:South Island

File:New Munster in New Zealand (1846).svg and smaller surrounding islands), in relation to the North Island]]

The island has been known in English as the South Island for many years. The Te Reo Māori name for it {{Lang|mi|Te Waipounamu}} now also has official recognition.{{Cite web|url=https://www.linz.govt.nz/consultations/te-waipounamu|title=Place name proposal – Te Waipounamu|date=4 April 2013|publisher=Toitū Te Whenua|access-date=13 July 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713145636/https://www.linz.govt.nz/consultations/te-waipounamu|archive-date=13 July 2024}}{{cite news|title=Two official options for NZ island names|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11138153|work=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=10 October 2013|date=10 October 2013}} The name is most often translated to mean "the water(s) of pounamu",{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/maori-language-week/1000-maori-place-names|title=1000 Māori place names|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|date=6 August 2019}} but possibly evolved from Te Wāhi Pounamu ("the place of pounamu").{{cn|date=February 2025}} It was first recorded in English by Captain James Cook on his voyage to New Zealand in 1769. North Island iwi alternatively used the name Te Waka-a-Māui ("the canoe of Māui") for the South Island.{{cite news|url=https://www.linz.govt.nz/sites/default/files/consult/nzgb_ministers-report_alternative-names-two-main-islands_20130820.pdf|title=New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa proposals to assign alternative official geographic names for New Zealand's two main islands: summary of submissions and the Board's decision|publisher=New Zealand Geographic Board|date=20 August 2013|access-date=11 February 2025|page=3}}

In the 19th century, some maps identified the South Island as Middle Island or New Munster (named after Munster province in Southern Ireland) with the name South Island or New Leinster was used for today's Stewart Island / Rakiura.{{cite journal |last1=Paterson |first1=Donald Edgar |editor1-last=McClintock |editor1-first=A. H. |title=New Leinster, New Munster, and New Ulster' |journal=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |date=1966 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/provinces |access-date=5 April 2020 |location=New Zealand}} In 1907, the Minister for Lands gave instructions to the Land and Survey Department that the name Middle Island was not to be used in the future. "South Island will be adhered to in all cases".{{cite news|publisher=Taranaki Herald |date=30 July 1907|page=4|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=TH19070730.2.22|title=The Waitara Harbour Bill}}

Although the island had been known as the South Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that along with the North Island, the South Island had no official name.{{cite web|title=The New Zealand Geographic Board Considers North and South Island Names|url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/about-geographic-board/nzgb-news-notices/2009/0421-alternative-maori-names|publisher=Land Information New Zealand|access-date=10 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214154742/http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/about-geographic-board/nzgb-news-notices/2009/0421-alternative-maori-names|archive-date=14 February 2013}} After a public consultation, the board officially named the island South Island or Te Waipounamu in October 2013.

In prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article.{{cite web |last1=Williamson |first1=Maurice |title=Names of NZ's two main islands formalised |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/names-nz%E2%80%99s-two-main-islands-formalised |website=Beehive.govt.nz |publisher=New Zealand Government |access-date=10 April 2020 |date=11 October 2013}} It is also normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example "Christchurch is in the South Island", "my mother lives in the South Island".[https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/n Guardian and Observer style guide: N ("New Zealand")], The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2012 Maps, headings, tables, and adjectival expressions use South Island without "the".{{Cite web |title=Place name maps and publications {{!}} Toitū Te Whenua – Land Information New Zealand |url=https://www.linz.govt.nz/products-services/place-names/place-name-maps-and-publications |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=linz.govt.nz |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2011-10-24 |title=New Zealand country profile |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15357770 |access-date=2023-02-14}}

As it is 32% larger than the North Island but contains less than a quarter of the country's population, the South Island is sometimes humorously nicknamed the "mainland" of New Zealand by its residents.{{Cite web |title=South Island of New Zealand |url=http://explorenewzealand.net.nz/SouthIsland.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=explorenewzealand.net.nz}}{{cite web |last1=Meier |first1=Cecile |date=10 September 2015 |title=South Island the true Mainland: Cecile Meier |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/71913355/south-island-the-true-mainland-cecile-meier |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=Stuff |language=en}}

The island is also known as Te Waka a Māui which means "Māui's Canoe". In some modern alliterations of Māori legends, the South Island existed first, as the boat of Māui, while the North Island was the fish that he caught.

Various Māori iwi sometimes use different names, with some preferring to call the South Island Te Waka o Aoraki,{{Cite book|last= Mein Smith|first= Philippa |title= A Concise History of New Zealand |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= 2005 |location= Australia |isbn=0-521-54228-6 |page=6}} referring to another Māori legend called the story of Aoraki, as after the world was created, Aoraki and his three brothers came down in a waka to visit their mother, Papatūānuku the earth mother, only to crash after failing to perform a karakia on their way back home to their father, Ranginui (also known as Raki) the sky father, in turn causing the waka to transform into an island and the four brothers into the mountain ranges on top of it.{{Cite web|url=https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/our_stories/understanding-aoraki-aoraki-bound-alumni-reach-new-heights/|title = Understanding Aoraki}}

{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}

{{further|History of New Zealand}}

File:Opihi rock drawing2.jpeg]]

File:Gilsemans 1642.jpg, 1642]]

File:Akaroa Harbour Ships And Whare.jpg some time in the early 19th century]]

File:Gabriels Gully In Otago Gold Rush.jpg during the Otago gold rush, 1862]]

File:Benmore Power Stn NZ.jpg is the largest of eight dams within the Waitaki power scheme and was commissioned in 1965.]]

Charcoal drawings can be found on limestone rock shelters in over 550 different locations across the South Island.{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.net.nz/index/museum-new-zealand/maori-cave-art/maori-cave-art.htm|title=Very Old Maori Rock Drawings|publisher=Natural Heritage Collection|access-date=15 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224214113/http://nhc.net.nz/index/museum-new-zealand/maori-cave-art/maori-cave-art.htm|archive-date=24 February 2009}} Stretching from Kaikōura to North Otago, the drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles. Some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haast's eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, local Māori did not know the origins of the drawings.{{cite book|title=The Big Picture: A history of New Zealand art from. 1642|last=Keith|first=Hamish|isbn=978-1-86962-132-2|year=2007|pages=11–16}}

Early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Māmoe in the 16th century.{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201123/http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=df5193bc-b315-4a9c-a9bb-2a2f88a3557a&chapter=1|archive-date=27 September 2007|url=http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=df5193bc-b315-4a9c-a9bb-2a2f88a3557a&chapter=1|title=The Ngāi Tahu Claim: Supplementary Report on Ngāi Tahu Legal Personality|publisher=Waitangi Tribunal|at=section 2.2}}

Kāti Māmoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century.{{cite book | author=Michael King | title=The Penguin History of New Zealand | year= 2003 | isbn=978-0-14-301867-4 | page=90 | publisher=Penguin Books }} While today there is no distinct Kāti Māmoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Māmoe links in their whakapapa and especially in the far south of the island.

Around the same time, a group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu (the Chatham Islands), where, in adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they eventually evolved into a separate people known as the Moriori with its own distinct language – closely related to the parent culture and language in mainland New Zealand. One notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship.{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en |title=Moriori – The impact of new arrivals |publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |date=4 March 2009 |access-date=12 November 2010}}

In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, began migrating to the northern part of the South Island. There they and Kāti Māmoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Waiau Toa / Clarence River to Kāi Tahu. Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikōura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula. From there they spread further south and into the West Coast.

In 1827–28, Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikōura. Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi Pā, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha. Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. In November 1830, Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to carry him and his warriors in secret to Akaroa, whereby in subterfuge they captured the leading Kāi Tahu chief, Tama-i-hara-nui, and his wife and daughter. After destroying Tama-i-hara-nui's village, they took their captives to Kapiti and killed them. John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction.{{Cite encyclopedia

| last = Tau

| first = Te Maire

| title = Ngāi Tahu

| encyclopedia = Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand

| url = https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngai-tahu

| date= 8 February 2005}}

In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā (fortified village). Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe. In 1832–33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped. Fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made a major incursion into Kāi Tahu territory.

In 1836, the Ngāti Tama chief Te Pūoho led a 100-person war party, armed with muskets, down the West Coast and over the Haast Pass. They fell on the Ngāi Tahu encampment between Lake Wānaka and Lake Hāwea, capturing ten people and killing and eating two children.{{cite book

|title=History and Traditions of the Maoris of the West Coast North Island of New Zealand Prior to 1840

|author=S Percy Smith

|date=1910

|publisher = Polynesian Society

|location=New Plymouth

|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiHist-t1-body1-d21-d7.html

}} Te Puoho took his captives over the Crown Range to Lake Wakatipu and thence to Southland, where he was killed, and his war party destroyed by the southern Ngāi Tahu leader Tūhawaiki.{{cite encyclopedia

|author=Atholl Anderson

|title =Te Puoho-o-te-rangi

|volume =1

|year=1990

|encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand

|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1t59/te-puoho-o-te-rangi

|access-date =2017-07-11}}

Kāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace by 1839, with Te Rauparaha releasing the Kāi Tahu captives he held. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace.

The first Europeans known to reach the South Island were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. In December 1642, Tasman anchored at the northern end of the island in Golden Bay / Mohua which he named Moordenaar's Bay (Murderers Bay) before sailing northward to Tonga following a clash with Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt, after the States General of the Netherlands, and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. It was subsequently Anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during (1769–70).

The first European settlement in the South Island was founded at Bluff in 1823 by James Spencer, a veteran of the Battle of Waterloo.[http://www.bluff.co.nz/history.html Bluff history – an overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014013701/http://www.bluff.co.nz/history.html |date=14 October 2008 }} (from the 'bluff.co.nz' website. Retrieved 14 December 2008.)

In January 1827, the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville arrived in Tasman Bay on the corvette Astrolabe. A number of landmarks around Tasman Bay were named by d'Urville and his crew, including d'Urville Island, French Pass and Torrent Bay.{{cite web|url=http://www.theprow.org.nz/d-urville-s-tasman-bay-odyssey/#.UPmE0B2R-So|title=D'Urville's Tasman Bay Odyssey|work=theprow.org.nz}}

Following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840, Lieutenant-Governor Captain William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in May 1840 and the South Island, along with the rest of New Zealand, briefly became a part of the Colony of New South Wales.A. H. McLintock (ed), An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, 3 vols, Wellington, NZ:R.E. Owen, Government Printer, 1966, vol 3 p. 526. This declaration was in response to France's attempts to colonise the South Island at Akaroa{{cite web|url=http://www.history-nz.org/colonisation4.html|title=French colonists – New Zealand in History|author=Robbie Whitmore|work=history-nz.org}} and the New Zealand Company attempts to establish a separate colony in Wellington, and so Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840 (the North Island by treaty and the South by discovery).{{cite web|url=http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=D5D84302-EB22-4A52-BE78-16AF39F71D91&chapter=30|title=The Ngāi Tahu Report 1991|access-date=23 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301191845/http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=D5D84302-EB22-4A52-BE78-16AF39F71D91&chapter=30|archive-date=1 March 2010|url-status=dead}} Seven days after the declaration, the Treaty was signed at Akaroa on 28 May.{{Cite book |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/files/documents/Journey.pdf |title=The Journey of the Treaty |publisher=State Services Commission |year=2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414152742/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/files/documents/Journey.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2017}}

On 17 June 1843, Māori and British settlers clashed at Wairau in what became known as the Wairau Affray. Also known as the Wairau Massacre in most older texts, it was the first serious clash of arms between the two parties after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and the only one to take place in the South Island. Four Māori died and three were wounded in the incident, while among the Europeans the toll was 22 dead and five wounded. Twelve of the Europeans were shot dead or clubbed to death after surrendering to Māori who were pursuing them.{{cite book | author=Michael King | title=The Penguin History of New Zealand | year= 2003 | isbn=978-0-14-301867-4 | publisher=Penguin Books}}

The Otago Settlement, sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, took concrete form in Otago in March 1848 with the arrival of the first two immigrant ships from Greenock (on the Firth of Clyde) – the John Wickliffe and the Philip Laing. Captain William Cargill, a veteran of the Peninsular War, served as the colony's first leader: Otago citizens subsequently elected him to the office of Superintendent of the Province of Otago.

While the North Island was convulsed by the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, the South Island, with its low Māori population, was generally peaceful. In 1861, gold was discovered at Gabriel's Gully in Central Otago, sparking a gold rush. Dunedin became the wealthiest city in the country, and many in the South Island resented financing the North Island's wars.

In the 1860s, several thousand Chinese men, mostly from the Guangdong province, migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island goldfields. Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the Otago Provincial government, they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand.Manying Ip. 'Chinese', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21 December 2006, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Chinese/en {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224105730/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Chinese/en|date=24 February 2007}}

{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}

File:CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1 gobeirne.jpg in Christchurch, designed by Benjamin Mountfort]]

File:Edward John Eyre 01.jpg, the Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster]]

The South Island has no separately represented country subdivision, but is guaranteed 16 of the electorates in the New Zealand House of Representatives.Electoral Act 1993, section 35(3)(a). A two-tier structure constituted under the Local Government Act 2002 gives the South Island (and its adjacent islands) seven regional councils for the administration of regional environmental and transport matters and 25 territorial authorities that administer roads, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) also perform the functions of a regional council and are known as unitary authorities under the New Zealand government.

When New Zealand was separated from the colony of New South Wales in 1841 and established as a Crown colony in its own right, the Royal Charter effecting this provided that "the principal Islands, heretofore known as, or commonly called, the 'Northern Island', the Middle Island', and 'Stewart's Island', shall henceforward be designated and known respectively as 'New Ulster', 'New Munster', and 'New Leinster'".

These divisions were of geographical significance only, not used as a basis for the government of the colony, which was centralised in Auckland. New Munster consisted of the South Island. The name New Munster was given by the Governor of New Zealand, Captain William Hobson, in honour of Munster, the Irish province in which he was born.

The situation was altered in 1846 when the New Zealand Constitution Act 1846{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/20687/pages/5997|title=Viewing Page 5997 of Issue 20687 Text of the 1846 Constitution|publisher=London Gazette}} divided the colony into two provinces: New Ulster Province (the North Island north of the mouth of the Patea River), and New Munster Province (and the southern portion of the North Island, up to the mouth of the Patea River, the South Island, and Stewart Island). Each province had a Governor and Legislative and Executive Council, in addition to the Governor-in-Chief and Legislative and Executive Council for the whole colony. The 1846 Constitution Act was later suspended, and only the provincial government provisions were implemented. Early in 1848 Edward John Eyre was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster.

The Provincial Council of New Munster had only one legislative session, in 1849, before it succumbed to the virulent attacks of settlers from Wellington. Governor Sir George Grey, sensible to the pressures, inspired an ordinance of the General Legislative Council under which new Legislative Councils would be established in each province with two-thirds of their members elected on a generous franchise. Grey implemented the ordinance with such deliberation that neither Council met before advice was received that the United Kingdom Parliament had passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852.

This act dissolved these provinces in 1853, after only seven years' existence, and New Munster was divided into the provinces of Wellington Province, Canterbury, Nelson, and Otago. Each province had its own legislature known as a Provincial Council that elected its own Speaker and Superintendent.

Secession movements have surfaced several times in the South Island. A Premier of New Zealand, Sir Julius Vogel, was amongst the first people to make this call, which was voted on by the New Zealand Parliament as early as 1865. The desire for the South Island to form a separate colony was one of the main factors in moving the capital of New Zealand from Auckland to Wellington that year.

Several South Island nationalist groups emerged at the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st. The South Island Party fielded candidates in the 1999 general election but cancelled its registration in 2002.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0206/S00084.htm|title=Political Parties' Registration Cancelled|work=Scoop|date=17 June 2002|author=Electoral Commission}} Several internet-based groups advocate their support for greater self-determination.{{cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/happen-south-island-independence-movement-vows-break-away|title='It will happen' – South Island Independence Movement vows to break away|date=1 August 2018|publisher=1 News}}

On 13 October 2010, South Island Mayors led by Bob Parker of Christchurch displayed united support for a Southern Mayoral Council. Supported by Waitaki Mayor Alex Familton and Invercargill Mayor Tim Shadbolt, Bob Parker said that increased cooperation and the forming of a new South Island-wide mayoral forum were essential to representing the island's interests in Wellington and countering the new Auckland Council.{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/131402/southern-mayors-plot-united-stand |title=Southern mayors plot united stand |publisher=Odt.co.nz |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=12 November 2010}}

File:NZ Territorial Authorities South Island.png

There are 23 territorial authorities within the South Island: 4 city councils and 19 district councils. Three territorial authorities (Nelson City Council, and the Tasman and Marlborough District Councils) also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities.

{{refbegin}}

• {{note|pop}} Population as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}.
• {{note|banks}} Total of Christchurch City and Banks Peninsula areas.
• {{note|stewart1}} Includes Stewart Island and Solander Islands.

{{refend}}

This is a list of political parties, past and present, who have their headquarters in the South Island.

• Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
• Imperial British Conservative Party
• New Munster Party
• New Zealand Democratic Party
• New Zealand Progressive Party
• South Island Party

{{further|List of cities and towns in the South Island|Cities and towns of the South Island by population}}

{{Historical populations

|1991|852,843

|1996|899,382

|2001|906,759

|2006|1,022,313

|2013|1,058,058

|2018|1,149,564

|percentages=pagr|source={{Cite web|url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2001-census-data/2001-census-regional-summary.aspx|title=2001 Census: Regional summary|website=archive.stats.govt.nz|language=en-nz|access-date=2020-04-28}}|2023|1,185,282}}

Compared to the more populated and multi-ethnic North Island, the South Island has a smaller, more homogeneous resident population of {{NZ population data 2018|South Island regions|y|y|y|(|).}}

The South Island had a population of 1,185,282 at the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 80,745 people (7.3%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 180,882 people (18.0%) since the 2013 census. Of the total population, 202,311 people (17.1%) were aged under 15 years, 225,048 (19.0%) were 15 to 29, 538,965 (45.5%) were 30 to 64, and 218,958 (18.5%) were 65 or older.{{Cite web |title=2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group, age, and Māori descent) and dwelling counts {{!}} Stats NZ |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.stats.govt.nz}}

At the 2018 census, there were 571,656 males and 577,914 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female.{{Cite web |title=Age and sex by ethnic group (grouped total responses), for census night population counts, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB) |url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8317 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz}}

In the early years of European settlement in New Zealand, the South Island's overall percentage of the New Zealand population was far higher, equalling or even exceeding the population of the North Island. This was exacerbated by the New Zealand Wars and the Otago gold rush of the 1860s. Since that time, the South Island's population as a percentage of the country's total population has steadily decreased, with the population of the South island now being less than that of the North Island's largest city, Auckland. This growing disparity has stabilised in recent years, with both the 2013 and 2018 censuses showing the South Island to have a very similar percentage of the national population (around 23%–24%).

File:Christchurch_Skyline_2015.jpg, the most populous city in South Island]]

File:Dunedin,_New_Zealand_at_night.jpg]]

File:Nelson_New_Zealand.jpg]]

File:Market Street, Blenheim, New Zealand 2022-06-05.jpg

File:Timaru-Stafford.St.jpg]]

At the 2023 census, 82.8% of South Islanders identified as European (Pākehā), 11.3% as Māori, 3.4% as Pacific peoples, 10.5% as Asian, 1.6% as Middle Eastern/Latin American/African, 1.4% as other ethnicities. Percentages add to more than 100% as people can identify with more than one ethnicity.

Europeans form the majority in all districts of the South Island, ranging from 75.9% in Christchurch City to 92.1% in the Waimakariri district.

The proportion of South Islanders born overseas at the 2018 census was 21.4%. The most common foreign countries of birth are England (22.0% of overseas-born residents), Australia (8.8%), the Philippines (7.9%), Mainland China (6.5%) and India (5.4%).{{Cite web|title=Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8279|access-date=2021-02-18|website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz}}

Around 48.6 percent of South Islanders affiliate with Christianity and 3.1 percent affiliate with non-Christian religions, while 45.8 percent are irreligious. Anglicanism is the largest Christian denomination in the South Island with 12.7 percent affiliating, closely followed by Catholicism at 12.1 percent and Presbyterianism at 11.7 percent.{{cite web|date=15 April 2014|title=2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – data tables|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524102811/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls|archive-date=24 May 2014|access-date=25 January 2016|publisher=Statistics New Zealand}} Note some percentages (e.g. ethnicity, language) may add to more than 100 percent as people could give multiple responses. These figures are somewhat skewed between the regions of the south, due largely to the original settlement of southern cities (Dunedin, for example, was founded by Scottish Presbyterians, whereas Christchurch was founded by English Anglicans).

The South Island is sparsely populated and still predominantly rural areas or nature reserves. However, there are 15 urban areas in the South Island with a population of 10,000 or more:

{{Clear}}

{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}

File:Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter.jpg near Bluff]]

{{Further|List of South Island companies}}

The South Island economy is strongly focused on tourism and primary industries like agriculture. The other main industry groups are manufacturing, mining, construction, energy supply, education, health and community services.

The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of the South Island was estimated at NZ$78.94 billion in the year to March 2022, 21.9% of New Zealand's national GDP. The subnational GDP per capita was estimated at $65,875 in the same period.{{cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2022 |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/regional-gross-domestic-product-year-ended-march-2022/ |access-date=4 April 2023 |publisher=Statistics New Zealand}}

File:Aviemore Dam From Canterbury.jpg, the penultimate hydro station on the Waitaki River hydro scheme]]

The South Island is a major centre for electricity generation, especially in the southern half of the island, and especially from hydroelectricity. In 2010, the island generated {{val|18.01|ul=TWh}} of electricity, 41.5% of New Zealand's total electricity generation. Nearly all (98.7%) of the island's electricity is generated by hydroelectricity, primarily from the Waitaki, Clutha, and Manapouri schemes, with most of the remainder coming from wind generation.{{cite web|url=http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/MultipageDocumentTOC____46119.aspx| title=Energy Data File| publisher=Ministry of Economic Development|date=13 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207221928/http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/MultipageDocumentTOC____46119.aspx |archive-date=Dec 7, 2011 }} While the majority of electricity is consumed within the island, a significant percentage is exported to the North Island via the HVDC Inter-Island link.

Offshore oil and gas is likely to become an increasingly important part of the South Island economy into the future. Origin Energy has formed a joint venture with Anadarko Petroleum, the second-largest independent U.S. natural gas producer, to begin drilling for oil in the Canterbury Basin off the coast of Dunedin. The 390 km², Carrack/Caravel prospect has the potential to deliver more than the equivalent of {{convert|500000000|oilbbl}} of oil and gas. Market analyst, Greg Easton from Craigs Investment Partners commented that such a substantial find it could well turn Dunedin from the Edinburgh of the south to the Aberdeen of the south.{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/business-news/origin-begin-exploration-off-south-island-3382251 |title=Origin in joint exploration venture in Canterbury Basin | BUSINESS News |publisher=TVNZ |date=25 February 2010 |agency=ONE News |access-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613031107/http://tvnz.co.nz/business-news/origin-begin-exploration-off-south-island-3382251 |archive-date=Jun 13, 2011 }}

File:GreatSouthBasinNZ.PNG

The Great South Basin off the coast of Otago and Southland at over {{convert|500000|km2}} (covering an area 1.5 times New Zealand's landmass) is one of New Zealand's largest undeveloped offshore petroleum basins with prospects for both oil and gas. In July 2007, the New Zealand Government awarded oil and gas exploration permits for four areas of the Great South Basin, situated in the volatile waters off the Southern Coast of New Zealand. The three successful permit holders are:{{cite web |url=http://energy.southlandnz.com/BusinessinSouthland/OilGasMinerals/GreatSouthBasin.aspx |title=Great South Basin |publisher=Southland Energy Consortium |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716114240/http://energy.southlandnz.com/BusinessinSouthland/OilGasMinerals/GreatSouthBasin.aspx |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}

• a consortium led by ExxonMobil New Zealand (Exploration) Limited (United States) which includes local company Todd Exploration Limited (New Zealand);
• a consortium led by OMV New Zealand Limited (Austria) which includes PTTEP Offshore Investment Company Ltd (Thailand), Mitsui Exploration and Production Australia Pty Ltd (Japan); and
• Greymouth Petroleum Limited (New Zealand)

Due to the gold rushes of the 1860s, the South Island had regional stock exchanges in Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill – all of which were affiliated to the Stock Exchange Association of New Zealand. However, in 1974 these regional exchanges were amalgamated to form one national stock exchange, the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZSE). Separate trading floors operated in both Christchurch and Dunedin until the late 1980s. On 30 May 2003, New Zealand Stock Exchange Limited formally changed its name to New Zealand Exchange Limited, trading as NZX.

Today, the Deloitte South Island Index{{cite web|url=http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/section_node/0,1042,sid%253D193345,00.html |title=South Island Index |publisher=Deloitte.com |date=31 December 2006 |access-date=2 August 2010}} is compiled quarterly from publicly available information provided by NZX, Unlisted and Bloomberg. It is a summary of the movements in market capitalisation of each South Island-based listed company. A company is included in the Index where either its registered office and/or a substantial portion of its operations are focused on the South Island.

There are several South Island-based trade union organisations. They are:

• Furniture, Manufacturing & Associated Workers Union
• New Zealand Building Trades Union
• New Zealand Meat & Related Trades Workers Union
• Southern Amalgamated Workers' Union

File:NZ280315 Kaikoura Whale Watching 06.jpg watching in Kaikōura]]

Tourism is a huge earner for the South Island. Popular tourist activities include sightseeing, adventure tourism, such as glacier climbing and Bungee jumping, tramping (hiking), kayaking, and camping. Numerous walking and hiking paths, including six of the New Zealand Great Walks, are located in the South Island and are renowned internationally.{{cite web |last1=Macleod |first1=Source: Murdo |title=Walking the Milford Track: New Zealand's most popular trail |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/video/2018/jan/22/walking-the-milford-track-new-zealands-most-popular-trail |website=The Guardian |access-date=31 December 2021 |date=22 January 2018}}

An increase in direct international flights to Christchurch, Dunedin and Queenstown has boosted the number of overseas tourists.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Fiordland National Park, Abel Tasman National Park, Westland Tai Poutini National Park, Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park, Queenstown, Kaikōura, and the Marlborough Sounds are regarded as the main tourism destinations in the South Island and amongst the Top 10 destinations in New Zealand.{{cite web|author=Hot Soup |url=http://www.thequickten.com/travel/top-ten-tourist-attractions-in-new-zealand |title=Top Ten Tourist Attractions in New Zealand |publisher=Thequickten.com |date=5 November 2010 |access-date=12 November 2010}}{{Better source needed|date=May 2021}}

File:Ledge Bungy, Queenstown, New Zealand 01.jpg in Queenstown]]

File:Captains Basin view at Cadrona Skifield.jpg]]

File:Mount Cook 4 (31291336881).jpg

File:ArthurPass-4.jpg]]

This is a list of ski areas and resorts in the South Island.

{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}

{{Main|Transport in New Zealand}}

File:NZ-SH6 map.png

{{Further|List of New Zealand state highways#South Island|State Highway 1 (New Zealand)#South Island (SH 1S)}}

The South Island has a State Highway network of {{convert|4921|km}}.

{{see also|List of New Zealand railway lines|Rail transport in New Zealand}}

File:SouthIsland rrMap v02.svg

The South Island's railway network has two main lines, two secondary lines, and a few branch lines. The Main North Line from Picton to Christchurch and the Main South Line from Lyttelton to Invercargill via Dunedin together constitute the South Island Main Trunk Railway. The secondary Midland Line branches from the Main South Line in Rolleston and passes through the Southern Alps via the Otira Tunnel to the West Coast and its terminus in Greymouth. In Stillwater, it meets the other secondary route, the Stillwater - Westport Line, which now includes the Ngakawau Branch.

A number of other secondary routes are now closed, including the Otago Central Railway, the isolated Nelson Section, and the interdependent Waimea Plains Railway and Kingston Branch. An expansive network of branch lines once existed, especially in Canterbury, Otago, and Southland, but these are now almost completely closed. The branch lines that remain in operation serve ports (Bluff Branch and Port Chalmers Branch), coal mines (Ohai Branch and Rapahoe Branch), and a dairy factory (Hokitika Branch). The first 64 km of the Otago Central Railway remain in operation for tourist trains run by Dunedin Railways (formerly Taieri Gorge Railway). The most significant freight is coal from West Coast mines to the port of Lyttelton for export.

Passenger services were once extensive. Commuter trains operated multiple routes around Christchurch and Dunedin, plus a service between Invercargill and Bluff. Due to substantial losses, these were cancelled between the late 1960s and early 1980s. The final services to operate ran between Dunedin's City Centre and the suburb of Mosgiel, and they ceased in 1982.Tony Hurst, Farewell to Steam: Four Decades of Change on New Zealand Railways (Auckland: HarperCollins, 1995), 96. Regional passenger trains were once extensive, but are now limited to the Coastal Pacific from Christchurch to Picton and the TranzAlpine from Christchurch to Greymouth.

The Southerner between Christchurch and Invercargill, once the flagship of the network, was cancelled on 10 February 2002. Subsequently, the architecturally significant Dunedin Railway Station has been used solely by the TGR's tourist trains, the Taieri Gorge Limited along the Otago Central Railway and the Seasider to Palmerston. Rural passenger services on branch lines were provided by mixed trains and Vulcan/88 seater railcars but the mixeds had largely ceased to exist by the 1950s and the railcars were withdrawn in the mid-1970s.

The South Island saw the final use of steam locomotives in New Zealand. Locomotives belonging to classes long withdrawn elsewhere continued to operate on West Coast branches until the very late 1960s, when they were displaced by DJ class diesels. In comparison to most countries, where steam locomotives were last used on insubstantial rural and industrial operations, the last services run by steam locomotives were the premier expresses between Christchurch and Invercargill: the South Island Limited until 1970 and the Friday and Sunday night services until 1971. This was due to the carriages being steam-heated. The final steam-hauled service in New Zealand, headed by a member of the J^A class, ran on 26 October 1971.David Leitch, Steam, Steel and Splendour (Auckland: HarperCollins, 1994), 89.

{{Main|Transport in New Zealand#Ferry services}}

File:Cookstraitferry.jpg {{ship|DEV|Arahura}} in the Marlborough Sounds]]

The South Island is separated from the North Island by Cook Strait, which is {{convert|24|km|abbr=off}} wide at its narrowest point, and requires a {{convert|70|km|abbr=off}} ferry trip to cross.

Dunedin was the headquarters of the Union Steam Ship Company, once the largest shipping company in the Southern Hemisphere.

• Container ports: Lyttelton (Christchurch), Port Chalmers (Dunedin)
• Other ports: Nelson, Picton, Westport, Greymouth, Timaru, Bluff.
• Harbours: Akaroa Harbour, Otago Harbour, Halfmoon Bay (Stewart Island / Rakiura), Milford Sound / Piopiotahi.
• Freshwater: Queenstown and Kingston (Lake Wakatipu), Te Anau and Manapouri (Lake Manapouri)

File:C-17 Globemaster III in Christchurch.jpg C-17 Globemaster III on the tarmac at Christchurch International Airport]]

File:Dunedin International Airport2.jpg control tower and terminal building in 2009 with an Air New Zealand Boeing 737-300 on the tarmac]]

File:Queenstown Airport from the air.jpg from a Glenorchy Air aircraft]]

{{Main|Geography of the South Island}}

File:Satellite image of South Island New Zealand.jpg

File:Lake Ohau Lodge lupin field, NZ.jpg

File:Aoraki-Mount Cook from Hooker Valley.jpg is the tallest mountain in New Zealand.]]

The South Island, with an area of {{convert|150437|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, is the largest landmass of New Zealand; it contains about one-quarter of the New Zealand population and is the world's 12th-largest island. It is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki / Mount Cook at {{convert|3724|m}}, making it 9th-highest island, with the high Kaikōura Ranges to the northeast. There are eighteen peaks of more than {{convert|3000|m|-2}} in the South Island. The east side of the island is home to the Canterbury Plains while the West Coast is renowned for its rough coastlines such as Fiordland, a very high proportion of native bush, and Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers.

The dramatic landscape of the South Island has made it a popular location for the production of several films, including The Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. It lies at similar latitudes to Tasmania (an island south of the Australian mainland), and parts of Patagonia in South America.

{{main|2010 Canterbury earthquake|2011 Christchurch earthquake}}

On 4 September 2010, the South Island was struck by a 7.1 magnitude earthquake, which caused extensive damage, several power outages, and many reports of aftershocks. Five and a half months later, 22 February Christchurch earthquake of 6.3 magnitude caused far more additional damage in Christchurch, resulting in 181 deaths.{{cite web |url= http://www.police.govt.nz/list-deceased |title= List of deceased – Christchurch earthquake |publisher=New Zealand Police |date= 7 April 2011 |access-date=8 April 2011}} This quake struck at about lunchtime and was centred closer at Lyttelton, and shallower than the prior quake, consequently causing extensive damage.{{cite web

|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-earthquake/4721042/Christchurch-earthquake-Latest-news-Wednesday

|title=Christchurch earthquake: Latest news – Wednesday

|work = stuff.co.nz

|date=2 March 2011

|access-date=2 March 2011}}

The climate in the South Island is mostly temperate. The mean temperature for the South Island is {{convert|8|C}}.From NIWA Science [http://www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/overview/ climate overview]. January and February are the warmest months, while July is the coldest. Historical maxima and minima are {{convert|42.4|C}} in Rangiora, Canterbury and {{convert|-25.6|C|F}} in Ranfurly, Otago.{{Cite web |date=2017-06-06 |title=New Zealand's coldest recorded temperature |url=https://niwa.co.nz/news/new-zealands-coldest-recorded-temperature |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=NIWA |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=NZ's temperature record hits new low – minus 25.6degC |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nzs-temperature-record-hits-new-low-minus-256degc/QLZUFM4XQ45CRGHSHGNVH7ZQWE/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ}}

Conditions vary sharply across the regions, from extremely wet on the West Coast to semi-arid in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury. Most areas have between {{convert|600|and(-)|1600|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall with the most rain along the West Coast and the least rain on the East Coast, predominantly on the Canterbury Plains. Christchurch is the driest city, receiving about {{convert|640|mm}} of rain per year, while Invercargill is the wettest, receiving about {{convert|1150|mm}}. The southern and south-western parts of South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours of sunshine annually; the northern and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas and receive about 2,400–2,500 hours.{{cite web|url=http://www.niwascience.co.nz/__data/assets/file/0006/44655/sunshine.xls|title=Mean monthly sunshine hours|publisher=National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|format=XLS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015102420/http://www.niwascience.co.nz/__data/assets/file/0006/44655/sunshine.xls|archive-date=15 October 2008}}

{{Wide image|Southern Alps from Hamilton Peak.jpg|1080px|Panoramic view of some of the Southern Alps in winter from the summit of Hamilton Peak in the Craigieburn Range}}

{{Main|Fiords of New Zealand}}

File:00 1371 New Zealand - Milford Sound.jpg featuring Mount Pembroke]]

File:A View from the Top (Unsplash).jpg]]

The South Island has 15 named maritime fiords which are all located in the southwest of the island in a mountainous area known as Fiordland. The spelling 'fiord' is used in New Zealand rather than 'fjord', although all the maritime fiords use the word Sound in their name instead.

A number of lakes in the Fiordland and Otago regions also fill glacial valleys. Lake Te Anau has three western arms, which are fiords (and are named so). Lake McKerrow / Whakatipu Waitai to the north of Milford Sound / Piopiotahi is a fiord with a silted-up mouth. Lake Wakatipu fills a large glacial valley, as do lakes Hakapoua, Poteriteri, Monowai and Hauroko in the far south of Fiordland. Lake Manapouri has fiords as its west, north and south arms.

The Marlborough Sounds, a series of deep indentations in the coastline at the northern tip of the South Island, are in fact rias, drowned river valleys.

{{Main|Glaciers of New Zealand}}

File:Franz Josef glacier.JPG]]

Most of New Zealand's glaciers are in the South Island. They are generally found in the Southern Alps near the Main Divide.

An inventory of South Island glaciers during the 1980s indicated there were about 3,155 glaciers with an area of at least {{convert|1|ha|spell=in}}.Chinn, Trevor J.H., (1988), [http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/nzealand/nzealand.html Glaciers of New Zealand], in Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world, U.S. Geological Survey professional paper; 1386, {{ISBN|978-0-607-71457-9}}. About a sixth of these glaciers covered more than 10 hectares. These include the Fox and Franz Josef glaciers on the West Coast, and the Haupapa / Tasman, Hooker, Mueller and Murchison glaciers in the east.

{{Main|Lakes of New Zealand}}

File:Lake hauroko.jpg]]

There are some 3,820 lakes in New Zealand with a surface area larger than one hectare. Much of the higher country in the South Island was covered by ice during the glacial periods of the last two million years. Advancing glaciers eroded large steep-sided valleys, and often carried piles of moraine (rocks and soil) that acted as natural dams. When the glaciers retreated, they left basins that are now filled by lakes. The level of most glacial lakes in the upper parts of the Waitaki and Clutha / Mata-Au rivers are controlled for electricity generation. Hydroelectric reservoirs are common in South Canterbury and Central Otago, the largest of which is Lake Benmore, on the Waitaki River.

The South Island has 8 of New Zealand's 10 biggest lakes. They were formed by glaciers and include Lake Wakatipu, Lake Tekapo and Lake Manapouri. The deepest (462 m) is Lake Hauroko, in western Southland. It is the 16th deepest lake in the world. Millions of years ago, Central Otago had a huge lake – Lake Manuherikia. It was slowly filled in with mud, and fossils of fish and crocodiles have been found there.

{{Main|Volcanoes in New Zealand}}

File:Banks Peninsula from space.jpg is roughly circular, with many bays and two deep harbours]]

There are four extinct volcanoes in the South Island, all located on the east coast.

Banks Peninsula forms the most prominent of these volcanic features. Geologically, the peninsula comprises the eroded remnants of two large shield volcanoes (Lyttelton formed first, then Akaroa). These formed due to intraplate volcanism between about eleven and eight million years ago (Miocene) on a continental crust. The peninsula formed as offshore islands, with the volcanoes reaching to about 1,500 m above sea level. Two dominant craters formed Lyttelton / Whakaraupō and Akaroa Harbours.

The Canterbury Plains formed from the erosion of the Southern Alps (an extensive and high mountain range caused by the meeting of the Indo-Australian and Pacific tectonic plates) and from the alluvial fans created by large braided rivers. These plains reach their widest point where they meet the hilly sub-region of Banks Peninsula. A layer of loess, a rather unstable fine silt deposited by the foehn winds which bluster across the plains, covers the northern and western flanks of the peninsula. The portion of the crater rim lying between Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō and Christchurch city forms the Port Hills.

The Otago Harbour was formed from the drowned remnants of a giant shield volcano, centred close to what is now the town of Port Chalmers. The remains of this violent origin can be seen in the basalt of the surrounding hills. The last eruptive phase ended some ten million years ago, leaving the prominent peak of Mount Cargill.

Timaru was constructed on rolling hills created from the lava flows of the extinct Mount Horrible, which last erupted many thousands of years ago.

Te Wāhipounamu (Māori for "the place of greenstone") is a World Heritage Site in the south-west corner of the South Island.{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/551|title=UNESCO World Heritage official website listing}}

Inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1990, it covers {{convert|26000|km2}} and incorporates the Aoraki / Mount Cook, the Fiordland, the Mount Aspiring and the Westland Tai Poutini National Parks.

It is thought to contain some of the best modern representations of the original flora and fauna present in Gondwanaland, one of the reasons for listing as a World Heritage Site.

File:Broken River down main tow Stevage.jpg in the Craigieburn Forest Park]]

There are six forest parks in the South Island that are on public land administered by the Department of Conservation.

; Catlins Forest Park : Situated in the Southland region.

; Craigieburn Forest Park : Situated in the Canterbury Region, its boundaries lie in part alongside {{NZlSH|73}} and is adjacent to the eastern flanks of the Southern Alps. The Broken River Ski Area and the Craigieburn Valley Ski Area lie within its borders. The New Zealand Forest Service had used the area as an experimental forestry area and there is now an environmental issue with the spread of wilding conifers.

; Hanmer Forest Park : Situated in the Canterbury Region.

; Lake Sumner Forest Park : Situated in the Canterbury Region.

; Mount Richmond Forest Park : Situated in the Marlborough region.

; Victoria Forest Park : Situated in the West Coast region.

File:AbelTasmanNP.jpg]]

File:Pancake Rocks Paparoa.jpg

The South Island has ten national parks established under the National Parks Act 1980 and which are administered by the Department of Conservation.

From north to south, the National Parks are:

; Kahurangi National Park : (4,520 km², established 1996) Situated in the north-west of the South Island, Kahurangi comprises spectacular and remote country and includes the Heaphy Track. It has ancient landforms and unique flora and fauna. It is New Zealand's second-largest national park.

; Abel Tasman National Park : (225 km², established 1942) Has numerous tidal inlets and beaches of golden sand along the shores of Tasman Bay. It is New Zealand's smallest national park.

; Nelson Lakes National Park : (1,018 km², established 1956) A rugged, mountainous area in Nelson Region. It extends southwards from the forested shores of Lake Rotoiti and Rotoroa to the Lewis Pass National Reserve.

; Paparoa National Park : (306 km², established 1987) On the West Coast of the South Island between Westport and Greymouth. It includes the celebrated Pancake Rocks at Punakaiki.

; Arthur's Pass National Park : (1,144 km², established 1929) A rugged and mountainous area straddling the main divide of the Southern Alps.

; Westland Tai Poutini National Park : (1,175 km², established 1960) Extends from the highest peaks of the Southern Alps to a wild, remote coastline. Included in the park are glaciers, scenic lakes and dense rainforest, plus remains of old gold mining towns along the coast.

; Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park : (707 km², established 1953) An alpine park, containing New Zealand's highest mountain, Aoraki / Mount Cook (3,754 m) and its longest glacier, Haupapa / Tasman Glacier (29 km). A focus for mountaineering, ski touring and scenic flights, the park is an area of outstanding natural beauty. Together, the Aoraki / Mount Cook and Westland Tai Poutini National Parks have been declared a World Heritage Site.

; Mount Aspiring National Park : (3,555 km², established 1964) A complex of impressively glaciated mountain scenery centred on Mount Aspiring / Tititea (3,036 m), New Zealand's highest peak outside of the main divide.

; Fiordland National Park : (12,519 km², established 1952) The largest national park in New Zealand and one of the largest in the world. The grandeur of its scenery, with its deep fiords, its lakes of glacial origin, its mountains and waterfalls, has earned it international recognition as a world heritage area.

; Rakiura National Park : (1,500 km², established 2002) On Stewart Island / Rakiura.

Other native reserves and parks

• Hakatere Conservation Park[http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/PlaceProfile.aspx?id=45070 Hakatere Conservation Park] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014012512/http://doc.govt.nz/templates/PlaceProfile.aspx?id=45070 |date=14 October 2008 }}, Department of Conservation website. Retrieved 21 January 2008.

{{Wide image|Hooker Valley in Aoraki-Mount Cook National Park.jpg|1080px|Hooker Valley at Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park, with Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest mountain in New Zealand at 3,724 metres (12,218 feet), and Hooker Lake in the background}}

During the Last Glacial Period when sea levels were over 100 metres lower than present day levels, the North and South Islands were connected by a vast coastal plain which formed at the South Taranaki Bight. Similarly, the South Island and Stewart Island / Rakiura were connected by coastal plains which covered modern-day Foveaux Strait.{{Cite web| title = Estuary origins |url=https://niwa.co.nz/te-kuwaha/tools-and-resources/ng%C4%81-waihotanga-iho-the-estuary-monitoring-toolkit-for-iwi/estuary-origins | publisher = National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research| access-date = 3 November 2021}} During this period, most of the South Island was covered in grassland and glaciers, compared to the woodlands and rainforest which grew in the more temperate North Island.{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=N. |last2=Adams |first2=J.M. |title=A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP) |journal=Internet Archaeology |volume=11 |year=2001 |issue=11 |url=https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue11/2/toc.html |doi=10.11141/ia.11.2}} Sea levels began to rise 7,000 years ago, eventually separating the islands and linking the Cook Strait to the Tasman Sea.

{{Main|Birds of New Zealand}}

File:Kea.jpg, a species of mountain parrot]]

File:Male takahe walking on grass.jpg]]

There are several bird species which are endemic to the South Island. They include the kea, great spotted kiwi, Okarito brown kiwi, South Island kōkako, South Island pied oystercatcher, Malherbe's parakeet, king shag, takahē, black-fronted tern, South Island robin, rock wren, wrybill, and yellowhead.

Many South Island bird species are now extinct, mainly due to hunting by humans and predation by cats and rats introduced by humans. Extinct species include the South Island goose, South Island giant moa, Haast's eagle and South Island piopio.

File:Southern Institute of Technology main campus.jpg main campus]]

The South Island has three universities, and five polytechnic schools.

{{div col}}

• Ara Institute of Canterbury (the result of a merger between Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology (CPIT) and Aoraki Polytechnic)
• Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology
• Otago Polytechnic
• Southern Institute of Technology (including Telford Rural Polytechnic)
• Tai Poutini Polytechnic

{{div col end}}

{{div col}}

• University of Canterbury
• Lincoln University
• University of Otago

{{div col end}}

Since 2020, the polytechnics are branches of the New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology.

{{cite web

|title=New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology (NZIST) and NZIST subsidiaries

|url=https://www.nzqa.govt.nz/audience-pages/nzist/

|website=NZQA |publisher=New Zealand Qualifications Authority

|access-date=27 September 2020}}

File:Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand 14.jpg in Christchurch]]

File:Otago Rescue Helicopter takeoff Dunedin Public Hospital.jpg taking off from the Dunedin Hospital helipad]]

Healthcare in the South Island is provided by five District Health Boards (DHBs). Organised around geographical areas of varying population sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions.

There are six major hospitals in the South Island: Christchurch Hospital, Dunedin Hospital, Grey Base Hospital (Greymouth), Nelson Hospital, Southland Hospital (Invercargill), and Timaru Hospital. Christchurch Hospital, Dunedin Hospital and Wellington Hospital (in the North Island) are the main tertiary hospitals serving the South Island.{{Cite web|date=February 2017|title=New Zealand Out-of-Hospital Major Trauma Destination Policy – South Island Area|url=https://www.majortrauma.nz/assets/Publication-Resources/Out-of-hospital-triage/3.-Major-trauma-destination-policy-South-Island-Feb-2017.pdf|website=National Trauma Network/Te Hononga Whētuki ā-Motu}}

There are several air ambulance and rescue helicopter services operating throughout the South Island.[http://www.111emergency.co.nz/RescueHelicopters.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123032255/http://www.111emergency.co.nz/RescueHelicopters.htm|date=23 January 2009}}

• The Lake Districts Air Rescue Trust operates two AS350BA Squirrels and an AS355 Squirrel from Queenstown Airport.
• The New Zealand Flying Doctor Service operates a Cessna 421 Golden Eagle and a Cessna Conquest C441 from Christchurch International Airport.{{cite web |url=http://www.airrescue.co.nz/K/medical-transfer-service-hospital-transfers-medical-emergency/_I.117 |title=New Zealand Flying Doctor Service |publisher=Airrescue.co.nz |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605030915/http://www.airrescue.co.nz/K/medical-transfer-service-hospital-transfers-medical-emergency/_I.117 |archive-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}
• The Otago Rescue Helicopter Trust operates a MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 from Taieri Aerodrome near Mosgiel.
• The Solid Energy Rescue Helicopter Trust operates an AS350BA Squirrel from Greymouth.
• The Summit Rescue Helicopter Trust operates an AS350BA Squirrel from Nelson Airport.
• The Westpac Rescue Helicopter Trust operates a MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 and an AS350BA Squirrel from Christchurch International Airport.

File:CoCAgallery.jpg gallery in Christchurch]]

File:CanterburyCollegeChemistry gobeirne.jpg

The South Island has contributed to the Arts in New Zealand and internationally through highly regarded artists such as Nigel Brown, Frances Hodgkins, Colin McCahon, Shona McFarlane, Peter McIntyre Grahame Sydney and Geoff Williams.

The University of Canterbury School of Fine Arts was founded in 1950.

South Island Art Galleries include:

• Centre of Contemporary Art
• Christchurch Arts Centre
• Dunedin Public Art Gallery

Parts of the South Island, principally Southland and the very southernmost areas of Otago near the border with Southland, are renowned for its people speaking what is often referred to as the "Southland burr", a semi-rhotic, Scottish-influenced dialect of the English language.

File:AlliedPressBldg.jpg building in Dunedin, home of Allied Press's flagship newspaper, the Otago Daily Times]]

The South Island has ten daily newspapers and many weekly community newspapers. Major daily newspapers include the Ashburton Guardian, the Greymouth Star, The Marlborough Express, The Nelson Mail, the Oamaru Mail, the Otago Daily Times, The Press, the Southland Times, The Timaru Herald, and the West Coast Times. The Press and the Otago Daily Times, serving mainly Christchurch and Dunedin respectively, are the South Island's major newspapers.

The South Island has a few regional stations (either non-commercial public service or privately owned) that broadcast only in one region or city: 45 South TV, Mainland Television, Shine TV, and Visitor TV. These stations mainly broadcast free to air on UHF frequencies; however, some are carried on subscription TV. Content ranges from local news, access broadcasts, satellite sourced news, tourist information and Christian programming to music videos.

A large number of radio stations serve communities throughout the South Island; these include independent stations, but many are owned by organisations such as Radio New Zealand, New Zealand Media and Entertainment, and MediaWorks New Zealand.

• Bluff Maritime Museum
• Canterbury Museum (Temporarily closed for renovations{{cite news |title=Say goodbye to your favourite exhibits before museum closes for upgrade |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-south-today/say-goodbye-your-favourite-exhibits-museum-closes-upgrade |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Star News |date=12 September 2022}})
• Ferrymead Heritage Park
• Nelson Provincial Museum
• Olveston House
• Otago Museum
• Otago Settlers Museum: Toitū
• Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum
• Southland Museum and Art Gallery
• World of Wearable Art
• Yaldhurst Museum

{{Main|Religion in New Zealand}}

Anglicanism is strongest in Canterbury (the city of Christchurch having been founded as an Anglican settlement).

Catholicism still has a noticeably strong presence on the West Coast, and in Kaikōura. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Catholics are Kaikōura (where they are 18.4% of the total population), Westland (18.3%), and Grey (17.8%).

Presbyterianism is strong in the lower South Island – the city of Dunedin was founded as a Presbyterian settlement, and many of the early settlers in the region were Scottish Presbyterians. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Presbyterians are Gore (where they are 30.9% of the total population), Clutha District (30.7%), and Southland (29.8%).

The first Muslims in New Zealand were Chinese gold diggers working in the Dunstan gold fields of Otago in the 1860s. Dunedin's Al-Huda mosque is the world's southernmost,{{cite web |url=http://otagomusa.wordpress.com/download/ |title=Muslim University Students' Association website |publisher=Otagomusa.wordpress.com |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101091154/http://otagomusa.wordpress.com/download/ |archive-date=1 January 2011 |url-status=dead }} and the farthest from Mecca.Distance between Mecca and Dunedin is 14,811.44 kilometers according to http://www.geodatasource.com/distancecalculator.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018120647/http://www.geodatasource.com/distancecalculator.aspx |date=18 October 2010 }}

File:Dunedin Central Police station.jpg

File:NZ Police Mitsubishi Diamante in Dunedin.jpg in Dunedin]]

The New Zealand Police is the primary law enforcement agency of New Zealand, including the South Island. Three decentralised Police Districts cover the entire South Island, with each being commanded by a Superintendent and having a central station from which subsidiary and suburban stations are managed.{{cite web|url=http://www.police.govt.nz/district/index.html |title=New Zealand Police Districts |publisher=Police.govt.nz |access-date=12 November 2010}} The Christchurch Police Communications Centre handles all emergency and general calls within the South Island.

The Tasman Police District covers 70,000 kilometres{{clarify|date=August 2021 |reason=Why is this units of length? Should it be units of area?}} of territory, encompassing the northern and most of the western portion of the South Island. The West Coast alone spans the distance between Wellington and Auckland. There are 22 police stations in the Tasman District, with 6 being sole-charge – or one-person – stations. The Tasman Police District has a total of 302 sworn police officers and 57 civilian or nonsworn staff. Organisationally, the district has its headquarters in Nelson and has three distinct Areas, each headed by an Inspector as its commander. The areas are Nelson Bays, West Coast and Marlborough.

The Canterbury Police District is based in Christchurch the largest city in the South Island and covers an area extending from the Conway River, (just south of Kaikōura), to the Waitaki River, south of Timaru.

The Southern Police District with its headquarters in Dunedin spans from Oamaru in the North through to Stewart Island in the far South covers the largest geographical area of any of the 12 police districts in New Zealand. The Southern District has three distinct Areas headed by Inspectors; Otago Rural, Southland and Dunedin.

Correctional facilities in the South Island are operated by the Department of Corrections as part of the South Island Prison Region. Christchurch Prison, also known as Paparua, is located in Templeton a satellite town of Christchurch. It accommodates up to 780 minimum, medium, and high-security male prisoners. It was built in 1925, and also includes a youth unit, a self-care unit and the Paparua Remand Centre (PRC), built in 1999 to replace the old Addington Prison. Christchurch Women's Prison, also located in Templeton, is a facility for women of all security classifications. It has the only maximum/medium security accommodation for women prisoners in New Zealand. It can accommodate up to 98 prisoners.

Rolleston prison is located in Rolleston, another satellite town of Christchurch. It accommodates around 320 male prisoners of minimum to low-medium security classifications and includes Kia Marama a sixty-bed unit that provides an intensive 9-month treatment programme for male child sex offenders. Invercargill Prison, in Invercargill, accommodates up to 172 minimum to low-medium security prisoners. Otago Corrections Facility is located near Milton and houses up to 335 minimum to high-medium security male prisoners.

The New Zealand Customs Service whose role is to provide border control and protect the community from potential risks arising from international trade and travel, as well as collecting duties and taxes on imports to the country, has offices at Christchurch International Airport, Dunedin, Invercargill, Lyttelton and Nelson.{{cite web |url=http://www.customs.govt.nz/contactUs.htm#paraTitle02 |title=Customs Service Offices – New Zealand |publisher=Customs.govt.nz |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604223355/http://www.customs.govt.nz/contactUs.htm#paraTitle02 |archive-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Sport in New Zealand}}

File:Lineout.JPG based Crusaders rugby team playing the Bulls from South Africa in the Super Rugby competition]]

Of the professional sports teams based in the South Island, the major spectator sports of rugby union and cricket are particularly well represented. The Crusaders and Highlanders represent the upper and lower South Island respectively in rugby union's Super Rugby competition; and Canterbury, Otago, Southland Stags, Tasman Makos all participate in provincial rugby's ITM Cup. At cricket, the South Island is represented by the Canterbury Wizards, Central Stags, and Otago Volts in the Plunket Shield, one day domestic series, and the Super Smash.

As well as rugby union and cricket, the South Island also boasts representative teams in the domestic basketball, soccer, ice hockey, netball, and rugby league.

The North vs South match, sometimes known as the Interisland match, is a longstanding rugby union fixture in New Zealand. The first game was played in 1897, the most recent one in 2020.

{{cite web

|last1=Geenty |first1=Mark

|title=North v South: Thriller goes South's way after absorbing battle of the playmakers

|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/all-blacks/122677469/north-v-south-thriller-goes-souths-way-after-absorbing-battle-of-the-playmakers?rm=a

|website=Stuff.co.nz

|access-date=27 September 2020

|date=5 September 2020}}

Christchurch hosted the 1974 Commonwealth Games.{{cite web|url=https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/xth-commonwealth-games-1974/|access-date=11 August 2019|title=Xth British Commonwealth Games 1974|publisher=Christchurch City Libraries }}

{{portal|New Zealand|Islands|Geography}}

• Cities and towns of the South Island by population
• List of twin towns and sister cities in the South Island
• Military of the South Island
• New Munster
• Nor'west arch
• South Island nationalism

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• Atkinson, Brett, et al. New Zealand's South Island (2010) [https://books.google.com/books?id=EWYaU5OL-BgC excerpt and text search]
• {{cite book|author=Bull, Mary P. |title=New Zealand Tales and Tours: South Island Adventures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rO42LMY1vsUC&pg=PA15|year=2004|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=9781412008631}}

{{Commons category|South Island, New Zealand}}

{{Wikivoyage}}

• [http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/regions/--south-island/regional-information.html South Island]
• [http://www.backpack-newzealand.com/mapofsouthisland.html/ South Island Road Map]

{{Regions of New Zealand}}

{{World's largest islands}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Islands of New Zealand