voiceless postalveolar affricate

{{infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless postalveolar affricate

|ipa number=103 134

|ipa symbol=tʃ

|ipa symbol2=ʧ

|decimal1=116

|decimal2=865

|decimal3=643

|x-sampa=tS or t_rS

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x02A7.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with {{angbr IPA|t͡ʃ }}, {{angbr IPA|t͜ʃ }} {{angbr IPA|tʃ }} (formerly the ligature {{angbr IPA|ʧ }}), or, in broad transcription, {{angbr IPA|c}}. This affricate has a dedicated symbol {{unichar|02A7}}, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is {{angbr|č}}. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop {{IPA|/k/}} (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop {{IPA|/t/}} by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).

Features

Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

Occurrence

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady-Cyrl\|чэмы}}/čamë/چەمہـ	{{Audio-IPA\|чэмы.ogg\|[t͡ʃamə]}}	'cow' \|Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms.
colspan="2" \| Albanian	{{lang\|sq\|çelur}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɛluɾ]}}	'opened'
Aleut	Atkan dialect	{{lang\|ale\|chamĝul}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɑmʁul]}}	'to wash'
colspan="2" \| Amharic	{{lang\|am\|አንቺ}}/anči	{{IPA\|[ant͡ʃi]}}	'you'
rowspan="3" \| Arabic{{Harvcoltxt\|Watson\|2002\|p=17}}	Central Palestinian	{{lang\|ar\|مكتبة}} (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe	{{IPA\|[ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe]}}	'library'	rowspan="3" \| Corresponds to {{IPA\|[k]}} in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Iraqi	{{lang\|acm\|چتاب}}/čitaab	{{IPA\| [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'book'
Jordanian	{{lang\|ar\|كتاب}} (Normally unwritten)/čitaab	{{IPA\| [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb]}}
colspan=2\| Aragonese	{{lang\|an\|chuego}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃueɣo]}}	'game'
Armenian	Eastern{{Harvcoltxt\|Dum-Tragut\|2009\|p=13}}	{{lang\|hy\|ճնճղուկ}}/čënčquk	{{Audio-IPA\|tʃntʃʁuk.ogg\|[t͡ʃənt͡ʃʁuk]}}	'sparrow'
colspan="2" \| Assyrian	ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃˤjɑmɑ]}}	'to shut'	Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/.
colspan=2\| Asturian	{{lang\|ast\|Chipre}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃipɾe]}}	'Cyprus'	Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x {{IPAblink\|ʃ}}.
colspan="2" \| Azerbaijani	{{lang\|az\|Əkinçi}}/اکینچی	{{IPA\|[ækint͡ʃʰi]}}	'the ploughman'
colspan="2" \| Bengali	{{lang\|bn\|চশমা}}/čošma	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɔʃma]}}	'spectacles'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
colspan="2" \| Basque	{{lang\|eu\|txalupa}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃalupa]}}	'boat'
colspan="2" \| Bulgarian	{{lang\|bg\|чучулига}}/čučuliga	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ]}}	'lark'	See Bulgarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Catalan	{{lang\|ca\|cotxe}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkɔ(t).t͡ʃə]}}	'car'	See Catalan phonology.
colspan="2" \| Central Alaskan Yup'ik	{{lang\|esu\|nacaq}}	{{IPA\|[ˈnat͡ʃaq]}}	'parka hood'
colspan="2" \| Choctaw	{{lang\|cho\|hakchioma}}	{{IPA\|[hakt͡ʃioma]}}	'tobacco'
Coptic	Bohairic dialect	{{lang\|cop\|ϭⲟϩ}}/čoh	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʰɔh]}}	'touch'
colspan="2" \| Czech	{{lang\|cs\|morče}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ]}}	'guinea pig'	See Czech phonology
colspan="2" \|Dhivehi \|ޗަކަސް / čakas \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃakas]}} \|'mud' \|Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
colspan="2" \| Dutch	Tjongejonge	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə]}}	'jeez'	An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.{{cite web \| url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tjongejonge \| title=Tjongejonge \| date=2 April 2019 }} Pronunciation is region dependent.
colspan="2" \| English	beach	{{IPA\|[biːt͡ʃ]}}	'beach'	Slightly labialized {{IPA\|[tʃʷ]}}. See English phonology
colspan="2" \| Esperanto	{{lang\|eo\|ĉar}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃar]}}	'because'	See Esperanto phonology
colspan="2" \|Estonian \|{{Lang\|et\|tšello\|italic=yes}} \|[ˈtʃelˑo] \|'cello' \|Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology
colspan="2" \| Faroese	{{lang\|fo\|gera}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃeːɹa]}}	'to do'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology
colspan="2" \|Finnish \|{{Lang\|fi\|Tšekki\|italic=yes}} \|[ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi] \|'Czechia' \|Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
rowspan="2" \| French	Standard	{{lang\|fr\|caoutchouc}}	{{IPA\|[kaut͡ʃu]}}	'rubber'	Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology
Acadian	tiens	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɛ̃]}}	'(I/you) keep'	Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
colspan="2" \| Galician	{{lang\|gl\|cheo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃeo]}}	'full'	Galician-Portuguese {{IPA\|/t͡ʃ/}} is conserved in Galician and merged with {{IPAslink\|ʃ}} in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology
colspan="2" \| Georgian{{Harvcoltxt\|Shosted\|Chikovani\|2006\|p=255}}	{{lang\|ka\|ჩიხი}}/čixi	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃixi]}}	'impasse'
German	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Mangold\|2005\|pp=51–52}}	{{lang\|de\|Tschüss}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʏs]}}	'bye'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. See Standard German phonology
Greek	Cypriot	{{lang\|el-CY\|τσ̌άι}}/čai	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɑːiː]}}	'tea'
colspan="2" \| Hausa	{{lang\|ha\|ciwo}}/{{lang\|ha-Arab\|ثِيوُاْ}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃíː.wòː]}}	'disease, pain'
colspan="2" \| Hebrew	{{lang\|he\|תשובה}}/čuva	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃuˈva]}}	'answer'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
rowspan="2" \| Hindustani \| Hindi	{{lang\|hi\|चाय}}/cāy	rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃaːj]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'tea'	rowspan="2" \| Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu \|{{lang\|ur\|چائے}}/çāy
colspan="2" \| Haitian Creole	{{lang\|ht\|match}}	{{IPA\|[mat͡ʃ]}}	'sports match'
colspan="2" \| Hungarian	{{lang\|hu\|gyümölcslé}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː]}}	'fruit juice'	See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Italian{{Harvcoltxt\|Rogers\|d'Arcangeli\|2004\|p=117}}	{{lang\|it\|ciao}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃaːo]}}	'hi'	See Italian phonology
colspan="2" \| Javanese	{{lang\|jv\|cedhak}}/{{lang\|jv\|ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀}}/چۤڎَاك	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəɖaʔ]}}	'near'
colspan="2" \| Kʼicheʼ	{{lang\|quc\|K'iche'}}	{{IPA\|[kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ]}}	'Kʼicheʼ{{'}}'	Contrasts with ejective form
colspan="2" \| Kabardian	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|чэнж}}/čanž/چەنژ	{{Audio-IPA\|чэнж.ogg\|[t͡ʃanʒ]}}	'shallow'
colspan="2" \| Kashubian{{cite web\|title=Fonetyka i fonologia\|author=Jerzy Treder\|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26\|access-date=2015-11-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26\|archive-date=2016-03-04\|url-status=dead}}	czësto \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəstɔ]}}	'cleanly'
colspan="2" \| Kurdish	{{lang\|ku\|hirç}}/هرچ	{{IPA\|[hɪɾt͡ʃ]}}	'bear'
colspan="2" \| Ladino	{{lang\|lad\|kolcha/קולגﬞה}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkolt͡ʃa]}}	'quilt'
colspan="2" \| Macedonian	{{lang\|mk\|чека/čeka}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɛka]}}	'wait'	See Macedonian phonology
rowspan="2" \|Malay \| Malaysian \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ms\|cuci}}/چوچي \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃut͡ʃi]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'to wash' \|See Malay phonology
Indonesian	Palatal {{IPAblink\|c}} according to some analyses. See Malay phonology
colspan="2" \| Maltese	{{lang\|mt\|bliċ}}	{{IPA\|[blit͡ʃ]}}	'bleach'
colspan="2" \| Manx	{{lang\|gv\|çhiarn}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃaːrn]}}	'lord'
colspan="2" \| Marathi	{{lang\|mr\|चहा}}/čahá	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəhaː]}}	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology
Mongolian \|Khalkha dialect \|наргиж/nargič {{MongolUnicode\|ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ\|style=max-height:2em; word-wrap:normal}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈnargit͡ʃ]}} \|'laugh' \|
colspan="2" \| Nahuatl	{{lang\|nah\|āyōtōchtli}}	{{IPA\|[aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi]}}	'armadillo'
Norwegian	Some dialects	{{lang\|no\|kjøkken}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃøkːen]}}	'kitchen'	See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \| Nunggubuyu{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=158}}	jaro	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃaɾo]}}	'needle'
colspan="2" \| Occitan	{{lang\|oc\|chuc}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃyk]}}	'juice'	See Occitan phonology
colspan="2" \| Odia	{{lang\|or\|ଚକ}}/caka	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɔkɔ]}}	'wheel'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
colspan="2" \| Persian	{{lang\|fa\|چوب}}/чӯб/çub	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʰuːb]}}	'wood'	See Persian phonology
rowspan="5" \| Polish	Gmina Istebna	rowspan="5" \| {{lang\|pl\|ciemny}}	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'dark'	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡ɕ/}} merge into {{IPA\|[t͡ʃ]}} in these dialects. In standard Polish, {{IPA\|/t͡ʃ/}} is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate.
Lubawa dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Dubisz\|Karaś\|Kolis\|1995\|p=62}}
Malbork dialect
Ostróda dialect
Warmia dialect
rowspan="3" \|Portuguese \| Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects \| {{lang\|pt\|chamar}} \| {{IPA\|[t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ]}} \| 'to call' \| Archaic realization of etymological {{angbr\|ch}}. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by {{IPAblink\|ʃ}}.
Most Brazilian dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Barbosa\|Albano\|2004\|p=228}}	{{lang\|pt-BR\|presente}}	{{IPA\|[pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi]}}	'present'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|t̪\|t}} before {{IPA\|/i, ĩ/}} (including when {{IPA\|[i, ĩ, j]}} is not actually produced) and other instances of {{IPA\|[i]}} (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects	{{lang\|pt\|tchau}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃaw]}}	'bye'	In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
colspan="2" \| Punjabi	{{lang\|pa\|ਚੌਲ}}/ {{lang\|pa\|چول}}/čol	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɔːl]}}	'rice'
colspan="2" \| Quechua	chunka	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʊŋka]}}	'ten'
colspan="2" \|Romani \|{{Lang\|rom\|ćiriklo}} \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃiriˈklo]}} \|'bird' \|Contrasts with aspirated form.
colspan="2" \| Romanian	{{lang\|ro\|cer}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃe̞r]}}	'sky'	See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Rotuman{{Harvcoltxt\|Blevins\|1994\|p=492}}	{{lang\|rtm\|joni}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃɔni]}}	'to flee'
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic	{{lang\|gd\|slàinte}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə]}}	'health'	Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
\| Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|čokoláda}} {{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|чоколада}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠]}}	'chocolate'	In varieties that do not distinguish {{IPA\|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} from {{IPA\|/t͡ɕ/}}.
rowspan="2" \| Silesian	Gmina Istebna{{Harvcoltxt\|Dąbrowska\|2004\|p=?}}	rowspan="2"\| szpańelsko	[t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ]	rowspan="2"\| 'Spanish'	rowspan="2" \| These dialects merge {{IPA\|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡ɕ/}} into {{IPA\|[t͡ʃ]}}.
Jablunkov	[t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ]
colspan="2" \|Slovak \|číslo \|[t͡ʃiːslo] \|'number' \|See Slovak phonology
colspan="2" \|Slovene \|{{lang\|sl\|koča\|italic=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈkòːt͡ʃáː]}} \|'cottage' \|
colspan="2" \|Solos \|tsino \|[t͡ʃinɔ] \|'bone' \|
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{Harvcoltxt\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}	{{lang\|es\|chocolate}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Chocolate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate Latin Spanish.wav\|[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞]}}	'chocolate'	See Spanish phonology
colspan="2" \| Swahili	{{lang\|sw\|jicho}}	{{IPA\|[ʄit͡ʃo]}}/جِيچٗ	'eye'
rowspan="2" \| Swedish	Finland	{{lang\|sv-FI\|tjugo}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʉːɡʉ]}}	'twenty'	rowspan="2" \| See Swedish phonology
Some rural Swedish dialects	{{lang\|sv\|kärlek}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃæːɭeːk]}}	'love'
colspan="2" \| Tagalog	{{lang\|tl\|tsuper}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ]}}	'driver'	See Tagalog phonology
colspan="2" \| Tlingit	{{lang\|tli\|jinkaat}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ]}}	'ten'
colspan="2" \| Turkish	{{lang\|tr\|çok}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃok]}}	'very'	See Turkish phonology
colspan="2"\| Tyap	{{lang\|kcg\|cat\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃad]}}	'love'
colspan="2" \| Ubykh	{{lang\|uby\|Çəbƹəja}}/čëbžëya	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəbʒəja]}}	'pepper'	See Ubykh phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}	{{lang\|uk\|чотири}}/čotyry	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ]}}	'four'	See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2" \| Uzbek	{{lang\|uz\|choʻl/çúl}}/چۉل	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɵl]}}	'desert'
colspan="2" \| Welsh	{{lang\|cy\|tsips}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɪps]}}	'chips'	Occurs in loanwords. See Welsh phonology
colspan="2" \| Yiddish	{{lang\|yi\|טשאַטשקע/čačke}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ]}}	'knick-knack'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan{{Harvcoltxt\|Merrill\|2008\|p=108}}	{{lang\|zts\|chane}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃanɘ]}}

Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}}; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}.

=Related characters=

There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):

{{unichar|107AE|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH}} is an IPA superscript letter{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}
{{unichar|1DF17|LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK}} is used in phonetic transcription{{Cite web|title=L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf|date=2020-07-11|first=Kirk|last=Miller}}{{Cite web|title=L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf|date=2020-12-07|first=Deborah|last=Anderson}}
{{unichar|1DF1C|LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK}} has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish{{Cite web|title=L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21004-dezh-retroflex-hook.pdf|date=2021-01-03|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Everson}}

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

|ipa symbol=t̠ɹ̠̊˔

|ipa symbol2=tɹ̝̊˗

}}

=Features=

Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.

=Occurrence=

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan=3 \| English	Australian{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=144}}	rowspan=3 \| tree	rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]}}	rowspan=3 \| 'tree'	rowspan=3 \| Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence {{IPA\|/tr/}}.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=144}}{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=177, 186–188, 192}}{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008}} In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar {{IPAblink\|tɹ̝̊}}.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=177, 186–188, 192}} See Australian English phonology and English phonology
General American{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=177, 186–188, 192}}{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008}}
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=177, 186–188, 192}}{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008}}
Scottish Gaelic \| Lewis{{sfnp\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=129}} \| sitrich \| {{IPA\|[ˈʃiᶜ̧t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔iç]}} \| 'to neigh' \| Palato-alveolar. Phonetic realization of {{IPA\|/t̪ɾ/}} after palatal or palatalised consonants in medial clusters.

Notes

References

{{cite journal

|last1=Barbosa

|first1=Plínio A.

|last2=Albano

|first2=Eleonora C.

|year=2004

|title=Brazilian Portuguese

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=2

|pages=227–232

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001756

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last=Blevins

|first=Juliette

|year=1994

|title=The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology

|jstor=3623138

|journal=Oceanic Linguistics

|volume=33

|pages=491–516

| issue=2

|doi=10.2307/3623138

}}

{{cite book

|last1=Cox

|first1=Felicity

|last2=Fletcher

|first2=Janet

|year=2017

|orig-year=First published 2012

|title=Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription

|edition=2nd

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-1-316-63926-9

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs3DwAAQBAJ

}}

{{cite book

|last=Cruttenden

|first=Alan

|year=2014

|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English

|publisher=Routledge

|edition=8th

|isbn=9781444183092

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ

}}

{{cite book

|last=Dąbrowska

|first=Anna

|year=2004

|title=Język polski

|publisher=wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie

|place=Wrocław

|isbn=83-7384-063-X

}}

{{cite book

|last1=Dubisz

|first1=Stanisław

|last2=Karaś

|first2=Halina

|last3=Kolis

|first3=Nijola

|year=1995

|title=Dialekty i gwary polskie

|publisher=Wiedza Powszechna

|place=Warsaw

|isbn=83-2140989-X

}}

{{cite book

|last1=Danyenko

|first1=Andrii

|last2=Vakulenko

|first2=Serhii

|year=1995

|title=Ukrainian

|publisher=Lincom Europa

|isbn=9783929075083

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ

}}

{{cite book

|last=Dum-Tragut

|first=Jasmine

|year=2009

|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian

|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company

|place=Amsterdam

|isbn=9789027238146

}}

{{cite book

|last=Ladefoged

|first=Peter

|author-link=Peter Ladefoged

|year=2005

|title=Vowels and Consonants

|edition=Second

|publisher=Blackwell

}}

{{cite book

|last=Mangold

|first=Max

|author-link=Max Mangold

|year=2005

|orig-year=First published 1962

|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch

|edition=6th

|place=Mannheim

|publisher=Dudenverlag

|isbn=978-3-411-04066-7

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Martínez-Celdrán

|first1=Eugenio

|last2=Fernández-Planas

|first2=Ana Ma.

|last3=Carrera-Sabaté

|first3=Josefina

|year=2003

|title=Castilian Spanish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=33

|issue=2

|pages=255–259

|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001373

|url=https://www.academia.edu/11365507

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last=Merrill

|first=Elizabeth

|year=2008

|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=38

|issue=1

|pages=107–114

|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344

|url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Rogers

|first1=Derek

|last2=d'Arcangeli

|first2=Luciana

|year=2004

|title=Italian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=1

|pages=117–121

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001628

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Shosted

|first1=Ryan K.

|last2=Chikovani

|first2=Vakhtang

|year=2006

|title=Standard Georgian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=2

|pages=255–264

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite book

|last=Watson

|first=Janet

|year=2002

|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic

|place=New York

|publisher=Oxford University Press

}}

{{cite book

|last=Wells

|first=John C.

|year=2008

|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary

|edition=3rd

|publisher=Longman

|isbn=9781405881180

}}

External links

{{phoible|t̠ʃ}}

Category:Postalveolar consonants

Category:Affricates

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady-Cyrl\|чэмы}}/čamë/چەمہـ	{{Audio-IPA\|чэмы.ogg\|[t͡ʃamə]}}	'cow' \|Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms.
colspan="2" \| Albanian	{{lang\|sq\|çelur}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɛluɾ]}}	'opened'
Aleut	Atkan dialect	{{lang\|ale\|chamĝul}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɑmʁul]}}	'to wash'
colspan="2" \| Amharic	{{lang\|am\|አንቺ}}/anči	{{IPA\|[ant͡ʃi]}}	'you'
rowspan="3" \| Arabic{{Harvcoltxt\|Watson\|2002\|p=17}}	Central Palestinian	{{lang\|ar\|مكتبة}} (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe	{{IPA\|[ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe]}}	'library'	rowspan="3" \| Corresponds to {{IPA\|[k]}} in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Iraqi	{{lang\|acm\|چتاب}}/čitaab	{{IPA\| [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'book'
Jordanian	{{lang\|ar\|كتاب}} (Normally unwritten)/čitaab	{{IPA\| [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb]}}
colspan=2\| Aragonese	{{lang\|an\|chuego}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃueɣo]}}	'game'
Armenian	Eastern{{Harvcoltxt\|Dum-Tragut\|2009\|p=13}}	{{lang\|hy\|ճնճղուկ}}/čënčquk	{{Audio-IPA\|tʃntʃʁuk.ogg\|[t͡ʃənt͡ʃʁuk]}}	'sparrow'
colspan="2" \| Assyrian	ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃˤjɑmɑ]}}	'to shut'	Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/.
colspan=2\| Asturian	{{lang\|ast\|Chipre}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃipɾe]}}	'Cyprus'	Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x {{IPAblink\|ʃ}}.
colspan="2" \| Azerbaijani	{{lang\|az\|Əkinçi}}/اکینچی	{{IPA\|[ækint͡ʃʰi]}}	'the ploughman'
colspan="2" \| Bengali	{{lang\|bn\|চশমা}}/čošma	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɔʃma]}}	'spectacles'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
colspan="2" \| Basque	{{lang\|eu\|txalupa}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃalupa]}}	'boat'
colspan="2" \| Bulgarian	{{lang\|bg\|чучулига}}/čučuliga	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ]}}	'lark'	See Bulgarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Catalan	{{lang\|ca\|cotxe}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkɔ(t).t͡ʃə]}}	'car'	See Catalan phonology.
colspan="2" \| Central Alaskan Yup'ik	{{lang\|esu\|nacaq}}	{{IPA\|[ˈnat͡ʃaq]}}	'parka hood'
colspan="2" \| Choctaw	{{lang\|cho\|hakchioma}}	{{IPA\|[hakt͡ʃioma]}}	'tobacco'
Coptic	Bohairic dialect	{{lang\|cop\|ϭⲟϩ}}/čoh	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʰɔh]}}	'touch'
colspan="2" \| Czech	{{lang\|cs\|morče}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ]}}	'guinea pig'	See Czech phonology
colspan="2" \|Dhivehi \|ޗަކަސް / čakas \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃakas]}} \|'mud' \|Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
colspan="2" \| Dutch	Tjongejonge	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə]}}	'jeez'	An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.{{cite web \| url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tjongejonge \| title=Tjongejonge \| date=2 April 2019 }} Pronunciation is region dependent.
colspan="2" \| English	beach	{{IPA\|[biːt͡ʃ]}}	'beach'	Slightly labialized {{IPA\|[tʃʷ]}}. See English phonology
colspan="2" \| Esperanto	{{lang\|eo\|ĉar}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃar]}}	'because'	See Esperanto phonology
colspan="2" \|Estonian \|{{Lang\|et\|tšello\|italic=yes}} \|[ˈtʃelˑo] \|'cello' \|Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology
colspan="2" \| Faroese	{{lang\|fo\|gera}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃeːɹa]}}	'to do'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology
colspan="2" \|Finnish \|{{Lang\|fi\|Tšekki\|italic=yes}} \|[ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi] \|'Czechia' \|Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
rowspan="2" \| French	Standard	{{lang\|fr\|caoutchouc}}	{{IPA\|[kaut͡ʃu]}}	'rubber'	Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology
Acadian	tiens	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɛ̃]}}	'(I/you) keep'	Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
colspan="2" \| Galician	{{lang\|gl\|cheo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃeo]}}	'full'	Galician-Portuguese {{IPA\|/t͡ʃ/}} is conserved in Galician and merged with {{IPAslink\|ʃ}} in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology
colspan="2" \| Georgian{{Harvcoltxt\|Shosted\|Chikovani\|2006\|p=255}}	{{lang\|ka\|ჩიხი}}/čixi	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃixi]}}	'impasse'
German	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Mangold\|2005\|pp=51–52}}	{{lang\|de\|Tschüss}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʏs]}}	'bye'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. See Standard German phonology
Greek	Cypriot	{{lang\|el-CY\|τσ̌άι}}/čai	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɑːiː]}}	'tea'
colspan="2" \| Hausa	{{lang\|ha\|ciwo}}/{{lang\|ha-Arab\|ثِيوُاْ}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃíː.wòː]}}	'disease, pain'
colspan="2" \| Hebrew	{{lang\|he\|תשובה}}/čuva	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃuˈva]}}	'answer'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
rowspan="2" \| Hindustani \| Hindi	{{lang\|hi\|चाय}}/cāy	rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃaːj]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'tea'	rowspan="2" \| Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu \|{{lang\|ur\|چائے}}/çāy
colspan="2" \| Haitian Creole	{{lang\|ht\|match}}	{{IPA\|[mat͡ʃ]}}	'sports match'
colspan="2" \| Hungarian	{{lang\|hu\|gyümölcslé}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː]}}	'fruit juice'	See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Italian{{Harvcoltxt\|Rogers\|d'Arcangeli\|2004\|p=117}}	{{lang\|it\|ciao}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃaːo]}}	'hi'	See Italian phonology
colspan="2" \| Javanese	{{lang\|jv\|cedhak}}/{{lang\|jv\|ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀}}/چۤڎَاك	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəɖaʔ]}}	'near'
colspan="2" \| Kʼicheʼ	{{lang\|quc\|K'iche'}}	{{IPA\|[kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ]}}	'Kʼicheʼ{{'}}'	Contrasts with ejective form
colspan="2" \| Kabardian	{{lang\|kbd-Cyrl\|чэнж}}/čanž/چەنژ	{{Audio-IPA\|чэнж.ogg\|[t͡ʃanʒ]}}	'shallow'
colspan="2" \| Kashubian{{cite web\|title=Fonetyka i fonologia\|author=Jerzy Treder\|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26\|access-date=2015-11-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26\|archive-date=2016-03-04\|url-status=dead}}	czësto \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəstɔ]}}	'cleanly'
colspan="2" \| Kurdish	{{lang\|ku\|hirç}}/هرچ	{{IPA\|[hɪɾt͡ʃ]}}	'bear'
colspan="2" \| Ladino	{{lang\|lad\|kolcha/קולגﬞה}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkolt͡ʃa]}}	'quilt'
colspan="2" \| Macedonian	{{lang\|mk\|чека/čeka}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɛka]}}	'wait'	See Macedonian phonology
rowspan="2" \|Malay \| Malaysian \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ms\|cuci}}/چوچي \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃut͡ʃi]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'to wash' \|See Malay phonology
Indonesian	Palatal {{IPAblink\|c}} according to some analyses. See Malay phonology
colspan="2" \| Maltese	{{lang\|mt\|bliċ}}	{{IPA\|[blit͡ʃ]}}	'bleach'
colspan="2" \| Manx	{{lang\|gv\|çhiarn}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃaːrn]}}	'lord'
colspan="2" \| Marathi	{{lang\|mr\|चहा}}/čahá	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəhaː]}}	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology
Mongolian \|Khalkha dialect \|наргиж/nargič {{MongolUnicode\|ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ\|style=max-height:2em; word-wrap:normal}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈnargit͡ʃ]}} \|'laugh' \|
colspan="2" \| Nahuatl	{{lang\|nah\|āyōtōchtli}}	{{IPA\|[aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi]}}	'armadillo'
Norwegian	Some dialects	{{lang\|no\|kjøkken}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃøkːen]}}	'kitchen'	See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \| Nunggubuyu{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=158}}	jaro	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃaɾo]}}	'needle'
colspan="2" \| Occitan	{{lang\|oc\|chuc}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃyk]}}	'juice'	See Occitan phonology
colspan="2" \| Odia	{{lang\|or\|ଚକ}}/caka	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɔkɔ]}}	'wheel'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
colspan="2" \| Persian	{{lang\|fa\|چوب}}/чӯб/çub	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʰuːb]}}	'wood'	See Persian phonology
rowspan="5" \| Polish	Gmina Istebna	rowspan="5" \| {{lang\|pl\|ciemny}}	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'dark'	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡ɕ/}} merge into {{IPA\|[t͡ʃ]}} in these dialects. In standard Polish, {{IPA\|/t͡ʃ/}} is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate.
Lubawa dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Dubisz\|Karaś\|Kolis\|1995\|p=62}}
Malbork dialect
Ostróda dialect
Warmia dialect
rowspan="3" \|Portuguese \| Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects \| {{lang\|pt\|chamar}} \| {{IPA\|[t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ]}} \| 'to call' \| Archaic realization of etymological {{angbr\|ch}}. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by {{IPAblink\|ʃ}}.
Most Brazilian dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Barbosa\|Albano\|2004\|p=228}}	{{lang\|pt-BR\|presente}}	{{IPA\|[pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi]}}	'present'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|t̪\|t}} before {{IPA\|/i, ĩ/}} (including when {{IPA\|[i, ĩ, j]}} is not actually produced) and other instances of {{IPA\|[i]}} (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects	{{lang\|pt\|tchau}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃaw]}}	'bye'	In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
colspan="2" \| Punjabi	{{lang\|pa\|ਚੌਲ}}/ {{lang\|pa\|چول}}/čol	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɔːl]}}	'rice'
colspan="2" \| Quechua	chunka	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʊŋka]}}	'ten'
colspan="2" \|Romani \|{{Lang\|rom\|ćiriklo}} \|{{IPA\|[t͡ʃiriˈklo]}} \|'bird' \|Contrasts with aspirated form.
colspan="2" \| Romanian	{{lang\|ro\|cer}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃe̞r]}}	'sky'	See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Rotuman{{Harvcoltxt\|Blevins\|1994\|p=492}}	{{lang\|rtm\|joni}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃɔni]}}	'to flee'
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic	{{lang\|gd\|slàinte}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə]}}	'health'	Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
\| Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|čokoláda}} {{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|чоколада}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠]}}	'chocolate'	In varieties that do not distinguish {{IPA\|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} from {{IPA\|/t͡ɕ/}}.
rowspan="2" \| Silesian	Gmina Istebna{{Harvcoltxt\|Dąbrowska\|2004\|p=?}}	rowspan="2"\| szpańelsko	[t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ]	rowspan="2"\| 'Spanish'	rowspan="2" \| These dialects merge {{IPA\|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡ɕ/}} into {{IPA\|[t͡ʃ]}}.
Jablunkov	[t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ]
colspan="2" \|Slovak \|číslo \|[t͡ʃiːslo] \|'number' \|See Slovak phonology
colspan="2" \|Slovene \|{{lang\|sl\|koča\|italic=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈkòːt͡ʃáː]}} \|'cottage' \|
colspan="2" \|Solos \|tsino \|[t͡ʃinɔ] \|'bone' \|
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{Harvcoltxt\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}	{{lang\|es\|chocolate}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Chocolate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate Latin Spanish.wav\|[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞]}}	'chocolate'	See Spanish phonology
colspan="2" \| Swahili	{{lang\|sw\|jicho}}	{{IPA\|[ʄit͡ʃo]}}/جِيچٗ	'eye'
rowspan="2" \| Swedish	Finland	{{lang\|sv-FI\|tjugo}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʉːɡʉ]}}	'twenty'	rowspan="2" \| See Swedish phonology
Some rural Swedish dialects	{{lang\|sv\|kärlek}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃæːɭeːk]}}	'love'
colspan="2" \| Tagalog	{{lang\|tl\|tsuper}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ]}}	'driver'	See Tagalog phonology
colspan="2" \| Tlingit	{{lang\|tli\|jinkaat}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ]}}	'ten'
colspan="2" \| Turkish	{{lang\|tr\|çok}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃok]}}	'very'	See Turkish phonology
colspan="2"\| Tyap	{{lang\|kcg\|cat\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃad]}}	'love'
colspan="2" \| Ubykh	{{lang\|uby\|Çəbƹəja}}/čëbžëya	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃəbʒəja]}}	'pepper'	See Ubykh phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}	{{lang\|uk\|чотири}}/čotyry	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ]}}	'four'	See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2" \| Uzbek	{{lang\|uz\|choʻl/çúl}}/چۉل	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɵl]}}	'desert'
colspan="2" \| Welsh	{{lang\|cy\|tsips}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃɪps]}}	'chips'	Occurs in loanwords. See Welsh phonology
colspan="2" \| Yiddish	{{lang\|yi\|טשאַטשקע/čačke}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ]}}	'knick-knack'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan{{Harvcoltxt\|Merrill\|2008\|p=108}}	{{lang\|zts\|chane}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ʃanɘ]}}

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan=3 \| English	Australian{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=144}}	rowspan=3 \| tree	rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]}}	rowspan=3 \| 'tree'	rowspan=3 \| Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence {{IPA\|/tr/}}.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=144}}{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=177, 186–188, 192}}{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008}} In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar {{IPAblink\|tɹ̝̊}}.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=177, 186–188, 192}} See Australian English phonology and English phonology
General American{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=177, 186–188, 192}}{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008}}
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=177, 186–188, 192}}{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008}}
Scottish Gaelic \| Lewis{{sfnp\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=129}} \| sitrich \| {{IPA\|[ˈʃiᶜ̧t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔iç]}} \| 'to neigh' \| Palato-alveolar. Phonetic realization of {{IPA\|/t̪ɾ/}} after palatal or palatalised consonants in medial clusters.