoltxt|Heide|2010|pp=3–44}}

| rowspan="2" | {{lang|no|blad|italic=yes}}

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[bɽɑː]}}

| rowspan="2" | 'leaf'

| rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/r/}}. In Urban East Norwegian it often alternates with the alveolar {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, save for a small number of words.{{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=24}} See Norwegian phonology

Eastern dialects

colspan="2" | Odia{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=107}}

| {{lang|or|ଗାଡ଼ି}}

| {{IPA|[ɡäɽiː]}}

| 'car'

| Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of {{IPA|/ɖ, ɖʱ/}}.

colspan="2" | Okinawan

| {{Lang|enq-Latn|karatii}}

| {{IPA|[kaɽatii]}}

| 'karate'

| Intervocalic allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}}.

colspan=2| Parkari Koli

{{lang|kvx|{{script/Arabic|ۿُونَواڙ}}}}

'desolate, deserted'

rowspan="3" | Portuguese

| Some European speakers[http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP] {{in lang|pt}}

| {{lang|pt-pt|falar|italic=yes}}

| {{IPA|[fɐˈläɽ]}}

| 'to speak'

| rowspan="3" | Allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}}. See Portuguese phonology

Brazilian caipira speakers{{in lang|pt}} [http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/3955/CARACTER%C3%8DSTICAS%20FON%C3%89TICO.pdf?sequence=1 Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175335/http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/3955/CARACTER%C3%8DSTICAS%20FON%C3%89TICO.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2016-03-03 }}. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21{{in lang|pt}} [http://cedae.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/sinteses/article/download/1198/1766 Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926191837/http://cedae.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/sinteses/article/download/1198/1766 |date=2013-09-26 }}. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)

| {{lang|pt-BR|madeira|italic=yes}}

| {{IPA|[mäˈd̪eɽə]}}

| 'wood'

Some sertanejo speakers{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011010924/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf |date=2017-10-11 }}. Pages 22 and 23.

| {{lang|pt-BR|gargalhar|italic=yes}}

| {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ]}}}}

| 'to guffaw'

rowspan="2" | Punjabi{{Cite book|last1=Bashir|first1=Elena|author1-link=Elena Bashir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ&q=A+Descriptive+Grammar+of+Hindko,+Punjabi,+and+Saraiki|title=A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki|last2=J. Conners|first2=Thomas|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|year=2019|isbn=9781614512257|volume=4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series|pages=24|language=en|chapter=3.3.1}}

| Gurmukhi

| {{lang|pa|ਘੋੜਾ}}

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[gʱòːɽaː]}}

| rowspan="2" | 'horse'

| rowspan="2" |

Shahmukhi

| {{lang|pa-Arab|گھوڑا|rtl=yes}}

Scottish Gaelic

| Lewis

| {{lang|gd|thuirt|italic=yes}}

| {{IPA|[hʉɽʈ]}}

| 'said'

| Possible realisation of {{IPA|/rˠ/}}.

colspan="2" | Shipibo{{Harvcoltxt|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}

|{{lang|shp|roro}}

| {{IPA|[ˈɽo̽ɽo̽]}}

| 'to break'

| Apical postalveolar; possible realization of {{IPA|/r/}}.

Swedish

| Some dialects

| {{lang|sv|blad|italic=yes}}

| {{IPA|[bɽɑː(d)]}}

| 'leaf'

| Allophone of {{IPAslink|l}} and {{IPAslink|ɖ}}. See Swedish phonology

colspan="2"| Tamil

| {{lang|ta|நாடு}} / {{lang|ta-Arab|Arwi}}

| {{IPA|[naːɽɯ]}}

| 'country'

| Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of {{IPAslink|ʈ}}. See Tamil phonology

colspan="2" | Telugu

| {{lang|te|గోడు}}

| {{IPA|[goːɽu]}}

| 'grief'

| Allophone of /ɖ/

Tukano{{Harvcoltxt|Ramirez|2019|p=22}}

|Ye’pâ-Masa

|petâ-de

|{{IPA|[pɛ̀ɛ̥̀táɽɛ᷆]}}

|'(relative to the) port'

|Realisation of {{Angle bracket|d}} in certain positions. Nasalised {{IPA|[ɽ͂]}} in nasal contexts.

colspan="2" |Wapishana{{Harvcoltxt|dos Santos|2006|p=34}}

| colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[pɨɖaɽɨ]}}

| 'your father'

colspan="2"| Warlpiri

| {{lang|wbp|jarda}}

| {{IPA|[caɽa]}}

| 'sleep'

| Transcribes {{IPA|/ɽ/}} as rd.

colspan="2" |Yidiny{{Cite book |last=Dixon |first=R.M.W |title=A Grammar of Yidiɲ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-14242-7 |location=London, New York, Melbourne |pages=3 |language=en}}

| colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[gambi:ɽ]}}

|'tablelands'

Notes

References

{{citation |last=dos Santos |first=Manoel Gomes |year=2006 |publisher=University of Campinas |place=Campinas |type=PhD thesis |title=Uma gramática do Wapixana (Aruak): aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe |doi=10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2006.368861 |hdl=20.500.12733/1602812|doi-access=free }}
{{Cite book |last1=Goeman |first1=Ton |last2=van de Velde |first2=Hans |chapter=Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects |pages=91–112 |editor-last2=van Hout |editor-first2=Roeland |editor-last1=van de Velde |editor-first1=Hans |year=2001 |title='r-atics |journal=Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique |publisher=Etudes & Travaux |place=Brussels |issn=0777-3692 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745}}
{{citation |last=Heide |first=Eldar |year=2010 |title=Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet. |journal=Maal og Minne |language=no |volume=1 |publisher=Novus forlag |url=https://www.academia.edu/2401067}}
{{citation |last=Khatiwada |first=Rajesh |year=2009 |title=Nepali |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=337–380 |doi=10.1017/s0025100309990181 |doi-access=free}}
{{citation |last=Kristoffersen |first=Gjert |author-link=Gjert Kristoffersen |year=2000 |title=The Phonology of Norwegian |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-823765-5}}
{{citation |last=Labrune |first=Laurence |year=2012 |title=The Phonology of Japanese |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}
{{citation |last=Mazumdar |first=Bijaychandra |title=The history of the Bengali language |date=2000 |orig-year=First published 1920 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=8120614526 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu}}
{{citation |last=Okada |first=Hideo |year=1999 |chapter=Japanese |editor=International Phonetic Association |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |pages=117–119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52163751-0 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2}}
{{citation |last=Ramirez |first=Henri |title=A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I |publisher=CEDEM |year=2019 |place=Porto Velho |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:ramirez-1997-gramatica}}
{{citation |last=Tiwari |first=Bholanath |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1966 |title=Hindī Bhāshā |place=Kitāb Mahal |publisher=Kitāb Mahal |isbn=81-225-0017-X}}
{{citation |last1=Valenzuela |first1=Pilar M. |last2=Márquez Pinedo |first2=Luis |last3=Maddieson |first3=Ian |year=2001 |title=Shipibo |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=281–285 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342 |doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109 |doi-access=free}}
{{citation |last=Vance |first=Timothy J. |year=2008 |title=The Sounds of Japanese |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}
{{Cite book |last1=Verstraten |first1=Bart |last2=van de Velde |first2=Hans |chapter=Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch |pages=45–61 |editor-last2=van Hout |editor-first2=Roeland |editor-last1=van de Velde |editor-first1=Hans |year=2001 |title='r-atics |journal=Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique |publisher=Etudes & Travaux |place=Brussels |issn=0777-3692 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745}}
{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}

External links

{{phoible|ɽ}}

Category:Retroflex consonants

Category:Tap and flap consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Oral consonants

Category:Central consonants