:Handshake

File:Shalmaneser III greets Marduk-zakir-shumi, detail, front panel, Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum.jpg (right) shakes the hand of Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi I (left), 9th century BCE]]

The handshake may have originated in prehistory as a demonstration of peaceful intent, since it shows that the hand holds no weapon.{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-origin-of-the-handshake |title=The History of the Handshake |website=History.com |date=16 March 2020 }}{{Better source needed|date=May 2024}} Another possibility is that it originated as a symbolic gesture of mutual commitment to an oath or promise: two hands clasping each other represents the sealing of a bond. One of the earliest known depictions of a handshake is an ancient Assyrian relief of the 9th century BC depicting the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III clasping the hand of the Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi I to seal an alliance.{{Cite web|last=Andrews|first=Evan|title=The History of the Handshake|url=https://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-origin-of-the-handshake|access-date=18 July 2020|website=HISTORY|language=en}}File:ACMA 1333 Samian decree 2.JPG and Athena handshaking, late 5th century BC, Acropolis Museum, Athens]]

Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that handshaking was practiced in ancient Greece (where it was called dexiosis) as early as the 5th century BC. For example, a depiction of two soldiers joining hands can be found on part of a 5th-century BC funerary stele that is on display in Berlin's Pergamon Museum (stele SK1708){{cite web

|url=https://plus.google.com/photos/+ChrisThomasmiltoncontact/albums/5375908723525279169/5375911583917789890?pid=5375911583917789890&oid=107595387761034666575

|title = Handshake – Priest and two soldiers, 500BC. Pergamon Museum Berlin (SK1708)

|work = Picasa Web Albums

|first = Chris

|last = Thomas

|access-date = 4 September 2011

|date = 27 August 2009

}} and on other funerary steles, such as one from the 4th century BC that depicts Thraseas and his wife Euandria shaking hands.{{Cite book

|last = Busterson

|first = Philip A.

|title = Social Rituals of the British

}}

File:Nerva Aureus Concordia.png (AD 97)]]

Depictions of handshakes also appear in Archaic Greek, Etruscan and Roman funerary and non-funerary art.{{cite journal |last=Davies |first=Glenys |title=The Significance of the Handshake Motif in Classical Funerary Art |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |year=1985 |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=627–640 |doi=10.2307/504204 |jstor=504204 |s2cid=191645710 }} Muslim scholars have written that the custom of handshaking was introduced to them by the people of Yemen.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28KCOnhdJHsC&pg=RA1-PT256|title=Riyad-us-Saliheen|last=IslamKotob|publisher=IslamKotob|language=en}}

File:Mr. M K Mishra, IOFS.jpg

File:Handshake.jpg

File:Tennis shake hands after match.jpg

File:Leaders welcoming boy into Mexico Scouting.jpg, March 2010, Mexico City, Mexico. Note the left-handed handshake.]]

File:Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House 1993-09-13.jpg, U.S. President Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat at the Oslo Accords signing ceremony on 13 September 1993]]

There are various customs surrounding handshakes, both generally and specific to certain cultures:

The handshake is commonly done upon meeting, greeting, parting, offering congratulations, expressing gratitude, or as a public sign of completing a business or diplomatic agreement. In sports, it is also done as a sign of good sportsmanship. Its purpose is to convey trust, respect, balance, and equality.{{cite web

|url = https://www.gq.com/style/style-guy/miscellany/200006/women-hand-shaking

|title = Shaking hands with women

|work = GQ

|publisher = Condé Nast Digital

|year = 2000

|access-date = 4 September 2011

|archive-date = 24 April 2015

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150424014803/http://www.gq.com/style/style-guy/miscellany/200006/women-hand-shaking

|url-status = dead

}} If it is done to form an agreement, the agreement is not official until the hands are parted.

Unless health issues or local customs dictate otherwise, a handshake is made usually with bare hands. It depends on the situation.{{Cite book

|last = Post

|first = Emily

|title = Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home

|location = New York

|publisher = Funk & Wagnalls

|year = 1922

|at = Chapter 3

}}

• In Anglophone countries, handshaking is common in business situations. In casual non-business situations, men are more likely to shake hands than women.{{cite web |url=http://whydopeople.net/why-do-people-shake-hands/ |title=Why Do People Shake Hands? | Why Do People |publisher=whydopeople.net |year=2012 |access-date=21 May 2012}}
• In the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, a traditional handshake is firm, executed with the right hand, with good posture and eye contact. A handshake where both parties are standing up is deemed as good etiquette.{{Cite web |last=Rick |date=2021-11-18 |title=The art of a good handshake in a[sic] interview or meeting – News & Insights |url=https://hterecruitment.co.uk/the-art-of-a-good-handshake-in-a-interview-or-meeting-news-insights/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=HtE Recruitment |language=en-GB}}
• Austrians shake hands when meeting, often including with children.
• In the Netherlands and Belgium, handshakes are done more often, especially on meeting.{{Cite web|url=https://theconnectedwoman.com/whoops/|title=Whoops! > The Connected Woman Association}}{{cite web |url=http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=PHR3102 |title=Shaking Hands Around the World |publisher=wisc-online.com |year=2012 |access-date=21 May 2012}}
• In Denmark, the final step in acquiring Danish citizenship is a ceremony at which a handshake with a local official is specifically required (gloves may not be worn).{{cite web |title=Handshakes high on the agenda as Denmark's immigration minister awards nine citizenships |url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20190118/handshakes-high-on-the-agenda-as-denmarks-immigration-minister-awards-nine-citizenships |website=The Local |access-date=8 June 2024}}
• In Norway, where a firm handshake is preferred, people most often shake hands when agreeing on deals, in private and business relations.
• In Russia, a handshake is performed between men and rarely performed by women.{{Cite web|url=https://www.languageconnections.com/blog/friends-greeting-around-the-world/|title=Friends Greeting Around the World|date=1 July 2022}}
• In Switzerland, it may be expected to shake the women's hands first.
• In Israel, handshakes are standard among Jews (other than ultra-religious Jews, between genders), but not among Arabs.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvVPTD4Cv84C&dq=handshakes+israel+etiquette&pg=PA291 | title=Business Etiquette for Dummies | isbn=9781118051573 | last1=Fox | first1=Sue | date=31 January 2011 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I2DwAAQBAJ&dq=handshakes+israel+etiquette&pg=PA153 | title=Etiquette and Taboos around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Customs | isbn=9781440838217 | last1=Taylor | first1=Ken | last2=Williams | first2=Victoria R. | date=5 October 2017 | publisher=Abc-Clio }}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObyrcJ-Ksv8C&dq=handshakes+israel+etiquette&pg=PA45 | title=The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa and the Middle East: Everything You Need to Know for Business and Travel Success | isbn=9780471272823 | last1=Foster | first1=Dean | date=October 2002 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}
• In some countries such as Turkey or the Arabic-speaking Middle East, handshakes are not as firm as in the West. Consequently, a grip that is too firm is rude.
• Moroccans will give a soft handshake to someone of the same gender, along with one kiss on each cheek (lips don't touch the cheek unless they are family).{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQpSAAAAQBAJ&dq=handshakes+etiquette+morocco&pg=PT238 | title=Hospitality and Tourism Management in Africa | isbn=9781469144665 | last1=Ubani | first1=Lumumba Umunna | date=9 February 2012 | publisher=Xlibris Corporation }} The handshake may be followed by lightly touching one's heart with one's right hand.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLMuDwAAQBAJ&dq=handshakes+etiquette+morocco+heart&pg=PT1110 | title=Lonely Planet Morocco | isbn=9781787010093 | last1=Planet | first1=Lonely | last2=Lee | first2=Jessica | last3=Atkinson | first3=Brett | last4=Clammer | first4=Paul | last5=Maxwell | first5=Virginia | last6=Louis | first6=Regis St | last7=Parkes | first7=Lorna | date=August 2017 | publisher=Lonely Planet }}{{Cite book

|title = Etiquette in het buitenland

|trans-title=Etiquette Abroad

|language = nl

|first1 = Kevin

|last1 = Strubbe

|first2 = Liesbeth

|last2 = Hobert

|location = Leuven

|publisher = Van Halewyck

|year = 2009

|isbn = 978-90-5617-910-6

}}

• In Armenia, handshakes are the most common greetings between men, optionally followed by a kiss on the cheek if the two parties have a close relationship.  Traditionally, a woman needs to wait for the man to present his hand for the handshake. Women usually greet each other with hugs and a kiss on the cheek.{{Cite web |title=Culture Crossing |url=https://guide.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=7&CID=11 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=guide.culturecrossing.net}}
• In China, age is considered important in handshake etiquette, and older people should be greeted with a handshake before others.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/54063/what-proper-handshake-etiquette-around-world|title=What is Proper Handshake Etiquette Around the World?|date=5 December 2013|website=www.mentalfloss.com|language=en|access-date=28 March 2020}} A weak handshake is also preferred, but people shaking hands often hold on to each other's hands for an extended period after the initial handshake.
• In Japan, there is not a tradition of shaking hands and it is preferred to formally bow to each other (with hands open by their sides). Japanese people may greet foreigners with a handshake; foreigners are advised to let Japanese people initiate any handshakes, and a weak handshake is preferred. A curious exception are so-called handshake events.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kECtDAAAQBAJ&dq=handshake+event+japan&pg=PA187 | title=True Crime Japan: Thieves, Rascals, Killers and Dope Heads: True Stories from a Japanese Courtroom | isbn=9781462918973 | last1=Murphy | first1=Paul | date=2 August 2016 | publisher=Tuttle }}
• In Korea, a senior person will initiate a handshake, which is preferred to be weak. It is a sign of respect to grasp the right arm with the left hand when shaking hands. It is considered disrespectful to put the free hand in one's pocket while shaking hands.{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/04/23/178650537/bill-gates-handshake-with-south-koreas-park-sparks-debate|title=Bill Gates' Handshake With South Korea's Park Sparks Debate|website=NPR.org|date=23 April 2013|last1=Chappell|first1=Bill}} Bowing is the preferred and conventional way of greeting a person in Korea.{{Cite web|url=https://10mag.com/understanding-south-korean-business-etiquette/|title=Understanding South Korean Business Etiquette|date=22 March 2018}}
• In Thailand, handshaking is only done if the traditional wai is not offered. When a person offers a wai, placing their palms together at chest level and bowing, this is then returned, with men saying “Sawadee-krap” and women saying “Sawadee-kah” (both mean “Hello").
• In India and several nearby countries, the respectful Namaste gesture, sometimes combined with a slight bow, is traditionally used in place of handshakes. Handshakes are preferred in business and other formal settings.
• In some areas of Africa{{which|date=July 2022}}, handshakes are continually held to show that the conversation is between the two talking. If they are not shaking hands, others are permitted to enter the conversation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/south-coast-herald/233477/16-things-that-explain-the-modern-handshake-and-how-it-differs-around-the-world/|title=16 Ways the modern handshake can differ around the world|first=Pongrass|last=Import|date=13 September 2017}}
• Masai men in Africa greet one another by a subtle touch of palms of their hands for a very brief moment of time.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/shake-hands-like-gentleman/|title=How To Shake Hands Like A Gentleman - Handshake Etiquette For Confident Introductions|date=15 December 2019}}
• In Liberia, the snap handshake is customary in which the two shakers snap their fingers against each other at the conclusion of the handshake.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29260185|title=Ebola outbreak: How Liberia lost its handshake|work=BBC News |date=20 September 2014}}
• In Ethiopia, it is considered rude to use the left hand during a handshake. While greeting the elderly or a person in authority, it is also customary to accompany the handshake with a bow and the left hand supporting the right.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lalmba.org/2020/05/04/lalmba-news-vol-57-no-2/|title=Lalmba News, Vol. 57 No. 2 | Lalmba|first=Rob|last=Andzik|date=4 May 2020}}
• In Indonesia, it is considered rude to use one's left hand as it is a hand designated for unclean duties. A medium to soft handshake grip is sufficient, since gripping too hard could be considered rude or an act of aggression.{{Cite web|url=https://aiya.org.au/2015/01/19/culture-customs-and-traditions-greetings-in-indonesia/ |title=Culture, customs and traditions: Greetings in Indonesia – Australia-Indonesia Youth Association }}

• Related to a handshake but more casual, some people prefer a fist bump. Typically the fist bump is done with a clenched hand. Only the knuckles of the hand are typically touched to the knuckles of the other person's hand. Unlike the formality of a handshake, the fist bump is typically not used to seal a business deal or in formal business settings.[https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/07/19/331809186/in-the-world-of-global-gestures-the-fist-bump-stands-alone]{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=5425459&page=1|title=Can the fist bump mix with business?|website=ABC News}}
• The hand hug is a type of handshake popular with politicians, as it can present them as being warm, friendly, trustworthy and honest. This type of handshake involves covering the clenched hands with the remaining free hand, creating a sort of "cocoon".{{Cite book

|title = Handshake: Student's Book: A Course in Communication

|publisher = OUP Oxford

|date=7 November 1996

|isbn = 978-90-5617-910-6

}}

• In the sport of fencing, after the Olga Kharlan handshaking incident in 2023, the International Fencing Federation changed its rules so that the previously required handshakes between fencers at the end of a bout would become optional, with a distance greeting permitted instead.{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1139359/fie-eases-handshake-rules|title=FIE agrees to make handshake optional after Kharlan controversy|date=29 July 2023|website=www.insidethegames.biz}}{{Cite web |title=International Fencing Federation decides to cancel mandatory handshake |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/07/29/7413359/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=en}}

File:Do Not Shake.svg

Handshakes are known to spread a number of microbial pathogens. Certain diseases such as scabies are known to spread most frequently through direct skin-to-skin contact. A medical study has found that fist bumps and high fives spread fewer germs than handshakes. During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the dean of medicine at the University of Calgary, Tom Feasby, suggested that fist bumps may be a "nice replacement of the handshake" in an effort to prevent transmission of the virus.

Following a 2010 study that showed that only about 40% of doctors and other health care providers complied with hand hygiene rules in hospitals, Mark Sklansky, a doctor at UCLA hospital, decided to test "a handshake-free zone" as a method for limiting the spread of germs and reducing the transmission of disease.{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/880856|title=Handshake-Free Zone: Stopping the Spread of Germs in the Hospital|website=Medscape}} UCLA did not ban the handshakes outright, but rather suggested other options such as fist bumping, smiling, bowing, waving, and non-contact Namaste gestures. Other sources suggest raised brows, wai bow, two claps, hand over heart, sign language wave, or the shaka sign.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-04-17 |title=Stop shaking hands. Do this instead |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/handshake-alternatives-gestures-around-world-trnd/index.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=CNN |language=en}}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several countries and organisations adopted policies encouraging people to use alternative modes of greeting instead of a handshake.BBC News, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-51820520/coronavirus-dutch-pm-tells-nation-not-to-shake-hands-then-does Coronavirus: Dutch PM tells nation not to shake hands – then does], published 10 March 2020, accessed 14 March 2020 Suggested alternatives included the elbow bump, the fist bump, foot tappingBBC News, [https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-51726440/coronavirus-the-wuhan-shake-or-the-elbow-bump Coronavirus: The 'Wuhan shake' or the elbow bump?], published 3 March 2020, accessed 17 May 2020 or non-contact actions for social distancing purposes, such as fist-and-palm{{cite web|url=https://trafo.hypotheses.org/26546 |title=Social Distance, Hygiene and the Handshake: a Chinese Perspective |first=Barbara |last=Mittler |date=26 February 2021 |doi=10.58079/uszm }} or namaste gesture.{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/12/814076913/nice-to-meet-you-but-how-to-greet-you-nohandshake-leaves-businesspeople-hanging|title=Nice To Meet You, But How To Greet You? #NoHandshake Leaves Businesspeople Hanging|last=Noguchi|first=Yuki|date=12 March 2020|work=NPR|access-date=16 March 2020}} Footshaking was also suggested.{{cite web |last1=Raymond |first1=Adam K. |title=Public Health Experts: Try 'Footshake' Instead of Handshake to Avoid Coronavirus |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/public-health-experts-try-footshake-instead-of-handshake.html |website=Intelligencer |access-date=25 January 2021 |language=en-us |date=2 March 2020}}

It has been discovered as a part of research at Israel's Weizmann Institute that human handshakes serve as a means of transferring social chemical signals between the shakers. It appears that there is a tendency to bring the shaken hands to the vicinity of the nose and smell them. They may serve an evolutionary need to learn about the person whose hand was shaken, replacing a more overt sniffing behavior, as is common among animals and in certain human cultures (such as Tuvalu, Greenland or rural Mongolia, where a quick sniff is part of the traditional greeting ritual).{{cite journal|author1=Idan Frumin|author2=Ofer Perl|author3=Yaara Endevelt-Shapira|author4=Ami Eisen|author5=Neetai Eshel|author6=Iris Heller|author7=Maya Shemesh|author8=Aharon Ravia|author9=Lee Sela|author10=Anat Arzi|author11=Noam Sobel|title=A social chemosignaling function for human handshaking|journal=eLife |volume=4|date=3 March 2015|doi=10.7554/eLife.05154|pmid=25732039|pmc=4345842 |doi-access=free }}

File:Guiness World Record- Handshaking.jpg

In 1963, Lance Dowson shook 12,500 individuals' hands in {{frac|10|1|2}} hours, in Wrexham, N. Wales.

Atlantic City, New Jersey Mayor Joseph Lazarow was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records for a July 1977 publicity stunt, in which the mayor shook more than 11,000 hands in a single day, breaking the record previously held by President Theodore Roosevelt, who had set the record with 8,510 handshakes at a White House reception on January 1, 1907.{{Cite web |date=1906-12-30 |title=Most handshakes by a head of state |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/65487-most-handshakes-by-a-head-of-state |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}

On 27 May 2008, Kevin Whittaker and Cory Jens broke the Guinness World Record for the World's Longest Handshake (single hand) in San Francisco, California, by shaking hands for 9 hours and 30 minutes, besting the previous record of 9 hours and 19 minutes set in 2006.{{cite news |author=Fimrite |first=Peter |date=Fall 2008 |title=Two friends shake hands for 9.5 hours in SF to set a new world record |work=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher=Info Domain |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Two-friends-shake-hands-for-9-5-hours-in-SF-to-3282902.php |access-date=27 May 2008}} This record stood briefly until 16 August 2008 when Kirk Williamson and Richard McCulley were recognized by Guinness World Records for the longest time two people shook hands uninterruptedly for 10 hours at Aloha Stadium in Aiea, Hawaii. On 21 September 2009, Jack Tsonis and Lindsay Morrison then broke that record by shaking hands for 12 hours, 34 minutes and 56 seconds.{{cite news

|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/21/2691474.htm

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710053518/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/21/2691474.htm

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=10 July 2010

|title=Great shakes! World record raises charity funds

|publisher = ABC News

|date=21 September 2009

|access-date = 9 September 2011

|first = Mhairi

|last = McClymont

}} Their record was broken less than a month later in Claremont, California, when John-Clark Levin and George Posner shook hands for 15 hours, 15 minutes, and 15 seconds. The next month, on 21 November, Matthew Rosen and Joe Ackerman surpassed this feat, with a new world record time of 15 hours, 30 minutes and 45 seconds.{{cite news

|url=http://www.thejc.com/community/community-life/24504/movers-and-shakers

|title = Movers and shakers – an article on the new World Record

|work = The Jewish Chronicle

|date = 3 December 2009

|access-date = 9 September 2011

}}

At 8 p.m. EST on Friday 14 January 2011 a new attempt at the longest hand-shake commenced in New York City's Times Square and the existing record was broken by semi-professional world record-breaker Alastair Galpin.{{Cite news

|url=http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/society/longest_Handshake_Team_New_Zealand_and_Team_Nepal_set_world_record_112070.html

|title = Longest Handshake: Team New Zealand and Team Nepal set world record

|publisher = Worldrecordsacademy.org

|location = New York City

|date = 18 January 2011

|access-date = 4 September 2011

}}{{cite web

|url=http://www.worldrecordchase.com/achieved-records.html

|title = Records achieved

|publisher = WorldRecordChase.com

|first = Alastair

|last = Galpin

|access-date = 4 September 2011

|at = Longest continuous handshake

}}{{cite web

|url=http://tvnz.co.nz//national-news/kiwis-break-world-record-handshake-4000587

|title = Kiwis break world record for a handshake

|publisher = Television New Zealand Limited

|date = 17 January 2011 |access-date = 9 September 2011

}}

On 29 January 2020, a new world record for the longest handshaking relay was set by approximately 1,817 people in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, at Umm Al Emarat Park in an event organized by the Abu Dhabi Police to celebrate the 1 year anniversary of the signing of the Document on Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together in the city.{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/abu-dhabi/video-human-chain-of-love-in-uae-sets-world-record|title=Video: 'Human chain of love' in UAE sets world record|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|website=Khaleej Times|language=en|access-date=31 January 2020}}

File:Αθήνα - Διεθνής Αερολιμένας 0399.jpg|Hoplite greeting an older man with slave carrying the aspis

File:Funerary stele of Thrasea and Euandria Antikensammlung Berlin 01.jpg|Funerary stele of Thrasea and Euandria. Marble, ca. 375–350 BC. Antikensammlung Berlin, Pergamon Museum, 738

File:OTArsameiaSockelIIIDexiosis.jpg|Antiochus I Theos of Commagene, shaking hands with Heracles 70–38 BC, Arsameia.

File:British and American Troops meet on the Anzio Road.jpg|British and American troops shake hands on the Anzio Road during World War II.

{{div col|colwidth=14em}}

• Dap greeting
• Golden handshake
• Greeting habits
• Handshake Man
• Holding hands
• Scout handshake
• Secret handshake
• Transmission (medicine)

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{commons-inline}}
• {{Wiktionary-inline}}
• {{Wikiquote-inline}}
• [http://www.videacesky.cz/ostatni-zabavna-videa/gesta-napric-kulturami Gesta napříč kulturami - Videacesky.cz]

{{Gestures}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Greetings

Category:Parting traditions

Category:Hand gestures

Category:Disease transmission