:Indian Railways

{{Main|Rail transport in India#History}}

In 1832 the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at Madras was made.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ|title=Reports, Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency|last1=Smith|first1=John Thomas|year=1839|publisher=University of Virginia|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713020727/https://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}{{cite report|url=https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=Indian Railways|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101121/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|url-status=live}} In 1835, a railway track was constructed between Red Hills and Chintadripet in Madras and became operational in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam engine imported from England and was used for ferrying granite.{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065026/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|url-status=live}}

File:Tanna Railway Viaduct.jpg

File:Railway map india ILN 1865.jpg

The Madras Railway was established in 1845 and the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated in 1849. Temporary railway lines were built such as the railway line at Dowleswaram built by Arthur Cotton to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River in 1845 and the Solani aqueduct railway, built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani river in 1851. In 1852, a steam locomotive imported from England was tried at Byculla.{{cite report |url= https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf |title=First running of a railway locomotive in India |publisher=Indian Railways |page=6 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204222555/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf |url-status=live}} In 1853, the first passenger train on {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge ran for {{convert|34|km}} between Bombay and Thane which had 14-carriages carrying 400 people, hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh and Sultan.{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr |title=When India's first train blew steam |date=25 April 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url= http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html |title=164 Years Ago On This Day, India's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane |work=India Times |date=16 April 2017 |access-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170729114445/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live}} This day is considered to be the formation date of the Indian Railways and is marked annually as Indian Railways Day.{{cite news |url= https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/evolve/celebrating-indian-railways-day-in-april-1503296757.html |title=Celebrating Indian Railways Day in April |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=The Statesman}}{{cite web |url= https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/celebrating-171-years-of-indian-railways-but-no-real-photos-available-today-13764348.html |title=Celebrating 171 years of Indian Railways, but no real-photos available today |date=27 April 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=Firstpost}}

The Thane viaducts, the first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854. Eastern India's first passenger train ran {{convert|24|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} from Howrah, near Kolkata, to Hoogly on 15 August 1854. The construction of the first main line in the South between Royapuram in Madras and Arcot started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July 1856.{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr |title=On Forgotten Road |date=31 March 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}} On 24 February 1873, a horse-drawn {{convert|3.8|km||abbr=on}} tram opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat street.{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/150th-anniversary-calcutta-trams-8469537/|title=150th anniversary of Calcutta trams: A brief history of trams in India|date=28 February 2023|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108181137/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/150th-anniversary-calcutta-trams-8469537/|url-status=live}} On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel.{{cite report|url=http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/exhibits/show/mumbai_development/trams|title=The Evolution of Trams in Mumbai|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011232644/http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/exhibits/show/mumbai_development/trams|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}} In 1879, the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established which built railway lines across the then Hyderabad State from Kachiguda.{{cite book|last1=Jaganath|first1=Santosh|title=The History of Nizam's Railways System|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-312-49647-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&pg=PA98|page=98|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331165646/https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&pg=PA98#v=snippet&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&f=false|url-status=live}} In 1877, an Ajmer built F-1/734 Steam Locomotive became the first indigenously built locomotive in India.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/oldest-locomotive-built-in-ajmer-pride-of-delhi/articleshow/59888386.cms|title=Oldest locomotive: Built in Ajmer, pride of Delhi|date=3 August 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/oldest-locomotive-built-in-ajmer-pride-of-delhi/articleshow/59888386.cms|url-status=live}} In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced with Jodhpur Railway, the first to introduce electric lighting as a standard fixture.

File:India showing railways open and under construction en 30-6-14. 1-4.055.040 Published under the direction of Colonel S. G. Burrard,.. . surveyor general of India - btv1b53209779f.jpg

The first railway budget was presented in 1924. On 3 February 1925, the first electric train ran between Bombay and Kurla, hauled by a SLM electric locomotive on DC traction.{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=Evolution of Electric Locomotives|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030913/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|url-status=live}} In 1925, the first Electric Multiple Units (EMU) were introduced in Bombay with 1500 V DC units imported from Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik.{{cite report |url= https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm |title=Electrification history |publisher= Indian Railways |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=

https://web.archive.org/web/20170609072045/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|url-status=dead}} Chennai suburban railway started operating in 1931 with a single metre-gauge line from Chennai Beach to Tambaram. In the period between 1925 and 1944, the management of the railway companies in the British presidencies and provinces was taken over by the Government.{{cite report |url= https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|title=Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112529/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |url-status=live}}

In 1950, there were about 42 different railway companies operating about {{cvt|55000|km|abbr=on}} tracks across the country.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/Indian%20Railways%20Whistling%20Ahead-%20%20Story%20of%20Growth%20and%20Modernisation-Booklet.pdf|title=Modernisation booklet|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309113736/https://indianrailways.gov.in/Indian%20Railways%20Whistling%20Ahead-%20%20Story%20of%20Growth%20and%20Modernisation-Booklet.pdf|url-status=live}} These railway companies were amalgamated in steps to form a single entity named as Indian Railways.{{cite report|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/lsscommittee/Railways/16_Railways_13.pdf|title=Indian Railways|publisher=Parliament of India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403053145/https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/lsscommittee/Railways/16_Railways_13.pdf|url-status=live}} In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for re-organizing Indian Railways into six regional zones with the Southern (14 April 1951), Central (5 November 1951), and Western (5 November 1951) zones being the first to be created.{{cite report|url=https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|title=Overview of Indian Railways|publisher=National Academy of Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180850/https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|title=Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329003421/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|url-status=live}} In 1952, fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in passenger trains and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches. The first diesel locomotive used in India was fabricated by North British Locomotive Company in 1954.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/WR/Gandhidham.pdf|title=Gandhidham shed details|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/WR/Gandhidham.pdf|url-status=live}}

File:Red-icf-coach-indian-railways.jpg used by the Indian Railways till the late 1990s]]

The first locomotive manufacturing unit at Chittaranjan was commissioned in 1950.{{cite report|url=https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|title=Chittaranjan Locomotive works|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201102037/https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|url-status=live}} The first rail coaches were manufactured in India from 1956 when the Integral Coach Factory was established at Madras.{{cite report|url=https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|title=Tracing the roots|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101123227/https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|url-status=live}} In 1956, the first air-conditioned train plied between Howrah and New Delhi.{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|title=160 years of Indian Railways: Here's how AC trains were kept cool|date=2 April 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808205412/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|url-status=live}} In 1957, Indian Railways adopted 25 kV AC traction with the first runs beginning in December 1959 with the WAM-1 locomotives. The first containerized freight rail transport began between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966. In 1969, the Government of India announced the introduction of a new express train capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}} in the railway budget and the first Rajdhani Express was flagged off from New Delhi to Howrah in March 1969.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|title=Kolkata loses last connect to first Rajdhani|date=22 May 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106172924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|title=Railway Budget of 1969–70|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415063519/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|url-status=live}} In 1974, Indian Railways endured a 20-day strike.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/08/archives/strike-of-indian-rail-workers-begins-tension-high-with-food.html|title=Strike of Indian Rail Workers Begins|date=8 May 1974|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=29 March 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329044541/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/08/archives/strike-of-indian-rail-workers-begins-tension-high-with-food.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/better-jail-than-rail-fernandes-slogan-that-led-to-asias-biggest-railway-strike/articleshow/67742843.cms|title=Better jail than rail: George Fernandes' slogan that led to Asia's biggest railway strike in 1974|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=29 January 2019|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522075207/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/better-jail-than-rail-fernandes-slogan-that-led-to-asias-biggest-railway-strike/articleshow/67742843.cms|url-status=live}} The first metro rail was introduced in Calcutta on 24 October 1984.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-maps-evolution-of-its-ticketing-system/articleshow/98976615.cms|title=Kolkata Metro maps evolution of its ticketing system|date=24 March 2023|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-maps-evolution-of-its-ticketing-system/articleshow/98976615.cms|url-status=live}}

In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced.{{cite report|title=IT Audit of Indian Railways Passenger reservation System (2007)|url=http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712231120/http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017 |access-date=24 July 2017}} In 1988, the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi. Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in Delhi.{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/|title=Happy Birthday Indian Railways! First passenger train started 165 years ago; unknown facts about the network|date=16 April 2018|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051814/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/|archive-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live}} In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier and sleeper were introduced. In 1995, Chennai MRTS became the first operational elevated railway line in India.{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|title=Chennai Division, SR|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215180509/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|url-status=live}} Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in September 1996, coupon validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at Mumbai CSMT in 1998 and the nationwide concierge system began operation on 18 April 1999.

The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000. Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) was incorporated in 1999 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.{{cite web|url=https://irctc.com/about.html|title=About IRCTC|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180852/https://irctc.com/about.html|url-status=live}} In 2015, the first Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered trains were rolled out.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-cng-train-for-the-rewari-rohtak-section/indias-first-cng-train/slideshow/45895170.cms|title=India's first CNG train for the Rewari-Rohtak section|date=15 January 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-cng-train-for-the-rewari-rohtak-section/indias-first-cng-train/slideshow/45895170.cms|url-status=live}} Since 1925, the Railway budget was presented before the Union budget till 2016. The central government approved the merger of the Rail and General budgets from 2017.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/union-budget/why-was-railway-budget-merged-with-the-union-budget-1183565.html|title=Why was Railway Budget merged with the Union Budget?|date=22 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Deccan Herald|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180849/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/union-budget/why-was-railway-budget-merged-with-the-union-budget-1183565.html|url-status=live}} On 31 March 2017, Indian Railways announced a target of electrifying the entire rail network would be electrified by 2023.{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|title=48 per cent rail tracks electrified, aim to double it in 5 years: Govt|date=31 March 2017|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718224354/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=live}} In March 2020, Indian Railways announced a nationwide shutdown of passenger service to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in India with the freight operations continuing to transport essential goods.{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/26/coronavirus-puts-over-1-billion-people-in-india-on-21-day-lockdown-to-combat-spread.html|title=Coronavirus puts over 1 billion people in India on 21-day lockdown to combat spread|author1=Adam Jeffery|author2=Hannah Miller|date=26 March 2020|work=CNBC|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328205016/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/26/coronavirus-puts-over-1-billion-people-in-india-on-21-day-lockdown-to-combat-spread.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/03/23/coronavirus-indian-railways-cancels-passenger-train-services/|title=Indian Railways cancels passenger train services|newspaper=Business Traveller|access-date=1 December 2023|date=29 March 2020|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130104134/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/03/23/coronavirus-indian-railways-cancels-passenger-train-services/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-continuing-its-freight-operations-post-22-march-lockdown-11585314775866.html|title=How Indian Railways continuing its freight operations post lockdown|last=Nandi|first=Tamal|date=27 March 2020|work=Livemint|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330041832/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-continuing-its-freight-operations-post-22-march-lockdown-11585314775866.html|url-status=live}} The railways resumed passenger services in a phased manner in May 2020.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-railways-to-resume-select-passenger-train-services-from-may-12/article31551514.ece|title=Coronavirus lockdown: Railways to restart passenger services in phased manner|date=10 May 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222232333/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-railways-to-resume-select-passenger-train-services-from-may-12/article31551514.ece|url-status=live}}

File:Vande_Bharat_Express_around_Mumbai.jpg operating on a train-set built by ICF, is the fastest train in India]]

Starting in the 2010s, various infrastructure modernization projects have been undertaken including high-speed rail,{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|title=Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains|date=10 June 2014|access-date=22 June 2017|newspaper=Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222712/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-sign-deal-with-japan-to-get-first-bullet-train/article7961724.ece|title=India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 December 2015|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802071232/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-sign-deal-with-japan-to-get-first-bullet-train/article7961724.ece|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live }} redevelopment of 400 stations,{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/NV9ujsKfuh92SnrxtiC86H/Railways-appoints-IRSDC-as-nodal-agency-for-station-redevelo.htm|title=Railways appoints IRSDC as nodal agency for station redevelopment|date=23 December 2017|work=Livemint|access-date=5 December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} doubling tracks to reduce congestion,{{cite news|url=http://railengdigest.com/project-news/asia/indian-railways-converts-broad-gauge/|title=Indian Railways orders conversion to Broad Gauge|date=12 April 2017|work=Rail Digest|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102927/http://railengdigest.com/project-news/asia/indian-railways-converts-broad-gauge/|url-status=live}} refurbishing of coaches,{{cite news|title=Indian Railways gets first model rake of luxury 'Make in India' coaches|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/indian-railways-gets-first-model-rake-of-luxury-make-in-india-coaches/led-reading-lights/slideshow/50527595.cms|access-date=13 January 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114215143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/indian-railways-gets-first-model-rake-of-luxury-make-in-india-coaches/led-reading-lights/slideshow/50527595.cms|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Indian Railways unveils 'Make in India' train coaches with new look|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/192582/indian-railways-unveils-make-in-india-train-coaches-with-new-look-check-irctc-co-in/2/|access-date=13 January 2016|newspaper=The Financial Express|date=13 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115052117/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/192582/indian-railways-unveils-make-in-india-train-coaches-with-new-look-check-irctc-co-in/2/|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=live}} Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled tracking of trains{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-just-like-your-cabs-you-can-soon-track-trains-in-real-time-via-gps-2563623|title=Just like your cabs, you can soon track trains in real time via GPS|date=30 November 2017|work=DNA India|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071947/http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-just-like-your-cabs-you-can-soon-track-trains-in-real-time-via-gps-2563623|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}} and modernization of locomotives.{{cite news|title=Locomotive Factories in Bihar: In cold storage for years, two Railway projects to start soon|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/locomotive-factories-in-bihar-in-cold-storage-for-years-two-railway-projects-to-start-soon/|work=Indian Express|date=30 October 2015|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031004858/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/locomotive-factories-in-bihar-in-cold-storage-for-years-two-railway-projects-to-start-soon/|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=GE Gets $2.6 Billion Indian Railways Contract|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-to-help-modernize-indias-rail-system-1447080903|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=9 November 2015|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109183451/http://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-to-help-modernize-indias-rail-system-1447080903|archive-date=9 November 2015|url-status=live}} In 2018, a semi-high speed self-propelled train-set capable of reaching speeds of over {{cvt|160|kph}} was rolled out from ICF and the Vande Bharat Express was launched in 2019.{{cite news|date=20 February 2017|title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|access-date=20 May 2023|newspaper=The Financial Express|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520143845/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=29 October 2018|title=Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|access-date=20 May 2023|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160418/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|url-status=live}} Indian Railways announced plans to become a net-zero carbon emission railway by 2030 and has implemented rainwater harvesting at stations,{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155020|title=Rain Water Harvesting System In Indian Railway|date=7 December 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102329/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155020|url-status=live}} reforestation along the tracks,{{cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/india-plants-50-million-trees-uttar-pradesh-reforestation/|title=India Plants 50 Million Trees in One Day|work=National Geographic|date=July 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719005809/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/india-plants-50-million-trees-uttar-pradesh-reforestation/|url-status=live}} introduction of solar-powered trains,{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indias-first-solar-powered-demu-train-launched/article19281625.ece|title=India's first solar-powered DEMU train launched|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726225212/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indias-first-solar-powered-demu-train-launched/article19281625.ece|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=live}} installation of solar and wind power generation facilities,{{cite news|title=Northern Railways to Install 5 MW Rooftop Solar in Four of Its Stations|url=http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201130/http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|archive-date=3 March 2017|url-status=dead}} and sustainable LED lighting at all the stations.{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/target-of-installing-led-lights-at-all-stations-achieved-says-railways-118033100391_1.html|title=Target of installing LED lights at all stations achieved, says Railways|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2018|work=Business Standard|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622084301/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/target-of-installing-led-lights-at-all-stations-achieved-says-railways-118033100391_1.html|url-status=live}} Indian railways removed all unstaffed level crossings by 2019 with staffed level crossings being replaced by bridges.{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1575836|title=All unmanned level crossings (UMLCs) on Broad Gauge (BG) have been eliminated on 31st Jan 2019|date=12 May 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611154206/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145324|url-status=live}} Other safety projects include the extension of an automated fire alarm system to all air-conditioned coaches and GPS-enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System railway signalling devices.{{cite news|title=Indian Railways develops Automatic Fire and Smoke Detection System|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-railways-develops-automatic-fire-and-smoke-detection-system/|access-date=5 September 2013|work=Bihar Prabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908145221/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-railways-develops-automatic-fire-and-smoke-detection-system/|archive-date=8 September 2013|url-status=live}} In 2020, Indian Railways allowed the operation of private passenger trains for the first time with the first train flagged off from Coimbatore in June 2022.{{cite news|date=3 July 2020|first=Dipak K.|last=Dash|title=Private companies to run trains by April 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/private-companies-to-run-trains-by-april-2023/articleshow/76758683.cms|access-date=3 July 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711142627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/private-companies-to-run-trains-by-april-2023/articleshow/76758683.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-private-train-in-india-flagged-off-from-coimbatore-check-details-here-1963877-2022-06-18|title=First private train in India flagged off from Coimbatore, check details here|date=18 June 2022|work=India Today|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180849/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-private-train-in-india-flagged-off-from-coimbatore-check-details-here-1963877-2022-06-18|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Indian Railways organisational structure}}

{{Main|Zones and divisions of Indian Railways}}

Indian Railways is a state-owned enterprise that is organised as a departmental undertaking of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India.{{efn|name=SOE|In India, State-owned enterprises can be organised into three forms: Departmental undertakings, statutory corporations, or public companies. A departmental undertaking functions under the respective ministry or department of government, and is fully financed by the ministry.{{cite book|title=Committees And Commissions In India Vol. 7 : 1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ91j9FoHnEC&pg=PA128|author=Virendra Kumar|year=1976|isbn=978-8-17022-216-3|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=128}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Je6hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=Indian Administration|author1=Vishnoo Bhagwan|author2=Vidya Bhushan|isbn=978-8-12190-402-5|publisher=S. Chand Limited}}}}{{cite book|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/INDIAN%20RAILWAYS-WRITEUP_0.pdf|title=Statistical Year Book|chapter=Indian Railways|publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Debasish|title=Why isn't the Railways a PSU?|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/why-isnt-the-railways-a-psu/articleshow/7584262.cms?from=mdr|date=27 February 2019|access-date=23 August 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015846/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/why-isnt-the-railways-a-psu/articleshow/7584262.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}} It is governed by a Railway Board, which acts on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.{{cite book|last=Rao|first=M.A.|year=1988|title=Indian Railways|location=New Delhi|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-8-1237-2589-5|pages=49–54}} The five member Railway board is headed by a chairman cum chief executive officer, and consists of members responsible for infrastructure, traction & rolling stock, operations & business development, and finance.{{cite press release|url=https://railministry.com/revised-organizational-structure-of-railway-board/|title=Organizational structure of Railway board|publisher=Indian Railways|date=24 December 2019|access-date=1 June 2024}} Additionally, officers on special duty include those overseeing human resources, Railway Protection Force, health and safety.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Org_Chart_1.pdf|title=Organization Chart|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718060555/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Org_Chart_1.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,365|title=Railway board|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2024}}

Indian Railways is divided into 18 administrative zones (17 operational), headed by general managers which are further subdivided into 68 operating divisions, headed by divisional railway managers (DRM). The divisional officers of the respective operating verticals report to the DRMs and divisional heads and are tasked with the operation and maintenance of assets. Station masters control individual stations and train movements through their stations' territory. In addition, there are a number of manufacturing units, training establishments, PSUs and other undertakings under the purview of the Indian Railways.

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{{see also|Indian Railways Management Service|Railway Recruitment Control Board}}

Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C and D) employees with gazetted employees carrying out executive/managerial level tasks.{{cite web|title=Railway Board Directorates |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,388|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530064841/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,388|archive-date=30 May 2012|publisher=Indian Railways}} {{As of|2024|3|31}}, Groups A & B constitute 1.4% of the total workforce, while Group C (into which Group D merged before 2020) accounts for 98.6%. 80% of Group-A employees are recruited through Indian Railways Management Service with remaining through promotions.{{cite press release|title=Recruitment to Indian Railway Management Service (IRMS) to be done through a specially designed examination (IRMS Examination)|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880524|publisher=Government of India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163835/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880524|url-status=live}}

Group B employees are recruited by departmental promotional exams of Group C employees. Recruitment of Group C employees are through exams conducted by the Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRCB) and Group D staffs are recruited by zonal Railway Recruitment Cells (RRC).{{cite report|title=Indian Railways Establishment Manual|url=http://rrcb.gov.in/rrbs.html |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525103317/http://rrcb.gov.in/RRBS.HTML|archive-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=RRCB|access-date=1 December 2023}} Indian Railways operates seven centralized training institutes and 295 training centers. It also provides housing, healthcare and education facilities for staff.

As of 2024, Indian railways employed 1.25 million people. In March 2025, there were 0.13 million women employees including 2,162 loco pilots, 794 train managers, and 1,699 station masters.{{cite news|url=https://cfo.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/women-staff-in-indian-railways-crosses-1-13-lakh-mark/118837941|title=Women staff in Indian Railways crosses 1.13 lakh mark|date=10 March 2025|access-date=1 April 2025|newspaper=The Economic Times}}{{cite news |date=8 March 2025 |title=Railways mark Women's Day with first-ever all-women Vande Bharat crew |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/railways-mark-womens-day-with-first-ever-all-women-vande-bharat-crew/articleshow/118797950.cms |access-date=3 March 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}

Indian Railways has various public sector undertakings (PSUs) and other organisations under its purview:

Indian Railways also has multiple bodies and undertakings under its purview such as:

• Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC)
• Central Railside Warehouse Company Limited (CRWCL)
• Commission of Railway Safety (CRS)
• Central Organisation for Modernisation of Workshops (COMW)
• Central Organisation for Railway Electrification (CORE)
• Indian Railway Health Service (IRHS)
• Passenger Amenities Committee
• Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA)
• Railway Protection Force (RPF)
• Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRCB)
• Railways Sports Promotion Board (RSPB)
• Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO)

;Locomotives

File:Closeup view of WDM3A Indian Locomotive.jpg (W), Diesel (D), Mixed use (M), 3100 HP (3A) locomotive]]

{{Main|Locomotives of India}}

The first trains in the 1800s were hauled by imported steam locomotives. In 1877, the first locomotive was built in India. Electric locomotives were introduced in 1925 and diesel locomotives later in 1954. By 1990s, steam locomotives were phased out and are currently operated only on mountrain railways and on heritage trains. Locomotives are classified by track gauge (broad/metre/narrow/narrower), motive power (electric/diesel/battery), function (passenger/goods/mixed), power rating (x1000 HP) and model in a four or five letter code.{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Locomotive classification|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072258/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|url-status=live}} The locomotives may be Longer Hood Front (LHF), where the driver cabin is behind the hood of the engine or Short Hood Front (SHF), where the cabin is located towards the front. Multiple units (MU) are propelled by locomotives integrated with train-sets. In 2015, the first compressed natural gas (CNG) powered MUs were rolled out by ICF. In 2018, the semi-high speed self-propelled Vande Bharat train-set was rolled out from ICF. Locomotives are manufactured by five owned manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and BHEL.{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|title=Indian railway facilities|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420182858/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|url-status=live}} {{As of|2021}}, 37% of the trains are operated by diesel locomotives and rest mostly by electric locomotives.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/37-of-trains-in-india-being-hauled-by-diesel-locomotives-rest-by-electric-engines/article37925555.ece|title=37% of trains in India being hauled by diesel locomotives, rest by electric engines|date=10 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108113308/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/37-of-trains-in-india-being-hauled-by-diesel-locomotives-rest-by-electric-engines/article37925555.ece|url-status=live}} {{As of|December 2023}}, Indian Railways had 10,238 electric and 4,543 diesel locomotives amongst others.{{cite report|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding_12_23.pdf|title=Electric locomotive holding|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/2023/Diesel%20loco%20availability%20targets%20for%20Dec_2023.pdf|title=Diesel locomotive holding|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072301/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/2023/Diesel%20loco%20availability%20targets%20for%20Dec_2023.pdf|url-status=live}}

;Passenger coaches

{{Main|Indian Railways coaching stock}}

{{Multiple images

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| image1 = 11019_Konark_Express_-_Sleeper_Class_coach.jpg

| caption1 = ICF coach

| image2 = Shram Shakti Express LHBfied Sleeper Class Rakes.jpg

| caption2 = LHB coach

}}

The early rail coaches were based on a prototype by a Swiss company and were termed as ICF coaches after Integral Coach Factory (ICF), the first coach manufacturing unit in India.

These coaches, manufactured from 1955 to 2018, were largely in use till the early 2010s.{{cite news|last=Ayyappan|first=V.|date=4 January 2021|title=Leakage Found in ICF Coaches|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|url-status=live}} From the late 1990s, the ICF coaches were replaced by safer and newer LHB coaches designed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch of Germany.{{Cite journal|date=April 2017|title=Indian Railways Passenger Coaches: Safety Features and Technologies Adopted|url=http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|journal=International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041703/http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|date=9 February 2018|title=A 70-Year-Old Vs a 30-Year-Old: LHB Coaches Perform Better than ICF Ones|newspaper=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429153338/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-status=live}} In the late 2010s, Indian railways started upgrading the coaches of select trains from LHB to new Tejas coaches with enhanced features.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|title=Rajdhani runs with new Tejas rakes|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=19 July 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106173045/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Tyagi|first1=Harshita|title=Western Railway runs Mumbai–New Delhi Rajdhani Express with new Tejas-like smart sleeper coaches|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|access-date=1 December 2023|date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719154222/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|url-status=live}} {{As of|2024|3|31}}, Indian Railways had 91,948 passenger coaches, including 65,016 conventional, 12,229 EMU and 1,681 DMU coaches. Coaches are manufactured by five manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and public sector companies BEML and BHEL. The coaching stock have unique five or six digit identifiers. Till 2018, the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last three digits indicating the class.{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Coach classification|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072258/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|url-status=live}} In 2018, the numbering system was changed with the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last four digits indicating the sequence number.{{cite press release|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|title=Coach numbering|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108084841/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|url-status=live}}

;Multiple units

In the 1960s, clectric multiple units (EMU) were developed for short-haul and suburban rail transit.{{cite report|date=15 October 1999|title=Electrical Multiple Units|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/8/0/2/4684802/1/multipleunits1091923.pdf|website=Indian Rail Info|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519130943/https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/8/0/2/4684802/1/multipleunits1091923.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Historical Background of Railway Electrification|url=https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530#:~:text=The%20first%20electric%20train%20ran,electrified%20on%201500%20Volt%20DC.|access-date=19 May 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519130944/https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530#:~:text=The%20first%20electric%20train%20ran,electrified%20on%201500%20Volt%20DC.|url-status=live}} On regional short-distance routes, mainline electrical multiple unit (MEMU) and diesel electrical multiple unit (DEMU) trains are run. These train sets run in formation of 6, 9, 12 or 15 coaches and a three-car set is typified by a motor coaches and two passenger coaches.{{cite report|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65704/1/16_Public_Accounts_69.pdf|title=Operation of MUs|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=26 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226223229/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65704/1/16_Public_Accounts_69.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite report|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1574744335252-JE%20LDCE2.pdf|title=Three phase EMU|page=5|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113070416/https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1574744335252-JE%20LDCE2.pdf|url-status=live}} These train-sets are self-propelled with capability for faster acceleration or deceleration.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Loco-hauled-commuter-trains-to-be-replaced-with-DEMU/MEMU/articleshow/54680592.cms|title=Loco hauled commuter trains to be replaced with DEMU/MEMU|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226042551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Loco-hauled-commuter-trains-to-be-replaced-with-DEMU/MEMU/articleshow/54680592.cms|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}} In 2018, Indian Railways also rolled out semi-high speed self-propelled train sets with modified coaches for inter city trains.

;Goods wagons

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| image1=Goods (Wagon) Train.JPG

| image2=Freight Tanker at Malkajgiri 04.JPG

| footer=A covered wagon (left) and tanker

}}

Indian Railways hauls variety of cargo to cater to various requirements and have specialized rolling stock corresponding to the cargo hauled. There are 243 types of rolling stock used for cargo operations.{{cite web|url=https://www.fois.indianrail.gov.in/RailSAHAY/Home.jsp|title=Cargo wagons|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} These include covered wagons, boxcars, flat wagons, flatbeds, open wagons, hoppers, containers, automobile carriers, defense vehicle carriers and tankers.{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596631341023-Freight.pdf|title=Types of freight cars|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327004402/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596631341023-Freight.pdf|url-status=live}} The freight cars can often carry loads from 10 to 80 tonnes per car depending on the configuration. A new wagon numbering system was adopted in Indian Railways in 2003.{{cite press release|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/freight/New_Wagon_Numb_Sys.pdf|title=New Wagon Numbering System|publisher=Indian Railways|date=4 July 2003|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223042339/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/freight/New_Wagon_Numb_Sys.pdf|url-status=live}}

The requirement of wagons was previously met by Bharat Wagon and Engineering with the procurement and manufacturing now done by both in public and private sector.

;Others

Apart from standard passenger classes, the Indian Railways has other specialized coach types used for dedicated functions.{{cite report|url=http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf|title=Types of passenger coaches|publisher=Asian Institute of Transport Development|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105737/http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf|url-status=live}} These include accident relief medical vans,{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30216668.ece|title=ICF on a roll|date=25 April 2003|work=Frontline|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105737/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30216668.ece|url-status=live}}{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598271|title=Self Propelled Accident Relief Medical Vans to improve disaster response of Railways|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529114932/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598271|url-status=live}} brake vans,{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/tele_comm/downloads/TELE/TelephoneCNL/TC-11.pdf|title=Brake van specification|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327051516/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/tele_comm/downloads/TELE/TelephoneCNL/TC-11.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/photo-gallery-amazing-indian-railways-has-transformed-this-special-coach-how-you-benefit-check-photos-66845|title=Indian Railways has transformed this special coach|work=Zee news|date=11 October 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105736/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/photo-gallery-amazing-indian-railways-has-transformed-this-special-coach-how-you-benefit-check-photos-66845|url-status=live}} generator cars,{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2013%20-%20LHB%20Power%20Car%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Power generator car|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116065432/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2013%20-%20LHB%20Power%20Car%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|url-status=live}} inspection carriages,{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/rb/tender/1549969239106_TM-1903_1_Document_RIV_3.pdf|title=Specifications of Railway Inspection Car|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105740/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/rb/tender/1549969239106_TM-1903_1_Document_RIV_3.pdf|url-status=live}} military cars, pantry car{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2014%20-%20Pantry%20Car%20and%20Mini%20Pantry%20Equipment%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Pantry car equipment|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105751/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2014%20-%20Pantry%20Car%20and%20Mini%20Pantry%20Equipment%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|url-status=live}} and parcel vans.{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-launches-the-first-ever-high-capacity-lhb-parcel-van-can-run-at-130-kmph-11580472862846.html|title=Indian Railways launched the first ever high capacity parcel van|work=Mint|date=31 January 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105736/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-launches-the-first-ever-high-capacity-lhb-parcel-van-can-run-at-130-kmph-11580472862846.html|url-status=live}} These may be dedicated self-propelled units or attached to train-sets.{{cite press release|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1630583891553-CC%2014%202020.pdf|title=Coaching Rates Circular|date=8 October 2020|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210191432/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1630583891553-CC%2014%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/whats-in-a-pantry-car/article4425659.ece|title=What's in a pantry car?|date=18 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105736/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/whats-in-a-pantry-car/article4425659.ece|url-status=live}}

;Manufacturing

Indian Railways operates various manufacturing units. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), commissioned in 1950, was the first locomotive manufacturing unit in India. The first rail coache manufacturing unit, the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) was established at Madras in 1956. Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW), commissioned in 1961, is the second locomotive manufacturing unit operated by Indian Railways.{{cite report|url=https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|title=Banaras Locomotive works|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204065814/https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|url-status=live}} BHEL, Patiala Locomotive Works, Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah and Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura also manufacture locomotives in India. Railway coaches are also manufactured at coach factories at Karputhala, Raebareli, Sonipat and Latur. Indian Railways also operates three rail wheel manufacturing factories at Bangalore, Chhpra and Raebareli.{{cite news|last=Law|first=Abhishek|date=24 April 2024|title=Railways takes over RINL's forged wheel plant in Raebareli|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/railways-takes-over-ops-at-rinls-forged-wheel-plant-in-rae-bareilly/article68100608.ece|access-date=8 August 2024|newspaper=Business Line|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808172807/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/railways-takes-over-ops-at-rinls-forged-wheel-plant-in-rae-bareilly/article68100608.ece|url-status=live}}

;Maintenance

The locomotives are operated and maintained by 40 locomotive sheds. The repair and maintenance of the fleet of other rolling stock is carried out at 294 carriage & wagon repair units across various zones of IR.

File:Project Unigauge (India).svg

{{see also|Project Unigauge}}

{{As of|2024|3|31}}, Indian railway network spanned {{cvt|69181|km}} in route length. With {{cvt|31094|km}} of the lines having two or more tracks, total running track length was {{cvt|109748|km}}, while total trackage (including sidings) was {{cvt|135207|km}}.

Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from {{cvt|80|to|200|km/h}}, though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is {{cvt|160|km/h}}. The network was built with a variety of gauges, including {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge, {{RailGauge|1000mm|lk=on}} metre gauge and {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} and {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} narrow gauge; but a long-term effort, Project Unigauge, aims to convert most of these to broad gauge. {{As of|2024|3|31}}, {{cvt|66820|km}} or 96.59% of the network was broad-gauge, {{cvt|1159|km}} or 1.68% metre-gauge and {{cvt|1202|km}} or 1.74% narrow-gauge. The broad-gauge network is equipped with long-welded, high-tensile 52kg/60kg 90 UTS rails with pre-stressed concrete (PSC) sleepers and elastic fastenings.

;Trunk routes

As of July 2020, there are seven major routes a total length of {{cvt|11295|km|abbr=on}} which have been classified as High-Density Network (HDN) routes or Trunk routes. There is 60% traffic on these routes, which are designed for speed limit of 160 km/h. These Trunk route include Chennai–Howrah, Chennai–Mumbai, Delhi–Chennai, Delhi–Howrah, Howrah–Mumbai, Mumbai–Delhi and Delhi–Guwahati.{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|title=Decongestion of Trunk railway routes|publisher=Government of India|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529114915/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://indiainfrahub.com/news/trains-to-run-at-160-kmph-on-major-trunk-routes/ |title=Trains to run at 160 KMPH on major Trunk routes |work=India InfraHub |date=20 July 2020 |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216151856/https://indiainfrahub.com/news/trains-to-run-at-160-kmph-on-major-trunk-routes/ |url-status=live }}

;Electrification

{{Main|Central Organisation for Railway Electrification}}

The first electric train ran in Bombay in 1925 on DC traction. In 1928, DC traction was introduced on the suburban of Bombay by the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway between Colaba and Borivili and between Madras beach and Tambaram by the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway in 1931.{{cite web |url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |title=Brief on Railway Electrification |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926072829/http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead}} In 1957, Indian Railways decided to adopt 25 kV AC as its standard. The first 25 kV AC EMUs operated in Calcutta in 1962 and Madras in 1968. In 2017, Indian Railways announced a plan to electrify the country's entire broad gauge rail network by 2023.{{cite report|url=https://enincon.com/report/railway-electrification-market-opportunities-in-india-2018/|title=Railway Electrification Market in India 2018|date=20 February 2018|publisher=Enincon|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230336/https://enincon.com/report/railway-electrification-market-opportunities-in-india-2018/|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}} Post electrification, 30 billion kWh of electricity will be required on an annual basis for Indian Railways. {{As of|2025|2|1}}, Indian Railways has electrified {{convert|64589|km||abbr=on}} or 97.05% of the total broad-gauge route length. Indian Railway uses 25 kV AC traction on all its electrified tracks.

;Cross-border

{{Main|Cross-border railway lines in India}}

India shares land border with multiple countries and have rail-links with some of them. Bangladesh is connected to West Bengal with a construction of new rail link connecting Tripura with Akhaura.{{cite news|date=24 November 2019|title=Bandhan Express makes its first commercial run between Kolkata and Khulna today|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandhan-express-makes-its-first-run-between-kolkata-khulna-india-bangladesh-on-thursday-4939545/|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116063408/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandhan-express-makes-its-first-run-between-kolkata-khulna-india-bangladesh-on-thursday-4939545/|archive-date=16 November 2017}}{{cite news|date=18 June 2014|title=Work on new India-Bangladesh railway link from 2015|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/work-on-new-indiabangladesh-railway-link-from-2015/480099-61.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081939/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/work-on-new-indiabangladesh-railway-link-from-2015/480099-61.html|archive-date=6 October 2014|work=IBNlive|access-date=1 December 2023}} Two rail links to Nepal exist as of 2021, with a third under construction.{{cite web|title=Nepalese Railway and Economic Development: What Has Gone Wrong?|date=11 June 2020|url=https://www.theindiareview.com/india-and-nepal/nepal-railways-and-economic-development-what-has-gone-wrong-110620-01/|work=India Review|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119174443/https://www.theindiareview.com/india-and-nepal/nepal-railways-and-economic-development-what-has-gone-wrong-110620-01/|url-status=live}} There is an existing railink with Pakistan through Attari–Wagah border.{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/business/do-you-know-this-indian-railway-station-requires-passengers-to-carry-a-pakistani-visa-8364073.html|title=Do You Know This Indian Railway Station Requires Passengers To Carry A Pakistani Visa?|date=18 July 2023|work=News18|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154537/https://www.news18.com/business/do-you-know-this-indian-railway-station-requires-passengers-to-carry-a-pakistani-visa-8364073.html|url-status=live}}

{{See also|Railway signal|Railway signalling}}

File:Railway Signal Post at Safilguda.jpg similar to the one pictured]]

Indian Railways uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic density and safety requirements. {{As of|2024|3|31}}, automatic block signalling is used on a total route length of {{cvt|4431|km}} for train operations – concentrated in high density routes, large cities and junctions. Remaining routes are based on absolute block signalling with trains manually controlled by signal men from the signal boxes typically located at stations. Few low density routes still use manual block signalling methods with communication on track clearance based on physical exchange of tokens.{{cite news|url=http://railscapestravel.com/2017/07/25/art-of-the-token-exchange/|title=Art of the token exchange|date=25 July 2017|work=Railscapes|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228233429/http://railscapestravel.com/2017/07/25/art-of-the-token-exchange/|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}} In a few sections, intermediate block signalling is provided to further enhance line capacity with minimal investment. {{As of|2024|3|31}}, 756 block sections have intermediate block signals. Indian Railways primarily uses coloured signal lights, which replaced the earlier semaphores and disc-based signalling. It uses two-aspect, three-aspect and four (or multiple) aspect color signalling across its network.{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal2.html|title=Indian Railways FAQ: Signal Aspects and Indications – Principal Running Signals|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809053800/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal2.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Signalling System|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal.html|access-date=4 June 2007|publisher=IRFCA|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808045451/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal.html|url-status=live}}

Signals at most stations are interlocked using panel interlocking, route-relay interlocking or electronic interlocking methods that eliminate scope for human signalling errors. Indian Railways uses track circuiting, and block proving axle counters for train detection. {{As of|2024|3|31}}, 6,637 stations have interlocked and multi-aspect signalling. Around 99% of key routes have track circuitry or block proving axle counters for automated train detection and Kavach automatic train protection system has been implemented in {{cvt|1465|km}} of tracks. The railways has about {{cvt|66179|km}} of optical fiber cable network used for train control, voice and data communication with {{convert|7538|km|abbr=on}} of the route covered by GSM-R based Mobile Train Radio communication. In December 2017, Indian Railways announced that it will implement ETCS Level 2 system for signalling and control on key routes with an investment of {{INRConvert|120|b|lk=}}.{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/indian-railways-clears-proposal-to-equip-electric-locomotives-with-european-train-protection-systems-4263417.html|title=Indian Railways clears proposal to equip electric locomotives with European train protection systems|work=Firstpost|date=18 December 2017|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235730/http://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/indian-railways-clears-proposal-to-equip-electric-locomotives-with-european-train-protection-systems-4263417.html|archive-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live}}

{{See also|Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance}}

{{As of|2024|3|31}}, Indian Railways manages and operates 7,461 stations. Prior to 2017, the stations were classified into seven categories based on their earnings.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|title=Railways revise station categories to improve services|access-date=17 March 2018|newspaper=Economic Times|date=28 December 2017|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035551/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|url-status=live}} Since 2017, Indian Railways categorizes the stations by commercial importance into three different categories namely Non Suburban Group (NSG), Suburban Group (SG) and Halt Group (HG). These are further subdivided into subcategories based on their commercial importance (NSG 1–6, SG 1-3 and from HG 1–3).{{cite press release|title=Minister of Railways directs to re-categorize railway stations taking into account earnings, passenger footfall, strategic importance|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025547/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|url-status=live}} The commercial importance of a station is determined by taking into account its passenger footfall, earnings and strategic importance and these categories are used to determine the minimum essential amenities required by each station.{{cite report|date=18 Jul 2018|title=Question and Answer regarding Grading of Railway Stations in Lok Sabha of India|url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|access-date=26 Sep 2020|publisher=Government of India|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926113505/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{Further|Indian Railways coaching stock}}

Indian Railways offers various travel classes on its coaches.{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|title=Accommodation Classes in Indian Railways|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426000003/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|archive-date=26 April 2017}} For the purpose of identification in passenger trains, coaches in a train-set are assigned an alpha-numeric code. The first letter identifies the coach class and the second letter identifies the coach number.{{cite press release|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|title=Abbreviations for Coaches|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108084841/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|url-status=live}} The berths and seats are numbered by an alphanumeric code with the letter(s) identifying the berth/seat type and numbers identifying the position. In standard coaches, the berths and seats are classified as follows:{{cite report|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|title=Rail seat layout|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107110642/https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|url-status=live}}

Saloon coaches are also available for chartering which are equipped with a bedroom and kitchen and can be attached to normal trains.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ready-to-shell-out-more-now-you-can-travel-in-railways-luxury-saloons/jammu-mail/slideshow/63554248.cms|title=Saloon attached to Jammu Mail|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=29 March 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021174847/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ready-to-shell-out-more-now-you-can-travel-in-railways-luxury-saloons/jammu-mail/slideshow/63554248.cms|url-status=live}}

{{multiple image

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| header=Express trains of India

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| image1=12302_Howrah_Rajdhani_Express_-_AC_First_Class.jpg

| caption1=Rajdhani Express

| image2=Mumbai_Central_Ahmedabad_Shatabdi_Express_-_Anubhuti_coach_-_K1.jpg

| caption2=Shatabdi Express

}}

Indian Railways operates various classes of passenger and express trains. The trains are classified basis average speed and facilities with express trains having fewer halts, priority on rail network and faster average speed. The trains are identified by five digit numbers with train-pairs traveling in opposite directions usually labelled with consecutive numbers.{{cite report|title=Train Numbering|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319164622/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|url-status=live}} Express trains often have specific unique names for easy identification.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|title=Train Index|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607025648/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|url-status=live}} In 2018–19, Indian Railways operated 13,523 passenger trains on average daily and carried 8.44 billion passengers.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annual-Reports-2019-2020/Year-Book-2019-20-English_Final_Web.pdf|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2019–20|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201045052/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annual-Reports-2019-2020/Year-Book-2019-20-English_Final_Web.pdf|url-status=live}} India Railways operates various categories of express trains including Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, Garib Rath Express, Double Decker Express, Tejas Express, Gatimaan Express, Humsafar Express, Duronto Express, Yuva Express, Uday Express, Jan Shatabdi Express, Sampark Kranti Express, Vivek Express, Rajya Rani Express, Mahamana Express, Antyodaya Express, Jan Sadharan Express, Suvidha Express and Intercity Express.

File:Amrit Bharat Express on standby at SMVT Bengaluru.jpg semi-high speed rail]]

Rajdhani Express introduced in 1969 were the first trains to reach speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}}. Shatabdi Express introduced in 1988, are capable of running at a maximum speed of {{cvt|150|kph}}.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-Indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612072600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-09/india/39849234_1_domestic-travellers-shatabdi-express-indian-railways|archive-date=12 June 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=30 May 2014}}{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|title=Trains faster than Rajdhani, Shatabdi on the cards|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=23 January 2018|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105093109/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|url-status=live}} In 2019, Vande Bharat Express was launched with self-propelled EMU train-sets capable of reaching maximum speed of {{cvt|180|kph}} with operational speeds restricted to {{cvt|130-160|kph}}.{{cite news|title=Watch: Vande Bharat Train's "Glass Filled To The Brim" Test At 180 Kmph|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998|access-date=10 November 2023|work=NDTV|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402150402/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=7 February 2019|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on 15 February from New Delhi|newspaper=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|url-status=live}} A non-airconditioned semi-high speed train-set hauled by two modified WAP-5 locomotives was launched as Amrit Bharat Express.{{cite news|last=Athrady|first=Ajith|title=Indian Railways to produce non-AC Vande Sadharan trains|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|date=10 July 2023|access-date=30 October 2023|newspaper=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030142408/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|url-status=live}} A high-speed rail line is under-construction between Mumbai and Ahmedabad which will become the first true high-speed rail line when completed in 2026.{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-23/news/63746148_1_feasibility-study-jica-bullet-train-project|title=JICA presents draft report on bullet train project to joint committee|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=1 December 2023|date=16 July 2015|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827001545/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-23/news/63746148_1_feasibility-study-jica-bullet-train-project|url-status=dead}}

{{multiple image

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| header=Mountain Railways of India

| caption_align=center

| image1=DarjeelingTrainFruitshopCrop.JPG

| caption1=Darjeeling

| image2=KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg

| caption2=Kalka-Shimla

| image3=NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg

| caption3=Nilgiri

}}

Mountain Railways of India refer to three rail lines operated by Indian Railways in hilly terrain. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway in the Lesser Himalayas of West Bengal was opened in 1881.

{{cite web|title=Mountain Railways of India|work=World Heritage List|publisher=World Heritage Committee|year=1999|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} The mountain railways were designated as World Heritage Sites in 1999. The Kalka-Shimla Railway, a {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh started operating in 1903. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu was opened in 1908 and is the only operational rack railway in India.{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|website=Indianrailway.gov.in|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}} These railways operate with its own dedicated fleet of locomotives and coaches.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|title=he Nilgiri Mountain Railway as old as the hills|date=27 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330055908/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|url-status=live}}

{{multiple image

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| header=Urban Rail systems

| caption_align=center

| image1=Mumbai_Train.JPG

| caption1=Mumbai Suburban

| image2=East_West_Metro_Kolkata_rake.jpg

| caption2=Kolkata Metro

| image3=Tirumailai_MRTS_station_Chennai_(Madras).jpg

| caption3=Chennai MRTS

}}

The first suburban electric trains were introduced in Bombay in 1925.{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_central-railway-puts-15-car-locals-on-track_1753241|last=Satardekar|first=Anvaya|title=Central Railway puts 15-car locals on track|work=DNA India|date=17 October 2012|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170421/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-central-railway-puts-15-car-locals-on-track-1753241|url-status=live}} Chennai suburban lines started operating in 1931 and Kolkata in 1957.{{cite web|date=5 May 2012|title=Historical perspective – the first journey|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,291,354|access-date=18 June 2020|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523070836/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,291,354|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=83 years of electric suburban rail|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 April 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece|access-date=18 Apr 2014|archive-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418091548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece|url-status=live}} Later, AC traction was adopted for suburban lines and are currently operated by Multiple Units (MUs) of various configurations. In 1984, Kolkata Metro, the first metro system and the only system operated by Indian Railways was commissioned.{{cite web|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,334|title=Kolkata Metro|access-date=1 June 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705165731/https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,334|url-status=live}} Opened in November 1995, Chennai MRTS became the first operational elevated railway line in India. Indian Railways operates suburban railway systems across the cities of Mumbai (suburban), Chennai (suburban and MRTS), Kolkata (suburban and metro) and Secunderabad (MMTS) covering six railway zones.

Indian Railways offers tour packages through IRCTC.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/irctc-launches-tour-package-from-kochuveli/article66927382.ece|title=IRCTC launches tour package|date=3 June 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154537/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/irctc-launches-tour-package-from-kochuveli/article66927382.ece|url-status=live}} It operates tourist trains and coach services on popular tourist circuits in different regions of the country. It operates luxury tourist trains such as Maharajas' Express, Palace on Wheels, Golden Chariot and Deccan Odyssey, deluxe tourist trains such as Mahaparinirvan Express.{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1066|title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173012/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1066|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=live}} It also operates heritage and exhibition trains on special circumstances.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-flags-off-gujarats-first-heritage-train-which-will-bring-tourists-to-statue-of-unity/article67479662.ece|title=PM flags off Gujarat's first heritage train, which will bring tourists to Statue of Unity|date=31 October 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105174247/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-flags-off-gujarats-first-heritage-train-which-will-bring-tourists-to-statue-of-unity/article67479662.ece|url-status=live}}

File:Railway ticket from Bangalore City junction to Pune junction.jpg

In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced before which ticketing was done manually. Self-printing ticket machines (SPTM) were introduced in 1988. Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in September 1996. The ticketing network at stations is computerized with the exception of few stations. The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC. Indian Railways now provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through website, smartphone apps, SMS, rail reservation counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. Reserved tickets may be booked up to 60 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket.

In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list number is assigned and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets. Reservation against cancellation tickets is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth.{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|title=Indian Railways Reservation Rules: 5 Things To Know About Waitlisted Tickets|date=30 May 2018|work=NDTV|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154537/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|url-status=live}} Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the Tatkal train ticket, where no refund is applicable on cancellation.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|title=Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}} A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|title=Provision for carrying proof|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712084141/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|url-status=live}} Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at stations or through UTS mobile app at any time before departure.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|title=Buy suburban train tickets via app|date=1 February 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226091808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|url-status=live}} Holders of such tickets may only board the general or unreserved coaches. Suburban networks also issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time or season passes with unlimited travel between two stops for a period of time.{{cite news|last=Vivek Narayanan|title=Wait for ticket gets painful|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|access-date=21 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 May 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511203206/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|url-status=live}}{{cite press release|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|title=Tourist Tickets introduced in Chennai Suburban|date=24 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Southern Railway zone, Indian Railways|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226091811/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|url-status=live}}

India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and lower class passenger fares are subsidised.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184|title=India's Economic Reforms, 1991–2001|last=Joshi|first=V|author2=I. M. D. Little|date=17 October 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1982-9078-0|location=US|page=184|chapter=Industrial Policy and Factor Markets|access-date=25 June 2007|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170339/https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184#v=snippet&q=indian%20rail&f=false|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Make in India: GE to supply 1,000 diesel locomotives to Indian Railways; set up plant in Bihar|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-make-in-india-ge-to-supply-1000-diesel-locomotives-to-indian-railways-set-up-plant-in-bihar-2143977|work=DNA India|access-date=13 March 2024|date=20 March 2018|quote=India's railways...offers some of the world's cheapest fares...|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313215610/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-make-in-india-ge-to-supply-1000-diesel-locomotives-to-indian-railways-set-up-plant-in-bihar-2143977|url-status=live}} Discounted fares are applicable for railway employees, senior citizens (over age 60), the differently-abled, students, athletes, patients and those taking competitive examinations. Seats of lower class of accommodation are reserved for women or senior citizens in some trains.{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|title=Concession Rules|access-date=25 June 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718095039/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|url-status=live}}

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The first rail operational in Madras in 1837 was used for ferrying granite. The first dedicated commercial freight rail was operated between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966. Indian Railways ferries various commodities and cargo to cater to various industrial, consumer, and agricultural segments. Apart from dedicated freight trains, parcels, mail and small cargo are carried on specialized carriages attached to passenger trains. In 2023–24, Indian Railways operated 11,724 freight trains on average daily and transported 1588.06 million tonnes of freight.

Indian Railways has historically subsidized the passenger segment with income from the freight business and prioritized passenger trains on the network. Hence, freight services were unable to complete other modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share till the early 2000s.{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2016-17/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/2.pdf|title=Indian Railways White Paper 2016|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032211/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2016-17/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/2.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}} To counter this, Indian Railways established the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India in 2006 to construct dedicated freight corridors to reduce congestion, increase speed and reliability and proposed upgradation of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build multi-commodity multi-modal logistics terminals, changing container sizes, operating time-tabled freight trains and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix.{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|title=Vision and Plans: Indian Railways|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118230400/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017|url-status=live}} End-to-end integrated transport solutions such as roll-on, roll-off (RORO) service, a road-rail system pioneered by Konkan Railway in 1999 to carry trucks on flatbed trailers is extended to other routes.{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|title=Road-Rail Synergy System|access-date=22 December 2008|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605172834/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}

{{Main|List of railway accidents and incidents in India}}

As per the Ministry of Railways, there have been more than 38,500 railway accidents from 1961 to 2019. In 2019-20, the Indian Railways reported zero passenger deaths due to accidents for the first time in its history.{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/first-time-in-166-years-indian-railways-reports-zero-passenger-deaths-in-fy19-241448-2019-12-24|title=First time in 166 years, Indian Railways reports zero passenger deaths in FY20|date=25 December 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=Business Today}} At least 313 people died in 40 train accidents in 2023-24 and 748 people have died in 638 train accidents in the previous ten years.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/313-passengers-four-employees-died-in-40-train-accidents-in-2023-24-says-rti-reply/article68642890.ece|title=313 passengers, four employees died in 40 train accidents in 2023-24, says RTI reply|date=14 September 2024|access-date=1 October 2024|newspaper=The Hindu}}

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• List of railway companies in India
• Future of rail transport in India

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• Aguiar, Marian. Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility (University of Minnesota Press; 2011) 226 pages; draws on literature, film, and other realms to explore the role of the railway in the Indian imagination. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816665613/ excerpt and text search]
• Bear, Linda. Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231140029/ excerpt and text search]
• Hurd, John, and Ian J. Kerr. India’s Railway History: A Research Handbook (Brill: 2012), 338pp
• Kerr, Ian J. Railways in Modern India (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195648285 excerpt and text search]
• Kerr, Ian J. Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India (2006)
• Kumar, Sudhir, and Shagun Mehrotra. Bankruptcy to Billions: How the Indian Railways Transformed Itself (2009)
• Macpherson, W. J. "Investment in Indian Railways, 1845-1875." Economic History Review, 8#2, 1955, pp. 177–186 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590986 online]

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{{Spoken Wikipedia|Indian Railways.ogg|date=2006-03-15}}

• [https://indianrailways.gov.in Official website]
• [https://irctc.co.in eTicket Reservation]
• [http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annualreport10-11/Glossary.pdf Glossary]
• [https://www.railhelp.in/indian-railways-helpline Indian Railways Emergency Helpline Numbers and Support - Railhelp]

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Category:Railway companies of India

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