:2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake
{{short description|Earthquake in Japan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake
| image = 北海道胆振東部地震 厚真町 斜面崩壊.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Landslides in Atsuma
| map = 260px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Intensity map
| map2 = {{Location map+|Japan Hokkaido#Japan|width=260|float=center|border=none|relief=yes|caption=|places=
{{Location map~|Japan Hokkaido#Japan|lat=42.671|long=141.933|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=42|position=top}}
{{Location map~|Japan Hokkaido#Japan|lat=43.066667|long=141.35|label=Sapporo|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}}}
| timestamp = 2018-09-05 18:07:58
| isc-event = 612697604
| anss-url = us2000h8ty
| local-date = {{start date|df=yes|2018|09|06}}
| local-time = 3:08 a.m. JST
| duration =
| magnitude = 6.6 Mw
| depth = {{convert|35.0|km|mi|0|abbr=on|sp=us}}
| location = {{coord|42.671|N|141.933|E|region:JPN_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| fault =
| type = Dip-slip (reverse)
Intraplate earthquake{{cite web |url=https://www.static.jishin.go.jp/resource/monthly/2018/20180906_iburi.pdf |title=平成 30 年北海道胆振東部地震の評価 |publisher=Earthquake Research Promotion Headquarters Earthquake Investigation Committee |access-date=7 September 2018|language=ja}}
| countries affected = {{ubl|Japan}}
| damages =
| pgv =
| tsunami = No
| landslide = Yes
| foreshocks =
| aftershocks = 130
Largest: {{M|W}} 5.7 on 21 February 2019 (9:22 pm JST){{cite web|title=Earthquake Information (Earthquake and Seismic Intensity Information) Issued at 21:26 JST 21 Feb 2019|url=https://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20190221122646393-21212246.html|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=21 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152041/https://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20190221122646393-21212246.html|archive-date=22 February 2019|url-status=dead}}
}}
An earthquake measuring 6.6 {{M|W|link=Y}} on the moment magnitude scale struck Iburi Subprefecture in southern Hokkaido, Japan, on 6 September 2018 at 3:08 a.m. JST. The earthquake's epicenter was near Tomakomai and occurred at a depth of {{convert|35.0|km|mi|sp=us}}. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) registered a magnitude of 6.7 Mj and a maximum intensity of 7 on the shindo scale.{{cite web |title=M 6.6 – 27 km E of Tomakomai, Japan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000h8ty#executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=6 September 2018}}
Shaking from the earthquake was felt strongly in Hokkaido and Aomori Prefecture, and shaking was felt as far away as the Kantō region.{{cite web |title=M 6.6 – 27 km E of Tomakomai, Japan: Did You Feel It?|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000h8ty#dyfi |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=6 September 2018}}{{cite web |title=震度データベース検索 （地震別検索結果） |trans-title=Seismic intensity database search (search results by earthquake) |url=https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqdb/data/shindo/Event.php?ID=9902653 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |language=ja |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092833/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqdb/data/shindo/Event.php?ID=9902653 |url-status=dead }} Long period ground motion (LPGM) during the earthquake reached maximum of class 4 on the JMA LPGM intensity scales.{{cite web|title=Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Observation and Disaster Mitigation|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/books/jishintsunami/en/jishintsunami_en.pdf|page=19|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=March 2019|access-date=13 June 2019}} The earthquake disrupted electrical service throughout Hokkaido, leaving 5.3 million residents without power. Forty-one people were confirmed dead and six hundred and ninety-one were injured. The event is officially known as {{nihongo||平成30年北海道胆振東部地震|Heisei san-jū-nen Hokkaidō Iburi tōbu jishin|"Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake of Heisei 30"}}.
Geology
The central area of Hokkaido where the earthquake was centered is prone to earthquakes despite not being located on any plate boundary. According to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, there are several active seismic zones in the central part of Hokkaido, including the Furano and Ishikari fault zones. Studies have shown that earthquakes occurred in 1910, 1974, 1981, 1982, and 2000 in the region. Among them, the 7.1 Mj 1982 earthquake off the coast of Urakawa was the largest earthquake in the history of the region. The earthquake caused casualties and damage in Tomakomai and Sapporo.{{cite web| title= The Earthquake off Urakawa (M 7.1), March 21, 1982 |url=http://cais.gsi.go.jp/YOCHIREN/report/kaihou28/01_03.pdf| language=ja| publisher= Hokkaido University| access-date=3 December 2018}}
There are many volcanoes located near the earthquake's epicenter. The volcanoes distributed pumicite throughout the area which was later covered with a layer of heavier soil. The volcanic material is theorized to have caused landslides after being inundated during heavy rains due to its slippery nature. The wet pumice and the soil on top of it slid away after the shear forces of the earthquake ruptured the strata, causing the landslides that led to most of the casualties of the earthquake.{{cite web| last=Normile | first=Dennis | title=Slippery volcanic soils blamed for deadly landslides during Hokkaido earthquake | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/slippery-volcanic-soils-blamed-deadly-landslides-during-hokkaido-earthquake | date=11 September 2018 | access-date=3 December 2018}}
=Aftershocks=
File:2018_Iburi_earthquake_aftershocks.svg
On 21 February 2019, a magnitude 5.7 {{M|j}} aftershock struck 10 km north of the epicenter of the main earthquake.{{cite web|title=Earthquake Information (Earthquake and Seismic Intensity Information) Issued at 21:26 JST 21 Feb 2019|url=https://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20190221122646393-21212246.html|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=21 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152041/https://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20190221122646393-21212246.html|archive-date=22 February 2019|url-status=dead}} This has been the strongest recorded aftershock of the earthquake. No major damage was reported, but there were small disruptions to rail systems such as the Hokkaido Shinkansen and the Sapporo Municipal Subway.{{cite news|title=No major damage reported after magnitude 5.8 earthquake hits Hokkaido's Iburi region|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/21/national/magnitude-5-7-earthquake-hits-hokkaidos-eastern-iburi-region/#.XG9Vdlwza00|work=The Japan Times|date=21 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922153224/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/21/national/magnitude-5-7-earthquake-hits-hokkaidos-eastern-iburi-region/#.XG9Vdlwza00|url-status=dead}} In total four people, from Sapporo, Tomakomai and Noboribetsu, were injured and an avalanche was triggered in the town of Atsuma.{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20190222_25/|title=Hokkaido assesses damage from M5.8 quake- News – NHK WORLD – English|website=NHK WORLD|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222005902/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20190222_25/|archive-date=22 February 2019|url-status=dead}}
Damage and effects
Overall, damage in Hokkaido was estimated to be at least 367.5 billion yen ($3.32B). The earthquake crippled multiple industries and public facilities in the region.{{cite news|title=Damage from deadly Hokkaido quake estimated at over 367.5 billion yen|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20181004/p2a/00m/0na/030000c|work=Mainichi Shimbun|date=4 October 2018|access-date=21 December 2018}}
=Blackout=
The earthquake cut power to all 2.95 million households in Hokkaido. This was because the Hokkaido Electric Power Company's coal-fired power plant in Atsuma was heavily damaged by fires that broke out during the earthquake. The damage to the plant caused an imbalance in the supply and demand of electricity throughout Hokkaido; this resulted in the blackout.{{cite web|title=Hokkaido quake: Landslides bury homes, power cut to millions|url=http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201809060027.html|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908101822/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201809060027.html|url-status=dead}} By 6:30 p.m. JST on the day of the earthquake, power was restored to 340,000 households in Hokkaido. Hospitals were forced to function on emergency backup power, due to the blackout. Many hospitals had to turn away emergency patients because of the outages.{{cite web|title=Quake paralyzes public transport in Hokkaido|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180906_23/|publisher=NHK World-Japan|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124708/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180906_23/|archive-date=6 September 2018|url-status=dead}}
=Transportation=
File:日高自動車道 日高富川IC付近.jpg tells drivers that a section of the Hidaka Expressway is closed]]
All flights to New Chitose Airport were cancelled on the day of the quake. The airport resumed business at 11:00 a.m. JST the day after the quake. All public transport, including rail, subway, and bus services was shut down in Hokkaido due to the loss of electricity and damages.{{cite web |title=ライフラインの状況（9月6日18:30時点）|url=https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/headline/earthquake20180906/|publisher=Prime Minister's Official Residence (Japan)|access-date=6 September 2018}}{{Cite news|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/|title=Breaking News at 11:00|work=NHK World-Japan|access-date=7 September 2018}}
The earthquake caused many roads in Hokkaido to become impassable. Some roads were blocked by debris from landslides, others were destroyed by soil liquefaction as far away from the epicenter as Kiyota-ku, Sapporo.
Near the earthquake's epicenter in Atsuma, emergency services could not take emergency calls after the quake due to the heavy damage.{{cite web|title=住宅倒壊などの情報 北海道 厚真町|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20180906/k10011611521000.html|publisher=NHK|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906121707/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20180906/k10011611521000.html|archive-date=6 September 2018|url-status=dead}}
The East Nippon Expressway Company reported these expressways in Hokkaido were subject to closures after the quake:{{cite web |url=https://www.e-nexco.co.jp/emc/info_20180905090117.html |title=北海道管内で地震による通行止めを実施しています |trans-title=We are carrying out a road closure due to an earthquake within Hokkaido |date=6 September 2018 |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906104949/https://www.e-nexco.co.jp/emc/info_20180905090117.html |publisher=East Nippon Expressway Company |archive-date=6 September 2018}}
=Economic impact=
The blackout had a severe impact on the farming and fishing industries in Hokkaido. The prefecture provides half of Japan's raw milk, but without power for refrigeration or operating the milking equipment, the cows could not be milked and the product was wasted. Other produce, such as onions and potatoes, could not be kept cool or shipped away due to the closure of the rail network. As a result, an estimated 13.6 billion yen worth of perishable goods was discarded.{{Cite news|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180907_17/|title=Farmers, fishers struggling after Hokkaido quake|work=NHK World-Japan|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221241/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180907_17/|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status=dead}}
The tourism industry in Hokkaido was hit hard by the immediate effects of the earthquake including delays and cancellations caused by the quakes' impact to transportation infrastructure; moreover, perceptions of the area as being dangerous due to aftershocks and general fear of earthquakes caused a decrease in tourism to the area. The total impact of the earthquake was estimated to cost the tourism industry approximately 35.6 billion yen as of October 2018.
Seismic intensity
File:2018_Iburi_earthquake_intensity_map.jpg
The earthquake was the first to have ever reached a maximum level of 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale, or Shindo scale, in Hokkaido{{Cite news|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASL96530CL96UTIL04K.html|title=厚真町は震度７ 北海道内で史上初の観測 気象庁|work=The Asahi Shimbun|access-date=7 September 2018|language=ja|archive-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906083946/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASL96530CL96UTIL04K.html|url-status=dead}} and the sixth in Japan since the system was put in place in 1949.{{Citation needed|reason=The information is correct per the Japanese page :ja:震度7, but a citation is needed|date=September 2018}}
| class="wikitable"
|+ Cities and municipalities impacted by a seismic intensity level of 5 or more{{Cite web|url=https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/headline/earthquake20180906/|script-title=ja:北海道胆振地方中東部を震源とする地震について|publisher=日本首相官邸|date=6 September 2018|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906015018/https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/headline/earthquake20180906/|language=ja|url-status=live}} ! style="white-space:nowrap;width:2em"|Intensity ! City or municipality name |
| style="background: #b40068"|7
| Atsuma |
|---|
| style="background: #a50021"|6+ |
| style="background: #ff2800"|6- |
| style="background: #ff9900"|5+
| Sapporo, Tomakomai, Ebetsu, Mikasa, Chitose, Eniwa, Naganuma, Shinhidaka |
| style="background: #ffe600"|5-
| Hakodate, Muroran, Iwamizawa, Noboribetsu, Date, Kitahiroshima, Ishikari, Shinshinotsu, Nanporo, Yuni, Kuriyama, Shiraoi |
Long Period Ground Motion
The earthquake was also the first ever LPGM Class IV intensity observed in Hokkaido.{{Cite web |title=気象庁｜長周期地震動に関する情報（試行） |url=https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eew/data/ltpgm_explain/data/past/20180906030805/index.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency}}
| class="wikitable"
|+Locations with an observed LPGM Class II and higher !Class !Prefecture !Location |
| style="background:#a50021; color:#fff" |IV
|Hokkaido |Southern Ishikari, Central and Eastern Iburi |
|---|
| rowspan="1" style="background:#fee600" |II
|Hokkaido |Northern and Central Ishikari, Northern and Eastern Shiribeshi, Southern Sorachi, Southern Kamikawa, Central and Western Hidaka, Central Tokachi |
Casualties
There were 41 confirmed deaths resulting from the earthquake. 691 people were reported to be injured, 17 of which were reported to be serious cases. Thirty-six of the deaths were in Atsuma. The region was inundated by Typhoon Jebi, the strongest typhoon to hit Japan in a quarter of a century, the day before the earthquake struck. The earthquake triggered landslides in the wet soil the typhoon left behind which killed multiple people.{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/06/landslides-power-outages-powerful-earthquake-hits-japan/|title=Hokkaido earthquake: Eight dead as landslides and power outages hit northern Japan|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=6 September 2018 |date=6 September 2018|last1=Staff|first1=Our Foreign}}
Response
=Domestic=
File:Fourth Ministerial Council meeting on the Iburi earthquake in eastern Hokkaido in 2018.jpg Shinzō Abe holding a meeting in response to the earthquake.]]
Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that 25,000 members of the Japan Self-Defense Forces would be deployed to Hokkaido to assist in disaster relief efforts. Also, he announced that he would temporarily suspend his campaign to be re-elected as President of the Liberal Democratic Party. His competitor, Shigeru Ishiba, also postponed some campaign activities.{{cite web|title=Powerful quake paralyses Hokkaido in latest disaster to hit Japan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-quake/powerful-quake-kills-at-least-four-paralyses-japans-hokkaido-idUSKCN1LL2QK|author=Kaori Kaneko, Chang-Ran Kim|agency=Reuters|access-date=6 September 2018}} Abe visited Sapporo and Atsuma three days after the earthquake. He met with local political leaders and residents who were living at temporary shelters. After his visit, the prime minister announced that the government would allocate 540 million yen from reserves to aid in Hokkaido's recovery.{{cite news| title=Japan PM Abe visits quake-hit Hokkaido as death toll rises to 42| url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2163442/japan-pm-abe-visits-quake-hit-hokkaido-death-toll-rises-42| work= South China Morning Post| date=9 September 2018| access-date=3 December 2018}}
The Japan national football team cancelled a friendly match scheduled for 7 September against Chile in the Sapporo Dome. The team sent their condolences to the victims of the earthquake.{{cite web|title=Japan vs. Chile cancelled after earthquake hits Sapporo|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/japan/story/3625237/japan-vs-chile-cancelled-after-earthquake-hits-sapporo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=6 September 2018|date=6 September 2018}}
Rescue teams from Aomori Prefecture and Tokyo traveled to Hokkaido by the Seikan ferry to assist in the relief efforts.{{cite web|title=新幹線運休、青森からフェリーで対岸へ|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20180907/k00/00m/040/046000c|publisher=Mainichi Shimbun|access-date=6 September 2018}}{{cite web|title=東京消防庁 救助の専門部隊 北海道に派遣|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20180906/k10011613111000.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906121852/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20180906/k10011613111000.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2018|publisher=NHK|access-date=7 September 2018}}
Nintendo postponed its Nintendo Direct series release for a week in light of the disaster.{{cite web|title=Nintendo Direct Postponed due to Hokkaido Earthquake|url=https://www.newsweek.com/nintendo-direct-postponed-delayed-earthquake-japan-1109023|author=Martinez, Phillip |publisher=Newsweek|access-date=6 September 2018|date=6 September 2018}}
Facebook activated its safety check in response to the earthquake.{{cite web|title=The Earthquake in Hokkaido, Japan Crisis Response| via=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/crisisresponse/chitose-hokkaido-earthquake-sep06-2018/about/?source=bookmark|access-date=6 September 2018}} Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko visited Atsuma on 15 November to get in touch with the victims of the earthquake and landslides. Akihito also surveyed the area impacted by the landslides.{{cite news |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20181115/k10011711861000.html |title=天皇皇后両陛下 北海道地震の被災者をお見舞い 厚真町 |trans-title=The Emperor and Empress visit the victims of the Hokkaido Earthquake in Atsuma |date= 15 November 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119060419/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20181115/k10011711861000.html |publisher=NHK |archive-date=19 November 2018}}
File:Ground surface in northern Atsuma Town after 2018 earthquake.jpg
=International=
South Korean President Moon Jae-in, in response to typhoons and the earthquake, sent a Twitter message to Shinzō Abe on the sixth of September stating: "I express my condolences to the victims of the Kansai typhoon and the Hokkaido earthquake, and I wish comfort to those who have lost their families or were injured." He also voiced that Japan seems like they coped well with the various disasters that plagued the country in 2018.{{cite tweet |user=moonriver365 |number=1037667863346077696 |date=6 September 2018 |title=일본 국민과 아베 신조}}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- {{citation|doi=10.1785/0220190131|title=Rupture Directivity Analysis of the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake and Its Seismotectonic Implication|journal=Seismological Research Letters|volume=90|issue=6|pages=2121–2131|year=2019|last1=Zang|first1=Chong|last2=Ni|first2=Sidao|last3=Shen|first3=Zhichao|bibcode=2019SeiRL..90.2121Z |s2cid=210310695 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/90/6/2121/4856352/srl-2019131.1.pdf}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- {{cite web |title=About the Hokkaido Iburi Earthquake from the Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet |url=https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/headline/earthquake20180906/ |language=ja}}
- {{EQ-isc-link|612697604}}
{{Earthquakes in 2018}}
{{Earthquakes in Japan}}
{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Japan}}
Category:Earthquakes of the Heisei era
Category:Earthquakes in Hokkaido