:Indiana

Indiana's name means "Land of the Indians", or simply "Indian Land".{{efn|An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s, when it referenced a tract of land under control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. See {{cite journal |last=Hodgin |first=Cyrus |year=1903 |title=The Naming of Indiana |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |format=PDF transcription |url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |access-date=January 23, 2014}}}} It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the western section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.{{efn|A portion of the Northwest Territory's eastern section became the state of Ohio in 1803. The Michigan Territory was established in 1805 from part of the Indiana Territory's northern lands and four years later, in 1809, the Illinois counties were separated from the Indiana Territory to create the Illinois Territory. See {{cite book |author1=John D. Barnhart |author2=Dorothy L. Riker |title=Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society |series=The History of Indiana |volume=I |year=1971 |location=Indianapolis |pages=311–13, 337, 353, 355, 432 }}}}{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=George R. |author-link=George R. Stewart |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/namesonlandhisto0000stew |url-access=registration |orig-year=1945 |edition=Sentry edition (3rd) |year=1967 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=[https://archive.org/details/namesonlandhisto0000stew/page/191 191]}}{{cite journal |last=Hodgin |first=Cyrus |year=1903 |url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |title=The Naming of Indiana |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |format=PDF transcription |access-date=January 16, 2014}}

Formal use of the word Indiana dates from 1768, when a Philadelphia-based trading company gave its land claim in present-day West Virginia the name "Indiana" in honor of its previous owners, the Iroquois. Later, ownership of the claim was transferred to the Indiana Land Company, the first recorded use of the word Indiana. But the Virginia colony argued that it was the rightful owner of the land because it fell within its geographic boundaries. The U.S. Supreme Court denied the land company's right to the claim in 1798.Cyrus Hodgin, {{cite journal|url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |title=The Naming of Indiana

| volume =1 |issue=1 | year =1903 | pages =3–11

|access-date=July 23, 2018 |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana Historical Society}}

{{Anchor|Etymology of Hoosier}}A native or resident of Indiana is known as a Hoosier.{{cite web |first=Maureen |last=Groppe |title=Finally, the federal government agrees: We're Hoosiers |website=The Indianapolis Star |url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/12/finally-federal-government-agrees-were-hoosiers/96461534/ |access-date=January 12, 2016}} The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has its origin in Virginia, Kentucky, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (the Upland South) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin.{{cite journal |last=Haller |first=Steve |date=Fall 2008 |title=The Meanings of Hoosier: 175 Years and Counting |journal=Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=5, 6 |issn=1040-788X |url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/Hoosier.pdf |access-date=January 23, 2014 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221011316/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/Hoosier.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=The Word Hoosier |author=Graf, Jeffery |publisher=Indiana University Bloomington |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/internet/extra/hoosier.html |access-date=February 27, 2012}}

{{Main|History of Indiana}}

{{See also|Outline of Indiana#History}}

File:Angel mound with turret HRoe 2008.jpg was one of the northernmost Mississippian culture settlements, occupied from 1100 to 1450.]]

The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, who arrived about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking.{{cite web| title =Prehistoric Indians of Indiana| publisher =State of Indiana| url =http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| access-date =July 5, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084154/http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| archive-date =January 17, 2013| url-status =dead}}

The Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. These new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork mounds and middens, which showed settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.

The Woodland period began around 1500 BC when new cultural attributes appeared. The people created ceramics and pottery and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began to develop long-range trade of goods. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD.

The Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 AD until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the Angel Mounds. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-15th century for reasons that remain unclear.

The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the Algonquian family. They included the Shawnee, Miami, and Illini. Refugee tribes from eastern regions, including the Delaware who settled in the White and Whitewater River Valleys, later joined them.

{{See also|New France|Louisiana (New France)|Illinois Country|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)}}

File:Natives guiding french explorers through indiana.jpg in Stories of Indiana]]

In 1679, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day South Bend at the St. Joseph River.Allison, p. 17. He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian fur traders soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans.

By 1702, Sieur Juchereau established the first trading post near Vincennes. In 1715, Sieur de Vincennes built Fort Miami at Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. In 1717, another Canadian, Picote de Beletre, built Fort Ouiatenon on the Wabash River, to try to control Native American trade routes from Lake Erie to the Mississippi River.

In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.

The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede to the British crown all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colonies.

The tribes in Indiana did not give up: they captured Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami during Pontiac's Rebellion. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Native American use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called "Indian Territory".

In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began as the colonists sought self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer George Rogers Clark called for an army to help fight the British in the west.Brill, p. 31–32. Clark's army won significant battles and took over Vincennes and Fort Sackville on February 25, 1779.{{cite web |title=Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |url=https://www.in.gov/history/2695.htm#events |access-date=July 24, 2009 |publisher=State of Indiana}}

During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War.Brill, p. 33. At the end of the war, through the Treaty of Paris, the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including Native American lands.

{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Indiana Territory}}

{{multiple image | direction = horizontal | width = 210

|image1=Indiana Indian treaties.svg

|alt1=A colorful map of Indiana with treaty names

|image2=Indiana, 1817.jpg

|alt2=A crude map of Indiana with only a handful of southern counties delineated

|caption2

|footer=Left: A map showing extent of the treaty lands. Right: One of the first maps of Indiana (made 1816, published 1817) showing territories prior to the Treaty of St. Mary's which greatly expanded the region. Note the inaccurate placement of Lake Michigan.

}}

In 1787, the U.S. defined the Northwest Territory which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory. President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the governor of the territory, and Vincennes was established as the capital.Brill, p. 35. After the Michigan Territory was separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.{{cite web| title =Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology|website=The Herald Bulletin| date =January 5, 2008| url =http://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/government-at-crossroads-an-indiana-chronology/article_3a07aa44-1cd4-5028-82e7-96b907121b31.html?mode=jqm| access-date =July 22, 2009 }}

Starting with the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, Native American titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the Treaty of St. Mary's from the Miami in 1818. Purchases were not complete until the Treaty of Mississinewas in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Native American lands in the northeast.

By 1810, the frontier had been defined by the Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809), adding much of the southwestern lands around Vincennes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts such as Fort Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincennes settlement on the lower Wabash. Other settlements included Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis would not be populated for 15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained wilderness populated primarily by indigenous communities. Only two counties in the extreme southeast, Clark and Dearborn, had been organized by European settlers. Land titles issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Settler migration was chiefly via flatboat on the Ohio River westerly, and by wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys (west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).

In 1810, the Shawnee tribal chief Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa encouraged other indigenous tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the U.S. authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against Tecumseh's Confederacy; the U.S. gained victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Battle of Thames. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later removed to west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s and 1830s after U.S. negotiations and the purchase of their lands.Brill, pp. 36–37.

Corydon, a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in May 1813 in order to decrease the threat of Native American raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe. Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An Enabling Act was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. Jonathan Jennings was elected the fledgling state's first governor in August 1816. President James Madison approved Indiana's admission into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816. In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis.

Many European immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early 19th century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were Germans, as well as many immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ethnically English migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as from the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.{{cite web |title=The History of Indiana |url=https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/indiana |access-date=July 26, 2009 |publisher=History}}[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AWJGw9z2RkkYJ%3Awww.uen.org%2FLessonplan%2FdownloadFile.cgi%3Ffile%3D1041-6-15955-AF_Census_Data.pdf%26filename%3DAF_Census_Data.pdf+49%2C598%2C035&gl=uk&pid=bl] {{dead link|date=July 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The arrival of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811, and the National Road at Richmond in 1829, greatly facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.

Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a frontier into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. In 1836, the state's founders initiated a program, the Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, that led to the construction of roads, canals, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.{{cite web |last=Vanderstel |first=David G |title=The 1851 Indiana Constitution by David G. Vanderstel |url=https://www.in.gov/history/2689.htm |access-date=July 24, 2009 |publisher=State of Indiana}} In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in 1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on public debt, as well as the extension of suffrage to African-Americans.

{{Main|Indiana in the American Civil War}}

During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. Indiana was the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, and soldiers from Indiana participated in all the war's major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the Union.Funk, pp. 23–24, 163.

In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 soldiers to join the Union Army.Gray 1995, p. 156. So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana had contributed 208,367 men. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives and over 50,000 more were wounded.Funk, pp. 3–4. The only Civil War conflicts fought in Indiana were the Newburgh Raid, a bloodless capture of the city; and the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid leaving 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.{{cite book|title=The Civil War; a Narrative, Red River to Appomattox|author=Foote, Shelby|publisher=Random House|year=1974|pages =343–344}}

After the war, Indiana remained a largely agricultural state. Post-war industries included mining, including limestone extraction; meatpacking; food processing, such as milling grain, distilling it into alcohol; and the building of wagons, buggies, farm machinery, and hardware.{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main8.html |title=Indiana History Part 8 – Indiana Industrialization |website=centerforhistory.org |access-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707154815/http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main8.html

|archive-date=July 7, 2010}} However, the discovery of natural gas in the 1880s in northern Indiana led to an economic boom: the abundant and cheap fuel attracted heavy industry; the availability of jobs, in turn, attracted new settlers from other parts of the country as well as from Europe.Gray 1995, p. 202. This led to the rapid expansion of cities such as South Bend, Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne.

The early decades of the 20th century saw Indiana develop into a leading manufacturing state with heavy industry concentrating in the north. In 1906 the United States Steel Corporation created a new industrial city on Lake Michigan, Gary, named after Elbert Henry Gary, its founding chairman. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions (their strike activities induced governor James P. Goodrich to declare martial law in Gary in 1919){{cite book|last=O'Hara|first=S. Paul|title=Gary, the most American of all American cities|date=2011|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|isbn=9780253222886|location=Bloomington, Ind. [u.a.]}} and a Socialist Party.{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=John Barlow|title=Indiana: an Interpretation|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780253207548|location=Bloomington|pages=133–158}} Railroader Eugene Debs of Terre Haute, the Socialist candidate received 901,551 votes (6.0% of the national vote) in the 1912 presidential election.[https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1912&f=0 1912 Presidential General Election Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406022749/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1912&f=0|date=April 6, 2019}}, U.S. Election Atlas, David Leip. Retrieved January 5, 2019. Suffrage movements also arose to enfranchise women.

In its earlier years, Indiana was a leader in the automobile boom. Beginning its production in Kokomo in 1896, Haynes-Apperson was the nation's first commercially successful auto company.{{Cite book|last=Madden|first=W. C.|title=Haynes-Apperson and America's First Practical Automobile: A History|publisher=McFarland & Co|year=2006|isbn=0786426756|location=Jefferson, N.C.}} The importance of vehicle and parts manufacture to the state was symbolized by the construction in 1909 of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.{{cite web|date=May 14, 2010|title=Indy 500: Indianapolis Motor Speedway History|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/99999999/SPORTS0107/90429082/Indy-500-Indianapolis-Motor-Speedway-history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003200022/http://www.indystar.com/article/99999999/SPORTS0107/90429082/Indy-500-Indianapolis-Motor-Speedway-history|archive-date=October 3, 2013|access-date=November 23, 2010|publisher=Indystar.com}}

In the 1920s, state politics was heavily influenced by the rise of the Indiana Klan. First organized in 1915 as a branch of the Ku Klux Klan, it appealed to white Protestants alarmed by social and economic trends, including changes induced by immigration from southern and central Europe.{{Cite book|last=Madison|first=James H.|title=The Indiana Way: A State History|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1990|isbn=9780253206091|location=Bloomington|page=292}} In the name of defending "hundred-per-cent Americanism", the Klan sought exclude from public life "Bolsheviks, Catholics, Jews, Negroes, bootleggers, pacifists, evolutionists, foreigners, and all persons it considered immoral".Martin (1992), p.190

By 1925 the Klan had 250,000 members, an estimated 30% of native-born white men.{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main7.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018105327/http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main7.html |publisher=Northern Indiana Center for History |title=Indiana History Part 7 |archive-date=October 18, 2008}}Bodenhamer, David (1994) The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, p. 879 By 1925 over half the elected members of the Indiana General Assembly, the governor of Indiana, and many other high-ranking officials in local and state government were members of the Klan. Politicians had also learned they needed Klan endorsement to win office.{{cite book | last=Moore | first=Leonard Joseph | title=Citizen klansmen : the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928 | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | publication-place=Chapel Hill | date=1991 | isbn=0-8078-6349-1 | oclc=45727836}} That year, "Grand Dragon" D.C. Stephenson, who had begun to brag "I am the law in Indiana",{{cite book | last=Lutholtz | first=M. William | title=Grand dragon : D.C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Press | publication-place=West Lafayette, Ind. | date=1991 | isbn=1-55753-010-6 | oclc=22629874}} was charged and convicted for the rape and murder of Madge Oberholtzer, a young schoolteacher. Denied pardon, in 1927 Stephenson gave the Indianapolis Times lists of people the Klan had paid. Partly as a result of compounded scandal, membership collapsed.{{cite book|last=Lutholtz|first=M. William|title=Grand Dragon: D. C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=1991|isbn=1-55753-046-7|location=West Lafayette, Indiana}}

Throughout the 1930s, New Deal Democrats topped the polls{{Cite book |last1=Madison |first1=James |title=Hoosiers and the American Story |last2=Sandweiss |first2=Lee Ann |publisher=Indiana Historical Society |year=2014 |isbn=9780871953636 |location=Indianapolis |pages=231}} and "the Klan was political poison".Martin (1992), p. 199 During those years, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the Great Depression: businesses were shuttered and farm income collapsed. The numbers seeking employment, shelter and relief were augmented by out-of-state Dust Bowl migrants. Swept into office in the nation-wide landslide for Franklin Roosevelt in 1932, Democratic governor Paul V. McNutt, called on Hoosiers to "prove that government may be a great instrument of human progress", and struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help overwhelmed private charities. He reorganised state government, greatly enlarging his executive powers, introduced state income tax and ended Prohibition. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm |title=Paul V. McNutt |publisher=County History Preservation Society |last=Branson |first=Ronald |access-date=July 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204172820/http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2008 }}

World War II helped lift Indiana's economy, as the war required steel, food and other goods the state produced.Pell, p. 31. Roughly 10% of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material.Gray 1995, p. 350. Indiana manufactured 4.5% of total U.S. military armaments during World War{{spaces}}II, ranking eighth among the 48 states.Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.111 The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.{{Cite web |last=Madison |first=James |date=2020 |title=Hoosiers at War: An Overview of Indiana during World War II |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/explore-indiana-history-by-topic/hoosiers-at-war-an-overview-of-indiana-during-world-war-ii/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=IHB |language=en}}

With economic recovery, the Republican supremacy in the state was restored.Leip, David. "[https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=18&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Indiana]". US Election Atlas. Retrieved October 26, 2022. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census.{{cite book|title=Economic Geography|author1=Haynes, Kingsley E. |author2=Machunda, Zachary B|year=1987|pages =319–333}}

In the early 1960s, Democrats briefly returned to state office, and under the administration of Matthew E. Welsh the state adopted its first sales tax of 2%.Gray 1995, p. 382. Indiana schools were desegregated in 1949. In 1950, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black.{{cite web|title=Indiana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |access-date=December 28, 2012 }} Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana Civil Rights Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.Gray 1995, pp. 391–392.

On December 8, 1964, a Convair B-58 carrying nuclear weapons slid off an icy runway on Bunker Hill Air Force Base in Bunker Hill, Indiana and caught fire during a training drill. The five nuclear weapons on board were burned, including one 9-megaton thermonuclear weapon, causing radioactive contamination of the crash area.{{cite news |title=Indiana's 'broken arrow' – that time 5 nuclear bombs caught on fire |url=https://eu.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2018/12/13/indianas-broken-arrow-time-5-nuclear-bombs-caught-fire/1831690002/ |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=December 13, 2018}}

Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the Indiana Court of Appeals was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/2366.htm|title=History and Origins|author=Indiana Historical Bureau|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|access-date=July 28, 2009|archive-date=May 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505101830/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/2366.htm|url-status=dead}}

The 1973 oil crisis created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as Delco Electronics and Delphi began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in Anderson, Muncie, and Kokomo. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/02/art2full.pdf|title=Auto industry jobs in the 1980s: a decade of transition|last=Singleton|first=Christopher J.|publisher=United States Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=July 28, 2009}}

{{Main|Geography of Indiana}}

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With a total area (land and water) of {{convert|36418|sqmi|km2}}, Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size.{{cite web|title=Profile of the People and Land of the United States|publisher=National Atlas of the United States|url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html|access-date=August 17, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915153709/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html|archive-date=September 15, 2012}} The state has a maximum dimension north to south of {{convert|250|mi|km}} and a maximum east to west dimension of {{convert|145|mi|km}}.Moore, p. 11. The state's geographic center (39° 53.7'N, 86° 16.0W) is in Marion County.

Located in the Midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the Great Lakes Region.{{cite web|title =NOAA's Great Lakes Region|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=April 25, 2007|url=http://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/|access-date=September 29, 2009}} Indiana is bordered on the north by Michigan, on the east by Ohio, and on the west by Illinois, partially separated by the Wabash River. Lake Michigan borders Indiana on the northwest and the Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky on the south.{{cite web|title=The Geography of Indiana|publisher=Netstate|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/in_geography.htm|access-date=August 13, 2012}}{{cite news|last=Meredith|first=Robyn|title=Big-Shouldered River Swamps Indiana Town|work=The New York Times|date=March 7, 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/07/us/big-shouldered-river-swamps-indiana-town.html|access-date=August 19, 2009}}

{{See also|Paleontology in Indiana|List of ecoregions in Indiana|List of wildflowers in Indiana}}

File:HickoryRidgeTower-NW.jpg of Hoosier National Forest, in the Indiana Uplands]]

The average altitude of Indiana is about {{convert|760|ft|m}} above sea level.Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 82 The highest point in the state is Hoosier Hill in Wayne County at {{convert|1257|ft|m}} above sea level.Pell, p. 56. The lowest point at {{convert|320|ft|m}} above sea level is in Posey County, where the Wabash River meets the Ohio River. The resulting elevation span, {{convert|937|ft|m}}, is the narrowest of any non-coastal U.S. state. Only {{convert|2850|sqmi|km2}} have an altitude greater than {{convert|1000|ft|m}} and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About {{convert|4700|sqmi|km2}} have an elevation of less than {{convert|500|ft|m}}, mostly concentrated along the Ohio and lower Wabash Valleys, from Tell City and Terre Haute to Evansville and Mount Vernon.Moore, p. 13.

The state includes two natural regions of the United States: the Central Lowlands and the Interior Low Plateaus.Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 70

The till plains make up the northern and central regions of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland. Northern Indiana is similar, except for the presence of higher and hillier terminal moraines and hundreds of kettle lakes. In northwest Indiana there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching nearly 200 feet in height; most of them are at Indiana Dunes National Park. These are along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the Kankakee Outwash Plain.

Southern Indiana is characterized by valleys and rugged, hilly terrain, contrasting with much of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface. Because of the prevalent Indiana limestone, the area has many caves, caverns, and quarries.

{{See also|List of Indiana rivers|List of dams and reservoirs in Indiana|List of lakes in Indiana|Watersheds of Indiana}}

File:Floods Recede around the Wabash-Ohio Confluence.jpg converges with the Ohio River at Posey County.]]

Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers.{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|last=Logan|first=William N.|author2=Edgar Roscoe Cumings|author3=Clyde Arnett Malott|author4=Stephen Sargent Visher|year=1922|publisher=Indiana Department of Conservation|page=257|display-authors=etal}} According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, as of 2007, there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.{{cite web|title=Information Bulletin #4 (Second Amendment), Outstanding Rivers List for Indiana|publisher=Natural Resources Commission|date=May 30, 2007|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/register/20070530-IR-312070287NRA.xml.pdf|access-date=August 15, 2012}}

The Wabash River, which is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi River, is the official river of Indiana.{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Boyce|title=Terre Haute's Top 40: From a trickle in Ohio to the Valley's signature waterway, the Wabash River is forever a part of Terre Haute|work=Tribune-Star|date=August 29, 2009|access-date=September 24, 2009|url=http://www.tribstar.com/local/x46868269/Terre-Hautes-Top-40-From-a-trickle-in-Ohio-to-the-Valley-s-signature-waterway-the-Wabash-River-is-forever-a-part-of-Terre-Haute}}{{cite web|last=Jerse|first=Dorothy|title=Looking Back: Gov. Bayh signs bill making Wabash the official state river in 1996|website=Tribune-Star|date=March 4, 2006|url=http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140504130549/http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 4, 2014|access-date=September 7, 2009}} At {{convert|475|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest, forming part of the state's border with Illinois, before converging with the Ohio River. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away", "Wabash Cannonball", and "Back Home Again in Indiana".{{cite news|first=Cynthia|last=Ozick|title=Miracle on Grub street; Stockholm|work=The New York Times|date=November 9, 1986}}{{cite news|first=Hans|last=Fantel|title=Sound; CDs make their mark on the Wabash Valley|work=The New York Times|date=October 14, 1984}}

There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.{{cite web|title=INDIANA LAKES LISTING|url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/Indiana_Lakes_Listing_By_County_March_2007.pdf|access-date=January 26, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042424/http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/Indiana_Lakes_Listing_By_County_March_2007.pdf|url-status=dead}} To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, one of five lakes comprising the Great Lakes, the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Tippecanoe Lake, the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly {{convert|120|ft|m}}, while Lake Wawasee is the largest natural lake in Indiana.{{cite web |last=Leider |first=Polly |title=A Town With Backbone: Warsaw, Ind |publisher=CBS News |date=January 26, 2006 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-town-with-backbone-warsaw-ind/ |access-date=September 29, 2009}} At 10,750 acres (summer pool level), Monroe Lake is the largest lake in Indiana.{{Cite web|url=https://indianastateparks.reserveamerica.com/camping/monroe-lake/r/campgroundDetails.do?contractCode=IN&parkId=570050|title=Monroe Lake, IN - Indiana Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=October 25, 2022}}

{{further|Climate change in Indiana}}

File:Köppen Climate Types Indiana.png of Indiana, using 1991–2020 climate normals]]

In the past, almost all of Indiana had a humid continental climate (Dfa), with cold winters and hot, wet summers;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/mentorsforexpats/4211551/Life-in-Indiana---Telegraph-Mentor.html] {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} only the extreme southern portion of the state lay within the humid subtropical climate (Cfa), which receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Indiana |encyclopedia=Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls}} But as of the 2016 update, about half the state is now classified as humid subtropical. Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In midwinter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30{{spaces}}°F/15{{spaces}}°F (−1{{spaces}}°C/−10{{spaces}}°C) in the far north to 41{{spaces}}°F/24{{spaces}}°F (5{{spaces}}°C/−4{{spaces}}°C) in the far south.{{cite web |title=NWS Climate Data |publisher=NWS |url=http://www.weather.gov/climate/ |access-date=December 23, 2010}}

In midsummer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84{{spaces}}°F/64{{spaces}}°F (29{{spaces}}°C/18{{spaces}}°C) in the far north to 90{{spaces}}°F/69{{spaces}}°F (32{{spaces}}°C/21{{spaces}}°C) in the far south. Indiana's record high temperature was 116{{spaces}}°F (47{{spaces}}°C) set on July 14, 1936, at Collegeville. The record low was −36{{spaces}}°F (−38{{spaces}}°C) on January 19, 1994 at New Whiteland.{{Cite web|url=https://stacker.com/indiana/see-most-extreme-temperatures-indiana-history|title=See the Most Extreme Temperatures in Indiana History|accessdate=November 10, 2022}} The growing season typically spans from 155 days in the north to 185 days in the south.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from {{convert|35|in|cm}} near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to {{convert|45|in|cm}} along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is {{convert|40|in|cm}}. Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from {{convert|80|in|cm}} in the northwest along Lake Michigan to {{convert|14|in|cm}} in the far south. Lake effect snow accounts for roughly half the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is {{convert|8|mph|km/h}}.{{cite web |title=Indiana – Climate |publisher=City-Data.com |url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Indiana-Climate.html |access-date=July 4, 2009}}

In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on National Weather Service data from 1950 through 2011.{{cite web |author=Engineering Analysis Inc. |title=Mississippi Remains #1 Among Top Twenty Tornado-Prone States |publisher=mindspring.com |date=April 12, 2012 |url=http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084151/http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}} A 2011 report ranked South Bend 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone U.S. cities,{{cite web|author=Engineering Analysis Inc. |title=Six States Contain Twelve of the Top Twenty Tornado-Prone Cities (revised version) |publisher=mindspring.com |date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084146/http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}} while another report from 2011 ranked Indianapolis eighth.{{cite web |last=Kellogg |first=Becky |title=Tornado Expert Ranks Top Tornado Cities |publisher=The Weather Channel |date=March 8, 2011 |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108002946/http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 |archive-date=November 8, 2012}}{{efn|In a 2008 report, Indiana was listed as one of the most tornado-prone states, ranking sixth, while South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone U.S. city, ahead of cities such as Houston, Texas, and Wichita, Kansas. See {{cite web |last=Mecklenburg |first=Rick |title=Is Indiana the new Tornado Alley? |publisher=SouthBendTribune.com |date=May 1, 2008 |url=http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana |access-date=August 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084147/http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}}}{{efn|In a published list of the most tornado-prone states and cities in April 2008, Indiana came in first and South Bend ranked 16th. See {{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Mark |title=Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced |publisher=WIFR |date=May 2, 2008 |url=http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |access-date=August 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109034652/http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}}}Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not part of Tornado Alley.{{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Mark |title=Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced |publisher=WIFR |date=May 2, 2008 |url=http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |access-date=August 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109034652/http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}

{{Main|Time in Indiana}}

Indiana is one of 13 U.S. states that are divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's time zones have fluctuated over the past century. At present, most of the state observes Eastern Time; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe Central Time.{{Cite web|url=https://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/indiana_time_zone.shtml|title=Indiana Time Zone|website=www.timetemperature.com}} Debate continues on the matter.{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/usa/indiana|title=Time Zones in Indiana, United States|website=www.timeanddate.com}}

Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/usa/indiana|title=Daylight Saving Time 2022 in Indiana, United States|accessdate=November 11, 2022}}

{{See also|List of counties in Indiana|Indiana statistical areas}}

Indiana is divided into 92 counties. {{as of|2010}}, the state includes 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.{{efn|A 2008 news report indicated there were 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana. See {{cite web| last =Dresang| first =Joel| title =Automaking down, unemployment up|website=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel| date =July 30, 2008| url =http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/business/52021282.html| access-date =August 14, 2009 }}}} Marion County and Indianapolis have a consolidated city-county government known as Unigov in Indiana state law.

{{See also|List of municipalities in Indiana}}

Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city.{{cite web|title=Guide to 2010 Census State and Local Geography – Indiana | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | date =April 21, 2014 | url=https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/guidestloc/st18_in.html | access-date=August 13, 2012}}{{efn|Indiana's territorial capitals were Vincennes and later Corydon, which also became Indiana's first state capital when it became a state.}} Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, and South Bend.{{cite web|title=Indiana | publisher = Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18000&button1=Get+Profile&id=2&page_path=Area+Profiles&path_id=11&panel_number=1 | access-date=August 14, 2012}} The table below lists the state's twenty largest municipalities based on the 2020 United States census.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.indiana.edu/index.asp|title=Census in Indiana|website=www.census.indiana.edu}}

{{Largest cities

| country = Indiana

| stat_ref = Source: 2020 United States census

| list_by_pop =

| div_name =

| div_link = Counties of Indiana{{!}}County

| city_1 = Indianapolis, Indiana{{!}}Indianapolis

| div_1 = Marion County, Indiana{{!}}Marion

| pop_1 = 887,642

| img_1 = Indianapolis-1872528.jpg

| city_2 = Fort Wayne, Indiana{{!}}Fort Wayne

| div_2 = Allen County, Indiana{{!}}Allen

| pop_2 = 263,886

| img_2 = Downtown Fort Wayne, Indiana Skyline from Old Fort, May 2014.jpg

| city_3 = Evansville, Indiana{{!}}Evansville

| div_3 = Vanderburgh County, Indiana{{!}}Vanderburgh

| pop_3 = 117,298

| img_3 = Evilleriverfront.jpg

| city_4 = South Bend, Indiana{{!}}South Bend

| div_4 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph

| pop_4 = 103,453

| img_4 = South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg

| city_5 = Carmel, Indiana{{!}}Carmel

| div_5 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton

| pop_5 = 99,757

| img_5 =

| city_6 = Fishers, Indiana{{!}}Fishers

| div_6 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton

| pop_6 = 98,977

| img_6 =

| city_7 = Bloomington, Indiana{{!}}Bloomington

| div_7 = Monroe County, Indiana{{!}}Monroe

| pop_7 = 79,168

| img_7 =

| city_8 = Hammond, Indiana{{!}}Hammond

| div_8 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake

| pop_8 = 77,879

| img_8 =

| city_9 = Lafayette, Indiana{{!}}Lafayette

| div_9 = Tippecanoe County, Indiana{{!}}Tippecanoe

| pop_9 = 70,783

| img_9 =

| city_10 = Noblesville, Indiana{{!}}Noblesville

| div_10 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton

| pop_10 = 69,604

| img_10 =

| city_11 = Gary, Indiana{{!}}Gary

| div_11 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake

| pop_11 = 69,093

| img_11 =

| city_12 = Muncie, Indiana{{!}}Muncie

| div_12 = Delaware County, Indiana{{!}}Delaware

| pop_12 = 65,194

| img_12 =

| city_13 = Greenwood, Indiana{{!}}Greenwood

| div_13 = Johnson County, Indiana{{!}}Johnson

| pop_13 = 63,830

| img_13 =

| city_14 = Kokomo, Indiana{{!}}Kokomo

| div_14 = Howard County, Indiana{{!}}Howard

| pop_14 = 59,604

| img_14 =

| city_15 = Terre Haute, Indiana{{!}}Terre Haute

| div_15 = Vigo County, Indiana{{!}}Vigo

| pop_15 = 58,389

| img_15 =

| city_16 = Anderson, Indiana{{!}}Anderson

| div_16 = Madison County, Indiana{{!}}Madison

| pop_16 = 54,788

| img_16 =

| city_17 = Elkhart, Indiana{{!}}Elkhart

| div_17 = Elkhart County, Indiana{{!}}Elkhart

| pop_17 = 53,923

| img_17 =

| city_18 = Mishawaka, Indiana{{!}}Mishawaka

| div_18 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph

| pop_18 = 51,063

| img_18 =

| city_19 = Columbus, Indiana{{!}}Columbus

| div_19 = Bartholomew County, Indiana{{!}}Bartholomew

| pop_19 = 50,474

| img_19 =

| city_20 = Jeffersonville, Indiana{{!}}Jeffersonville

| div_20 = Clark County, Indiana{{!}}Clark

| pop_20 = 49,447

| img_20 =

}}

{{US Census population

| 1800 = 2632

| 1810 = 24520

| 1820 = 147178

| 1830 = 343031

| 1840 = 685866

| 1850 = 988416

| 1860 = 1350428

| 1870 = 1680637

| 1880 = 1978301

| 1890 = 2192404

| 1900 = 2516462

| 1910 = 2700876

| 1920 = 2930390

| 1930 = 3238503

| 1940 = 3427796

| 1950 = 3934224

| 1960 = 4662498

| 1970 = 5193669

| 1980 = 5490224

| 1990 = 5544159

| 2000 = 6080485

| 2010 = 6483802

| 2020 = 6785528

| estyear = 2024

| estimate = 6924275

| estref = {{Cite web |title=QuickFacts: Indiana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/IN | website=Census.gov | publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 20, 2024}}

| align-fn = center

| footnote = Source: 1910–2020{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}

}}

Indiana recorded a population of 6,785,528 in the 2020 United States census, a 4.65% increase since the 2010 United States census.{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |publisher=United States Census Bureau |author=Resident Population Data |title=Resident Population Data – 2020 Census}}

The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th-highest in the United States. As of the 2010 U.S. census, Indiana's population center was northwest of Sheridan, in Hamilton County (+40.149246, −086.259514).{{cite web |title=2010 Census Centers of Population by state |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025307/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}{{efn|Over the previous decade, Indiana's population center has shifted slightly to the northwest. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Indiana's center of population was located in Hamilton County, in the town of Sheridan. See {{cite web |title=Population and Population Centers by State |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |access-date=November 21, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013}}}}

In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.{{cite web |title=Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Indiana |publisher=Rural Policy Research Institute |url=http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf |access-date=October 10, 2009 |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304144932/http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf |url-status=dead }}

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 5,449 homeless people in Indiana.{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}

In 2018, the top countries of origin for Indiana's immigrants were Mexico, India, China, Myanmar, and the Philippines.{{cite web|url= https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_indiana.pdf|title=Immigrants in Indiana}} The city of Fort Wayne in particular is home to one of the largest communities of Burmese immigrants in the country.{{cite web|url=https://www.ncesc.com/geographic-faq/where-do-most-burmese-live-in-usa/|title=Where do most Burmese live in USA?|date=June 26, 2024 }}

File:Ethnic Origins in Indiana.png

German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 18.8% of the population reporting that ancestry in the census. Persons listing themselves as American (7.2%) and those of English ancestry (11.1%) are also numerous, as are Irish (9.8%) and Polish (2.6%).{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=04000US18&primary_geo_id=04000US18 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}} Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of European descent, including many of English descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early colonial era, that they identify simply as American.{{cite book |url={{Google books|SVoAXh-dNuYC|page=PA57|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America |first=Dominic J. |last=Pulera |year=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-1643-8 |page=57}}{{cite journal |first=Reynolds |last=Farley |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=411–429 |doi=10.2307/2061465 |pmid=1936376 |jstor=2061465|s2cid=41503995 |doi-access=free |issn=0070-3370 }}{{cite journal |author1-link=Stanley Lieberson |first1=Stanley |last1=Lieberson |first2=Lawrence |last2=Santi |title=The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns |journal=Social Science Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=1985 |pages=31–56 [pp. 44–46] |doi=10.1016/0049-089X(85)90011-0}}{{cite journal |author2-link=Mary C. Waters |first1=Stanley |last1=Lieberson |first2=Mary C. |last2=Waters |title=Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=487 |issue=79 |year=1986 |pages=79–91 [pp. 82–86] |doi=10.1177/0002716286487001004|s2cid=60711423 }} In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |access-date=December 10, 2011}}

The state is home to a growing Hispanic population, making up 7.8% of the total population. The largest Hispanic ancestry in the state is Mexican (5.3%), making up a large majority of the Hispanic population.{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=04000US18&primary_geo_id=04000US18 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}

The majority (62%) of the state's African American population is concentrated in Marion and Lake counties, in and around the cities of Indianapolis and Gary.[https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2013/may-jun/article3.asp Exploring Hoosier Minority Groups: Indiana's Black Population]

File:Indiana population density 2020.png

[[File:Indiana counties by race.svg|thumb|Map of counties in Indiana by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census

{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}

Non-Hispanic White

{{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}}

{{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}}

{{legend|#85200c|70–80%}}

{{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}}

{{legend|#410b00|90%+}}

{{col-end}}|266x266px]]

Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the five fastest-growing counties in that area: Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County, which is near Cincinnati, Ohio. Hamilton County has also grown faster than any county in the states bordering Indiana (Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Kentucky), and is the 20th-fastest growing county in the country.{{cite web |last=Rainey |first=Joan P |title=Hamilton and Other Suburban Counties Lead the State in Population Growth |publisher=Indiana University |year=2000 |url=http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2000/summer00/01.pdf |access-date=October 17, 2009}}

With a population of 829,817, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana and the 12th-largest in the United States, according to the 2010 census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: Fort Wayne (253,617), Evansville (117,429) and South Bend (101,168).{{cite web |title=IU Kelley School: Indiana's largest cities continue to see strong population growth |url=http://news.iu.edu/releases/iu/2015/05/indiana-city-populations-2014.shtml |website=IU Newsroom |access-date=January 9, 2016 }} Since 2000, Fishers has seen the largest population rise amongst the state's twenty largest cities with an increase of 100%.{{cite web |last=Nevers |first=Kevin |title=Duneland population growth rate slows a bit in 2007 Census estimates |website=Chesterton Tribune |date=July 11, 2008 |url=http://chestertontribune.com/Duneland%20Community%20News/7112%20duneland_population_growth_rate.htm |access-date=August 5, 2009}} Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are Greenwood (81%), Noblesville (39.4%), Carmel (21.4%), Columbus{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 21, 2021}} (12.8%) and Lawrence (9.3%).

Gary and Hammond have had the largest population declines regarding the 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 21.0% and 6.8% respectively. Evansville (−4.2%), Anderson (−4.0%) and Muncie (−3.9%) have also had declines.{{cite press release |title=Indiana sees big gains in population among certain cities and towns |publisher=Indiana University |date=July 10, 2008 |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8512.html |access-date=August 15, 2009}}

Indianapolis has the largest population of the state's metropolitan areas and the 33rd-largest in the country.{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas |publisher=United States Census |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv |access-date=August 14, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100709020951/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv |archive-date=July 9, 2010}} The Indianapolis metropolitan area encompasses Marion County and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

• Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.{{cite web |title=Indiana QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094054/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }} From the 2010 U.S. census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.{{cite web|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Indiana |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094054/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}

{{See also|Indiana locations by per capita income}}

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As of the 2010 census, Indiana's median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.{{cite web |title = Overview for Indiana | publisher=Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business |date =August 1, 2012 |url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/uspr/a/us_profile_frame.html |access-date =August 14, 2012}} In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes between $50,000 and $75,000, accounting for 20% of all households.{{cite web| last =Justis| first =Rachel M| title =Household Income Varies by Region and Race| publisher=Indiana University| year =2006| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2006/fall/article2.html| access-date =October 29, 2009 }}

Hamilton County's median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with fewer than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.

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File:Jrb_20071024_Mennonite_Amish_buggy_Shipshewana_Indiana.JPG of Amish in the U.S.{{cite web|url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2017/08/Population_Change_2012-2017.pdf|website=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College|title=Amish Population Change 2012-2017|type=PDF|access-date=September 2, 2017}}]]

Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706 members), most Hoosiers are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010 was the United Methodist Church, with 355,043.{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/18/rcms2010_18_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112163800/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/18/rcms2010_18_state_adh_2010.asp |url-status=dead }} A study by the Graduate Center at the City University of New York found 20% are Catholic, 14% belong to Baptist churches, 10% are other Christians, 9% are Methodist, and 6% are Lutheran. The study found 16% are affiliated with no religion.{{cite web|title=American Religious Identification Survey |publisher=City University of New York |url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219030815/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2006 }}

Indiana is home to the Benedictine St. Meinrad Archabbey, one of two Catholic archabbeys in the United States and 11 in the world. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two evangelical Methodist denominations, the Free Methodist Church and the Wesleyan Church, are headquartered in Indianapolis, as is the Christian Church.Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 696Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 416.

The Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches maintains offices and publishing work in Winona Lake.{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LC&p_theme=lc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10307DEBAC918D95&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Forever Young: Lititz pastor retires after 33 years at Grace Brethren|date=June 4, 2004|publisher=Lancaster New Era|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed) Huntington serves as the home to the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10547EC7A86111BF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Future of the faith, Area church weighs merger as a way to aid denomination|date=September 22, 2004|website=The News-Sentinel|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed) Anderson is home to the headquarters of the Church of God.{{cite web|last=Neff|first=David|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/marchweb-only/113-12.0.html|title=Holiness Without the Legalism|date=March 27, 2006|website=Christianity Today|access-date=August 15, 2009}} The headquarters of the Missionary Church is in Fort Wayne.{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE07B25E8E7E2E5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Volunteers add to church, They construct buildings for the Missionary Church|date=October 6, 2003|website=The News-Sentinel|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)

The Friends United Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in Richmond,{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|title=Quakers of Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana|publisher=Earlham College|access-date=August 15, 2009|archive-date=April 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403160459/http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|url-status=dead}} which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the Earlham School of Religion.{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Amy Lyles|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7780491|title=The Guts to Keep Going|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=National Public Radio|access-date=August 15, 2009}} The Islamic Society of North America is headquartered in Plainfield.{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-02-02-muslims-obama_N.htm|title=Are American Muslims 'under more scrutiny' with Obama?|work=USA Today|date=February 2, 2009|access-date=August 15, 2009}}

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{{Main|Government of Indiana}}

{{See also|United States congressional delegations from Indiana|Indiana's congressional districts}}

File:IndianaStateHouse1.jpg in Indianapolis, seat of Indiana's state government, hosts the Indiana General Assembly, the Indiana Supreme Court, and the Governor of Indiana.]]

File:1816 Indiana Constitution - DPLA - 638529f8d3cb7f846cb4d281a6314e78 (page 10).jpg (1816)]]

Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three branches: the executive, including an elected governor and lieutenant governor; the legislative, consisting of an elected bicameral General Assembly; and the judicial, the Supreme Court of Indiana, the Indiana Court of Appeals and circuit courts.

The Governor of Indiana serves as the state's chief executive and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the lieutenant governor are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrently with United States presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.). The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the Indiana General Assembly and the Indiana Supreme Court to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. The governor can call special sessions of the General Assembly and select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the Indiana Guard Reserve or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.{{cite web|url=http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|title=Indiana Facts|publisher=State of Indiana|access-date=August 3, 2009|archive-date=March 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318110223/http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|url-status=dead}}Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 10.{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 5| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =March 10, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090310200401/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html| url-status =dead}}

The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and ensures the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor votes only when needed to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 13.

The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member Senate and 100-member House of Representatives. The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the lower house. The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and the House can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but both houses must pass them before they can be submitted to the Governor.{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 4| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =August 1, 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180801103208/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html| url-status =dead}} The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives. Each law passed by the General Assembly must apply without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets a particular community.Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 11 The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 14.

The Indiana Supreme Court is made up of five judges with a Court of Appeals composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeals courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term. In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction and can hear only cases petitioned to it after being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where most cases begin with a trial and the consequence is decided by the jury. The Supreme Court has original and sole jurisdiction in certain areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 7| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =August 2, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090802221214/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html| url-status =dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html |title=Appellate Process |publisher=State of Indiana |date=February 4, 2009 |access-date=August 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723101408/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html |archive-date=July 23, 2009 }}

The state is divided into 92 counties, which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own circuit court with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate superior courts in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts vary greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered courts of record. County officials elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/2674.htm|title=Indiana Trial Courts: Types of Courts|publisher=State of Indiana|access-date=May 4, 2014|archive-date=May 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172406/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/2674.htm|url-status=dead}}

U.S. News & World Report ranked Indiana first in the publication's inaugural 2017 Best States for Government listing. Among individual categories, Indiana ranked above average in budget transparency (#1), government digitization (#6), and fiscal stability (#8), and ranked average in state integrity (#25).{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/government|title=Best States for Government|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911112135/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/government|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}

In a 2020 study, Indiana was ranked as the 10th hardest state for citizens to vote in.{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }} Abortion is illegal in Indiana with limited exceptions.{{Cite web |title=Indiana |url=https://reproductiverights.org/maps/state/indiana/ |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=Center for Reproductive Rights}}

File:Defense.gov photo essay 090826-D-8719J-45.jpg at the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center near Butlerville]]

Indiana is home to several current and former military installations. The largest of these is the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, approximately 25 miles southwest of Bloomington, which is the third-largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.{{Cite web|url=https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/Who-We-Are/|title=About Us|website=www.navsea.navy.mil}} Located inside NSWC Crane is Constitution Grove, a 64,000-acre forest containing approximately 120 old-growth white oak trees selected for the maintenance of the USS Constitution, the world's oldest commissioned warship still afloat.{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=USS Constitution |date=2015-05-11 |title=The "Wooden Walls" of USS Constitution |url=https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/2015/05/11/the-wooden-walls/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=USS Constitution Museum |language=en}}

Other active installations include Air National Guard fighter units at Fort Wayne, and Terre Haute airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the 2005 BRAC proposal, with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The Army National Guard conducts operations at Camp Atterbury in Edinburgh, Indiana, helicopter operations out of Shelbyville Airport and urban training at Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. The Army's Newport Chemical Depot, which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant.

Indiana was formerly home to two major military installations; Grissom Air Force Base near Peru (realigned to an Air Force Reserve installation in 1994) and Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, now closed, though the Department of Defense continues to operate a large finance center there (Defense Finance and Accounting Service).

{{Main|Politics of Indiana}}

{{See also|Political party strength in Indiana|United States presidential elections in Indiana}}

File:130410-Z-9531S-013.jpg at the Indiana State Fair, 2014|alt=An older man in a tan suit reaches across a table to shake a woman's hand.]]

From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative William Hayden English was nominated for vice president and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the 1880 election.Gray 1977, p. 23. Former Indiana Governor Thomas A. Hendricks was elected vice president in 1884. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President Grover Cleveland.Gray 1977, p. 82. In 1888, former Senator from Indiana Benjamin Harrison was elected president and served one term. He remains the only President from Indiana. Indiana Senator Charles W. Fairbanks was elected vice president in 1904, serving under President Theodore Roosevelt until 1909.Gray 1977, p. 118. Fairbanks made another run for vice president with Charles Evans Hughes in 1916, but they both lost to Woodrow Wilson and former Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall, who served as vice president from 1913 until 1921.Gray 1977, p. 162. Not until 1988 did another presidential election involve a native of Indiana when Senator Dan Quayle was elected vice president and served one term with George H. W. Bush. Governor Mike Pence was elected vice president in 2016 and served one term with Donald Trump.

Indiana has long been considered a Republican stronghold.{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Indiana poll shows tight race with McCain, Obama |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Oct01/0,4670,Poll2008Indiana,00.html |date=October 1, 2008 |access-date=August 10, 2009}}{{cite news |last=Purnick |first=Joyce |title=The 2006 Campaign: Struggle for the House; In a G.O.P. Stronghold, 3 Districts in Indiana Are Now Battlegrounds |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDA163FF932A15753C1A9609C8B63 |date=October 21, 2006 |access-date=August 10, 2009}} It was through the Republican Party that in the mid-1920s the 250,000 member Indiana Klan exerted its influence in the Indiana General Assembly, where more than half the elected representatives were Klansmen, and in the governor's office. The party suffered accordingly when the Madge Oberholtzer scandal discredited the Klan leadership. A further opening was created for the Democrats when the state shared in the country's disillusion with the Depression-era administration of President Hoover. In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state with 55% of the vote. The ascendancy of the New Deal Democrats, however, was temporary. In 1940, Indiana was one of only 10 states to support Republican Wendell Willkie.

On 14 occasions the Republican candidate has defeated the Democrat by a double-digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20 percentage points. Roosevelt's victory in 1932 was one of only five occasion since 1900 in which the state has favored a Democrat for president. The first was Woodrow Wilson with 43% of the vote in 1912; the last, by a narrow margin of 50% to 49%. was Barack Obama in 2008.{{cite web |last=McPhee |first=Laura |date=November 12, 2008 |title=Indiana's historic vote for Obama |url=https://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/indianas-historic-vote-for-obama/Content?oid=1263801 |access-date=August 10, 2009 |website=NUVO}}

Republican Donald Trump carried the state in 2016, in 2020 and again in 2024. Despite his loss in the national vote, his largest margin was in 2020. On a turnout of 64.58%, he defeated Joe Biden by a margin of 57% to 41%.{{Cite web |last=Shepard |first=Steven |last2= |first2= |date=2020 |title=Live election results: 2020 Indiana results |url=https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/indiana/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.politico.com |language=en}}

While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats were elected governor during that time. Before Mitch Daniels became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections. Seven of the districts favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats.

Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020 elections. Indiana's second-most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.{{cite web |title=Presidential General Election Map Comparison |url=https://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/comparemaps.php?year=2008&fips=18&f=1&off=0&elect=0 |access-date=August 11, 2009 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}

In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at 83. Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.{{cite news |last=Modie |first=Neil |title=Where have Seattle's lefties gone? |website=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/236320_liberal12.html |date=August 12, 2005 |access-date=August 11, 2009}} Republicans also currently hold supermajorities in both chambers of the Indiana General Assembly and have dominated the governorship since 2005.

{{See also|Golden Age of Indiana Literature}}

The last decades of the 19th century began what is known as the "golden age of Indiana literature", a period that lasted until the 1920s. Edward Eggleston wrote The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871), the first best-seller to originate in the state. Many more followed, including Maurice Thompson's Hoosier Mosaics (1875) and Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur (1880). Indiana developed a reputation as the "American heartland" after the publication of several widely read novels, beginning with Booth Tarkington's The Gentleman from Indiana (1899), Meredith Nicholson's The Hoosiers (1900), and Thompson's Alice of Old Vincennes (1900). James Whitcomb Riley, known as the "Hoosier Poet" and the most popular poet of his age, wrote hundreds of poems with Hoosier themes, including Little Orphant Annie. A unique art culture also began to develop in the late 19th century, beginning the Hoosier School of landscape painting and the Richmond Group of impressionist painters. The painters, including T. C. Steele, whose work was influenced by southern Indiana's colorful hills, were known for their use of vivid colors.{{cite encyclopedia|title=INDIANA|year=2000|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century|editor= Farmington, Gale|author=Furlong, Patrick J.|location=Michigan}} Prominent musicians and composers from Indiana also reached national acclaim, including Paul Dresser, whose most popular song, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away", was later adopted as the official state song.{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Clayton W|url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/paul-dresser/|title=Paul Dresser|publisher=Indiana Historical Society|access-date=March 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828223523/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/paul-dresser|archive-date=August 28, 2010|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Sports in Indiana}}

File:Dallara DW12 (Fernando Alonso) 2017 Indianapolis 500.jpg race.]]

Indiana has an extensive history with auto racing. Indianapolis hosts the Indianapolis 500 mile race over Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing". The race attracts more than 250,000 people every year, making it the largest single-day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the Brickyard 400 (NASCAR) and the Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix. From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the United States Grand Prix (Formula One). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag race, the NHRA Mac Tools U.S. Nationals, held each Labor Day weekend at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana. Indiana is also host to a major unlimited hydroplane racing power boat race circuits in the major H1 Unlimited league, the Madison Regatta (Madison, Indiana).

File:Andrew Luck 2013.jpg of the National Football League have been based in the state since 1984.]]

{{as of|2013}} Indiana has produced more National Basketball Association (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.{{cite web | url=http://deadspin.com/infographics-where-do-pro-basketball-players-come-from-513261549 | title=Infographics: Where Do Pro Basketball Players Come From? | website=Deadspin | date=June 17, 2013 | access-date=June 18, 2013 | author=Fischer-Baum, Reuben}} It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the sport's formative years. The NBA's Indiana Pacers play their home games at Gainbridge Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, high school basketball was born in Indiana. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film Hoosiers is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/larry-bird-9213087|title=Larry Bird|website=Biography|date=April 20, 2021 }}

Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the Dayton Triangles. They became an official team after moving to Baltimore, MD, in 1953. In 1984, the Colts relocated to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. After calling the RCA Dome home for 25 years, the Colts play their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won Super Bowl V. In Indianapolis, the Colts won Super Bowl XLI, bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.

Indiana was home to two charter members of the National Football League teams, the Hammond Pros and the Muncie Flyers. Another early NFL franchise, the Evansville Crimson Giants spent two seasons in the league before folding.

The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in italic are in major professional leagues.

The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana having a capacity in excess of 30,000:

{{See also|Hoosier Hysteria}}

File:Indiana Assembly Hall interior (16100187018).jpg, home to Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball]]

File:Fans and players gather for a football game Sept. 6, 2014, at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Ind 140906-D-KC128-220.jpg, home to the Fighting Irish]]

File:Ross-Ade Stadium.jpg, home of the Purdue Boilermakers, before the 2023 renovations]]

Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level.

In men's basketball, the Indiana Hoosiers have won five NCAA national championships and 22 Big Ten Conference championships. The Purdue Boilermakers were selected as the national champions in 1932 before the creation of the tournament, and have won 26 Big Ten championships. The Boilermakers along with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have both won a national championship in women's basketball.

In college football, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have won 11 consensus national championships, as well as the Rose Bowl Game, Cotton Bowl Classic, Orange Bowl and Sugar Bowl. Meanwhile, the Purdue Boilermakers have won 10 Big Ten championships and have won the Rose Bowl and Peach Bowl.

Schools fielding NCAA Division I athletic programs include:

{{Main|Economy of Indiana}}

File:Indiana Dunes State Park, on the southern tip of Lake Michigan.jpg's beaches, popular with tourists, are juxtaposed with heavy industry.]]

File:Campo de maiz, Walker, Indiana, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-20, DD 03.jpg

In 2017, Indiana had a civilian labor force of nearly 3.4{{spaces}}million, the 15th largest in the United States. Indiana has an unemployment rate of 3.4%, lower than the national average.{{cite web|title=Labor Force Overview (NSA): STATS Indiana|publisher=STATS Indiana|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/laus/laus_view1.html|access-date=September 1, 2017}} The total gross state product in 2016 was $347.2{{spaces}}billion.{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels |title=Apps Test | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |website=Bea.gov |date= |access-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels |url-status=dead }} A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing.{{cite web | title=Indiana Economy at a Glance | publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | url=http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.in.htm | access-date=January 11, 2007}} According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 17% of the state's non-farm workforce is employed in manufacturing, the highest of any state in the U.S.{{cite web|title=The States Leading the U.S. Manufacturing Resurgence|first=Mark|last=Crawford|publisher=AreaDevelopment|url=http://www.areadevelopment.com/RegionalReports/Q1-2013/states-leading-US-manufacturing-resurgence-2665542.shtml?Page=2|date=Winter 2013|access-date=September 1, 2017}} The state's five leading exports were motor vehicles and auto parts, pharmaceutical products, industrial machinery, optical and medical equipment, and electric machinery.{{cite web|title=Global Positioning, 2015: Indiana's Export Activity|publisher=STATS Indiana|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/exports/2015.asp|access-date=September 1, 2017}}

Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been less affected by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufacturers than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.{{citation |title=Manufacturers in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Center for Rural Development | date=July 19, 1998}}

In 2016, Indiana was home to seven Fortune 500 companies with a combined $142.5{{spaces}}billion in revenue.{{cite web|title=Indiana Businesses Shuffle on Fortune 500|first=Dan|last=McGowan|publisher=Inside Indiana Business|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/32221981/indiana-businesses-shuffle-around-on-fortune-500|date=June 14, 2016|access-date=September 1, 2017}} Columbus-based Cummins, Inc. and Indianapolis-based Eli Lilly and Company and Simon Property Group were recognized in Fortune publication's "2017 World's Most Admired Companies List", ranking in each of their respective industries.{{cite news|title=3 Indiana companies make Fortune's 2017 World's Most Admired Companies List|first=Allison|last=Carter|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2017/02/20/3-indiana-companies-make-fortunes-2017-worlds-most-admired-companies-list/98149374/|date=February 20, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017}}

Northwest Indiana has been the largest steel producing center in the U.S. since 1975 and accounted for 27% of American-made steel in 2016.{{cite web|title=Indiana leads nation in steel production|first=Joseph|last=Pete|publisher=Northwest Indiana Times|url=http://www.nwitimes.com/business/steel/indiana-leads-nation-in-steel-production/article_def40810-528e-5a98-acc2-ebab79de08a2.html|date=May 31, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017}}

Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.{{Cite web|url=http://wndu.com/news/112005/news_46007.php|title=WNDU-TV: News Story: Bayer is leaving Elkhart – November 16, 2005|website=Wndu.com|access-date=July 29, 2022}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.{{cite web | title=Economy & Demographics | publisher=Terre Haute Economic Development Co. | url=http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716101025/http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 16, 2006 | access-date=January 30, 2007 }}

Indiana is in the U.S. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. It has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, assure dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties.{{cite web | title=USDA Crop Profiles | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state | access-date=November 20, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070223130933/http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state |archive-date = February 23, 2007}} Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in southern Indiana.

In 2011, CEO magazine ranked Indiana first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business.{{cite web|url=http://chiefexecutive.net/best-worst-states-for-business |title=Best/Worst States for Business | ChiefExecutive.net | Chief Executive Magazine |publisher=ChiefExecutive.net |date=May 3, 2011 |access-date=December 10, 2011}}

{{See also|Taxation in Indiana}}

Tax is collected by the Indiana Department of Revenue.{{cite web|title=DOR: Home|url=https://www.in.gov/dor/|access-date=June 4, 2020|website=www.in.gov}}

Indiana has a flat state income tax rate of 3.23%. Many of the state's counties also collect income tax. The state sales tax rate is 7% with exemptions for food, prescription medications and over-the-counter medications.{{cite web|title=State Sales Tax Rates|url=http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Tax-Shelter/State-Sales-Tax-Rates/|publisher=Money-Zine.com|access-date=January 26, 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121121539/http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Tax-Shelter/State-Sales-Tax-Rates/|url-status=dead}} In some jurisdictions, an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County's rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages.{{cite web|title=INDIANA Retail Sales Tax & Use Tax |url=http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf |website=Indiana Department of Revenue |publisher=State of Indiana |access-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125021729/http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2011 }}

Property taxes are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance.{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/dor/tax-forms/property-tax/|title=DOR: Property Tax|date=June 22, 2020 |accessdate=November 11, 2022}} Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, municipalities, and libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008, limits property taxes to 1% of assessed value for homeowners, 2% for rental properties and farmland, and 3% for businesses.

Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, it has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. The state has a Rainy Day Fund and for healthy reserves proportional to spending. Indiana is one of six U.S. states to not allow a line-item veto.{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/budget-tax/gubernatorial-veto-authority-with-respect-to-major.aspx|title=Gubernatorial Veto Authority with Respect to Major Budget Bill(s)|publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures|access-date=September 11, 2017|archive-date=January 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129031718/http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/budget-tax/gubernatorial-veto-authority-with-respect-to-major.aspx|url-status=dead}}

Since 2010, Indiana has been one of a few states to hold AAA bond credit ratings with the Big Three credit rating agencies, the highest possible rating.{{cite news|title=S&P Reaffirms State's Credit Rating|first=Alex|last=Brown|newspaper=Inside Indiana Business|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/31621461/sp-reaffirms-states-credit-rating|date=April 1, 2016|access-date=September 11, 2017}}

{{See also|List of power stations in Indiana}}

File:Clifty Creek Power Plant Complex.jpg, like Clifty Creek Power Plant in Madison, produced about 85 percent of Indiana's energy supply in 2014.{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/state/state_one_pager/Indiana.pdf|title=2014 EIA reports and publications – Indiana|website=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=September 3, 2017}}]]

Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. It has 24 coal power plants, including the country's largest coal power plant, Gibson Generating Station, across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant, just west of New Albany.{{cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-26-05.asp|title=50 Dirtiest U.S. Power Plants Named|last=staff|website=Ens-newswire.com|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200756/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-26-05.asp|url-status=dead}}

In 2010, Indiana had estimated coal reserves of 57 billion tons, and state mining operations produced 35 million tons of coal annually.{{cite web|url=http://igs.indiana.edu/coal/index.cfm|title=Coal in Indiana|author=Indiana Geological Survey|publisher=Purdue University|access-date=October 19, 2010}} Indiana also has at least 900 million barrels of petroleum reserves in the Trenton Field, though they are not easily recoverable. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing the use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been coal gasification plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.

Wind power has been growing rapidly. Estimates in 2006 raised Indiana's wind capacity from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines.[http://www.indianacleanpower.org/renewableresources.html Indiana's Renewable Energy Resources] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209233955/http://www.indianacleanpower.org/renewableresources.html |date=February 9, 2014 }} Retrieved August 20, 2008 By the end of 2011, Indiana had installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.{{cite web|url=http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp |title=WINDExchange: U.S. Installed Wind Capacity |website=windpoweringamerica.gov |access-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314233108/http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp |archive-date=March 14, 2014 }} In 2020, this total had more than doubled to 2,968 MW.{{cite web|url=https://neo.ne.gov/programs/stats/inf/205.htm |date=April 13, 2022 |title=Wind Energy Installed Capacity by State }}

{{See also|List of airports in Indiana}}

Indianapolis International Airport serves the greater Indianapolis area. It was rebuilt in November 2008 and offers a midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.{{cite web | title=New Indianapolis Airport | publisher=Indianapolis Airport Authority | url=http://www.indianapolisairport.com/ | access-date=January 6, 2007 | archive-date=February 2, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202010611/http://www.indianapolisairport.com/ | url-status=dead }}

Other major airports include Evansville Regional Airport, Fort Wayne International Airport (which houses the 122d Fighter Wing of the Air National Guard), and South Bend International Airport. A long-standing proposal to turn Gary Chicago International Airport into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48{{spaces}}million in federal funding over the next ten years.{{cite web|title=Gary Airpport Gets Millions in Federal Funding |publisher=CBS Channel 2 |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html |access-date=October 18, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218014515/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html |archive-date=February 18, 2006 }}

No airlines operate out of Terre Haute Regional Airport but it is used primarily for general aviation. Since 1954, the 181st Fighter Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard was stationed there, but the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated the 181st would lose its fighter mission and F-16 aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility a general-aviation-only facility.

Louisville International Airport, across the Ohio River in Louisville, Kentucky, serves southern Indiana, as does Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport in Hebron, Kentucky. Many residents of Northwest Indiana, which is primarily in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, use Chicago's airports, O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

File:I-69 Construction Indiana.jpg extension project in Monroe County]]

The U.S. Interstate highways in Indiana are I-64, I-65, I-265, I-465, I-865, I-69, I-469, I-70, I-74, I-80, I-90, I-94, and I-275. The various highways intersecting in and around Indianapolis, along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many U.S. routes and state highways maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation. These are numbered according to the same convention as U.S. Highways. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and Indiana State Road 64 both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.

A $3 billion project extending I-69 is underway. The project was divided into six sections, with the first five sections (linking Evansville to Martinsville) now complete. The sixth and final phase from Martinsville to Indianapolis is under construction. When complete, I-69 will traverse an additional {{convert|142|mi|km|}} through the state.{{cite news|last=Lange|first=Kaitlin|title=I-69 completion date pushed back|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/13/-69-completion-date-pushed-back/97850844/|access-date=September 3, 2017|work=The Indianapolis Star|date=February 13, 2017}}

Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the 9-1-1 system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (for example, Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).

There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g., Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.

Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for north–south roads and presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e., Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for east–west roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton County's east–west roads continue Indianapolis's numbered street system from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.

{{See also|List of Indiana railroads}}

File:07 21 09 006xRP - Flickr - drewj1946.jpg commuter train in Michigan City]]

Indiana has more than {{convert|4,255|mi||adj=pre|railroad route }}, of which 91% are operated by Class I railroads, principally CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. Other Class{{spaces}}I railroads in Indiana include the Canadian National Railway and Soo Line Railroad, a CPKC subsidiary, as well as Amtrak. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The South Shore Line is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to South Bend. Indiana is implementing an extensive rail plan prepared in 2002 by the Parsons Corporation.{{cite web | title=Indiana Rail Plan | publisher=Indiana Department of Transportation | url=http://www.in.gov/indot/3065.htm | access-date=August 24, 2009 | archive-date=August 18, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818033454/http://www.in.gov/indot/3065.htm | url-status=dead }} Many recreational trails, such as the Monon Trail and Cardinal Greenway, have been created from abandoned rails routes.

File:Towboat Ben McCool upbound on Ohio River with two tank barges (1 of 6) 87j082.jpg. Ports of Indiana manages three maritime ports in the state, two located on the Ohio.]]

Indiana annually ships more than 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states.{{Cite web|url=https://www.portsofindiana.com/culture/faq/#1620269721897-2019f81f-f9d9|title=FAQ - Ports of Indiana|accessdate=November 11, 2022|archive-date=November 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112012425/https://www.portsofindiana.com/culture/faq/#1620269721897-2019f81f-f9d9|url-status=dead}} More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The Ports of Indiana manages three major ports which include Burns Harbor, Jeffersonville, and Mount Vernon.{{cite web | title=Ports of Indiana Website | url=http://www.portsofindiana.com | access-date=January 7, 2007}}

{{Main|Education in Indiana}}

File:Shortridge High School Indianapolis Aug 2016.jpg in Indianapolis is Indiana's oldest free public high school.{{cite web |last=Herron |first=Arika |title=Shortridge named state's 'most beautiful' public high school |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/education/2017/09/18/shortridge-named-states-most-beautiful-public-high-school/678804001/ |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=September 18, 2017 |access-date=March 13, 2024}}]]

Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded public school system. It also allotted one township for a public university.{{cite web

|title=Indiana History: Indiana, the Nineteenth State (1816)

|publisher=Center for History

|url=http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816

|access-date=August 26, 2009

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027053723/http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816

|archive-date=October 27, 2012

}} However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, Caleb Mills pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution. In 1843 the Legislature ruled that African Americans could not attend the public schools, leading to the foundation of Union Literary Institute and other schools for them, funded by donations or the students themselves.{{cite web|title=Examining the Cross-roads: School Segregation in Indiana: Center for Evaluation, Policy, & Research: Indiana University Bloomington|url=https://cepr.indiana.edu/segregation.html|access-date=February 10, 2022|website=Center for Evaluation, Policy, & Research|language=en-US|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210184537/https://cepr.indiana.edu/segregation.html|url-status=dead}} The Indiana General Assembly authorized separate but equal schools for Black students in 1869, and in 1877 language in the law changed to allow for integrated schools.

Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly ten percent attend private schools and parochial schools.{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/doe/about/news/indiana-k-12-school-enrollment-grows-for-2021-2022-school-year/#:~:text=More%20than%2083%2C000%20students%20currently,comprises%207.4%25%20of%20Indiana's%20students.|title=Indiana K-12 School Enrollment grows for 2021-2022 School Year|date=January 20, 2022 |accessdate=November 12, 2022}} About half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.

Indiana public schools have gone through several changes throughout Indiana's history. Modern, public school standards, have been implemented all throughout the state. These new standards were adopted in April 2014. The overall goal of these new state standards is to ensure Indiana students have the necessary skills and requirements needed to enter college or the workforce upon high school graduation.{{cite web |title=Indiana Academic Standards |url=https://www.doe.in.gov/standards |website=Indiana Department of Education |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012744/https://www.doe.in.gov/standards |url-status=dead }} State standards can be found for nearly every major subject taught in Indiana public schools. Mathematics, English/Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies are among the top, prioritized standards. In 2022, the Indiana Department of Education reported that the state's overall graduation rate was 86.7%, down one percent from 2021.{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Mary |title=State Releases 2021 Graduation Rates |url=https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/state-releases-2021-graduation-rates |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=Inside INdiana Business |language=en-US}}

The rate of Indiana high school students attending college fell to 53% in 2022, a significant decline from 65% in 2017.{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college plummets to 53% |url=https://in.chalkbeat.org/2022/6/9/23161997/college-going-rate-indiana-decrease-low-high-school-higher-education-gap |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=Chalkbeat Indiana |language=en}}{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/che/files/2021_College_Readiness_Report_04_21_2021a.pdf|title=Indiana College Readiness Report 2021|website=In.gov|access-date=July 29, 2022}} Indiana's college-going rates have fallen further than most states'.{{Cite web |last=Indiana |first=Helen Rummel, Chalkbeat |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college drops to 53% |url=https://nuvo.newsnirvana.com/news/rate-of-indiana-high-school-students-headed-to-college-drops-to-53/article_89f15974-e9d4-11ec-a877-a7ced5f94de7.html |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=NUVO |date=June 11, 2022 |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college plummets to 53% |url=https://in.chalkbeat.org/2022/6/9/23161997/college-going-rate-indiana-decrease-low-high-school-higher-education-gap |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=Chalkbeat Indiana |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=brooke.mcafee@newsandtribune.com |first=BROOKE MCAFEE |title=Local college enrollment reflects Indiana decline |url=https://www.newsandtribune.com/news/local-college-enrollment-reflects-indiana-decline/article_7530346c-eb62-11ec-87c8-07171aed778c.html |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=News and Tribune |date=June 13, 2022 |language=en}} Trends reveal widening gaps for ethnic minorities and low-income families.

Indiana has a strong vocational school system. Charles Allen Prossor, known as the father of vocational education in the United States, was from New Albany. The Charles Allen Prosser School of Technology is named in his honor. There are vocational schools in every region of Indiana, and most Indiana students can freely attend a vocational school during their high school years and receive training and job placement assistance in trade jobs. The International Union Of Operating Engineers (IUOE) has seven local unions in Indiana, offering apprenticeship and training opportunities.{{cite web|title=Local Unions by State/Province|url=https://www.iuoe.org/join-iuoe/local-unions-by-state-province|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=www.iuoe.org}} According to the Electrical Training Alliance website, there are ten electrical training centers in Indiana.{{cite web|title=electrical training ALLIANCE for the IBEW and NECA|url=http://electricaltrainingalliance.org/AboutUs|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=electricaltrainingalliance.org}}

{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Indiana}}

The state's community college system, Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana, serves nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited statewide community college system.{{cite web |title=Ivy Tech Reports Record Enrollment |url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017093819/http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |website=Insideindianabusiness.com}} In 2008, the Indiana University system agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community College System.{{cite web |date=May 16, 2008 |title=Hoosier State Gets Coordinated |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/05/16/indiana |access-date=March 21, 2014 |website=Inside Higher Ed}}

The largest non-community educational institution is Indiana University, a multi-campus university system; its flagship campus at Bloomington was endorsed as the Indiana Seminary in 1820. Indiana State University was established in Terre Haute as the state's Normal School in 1865. Purdue University was chartered in West Lafayette as the state's land-grant university in 1869 and is also now a multi-campus institution. The three other independent state universities are Vincennes University (founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), Ball State University (founded 1918 as the East Division of Indiana State), and the University of Southern Indiana (founded 1965 as the Evansville campus of Indiana State).

Many of Indiana's private colleges and universities are affiliated with religious organizations. The University of Notre Dame, Marian University, and the University of Saint Francis are Roman Catholic schools. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include Anderson University, Butler University, Huntington University, Manchester University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Taylor University, Franklin College, Hanover College, DePauw University, Earlham College, Valparaiso University, the University of Indianapolis, and the University of Evansville.{{cite web|title=About UE |publisher=University of Evansville |url=http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106123440/http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ |archive-date=January 6, 2010 }}

The state has several universities ranked among the best by U.S. News & World Report. The University of Notre Dame ranks among the top 20, Purdue University among the top 50, and Indiana University Bloomington among the top 100.{{Cite web |title=University of Notre Dame |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-notre-dame-1840}}{{Cite web |title=Purdue University-West Lafayette |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/purdue-university-west-lafayette-1825}}{{Cite web |title=Indiana University-Bloomington |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-university-bloomington-1809}} Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) has recently made it into the top 200 U.S. News & World Report rankings. Butler, Valparaiso, and the University of Evansville are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked fourth in the country.{{Cite web |title=2023-2024 Best Engineering Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools/eng-rankings |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=US News & World Report}} In addition, Taylor University is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology has been considered the nation's top undergraduate engineering school for 25 consecutive years.[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities National University Ranking|Top National Universities|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210513/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |date=May 21, 2011 }}, U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 2013-Aug-13[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest Regional University Midwest Rankings|Top Regional Universities Midwest|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |date=October 29, 2015 }}, U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 2013-Aug-13[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-midwest Regional College Midwest Rankings|Top Regional Colleges Midwest|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130182816/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-midwest |date=January 30, 2013 }}, U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 2013-Aug-13[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-no-doctorate Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs|Rankings|UsNews] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930205000/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-no-doctorate |date=September 30, 2016 }}, U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 2013-Sept-17{{Cite web |title=The Survey Says: Rose-Hulman No. 1 in U.S. News' Engineering Rankings for 24th Straight Year |url=https://www.rose-hulman.edu/news/2022/the-survey-says-rose-hulman-number-one-in-us-news-engineering-rankings-for-24th-straight-year.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=www.rose-hulman.edu |language=en}} In 2023, the University of Notre Dame had the seventh largest endowment among private postsecondary institutions in the U.S. (11th overall).

The state is also home to the largest medical school system in the country (the Indiana University School of Medicine) and a smaller, osteopathic medical school (Marian University's Tom and Julie Wood College of Osteopathic Medicine). In addition, Indiana boasts one veterinary medical school (the Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine), one optometry school (Indiana University School of Optometry), three pharmacy schools (the Purdue College of Pharmacy, Butler College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and the Manchester College of Pharmacy, Natural, and Health Sciences) and four law schools (IU Maurer School of Law, IU McKinney School of Law, Notre Dame Law School, and Purdue Global Law School).

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Indiana has three official partner jurisdictions:{{cite web |url=https://asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/data/sister-partnerships |title=Sister Partnerships By US State – Indiana |publisher=East-West Center |access-date=August 16, 2024}}

• {{flagdeco|PRC}} Zhejiang, China (1987)
• {{flagdeco|Japan}} Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (1999)
• {{flagdeco|India}} Karnataka, India (2017)

{{portal bar|Indiana|United States}}

• Index of Indiana-related articles
• Outline of Indiana
• List of people from Indiana
• USS Indiana, 4 ships

{{clear}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|author=Bodenhamer, David J.|author2=Barrows, Robert Graham|author3=Vanderstel, David Gordon|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-31222-8}}
• {{Cite book|title=Indiana|author=Brill, Marlene Targ|year=2005|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-2020-0}}
• {{Cite book| last =Carmony| first =Donald F.| title =Indiana, 1816 to 1850: The Pioneer Era| publisher =Indiana Historical Society| year =1998| location =Indianapolis| isbn =978-0-87195-124-3}}
• {{Cite book|title=Hoosiers in the Civil War|author=Funk, Arville L|year=1967|isbn=978-0-9623292-5-8|publisher=Adams Press}}
• {{Cite book|author=Gray, Ralph D|title=Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940| year=1977 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|isbn=978-1-885323-29-3}}
• {{Cite book|title=Indiana History: A Book of Readings|author=Gray, Ralph D|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-32629-4}}
• {{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2005|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
• {{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2007|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
• {{Cite book| author =Indiana Writer's Project| title =Indiana: A Guide To The Hoosier State|series=American Guide Series| date=1973 |orig-year =1937}}
• {{Cite book| editor-last =Jackson| editor-first =Marion T.| title =The Natural Heritage of Indiana| publisher=Indiana University Press| year =1997| location =Bloomington| isbn =978-0-253-33074-1}}
• {{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|author=Logan, William Newton|author2=Cumings, Edgar Roscoe|author3=Malott, Clyde Arnett|author4=Visher, Stephen Sargent|author5=Tucker, William Motier|author6=Reeves, John Robert|year=1922|publisher=William B. Burford}}
• Madison, James H. Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014.
• {{Cite book| last = Madison| first =James H.| title =The Indiana Way: A State History| publisher=Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society| year =1990| location =Bloomington and Indianapolis| isbn =978-0-253-20609-1}}
• {{Cite book|title=A Century of Indiana|author=Moore, Edward E|year=1910|publisher=American Book Company}}
• {{Cite book|title=Indiana|editor=Pell|year=2003|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=978-0-7368-1582-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/indianapell00pell}}
• {{Cite book | last =Skertic | first = Mark |author2=John J. Watkins | title=A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana| year = 2003}}
• {{Cite book| editor-last =Taylor| editor-first =Robert M.| title =Indiana: A New Historical Guide| publisher=Indiana Historical Society| year = 1990| location =Indianapolis| isbn=978-0-87195-048-2}}
• {{Cite book| editor-last = Taylor| editor-first = Robert M.| title =The State of Indiana History 2000: Papers Presented at the Indiana Historical Society's Grand Opening| publisher =Indiana Historical Society| year =2001| location = Indianapolis}}

{{Refend}}

{{Sister project links|auto=1}}

• {{official website}}
• [https://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/const/articles/001/ Indiana Constitution]
• [https://www.visitindiana.com/ Indiana Travel and Tourism Information]
• [https://archive.today/20121213061908/http://www.in.gov/dnr/2329.htm Indiana State Parks]
• [https://guides.loc.gov/indiana-state-guide Indiana State Guide, from the Library of Congress]
• {{OSM relation|161816}}

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