voiced uvular fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʁ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ʁ

|ipa number=143

|decimal1=641

|x-sampa=R

|braille=*

|braille2=3456

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0281.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

{{Infobox IPA

| above = Voiced uvular approximant

| ipa symbol = ʁ̞

| ipa number = 144

| x-sampa = R_o

| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x0281+0x031E.svg

| imagesize = 150px

}}

The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}, an inverted small uppercase letter {{angbr IPA|ʀ}}, or in broad transcription {{angbr IPA|r}} if rhotic. This consonant is one of the several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.

The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: {{angbr IPA|ʁ̞}}, though some writingsSuch as {{Harvcoltxt|Krech et al.|2009}}. use a superscript {{angbr IPA|ʶ}}, which is not an official IPA practice.

For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.

Features

Features of the voiced uvular fricative:

{{fricative}} In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation.

Occurrence

In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque,Grammar of Basque, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kss999lxKm0C&pg=PA30 page 30], José Ignacio Hualde, Jon Ortiz De Urbina, Walter de Gruyter, 2003 Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, some variants of Low Saxon,Ph Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, Anderhalve Eeuw Zwols Vocaalveranderingsprocessen in de periode 1838-1972. IJsselacademie (2012). {{ISBN|978-90-6697-228-5}} and Yiddish.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today.

In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative ({{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}), voiceless uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}}, or glottal transition ({{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use {{angbr|r}} to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.

{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}

It is also present in most Turkic languages, except for Turkish, and in Caucasian languages. It could also come in ɣ.

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abkhaz	{{lang\|ab\|цыҕ}} {{lang\|ab-Latn\|cëğ}}	{{IPA\|[tsəʁ]}}	'marten'	See Abkhaz phonology
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady-Cyrl\|тыгъэ}} / {{lang\|ady-Latn\|tëğa}} / {{lang\|ady-Arab\|تہغە}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Trha1.ogg\|[təʁa]}}	'sun'
Afrikaans	Parts of the former Cape Province{{sfnp\|Donaldson\|1993\|p=15}}	{{lang\|af\|rooi\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʁoːi̯]}}	'red'	May be a trill {{IPAblink\|ʀ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Donaldson\|1993\|p=15}} See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian \|Arbëresh Some Moresian accents \|vëlla \|[vʁa] \|'brother' \|May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects.
Aleut	Atkan dialect	{{lang\|ale-Latn\|chamĝul}}	{{IPA\|[tʃɑmʁul]}}	'to wash'
Arabic	Modern Standard{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|pp=17}}	{{lang\|arb\|غرفة\|rtl=yes}} {{lang\|arb-Latn\|ġurfa}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʁʊrfɐ]}}	'room'	Mostly transcribed as {{IPA\|/ɣ/}}, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|pp=17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38}} See Arabic phonology
colspan="2" \| Archi{{Cite web\|title=The Archi Language Tutorial\|url=https://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf\|archive-date=2015-04-02\|access-date=2021-05-22}}	{{lang\|aqc-Cyrl\|гъӀабос}} {{lang\|aqc-Latn\|ġabos}}	{{IPA\|[ʁˤabos]}}{{cite web\| url=https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary/ \| title=Dictionary of Archi \| access-date=2023-12-10}}	'croak'	Pharyngealized.
colspan="2" \| Armenian	{{lang\|hy\|ղեկ}} {{Transliteration\|hy\|ġek}}	{{Audio-IPA\|ʁɛk.ogg \|[ʁɛk]}}	'rudder'
colspan="2" \| Asturian language				Most common allophone of {{IPA\|/g/}}. May be an approximant.{{Cite journal \|last=Muñiz Cachón \|first=Carmen \|date=2002 \|title=Realización del fonema /g/ en Asturias \|url=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/RFA/article/view/9300 \|journal=Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana \|volume=2 \|pages=53–70 \|doi=10.17811/rfa.2.2002 \|doi-broken-date=2024-11-02 \|language=es}}{{Cite journal \|last=Muñiz Cachón \|first=Carmen \|date=2002 \|title=Rasgos fónicos del español hablado en Asturias \|url=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/RFF/article/view/108 \|journal=Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología \|volume=52 \|pages=323–349 \|language=es}}
colspan="2" \| Avar	{{lang\|av-Cyrl\|тIагъур}} / {{lang\|av-Latn\|thaġur}} / {{lang\|av-Arab\|طاغۇر}}	{{IPA\|[tʼaˈʁur]}}	'cap'
Azerbaijani \|Southern dialects such as in Maragha, Malekan, Binab, Ajab shir and Leylan counties of East Azerbaijan, and Chaharburj, Miyandoab alongside Baruq in West Azerbaijan \|yeralma/یئرآلما \|[jeʁɑlma] \|'potato' \|Unlike many of Turkic dialects that have solely adapted the pronunciation of into a voiced alveolar trill, these dialects often use voiced uvular fricative or they might use close-mid back unrounded vowel almost entirely in their speeches as an equivalent of r. it also has to be noted that this is not the same as voiced velar fricative which is to be resembled with ğ .
colspan="2" \| Bashkir	{{lang\|ba-Cyrl\|туғыҙ}} / {{lang\|ba-Latn\|tuğıđ}} / {{lang\|ba-Arab\|توعئذ}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ba-туғыҙ.ogg\|[tuˈʁɤð]}}	'nine'
Basque	Northern dialects	{{lang\|eu\|urre\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[uʁe]}}	'gold'
colspan="2" \| Chilcotin	{{lang\|chc\|relkɨsh}}	{{IPA\|[ʁəlkɪʃ]}}	'he walks'
Danish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=62}}	{{lang\|da\|rød\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʁ̞œ̠ð̠]}}	'red'	Most often an approximant when initial.{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=66}} In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless {{IPAblink\|χ}}) or an approximant. Also described as pharyngeal {{IPAblink\|ʕ̞}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=323}} It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=157}} See Danish phonology
rowspan="6" \| Dutch{{Harvcoltxt\|Booij\|1999\|p=8}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Goeman\|van de Velde\|2001\|pp=91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Verstraten\|van de Velde\|2001\|pp=51–55}}	Belgian Limburg{{Harvcoltxt\|Verhoeven\|2005\|p=245}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Verstraten\|van de Velde\|2001\|p=52}}	rowspan="6" \| {{lang\|nl\|rad}}	rowspan="6" \| {{IPA\|[ʁɑt]}}	rowspan="6" \| 'wheel'	rowspan="6" \| Either a fricative or an approximant.{{Harvcoltxt\|Goeman\|van de Velde\|2001\|pp=91–92, 94–95, 97, 102}} Realization of {{IPA\|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Central Netherlands{{Harvcoltxt\|Verstraten\|van de Velde\|2001\|p=54}}
East Flanders
Northern Netherlands
Randstad
Southern Netherlands
rowspan="5" \| English	Dyfed{{Harvcoltxt\|Wells\|1982\|p=390}}	rowspan="5" \| {{lang\|en\|red\|italic=yes}}	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|[ʁɛd]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'red'	rowspan="2" \| Not all speakers. Alveolar in other Welsh accents.
Gwynedd
North-east Leinster{{Harvcoltxt\|Hickey\|2007\|p=?}}{{page needed\|date=December 2013}}	Corresponds to {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|ɹ}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɻ}}]}} in other dialects of English in Ireland.
Northumbrian{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=236}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Ogden\|2009\|p=93}}	Described both as a fricative and an approximant. More rarely it is a trill {{IPAblink\|ʀ}}. Mostly found in rural areas of Northumberland and northern County Durham, declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr.
Sierra Leonean	More rarely a trill {{IPAblink\|ʀ}}.
colspan="2" rowspan="1" \| French	{{lang\|fr\|rester\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Fr-rester.ogg\|[ʁɛste]}}	'to stay'	See French phonology
rowspan="3" \| German	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Hall\|1993\|p=89}}	rowspan="3" \| {{lang\|de\|Rost\|italic=yes}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʁɔstʰ]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'rust'	rowspan="2" \| Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill. See Standard German phonology
Lower Rhine
Swabian{{cite web\|title=Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality\|author=Markus Hiller\|publisher=Institut für Deutsche Sprache\|place=Mannheim\|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf\|access-date=2015-02-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010540/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf\|archive-date=2014-05-28\|url-status=dead}}	{{IPA\|[ʁ̞oʃt]}}	An approximant. It is the realization of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} in onsets, otherwise it is an epiglottal approximant.
Gondi \|Hill-Maṛia \| {{lang\|gon-Latn\|pār̥-}} \|{{IPA\|[paːʁ-]}} \| 'to sing' \| Corresponds to /r/ or /ɾ/ in other Gondi dialects.
Hebrew	Modern	{{lang\|he\|עוֹרֵב}}	{{IPA\|[ʔoˈʁ̞ev]}}	'crow' \|See Modern Hebrew phonology.The pronunciation of the Modern Hebrew consonant ר resh has been described as a uvular approximant {{IPA\|ʁ}}, specifically {{IPA\|[ʁ̞]}}, which also exists in Yiddish, see Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 261-262.
Inuktitut	East Inuktitut dialect	{{lang\|ale-Latn\|marruuk}}	{{IPA\|[mɑʁːuːk]}}	'two'
Italian	Some speakers{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1999\|pp=98–101}}	{{lang\|it\|raro\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʁäːʁo]}}	'rare'	Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill {{IPAblink\|r}}, due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill {{IPAblink\|ʀ}} or a labiodental approximant {{IPAblink\|ʋ}}.{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1999\|pp=98–101}} See Italian phonology.
colspan="2" \| Kabardian	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|бгъэ}} / {{lang\|kbd-Latn\|bğa}} / {{lang\|kbd-Arab\|بغە}}	{{Audio-IPA\|бгъэ.ogg\|[bʁa]}}	'eagle'
colspan="2" \| Kabyle	{{lang\|kab\|ⴱⴻⵖ}} {{lang\|kab-Latn\|bbeɣ}} {{lang\|kab-Arab\|بغ}}	{{IPA\|[bːəʁ]}}	'to dive'
colspan="2" \| Kazakh	{{lang\|kk\|саған}} / {{lang\|kk-Latn\|sağan}} / {{lang\|kk-Arab\|ساعان}}	{{IPA\|[sɑˈʁɑn]}}	'to you'
colspan="2" \| Kyrgyz	{{lang\|ky-Cyrl\|жамгыр}} / {{lang\|ky-Latn\|camğır'}} / {{lang\|ky-Arab\|جامعىر}}	{{IPA\|[dʒɑmˈʁɯr]}}	'rain'
colspan="2" \| Lakota	{{lang\|lkt\|aǧúyapi}}	{{IPA\|[aʁʊjapɪ]}}	'bread'
rowspan=2\| Limburgish	Maastrichtian{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=156}}	{{lang\|li\|drei}}	{{IPA\|[dʀ̝ɛi̯]}}	rowspan=2\| 'three'	rowspan=2\| Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=156}}{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}} See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology
Weert dialect{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}}	{{lang\|li\|drej}}	{{IPA\|[dʀ̝æj]}}
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=68}}	{{lang\|lb\|Parmesan\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn]}}	'Parmesan'	Appears as an allophone of {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} (in a complementary distribution with {{IPAblink\|χ}}), also where it is trilled in the standard language.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=68}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Perak dialect	Perak	{{IPA\|[peʁɑk̚]}}	'Perak'	See Malay phonology
colspan=2\| Malto{{sfnp\|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti\|2003\|p=150}}	पोग़े	{{IPA\|[poʁe]}}	'smoke'	May be a stop {{IPA\|[ɢ]}} instead.
Minangkabau	Kampar dialect{{Cite journal \|last=Masni \|first=Atri Kehana \|date=2021-12-31 \|title=Sistem Fonem Isolek Kuntu Kabupaten Kampar \|url=https://ojs.badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/jurnal/index.php/medanmakna/article/view/4013 \|journal=MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|pages=207 \|doi=10.26499/mm.v19i2.4013 \|issn=2721-2955}}	bagheh	{{IPA\|[baʁeh]}}	'rice'
rowspan="2" \| Norwegian	Southern dialects	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|no\|rar\|italic=yes}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'strange'	rowspan="2" \| Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
Southwestern dialects
Toba qom \|Takshek dialect \|Awogoyk \|[awoʁojk] \|'moon' \|
Tundra Nenets \|Some speakers \|вара \|[waʁa] \|'goose' \|
Ossetic \|Iron \|æгъгъæд æğğæd \|{{IPA\|[ˈəʁːəd]}} \|'enough' \|
rowspan="4" \| Portuguese	European{{Harvcoltxt\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=92}}	{{lang\|pt-PT\|carro\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkaʁu]}}	'car'	Word-initial {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} is commonly realized as a uvular trill [ʀ] in Lisbon.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=157}} See Portuguese phonology
Setubalense{{in lang\|pt}} [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011010924/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf \|date=2017-10-11 }}. Page 11.	{{lang\|pt-PT\|ruralizar\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʁuʁɐɫiˈzaʁ]}}	'to ruralize'	Outcome of a merger of {{IPA\|/ɾ/}} with {{IPA\|/ʁ/}}, which is unique in the Lusophone world. Often trilled instead.
Fluminense{{in lang\|pt}} [http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206084049/http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf \|date=2016-02-06 }} Page 36.	{{lang\|pt-BR\|ardência\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɐʁˈdẽsjə]}}	'burning feeling'	rowspan=2 \| Due to 19th century Portuguese influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda {{IPAslink\|ɾ}} into {{IPA\|/ʁ/}}.{{in lang\|pt}} [http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/download/12450/8064 The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony]. Pages 229 and 230. Often trilled. In free variation with {{IPAblink\|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink\|ʕ}} and {{IPAblink\|ɦ}} before voiced sounds, {{IPAblink\|x}}, {{IPAblink\|χ}}, {{IPAblink\|ħ}} and {{IPAblink\|h}} before voiceless consonants
Sulista	{{lang\|pt-BR\|arroz\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɐˈʁos]}}	'rice'
rowspan="2" \| Spanish	Puerto Rican	{{lang\|es-PR\|carro\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkaʁo]}}	'car'	Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') {{IPA\|/r/}} are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. {{IPAblink\|ʁ}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Lipski\|1994\|p=333}}
As spoken in Asturias \|{{Lang\|es\|gusano}} \|{{IPA\|[ʁ̞uˈsano]}} \|'worm' \|Most common allophone of {{IPA\|/g/}}. May also be an approximant.
Swedish	Southern dialects	{{lang\|sv-SE\|rör}}	{{IPA\|[ʁɶʁ]}}	'pipe(s)'	See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Tatar	{{lang\|tt-Cyrl\|яңгыр}}, {{lang\|tt-Latn\|yañğır}}, {{lang\|tt-Arab\|ياڭگئر}}	{{IPA\|[jɒŋˈʁɯr]}}	'rain'
colspan=2\| Turkmen	{{lang\|tk-Latn\|aɡyr}} / {{lang\|tk-Arab\|آغیٛر}}	{{IPA\|[ɑʁɨɾ]}}	'heavy'	An allophone of /ɣ/ next to back vowels
colspan="2" \| Tsez	агъи aɣi	{{IPA\|[ˈʔaʁi]}}	'bird'
colspan="2" \| Ubykh	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ʁa]}}	'his'	Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology
colspan="2" \|Uyghur	ئۇيغۇر / {{lang\|ug-Cyrl\|Уйғур}}	{{IPA\|[ʊjʁʊr]}}	'Uyghur' \|
colspan="2" \| Uzbek	{{lang\|uz-Latn\|ogʻir}} / {{lang\|uz-Cyrl\|оғир}} / {{lang\|uz-Arab\|اۉغیر}}	{{IPA\|[ɒˈʁɨr]}}	'heavy'
West Flemish	Bruges dialect{{sfnp\|Hinskens\|Taeldeman\|2013\|p=167}}	{{lang\|vls\|onder}}	{{IPA\|[ˈuŋəʀ̝]}}	'under'	A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar {{IPAblink\|r}} is used in the neighbouring rural area.{{sfnp\|Hinskens\|Taeldeman\|2013\|p=167}}
colspan="2" \| Yakut	{{lang\|sah-Cyrl\|тоҕус}} {{lang\|sah-Latn\|toğus}}	{{IPA\|[toʁus]}}	'nine'
colspan="2" \|Yi \|{{lang\|ycl\|Ğņyņə}} \|{{IPA\|[ʁŋêŋĕ]}} \|'twenty' \|A fricative or approximant.
colspan="2" \|Yiddish \|רעגן \|ˈʁɛɡŋ \|'rain' \|See Yiddish phonology
colspan="2" \|Zhuang \|roek \|ʁɔ̌k \|'six' \|

Notes

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{{citation

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|last2=Stock

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{{citation

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{{citation

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{{Cite book|last1=Verstraten

|first1=Bart

|last2=van de Velde

|first2=Hans

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|pages=45–61

|editor2-last=van Hout

|editor2-first=Roeland

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|year=2002

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}}

External links

{{phoible|ʁ}}

Category:Approximant-fricative consonants

Category:Uvular consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abkhaz	{{lang\|ab\|цыҕ}} {{lang\|ab-Latn\|cëğ}}	{{IPA\|[tsəʁ]}}	'marten'	See Abkhaz phonology
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady-Cyrl\|тыгъэ}} / {{lang\|ady-Latn\|tëğa}} / {{lang\|ady-Arab\|تہغە}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Trha1.ogg\|[təʁa]}}	'sun'
Afrikaans	Parts of the former Cape Province{{sfnp\|Donaldson\|1993\|p=15}}	{{lang\|af\|rooi\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʁoːi̯]}}	'red'	May be a trill {{IPAblink\|ʀ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Donaldson\|1993\|p=15}} See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian \|Arbëresh Some Moresian accents \|vëlla \|[vʁa] \|'brother' \|May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects.
Aleut	Atkan dialect	{{lang\|ale-Latn\|chamĝul}}	{{IPA\|[tʃɑmʁul]}}	'to wash'
Arabic	Modern Standard{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|pp=17}}	{{lang\|arb\|غرفة\|rtl=yes}} {{lang\|arb-Latn\|ġurfa}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʁʊrfɐ]}}	'room'	Mostly transcribed as {{IPA\|/ɣ/}}, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|pp=17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38}} See Arabic phonology
colspan="2" \| Archi{{Cite web\|title=The Archi Language Tutorial\|url=https://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf\|archive-date=2015-04-02\|access-date=2021-05-22}}	{{lang\|aqc-Cyrl\|гъӀабос}} {{lang\|aqc-Latn\|ġabos}}	{{IPA\|[ʁˤabos]}}{{cite web\| url=https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary/ \| title=Dictionary of Archi \| access-date=2023-12-10}}	'croak'	Pharyngealized.
colspan="2" \| Armenian	{{lang\|hy\|ղեկ}} {{Transliteration\|hy\|ġek}}	{{Audio-IPA\|ʁɛk.ogg \|[ʁɛk]}}	'rudder'
colspan="2" \| Asturian language				Most common allophone of {{IPA\|/g/}}. May be an approximant.{{Cite journal \|last=Muñiz Cachón \|first=Carmen \|date=2002 \|title=Realización del fonema /g/ en Asturias \|url=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/RFA/article/view/9300 \|journal=Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana \|volume=2 \|pages=53–70 \|doi=10.17811/rfa.2.2002 \|doi-broken-date=2024-11-02 \|language=es}}{{Cite journal \|last=Muñiz Cachón \|first=Carmen \|date=2002 \|title=Rasgos fónicos del español hablado en Asturias \|url=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/RFF/article/view/108 \|journal=Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología \|volume=52 \|pages=323–349 \|language=es}}
colspan="2" \| Avar	{{lang\|av-Cyrl\|тIагъур}} / {{lang\|av-Latn\|thaġur}} / {{lang\|av-Arab\|طاغۇر}}	{{IPA\|[tʼaˈʁur]}}	'cap'
Azerbaijani \|Southern dialects such as in Maragha, Malekan, Binab, Ajab shir and Leylan counties of East Azerbaijan, and Chaharburj, Miyandoab alongside Baruq in West Azerbaijan \|yeralma/یئرآلما \|[jeʁɑlma] \|'potato' \|Unlike many of Turkic dialects that have solely adapted the pronunciation of into a voiced alveolar trill, these dialects often use voiced uvular fricative or they might use close-mid back unrounded vowel almost entirely in their speeches as an equivalent of r. it also has to be noted that this is not the same as voiced velar fricative which is to be resembled with ğ .
colspan="2" \| Bashkir	{{lang\|ba-Cyrl\|туғыҙ}} / {{lang\|ba-Latn\|tuğıđ}} / {{lang\|ba-Arab\|توعئذ}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ba-туғыҙ.ogg\|[tuˈʁɤð]}}	'nine'
Basque	Northern dialects	{{lang\|eu\|urre\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[uʁe]}}	'gold'
colspan="2" \| Chilcotin	{{lang\|chc\|relkɨsh}}	{{IPA\|[ʁəlkɪʃ]}}	'he walks'
Danish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=62}}	{{lang\|da\|rød\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʁ̞œ̠ð̠]}}	'red'	Most often an approximant when initial.{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=66}} In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless {{IPAblink\|χ}}) or an approximant. Also described as pharyngeal {{IPAblink\|ʕ̞}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=323}} It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=157}} See Danish phonology
rowspan="6" \| Dutch{{Harvcoltxt\|Booij\|1999\|p=8}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Goeman\|van de Velde\|2001\|pp=91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Verstraten\|van de Velde\|2001\|pp=51–55}}	Belgian Limburg{{Harvcoltxt\|Verhoeven\|2005\|p=245}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Verstraten\|van de Velde\|2001\|p=52}}	rowspan="6" \| {{lang\|nl\|rad}}	rowspan="6" \| {{IPA\|[ʁɑt]}}	rowspan="6" \| 'wheel'	rowspan="6" \| Either a fricative or an approximant.{{Harvcoltxt\|Goeman\|van de Velde\|2001\|pp=91–92, 94–95, 97, 102}} Realization of {{IPA\|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Central Netherlands{{Harvcoltxt\|Verstraten\|van de Velde\|2001\|p=54}}
East Flanders
Northern Netherlands
Randstad
Southern Netherlands
rowspan="5" \| English	Dyfed{{Harvcoltxt\|Wells\|1982\|p=390}}	rowspan="5" \| {{lang\|en\|red\|italic=yes}}	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|[ʁɛd]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'red'	rowspan="2" \| Not all speakers. Alveolar in other Welsh accents.
Gwynedd
North-east Leinster{{Harvcoltxt\|Hickey\|2007\|p=?}}{{page needed\|date=December 2013}}	Corresponds to {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|ɹ}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɻ}}]}} in other dialects of English in Ireland.
Northumbrian{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=236}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Ogden\|2009\|p=93}}	Described both as a fricative and an approximant. More rarely it is a trill {{IPAblink\|ʀ}}. Mostly found in rural areas of Northumberland and northern County Durham, declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr.
Sierra Leonean	More rarely a trill {{IPAblink\|ʀ}}.
colspan="2" rowspan="1" \| French	{{lang\|fr\|rester\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Fr-rester.ogg\|[ʁɛste]}}	'to stay'	See French phonology
rowspan="3" \| German	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Hall\|1993\|p=89}}	rowspan="3" \| {{lang\|de\|Rost\|italic=yes}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʁɔstʰ]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'rust'	rowspan="2" \| Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill. See Standard German phonology
Lower Rhine
Swabian{{cite web\|title=Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality\|author=Markus Hiller\|publisher=Institut für Deutsche Sprache\|place=Mannheim\|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf\|access-date=2015-02-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010540/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf\|archive-date=2014-05-28\|url-status=dead}}	{{IPA\|[ʁ̞oʃt]}}	An approximant. It is the realization of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} in onsets, otherwise it is an epiglottal approximant.
Gondi \|Hill-Maṛia \| {{lang\|gon-Latn\|pār̥-}} \|{{IPA\|[paːʁ-]}} \| 'to sing' \| Corresponds to /r/ or /ɾ/ in other Gondi dialects.
Hebrew	Modern	{{lang\|he\|עוֹרֵב}}	{{IPA\|[ʔoˈʁ̞ev]}}	'crow' \|See Modern Hebrew phonology.The pronunciation of the Modern Hebrew consonant ר resh has been described as a uvular approximant {{IPA\|ʁ}}, specifically {{IPA\|[ʁ̞]}}, which also exists in Yiddish, see Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 261-262.
Inuktitut	East Inuktitut dialect	{{lang\|ale-Latn\|marruuk}}	{{IPA\|[mɑʁːuːk]}}	'two'
Italian	Some speakers{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1999\|pp=98–101}}	{{lang\|it\|raro\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʁäːʁo]}}	'rare'	Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill {{IPAblink\|r}}, due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill {{IPAblink\|ʀ}} or a labiodental approximant {{IPAblink\|ʋ}}.{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1999\|pp=98–101}} See Italian phonology.
colspan="2" \| Kabardian	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|бгъэ}} / {{lang\|kbd-Latn\|bğa}} / {{lang\|kbd-Arab\|بغە}}	{{Audio-IPA\|бгъэ.ogg\|[bʁa]}}	'eagle'
colspan="2" \| Kabyle	{{lang\|kab\|ⴱⴻⵖ}} {{lang\|kab-Latn\|bbeɣ}} {{lang\|kab-Arab\|بغ}}	{{IPA\|[bːəʁ]}}	'to dive'
colspan="2" \| Kazakh	{{lang\|kk\|саған}} / {{lang\|kk-Latn\|sağan}} / {{lang\|kk-Arab\|ساعان}}	{{IPA\|[sɑˈʁɑn]}}	'to you'
colspan="2" \| Kyrgyz	{{lang\|ky-Cyrl\|жамгыр}} / {{lang\|ky-Latn\|camğır'}} / {{lang\|ky-Arab\|جامعىر}}	{{IPA\|[dʒɑmˈʁɯr]}}	'rain'
colspan="2" \| Lakota	{{lang\|lkt\|aǧúyapi}}	{{IPA\|[aʁʊjapɪ]}}	'bread'
rowspan=2\| Limburgish	Maastrichtian{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=156}}	{{lang\|li\|drei}}	{{IPA\|[dʀ̝ɛi̯]}}	rowspan=2\| 'three'	rowspan=2\| Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=156}}{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}} See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology
Weert dialect{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}}	{{lang\|li\|drej}}	{{IPA\|[dʀ̝æj]}}
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=68}}	{{lang\|lb\|Parmesan\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn]}}	'Parmesan'	Appears as an allophone of {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} (in a complementary distribution with {{IPAblink\|χ}}), also where it is trilled in the standard language.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=68}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Perak dialect	Perak	{{IPA\|[peʁɑk̚]}}	'Perak'	See Malay phonology
colspan=2\| Malto{{sfnp\|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti\|2003\|p=150}}	पोग़े	{{IPA\|[poʁe]}}	'smoke'	May be a stop {{IPA\|[ɢ]}} instead.
Minangkabau	Kampar dialect{{Cite journal \|last=Masni \|first=Atri Kehana \|date=2021-12-31 \|title=Sistem Fonem Isolek Kuntu Kabupaten Kampar \|url=https://ojs.badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/jurnal/index.php/medanmakna/article/view/4013 \|journal=MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|pages=207 \|doi=10.26499/mm.v19i2.4013 \|issn=2721-2955}}	bagheh	{{IPA\|[baʁeh]}}	'rice'
rowspan="2" \| Norwegian	Southern dialects	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|no\|rar\|italic=yes}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'strange'	rowspan="2" \| Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
Southwestern dialects
Toba qom \|Takshek dialect \|Awogoyk \|[awoʁojk] \|'moon' \|
Tundra Nenets \|Some speakers \|вара \|[waʁa] \|'goose' \|
Ossetic \|Iron \|æгъгъæд æğğæd \|{{IPA\|[ˈəʁːəd]}} \|'enough' \|
rowspan="4" \| Portuguese	European{{Harvcoltxt\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=92}}	{{lang\|pt-PT\|carro\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkaʁu]}}	'car'	Word-initial {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} is commonly realized as a uvular trill [ʀ] in Lisbon.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=157}} See Portuguese phonology
Setubalense{{in lang\|pt}} [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011010924/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf \|date=2017-10-11 }}. Page 11.	{{lang\|pt-PT\|ruralizar\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʁuʁɐɫiˈzaʁ]}}	'to ruralize'	Outcome of a merger of {{IPA\|/ɾ/}} with {{IPA\|/ʁ/}}, which is unique in the Lusophone world. Often trilled instead.
Fluminense{{in lang\|pt}} [http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206084049/http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf \|date=2016-02-06 }} Page 36.	{{lang\|pt-BR\|ardência\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɐʁˈdẽsjə]}}	'burning feeling'	rowspan=2 \| Due to 19th century Portuguese influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda {{IPAslink\|ɾ}} into {{IPA\|/ʁ/}}.{{in lang\|pt}} [http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/download/12450/8064 The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony]. Pages 229 and 230. Often trilled. In free variation with {{IPAblink\|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink\|ʕ}} and {{IPAblink\|ɦ}} before voiced sounds, {{IPAblink\|x}}, {{IPAblink\|χ}}, {{IPAblink\|ħ}} and {{IPAblink\|h}} before voiceless consonants
Sulista	{{lang\|pt-BR\|arroz\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɐˈʁos]}}	'rice'
rowspan="2" \| Spanish	Puerto Rican	{{lang\|es-PR\|carro\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkaʁo]}}	'car'	Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') {{IPA\|/r/}} are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. {{IPAblink\|ʁ}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Lipski\|1994\|p=333}}
As spoken in Asturias \|{{Lang\|es\|gusano}} \|{{IPA\|[ʁ̞uˈsano]}} \|'worm' \|Most common allophone of {{IPA\|/g/}}. May also be an approximant.
Swedish	Southern dialects	{{lang\|sv-SE\|rör}}	{{IPA\|[ʁɶʁ]}}	'pipe(s)'	See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Tatar	{{lang\|tt-Cyrl\|яңгыр}}, {{lang\|tt-Latn\|yañğır}}, {{lang\|tt-Arab\|ياڭگئر}}	{{IPA\|[jɒŋˈʁɯr]}}	'rain'
colspan=2\| Turkmen	{{lang\|tk-Latn\|aɡyr}} / {{lang\|tk-Arab\|آغیٛر}}	{{IPA\|[ɑʁɨɾ]}}	'heavy'	An allophone of /ɣ/ next to back vowels
colspan="2" \| Tsez	агъи aɣi	{{IPA\|[ˈʔaʁi]}}	'bird'
colspan="2" \| Ubykh	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ʁa]}}	'his'	Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology
colspan="2" \|Uyghur	ئۇيغۇر / {{lang\|ug-Cyrl\|Уйғур}}	{{IPA\|[ʊjʁʊr]}}	'Uyghur' \|
colspan="2" \| Uzbek	{{lang\|uz-Latn\|ogʻir}} / {{lang\|uz-Cyrl\|оғир}} / {{lang\|uz-Arab\|اۉغیر}}	{{IPA\|[ɒˈʁɨr]}}	'heavy'
West Flemish	Bruges dialect{{sfnp\|Hinskens\|Taeldeman\|2013\|p=167}}	{{lang\|vls\|onder}}	{{IPA\|[ˈuŋəʀ̝]}}	'under'	A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar {{IPAblink\|r}} is used in the neighbouring rural area.{{sfnp\|Hinskens\|Taeldeman\|2013\|p=167}}
colspan="2" \| Yakut	{{lang\|sah-Cyrl\|тоҕус}} {{lang\|sah-Latn\|toğus}}	{{IPA\|[toʁus]}}	'nine'
colspan="2" \|Yi \|{{lang\|ycl\|Ğņyņə}} \|{{IPA\|[ʁŋêŋĕ]}} \|'twenty' \|A fricative or approximant.
colspan="2" \|Yiddish \|רעגן \|ˈʁɛɡŋ \|'rain' \|See Yiddish phonology
colspan="2" \|Zhuang \|roek \|ʁɔ̌k \|'six' \|

voiced uvular fricative

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links