voiceless retroflex affricate

{{infobox IPA

|ipa number=105 (136)

|ipa symbol=ʈʂ

|ipa symbol2=ꭧ

|decimal1=648

|decimal2=865

|decimal3=642

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0xAB67.svg

|imagesize=150px

|x-sampa=ts`

}}

The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|t̠͡ʂ}}, sometimes simplified to {{angbr IPA|tʂ}} or {{angbr IPA|ꭧ}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts`. Its apical variant is {{angbr IPA|ʈ̺͡ʂ̺}} and laminal variant {{angbr IPA|ʈ̻͡ʂ̻}}.

The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Asturian: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the voiced palatal fricative, writing ḷḷ instead of ll.
Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, Old Czech, Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:

Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means {{cnspan|it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up)|date=October 2023}}, but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).

Occurrence

class="wikitable" !colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan=2\| Abkhaz	аҽада	{{Audio-IPA\|Abk-аҽада.ogg\|[at͡ʂʰada]}}	'donkey'	See Abkhaz phonology
colspan=2\| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady-Cyrl\|чъыгы}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ady-чъыгы.oga\|[t͡ʂəɣə]}}	'tree'	See Adyghe phonology
Asturian	Some dialects{{cite book \|lang=ast \|url=http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf \|title=Normes ortográfiques \|author=Academia de la Llingua Asturiana \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323072940/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf \|archive-date=2013-03-23 \|page=14 \|edition=6th revised \|isbn=84-8168-394-9}}{{Harvcoltxt\|García Arias\|2003\|p=34}}	{{lang\|ast\|ḷḷobu}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂoβu]}}	'wolf'	Corresponds to standard {{IPA\|/ʎ/}}.
colspan=2\| Belarusian	{{lang\|be\|пачатак}}	{{IPA\|[pat̠͡ʂatak]}}	'the beginning'	Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
Chinese	Mandarin{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Wu\|1984\|p=?}}	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|中文}} / {{lang\|cmn-Latn\|Zhōngwén}}	{{Audio-IPA\|zh-zhōngwén.ogg\|[ʈ̺͡ʂ̺ʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]}}	'Chinese language'	Apical.{{cite conference \|last1=Lee \|first1=Wai-Sum \|title=An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin \|conference=Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences \|date=1999 \|pages=413–416 \|s2cid=51828449 \|url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS1999/papers/p14_0413.pdf }} Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Hmong \| White Hmong	{{script\|Hmng\|𖬒𖬶𖬯𖬵}} / {{lang\|hmv-Latn\|txov}}	{{IPA\|[tso˨˦]}}	'lion' or 'tiger'
rowspan=2\|Khanty	Eastern dialects	rowspan=2\| {{lang\|kca\|ҷӓңҷ}}	rowspan=2\| {{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ]}}	rowspan=2\| 'knee'	rowspan=2\| Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} in the northern dialects.
Southern dialects
colspan=2\| Mapudungun	{{lang\|arn\|trafoy}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj]}}	'it got broken'	Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: {{lang\|arn\|chafoy}} {{IPA\|[t͡ʃa.ˈfoj]}} 'he/she coughed'
colspan=2\| Northern Qiang	{{lang\|cng\|zhes}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂəs]}}	'day before yesterday'	Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
rowspan=3\| Polish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Jassem\|2003\|p=103}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Hamann\|2004\|p=65}}	{{lang\|pl\|czas}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pl-czas-2.ogg\|[ˈt̠͡ʂäs̪]}}	'time'	Laminal. Transcribed {{IPA\|/t͡ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects{{cite web\|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2013-11-13\|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu\|publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl\|access-date=2013-11-13}}	rowspan=2\| {{lang\|pl\|cena}}	rowspan=2\| {{IPA\|[ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä]}}	rowspan=2\| 'price'	rowspan=2\| Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA\|/t̠͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡s/}} into {{IPAblink\|t̪͡s̪\|t͡s}}.
Suwałki dialect{{cite web \|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2013-11-13 \|title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie \|publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl \|access-date=2013-11-13 }}
Quechua	Cajamarca–Cañaris	{{lang\|qu\|chupa}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂupə]}}	'tail'
colspan=2\|Russian	{{lang\|ru\|лу́чше}} / luchshe	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-лучше.ogg\|[ˈɫut͡ʂʂə]}}	'better'
colspan=2\| Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp\|Landau\|Lončarića\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|чеп}} / {{lang\|sh-Latn\|čep}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂe̞p]}}	'cork'	Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
\| \|colspan="2" \|Silesian \|{{Lang\|szl\|szczopek}} \|{{IPA\|[ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk]}} \|'pike' \|
colspan=2\| Slovak{{sfnp\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=374}}	{{lang\|sk\|čakať}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc]}}	'to wait'	Laminal.
colspan=2\| Torwali{{sfnp\|Lunsford\|2001\|pp=16–20}}	{{lang\|trw\|ڇووو\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂuwu]}}	'to sew'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
colspan="2" \|Vietnamese \|trà \|{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂaː˨˩]}} \|'tea' \|Some speakers.
colspan=2\| Yi	ꍈ / zha	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂa˧]}}	'a bit'	Contrasts with aspirated form.

Notes

References

{{Citation

|last=García Arias

|first=Xosé Lluis

|year=2003

|title=Gramática Histórica de la Lengua Asturiana

|publisher=Academia de la Llingua Asturiana

|place=Oviedo

|pages=34–36

|isbn = 84-8168-341-8

|url=https://archive.org/details/gramaticahistori0000llib/page/34

}}

{{Citation

|last = Hamann

|first = Silke

|year = 2004

|title = Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages

|journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume = 34

|issue = 1

|pages = 53–67

|doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001604

|s2cid = 2224095

|url = http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf

|access-date = 2015-04-09

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf

|archive-date = 2015-04-14

|url-status = dead

}}

{{Citation

|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162

|last1=Hanulíková

|first1=Adriana

|last2=Hamann

|first2=Silke

|year=2010

|title=Slovak

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=40

|issue=3

|pages=373–378

|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{Citation

|last = Jassem

|first = Wiktor

|year= 2003

|title=Polish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=33

|issue=1

|pages=103–107

|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001191

|doi-access=free

}}

{{Citation

|last1 = Ladefoged

|first1 = Peter

|author-link=Peter Ladefoged

|last2=Wu

|first2=Zongji

|year= 1984

|title=Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates

|journal=Journal of Phonetics

|volume=11

|issue = 3

|pages=267–278

|doi = 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite thesis

|last= Lunsford

|first= Wayne A.

|title= An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan

|degree= M.A.

|publisher=University of Texas

|location=Arlington

|year= 2001

|url= http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070612230829/http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf

|archive-date= 2007-06-12

}}

{{citation

|last1=Landau

|first1=Ernestina

|last2=Lončarića

|first2=Mijo

|last3=Horga

|first3=Damir

|last4=Škarić

|first4=Ivo

|year=1999

|chapter=Croatian

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

|pages=66–69

|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte/page/66/

}}

External links

{{phoible|ʈʂ}}

Category:Alveolar consonants

Category:Affricates

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" !colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan=2\| Abkhaz	аҽада	{{Audio-IPA\|Abk-аҽада.ogg\|[at͡ʂʰada]}}	'donkey'	See Abkhaz phonology
colspan=2\| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady-Cyrl\|чъыгы}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ady-чъыгы.oga\|[t͡ʂəɣə]}}	'tree'	See Adyghe phonology
Asturian	Some dialects{{cite book \|lang=ast \|url=http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf \|title=Normes ortográfiques \|author=Academia de la Llingua Asturiana \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323072940/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf \|archive-date=2013-03-23 \|page=14 \|edition=6th revised \|isbn=84-8168-394-9}}{{Harvcoltxt\|García Arias\|2003\|p=34}}	{{lang\|ast\|ḷḷobu}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂoβu]}}	'wolf'	Corresponds to standard {{IPA\|/ʎ/}}.
colspan=2\| Belarusian	{{lang\|be\|пачатак}}	{{IPA\|[pat̠͡ʂatak]}}	'the beginning'	Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
Chinese	Mandarin{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Wu\|1984\|p=?}}	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|中文}} / {{lang\|cmn-Latn\|Zhōngwén}}	{{Audio-IPA\|zh-zhōngwén.ogg\|[ʈ̺͡ʂ̺ʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]}}	'Chinese language'	Apical.{{cite conference \|last1=Lee \|first1=Wai-Sum \|title=An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin \|conference=Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences \|date=1999 \|pages=413–416 \|s2cid=51828449 \|url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS1999/papers/p14_0413.pdf }} Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Hmong \| White Hmong	{{script\|Hmng\|𖬒𖬶𖬯𖬵}} / {{lang\|hmv-Latn\|txov}}	{{IPA\|[tso˨˦]}}	'lion' or 'tiger'
rowspan=2\|Khanty	Eastern dialects	rowspan=2\| {{lang\|kca\|ҷӓңҷ}}	rowspan=2\| {{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ]}}	rowspan=2\| 'knee'	rowspan=2\| Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} in the northern dialects.
Southern dialects
colspan=2\| Mapudungun	{{lang\|arn\|trafoy}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj]}}	'it got broken'	Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: {{lang\|arn\|chafoy}} {{IPA\|[t͡ʃa.ˈfoj]}} 'he/she coughed'
colspan=2\| Northern Qiang	{{lang\|cng\|zhes}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂəs]}}	'day before yesterday'	Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
rowspan=3\| Polish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Jassem\|2003\|p=103}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Hamann\|2004\|p=65}}	{{lang\|pl\|czas}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pl-czas-2.ogg\|[ˈt̠͡ʂäs̪]}}	'time'	Laminal. Transcribed {{IPA\|/t͡ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects{{cite web\|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2013-11-13\|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu\|publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl\|access-date=2013-11-13}}	rowspan=2\| {{lang\|pl\|cena}}	rowspan=2\| {{IPA\|[ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä]}}	rowspan=2\| 'price'	rowspan=2\| Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA\|/t̠͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡s/}} into {{IPAblink\|t̪͡s̪\|t͡s}}.
Suwałki dialect{{cite web \|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2013-11-13 \|title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie \|publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl \|access-date=2013-11-13 }}
Quechua	Cajamarca–Cañaris	{{lang\|qu\|chupa}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂupə]}}	'tail'
colspan=2\|Russian	{{lang\|ru\|лу́чше}} / luchshe	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-лучше.ogg\|[ˈɫut͡ʂʂə]}}	'better'
colspan=2\| Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp\|Landau\|Lončarića\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|чеп}} / {{lang\|sh-Latn\|čep}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂe̞p]}}	'cork'	Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
\| \|colspan="2" \|Silesian \|{{Lang\|szl\|szczopek}} \|{{IPA\|[ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk]}} \|'pike' \|
colspan=2\| Slovak{{sfnp\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=374}}	{{lang\|sk\|čakať}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc]}}	'to wait'	Laminal.
colspan=2\| Torwali{{sfnp\|Lunsford\|2001\|pp=16–20}}	{{lang\|trw\|ڇووو\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂuwu]}}	'to sew'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
colspan="2" \|Vietnamese \|trà \|{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂaː˨˩]}} \|'tea' \|Some speakers.
colspan=2\| Yi	ꍈ / zha	{{IPA\|[t̠͡ʂa˧]}}	'a bit'	Contrasts with aspirated form.

voiceless retroflex affricate

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links