:Television

The word television comes {{ety|grc|τῆλε (tele)|far|lat|visio|sight}}. The first documented usage of the term dates back to 1900, when the Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi used it in a paper that he presented in French at the first International Congress of Electricity, which ran from 18 to 25 August 1900 during the International World Fair in Paris.

The anglicized version of the term is first attested in 1907, when it was still "...a theoretical system to transmit moving images over telegraph or telephone wires".{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=television |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date=30 December 1969 |access-date=30 April 2016}} It was "...formed in English or borrowed from French {{lang|fr|télévision}}." In the 19th century and early 20th century, other "...proposals for the name of a then-hypothetical technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote (1880) and televista (1904)."

The abbreviation TV is from 1948. The use of the term to mean "a television set" dates from 1941. The use of the term to mean "television as a medium" dates from 1927.

The term telly is more common in the UK. The slang term "the tube" or the "boob tube" derives from the bulky cathode-ray tube used on most TVs until the advent of flat-screen TVs. Another slang term for the TV is "idiot box."{{cite news|author=Thompson, Robert|title=1985: Television Transformed 1.0|work=The New York Times|date=3 October 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/business/media/1985-television-transformed-1-0.html}}

{{main|History of television}}

{{main|Mechanical television}}

File:Nipkow disk.svg. This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes that may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black displays the region scanned.]]

Facsimile transmission systems for still photographs pioneered methods of mechanical scanning of images in the early 19th century. Alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846. Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}} Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873. As a 23-year-old German university student, Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884 in Berlin.Shiers, George and May (1997), Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940. Taylor & Francis, pp. 13, 22. {{ISBN|978-0-8240-7782-2}}. This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes, so each hole scanned a line of the image. Although he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkow's spinning-disk "image rasterizer" became exceedingly common.Shiers & Shiers, p. 13, 22. Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on 24 August 1900. Perskyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others.{{cite web|author=Constantin PERSKYI|url=https://www.histv.net/perskyi-1900|title=Télévision au moyen de l'électricité|agency=Congrès Inographs by Telegraph|work=The New York Times Sunday Magazine|date=20 September 1907|page=7}} However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn, among others, made the design practical.[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E4DA1331E733A25757C2A9649C946697D6CF "Sending Photographs by Telegraph"], The New York Times, Sunday Magazine, 20 September 1907, p. 7.

The first demonstration of the live transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64 selenium cells, individually wired to a mechanical commutator, served as an electronic retina. In the receiver, a type of Kerr cell modulated the light, and a series of differently angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. A separate circuit regulated synchronization. The 8x8 pixel resolution in this proof-of-concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. An updated image was transmitted "several times" each second.Henry de Varigny, "[http://histv2.free.fr/rignoux/rignoux1909.htm La vision à distance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231305/http://histv2.free.fr/rignoux/rignoux1909.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}", L'Illustration, Paris, 11 December 1909, p. 451.

In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykin's words, "very crude images" over wires to the "Braun tube" (cathode-ray tube or "CRT") in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner: "the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy".[https://books.google.com/books?id=gZcwhVyiMqsC&q=zworykin+rosing+selenium R. W. Burns, Television: An International History of the Formative Years], IET, 1998, p. 119. {{ISBN|0-85296-914-7}}.

In 1921, Édouard Belin sent the first image via radio waves with his belinograph.{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21|author=Wilfred S. Ogden|date=December 1921|publisher=Bonnier Corporation|pages=21–22|title=How the World's First Wireless News-Picture Was Flashed Across the Atlantic Ocean, Paris get President Harding's portrait in twenty minutes|magazine=The Popular Science Monthly|issn=0161-7370|access-date=2 July 2014}}

File:John Logie Baird and Stooky Bill.png in 1925 with his televisor equipment and dummies "James" and "Stooky Bill" (right)]]

By the 1920s, when amplification made television practical, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems. On 25 March 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion at Selfridges's department store in London.{{cite journal |title=Current Topics and Events |journal=Nature |volume=115 |issue=2892 |pages=504–508 |year=1925 |bibcode=1925Natur.115..504. |doi=10.1038/115504a0 |doi-access=free|issn=0028-0836 }} Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system, he televised a ventriloquist's dummy named "Stooky Bill," whose painted face had higher contrast, talking and moving. By 26 January 1926, he had demonstrated before members of the Royal Institution the transmission of an image of a face in motion by radio. This is widely regarded as the world's first true public television demonstration, exhibiting light, shade, and detail.Television 1873–1927,Television: The Official Organ Of The Television Society, Vo1, No1, March 1928, Television Press Ltd, London, p11. Baird's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it. A brightly illuminated subject was placed in front of a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses that swept images across a static photocell. The thallium sulfide (thalofide) cell, developed by Theodore Case in the U.S., detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal. This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit, where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first. The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image. As each hole in the disk passed by, one scan line of the image was reproduced. Baird's disk had 30 holes, producing an image with only 30 scan lines, just enough to recognize a human face."The 'Televisor' – Successful test of a new apparatus," The Times (London), 28 January 1926, p. 9. "First on a receiver in the same room and then on a portable receiver in another room, the visitors were shown recognizable reception of the movements of the dummy head and of a person speaking." In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over {{convert|438|mi|km}} of telephone line between London and Glasgow.{{cite web |title=John Logie Baird (1888–1946) |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml#:~:text=On%2026%20January%201926%20he,the%20Baird%20Television%20Development%20Company. |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 April 2021}} Baird's original 'televisor' now resides in the Science Museum, South Kensington.

In 1928, Baird's company (Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal between London and New York and the first shore-to-ship transmission. In 1929, he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany. In November of the same year, Baird and Bernard Natan of Pathé established France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan. In 1931, he made the first outdoor remote broadcast of The Derby.Baird, J.L., "[http://www.bairdtelevision.com/1932.html Television in 1932]", BBC Annual Report, 1933. In 1932, he demonstrated ultra-short wave television. Baird's mechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC telecasts in 1936, though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead, a 17.5 mm film was shot, rapidly developed, and then scanned while the film was still wet. {{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

A U.S. inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins, also pioneered the television. He published an article on "Motion Pictures by Wireless" in 1913, transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses in December 1923, and on 13 June 1925, publicly demonstrated synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures. In 1925, Jenkins used the Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion over a distance of 5 miles (8 km), from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D.C., using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution."Radio Shows Far Away Objects in Motion", The New York Times, 14 June 1925, p. 1.{{cite book |last=Glinsky |first=Albert |title=Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage |url=https://archive.org/details/thereminethermus00glin |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana, IL |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thereminethermus00glin/page/41 41]–45 |isbn=978-0-252-02582-2}} He was granted U.S. Patent No. 1,544,156 (Transmitting Pictures over Wireless) on 30 June 1925 (filed 13 March 1922).{{cite web |title=Case Files: Francis Jenkins (Phantoscope) |url=https://www.fi.edu/case-files/francis-jenkins-phantoscope |website=The Franklin Institute |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328180825/https://www.fi.edu/case-files/francis-jenkins-phantoscope |url-status=dead }}

Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on 7 April 1927. Their reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a 2-inch-wide by 2.5-inch-high screen (5 by 6 cm). The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high (60 by 75 cm). Both sets could reproduce reasonably accurate, monochromatic, moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a copper wire link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from Whippany, New Jersey. Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. A flying-spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds. (Today's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds, respectively.) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration: "It was, in fact, the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality."Abramson, Albert, The History of Television, 1880 to 1941, McFarland & Co., Inc., 1987, p. 101. {{ISBN|978-0-89950-284-7}}.

In 1928, WRGB, then W2XB, was started as the world's first television station. It broadcast from the General Electric facility in Schenectady, NY. It was popularly known as "WGY Television." Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, Leon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum-based television, starting with 16 lines resolution in 1925, then 32 lines, and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926. As part of his thesis, on 7 May 1926, he electrically transmitted and then projected near-simultaneous moving images on a {{convert|5|ft2|adj=on}} screen.

By 1927 Theremin had achieved an image of 100 lines, a resolution that was not surpassed until May 1932 by RCA, with 120 lines.{{cite web | url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/rca_story_brewster.html | title=Early Electronic Television RCA TV Development: 1929–1949 | publisher=Early Television Museum | access-date=20 February 2016 | author=Brewster, Richard}}

On 25 December 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum in Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu Campus. His research in creating a production model was halted by the SCAP after World War II.[http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/ Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/ |date=1 January 2016 }}, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 2002. Retrieved 23 May 2009.

Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks, and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical, image resolution on mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low, ranging from about 30 lines up to 120 or so. Nevertheless, the image quality of 30-line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances, and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear.{{cite book |last1=McLean |first1=Donald F. |title=Restoring Baird's Image |date=2000 |publisher=IET |isbn=978-0-85296-795-9 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ISFkhG6cZQC&pg=PA184 |language=en}} A few systems ranging into the 200-line region also went on the air. Two of these were the 180-line system that Compagnie des Compteurs (CDC) installed in Paris in 1935 and the 180-line system that Peck Television Corp. started in 1935 at station VE9AK in Montreal.{{cite web|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/ve9ak.html |title=VE9AK entry at |publisher=Earlytelevision.org |access-date=2 March 2010}}{{cite web|title=Peck Television Corporation Console Receiver and Camera|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/peck.html|publisher=Early Television Museum|access-date=18 February 2012}} The advancement of all-electronic television (including image dissectors and other camera tubes and cathode-ray tubes for the reproducer) marked the start of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television. Mechanical television, despite its inferior image quality and generally smaller picture, would remain the primary television technology until the 1930s. The last mechanical telecasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a lot of public universities in the United States.

{{Further|Video camera tube}}

File:Ferdinand_Braun.jpg]]

In 1897, English physicist J. J. Thomson was able, in his three well-known experiments, to deflect cathode rays, a fundamental function of the modern cathode-ray tube (CRT). The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1897 and is also known as the "Braun" tube.Ferdinand Braun (1897) [https://archive.today/20141217172841/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89048352892;view=1up;seq=568 "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufs variabler Ströme"] (On a process for the display and study of the course in time of variable currents), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 3rd series, 60 : 552–59. It was a cold-cathode diode, a modification of the Crookes tube, with a phosphor-coated screen. Braun was the first to conceive the use of a CRT as a display device.{{cite book|last1=Lehrer |first1=Norman H. |title=Flat-Panel Displays and CRTS |chapter=The Challenge of the Cathode-Ray Tube|editor-first=Lawrence E. Jr. |editor-last=Tannas|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-7062-8_6|isbn=978-94-011-7062-8 |pages=138–76 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.|location=New York|date=1985}} The Braun tube became the foundation of 20th century television.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/karl-ferdinand-braun|title=Karl Ferdinand Braun|website=The Linda Hall Library}} In 1906 the Germans Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage produced raster images for the first time in a CRT.{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/television_timeline_1.htm|title=Television Timeline 1812–1923 – Television Heaven|first=Laurence|last=Marcus|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017014615/http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/television_timeline_1.htm|url-status=dead}} In 1907, Russian scientist Boris Rosing used a CRT in the receiving end of an experimental video signal to form a picture. He managed to display simple geometric shapes onto the screen.{{cite web |url=http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/CathodeRayTube.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709164537/http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/CathodeRayTube.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=History of the Cathode Ray Tube |access-date=4 October 2009 |work=About.com }}

In 1908, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, a fellow of the Royal Society (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode-ray tube, or Braun tube, as both a transmitting and receiving device,

{{cite journal

| author = Campbell-Swinton, A. A.

| title = Distant Electric Vision (first paragraph)

| journal = Nature

| volume = 78

| issue = 2016

| page = 151

| date = 18 June 1908

| doi=10.1038/078151a0| bibcode = 1908Natur..78..151S

| s2cid = 3956737

| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1429503

| doi-access = free

}}

{{cite journal

| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v78/n2016/pdf/078151a0.pdf

| author = Campbell-Swinton, A. A.

| title = Distant Electric Vision

| journal = Nature

| volume = 78

| page = 151

| date = 18 June 1908

| issue=2016

| doi=10.1038/078151a0| bibcode = 1908Natur..78..151S

| s2cid = 3956737

| doi-access = free

}}

he expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times"Distant Electric Vision", The Times (London), 15 November 1911, p. 24b. and the Journal of the Röntgen Society.

{{cite web

| url = http://www.bairdtelevision.com/swinton.html

| title = Alan Archivald Campbell-Swinton (1863–1930)

| author = Bairdtelevision

| work = Biography

| access-date = 10 May 2010}}

{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlXsZdT8HUQC&q=swinton+rontgen|title=Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940|first=May|last=Shiers|date=29 December 1997|page=56|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-7782-2 |via=Google Books}} In a letter to Nature published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam.

{{cite journal

| author = Campbell-Swinton, A. A.

| title = Electric Television (abstract)

| journal = Nature

| volume = 118

| issue = 2973

| page = 590

| date = 23 October 1926

| doi=10.1038/118590a0| bibcode = 1926Natur.118..590S

| s2cid = 4081053

| doi-access = free

}}

{{cite book

| title = Television: An International History of the Formative Years

| author = Burns, R W.

| publisher = The Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE) (History of Technology Series 22) in association with [ The Science Museum (UK)]

| year = 1998

| isbn = 978-0-85296-914-4

| page = 123

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gZcwhVyiMqsC&q=swinton+minchin+stanton+1903

}} These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died,

{{cite journal |author=G. |first=R. A. |date=2 April 1914 |title=Prof. G.M. Minchin, F.R.S |journal=Nature |volume=93 |issue=2318 |pages=115–16 |bibcode=1914Natur..93..115R |doi=10.1038/093115a0 |doi-access=free}}

but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by H. Miller and J. W. Strange from EMI,

{{cite journal

| doi = 10.1088/0959-5309/50/3/307

|author1=Miller, H. |author2=Strange. J. W.

|name-list-style=amp | title = The electrical reproduction of images by the photoconductive effect

| journal = Proceedings of the Physical Society

| volume = 50

| issue = 3

| pages = 374–84

| date = 2 May 1938| bibcode = 1938PPS....50..374M

}}

and by H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA.

{{cite journal

| doi = 10.1109/JRPROC.1937.228423

|author1=Iams, H. |author2=Rose, A.

|name-list-style=amp | title = Television Pickup Tubes with Cathode-Ray Beam Scanning

| journal = Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers

| volume = 25

| issue = 8

| pages = 1048–70

| date = August 1937|s2cid=51668505 }}

Both teams successfully transmitted "very faint" images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate. Although others had experimented with using a cathode-ray tube as a receiver, the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel.Abramson, Albert, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, p. 16. The first cathode-ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson (who gave his name to the term Johnson noise) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric, and became a commercial product in 1922.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}

In 1926, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system using fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning (or "camera") tube.United States Patent Office, Patent No. 2,133,123, 11 October 1938.United States Patent Office, Patent No. 2,158,259, 16 May 1939{{cite web|url=http://www.bairdtelevision.com/zworykin.html |title=Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, 1889–1982 |publisher=Bairdtelevision.com |access-date=17 April 2009}} The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or "camera" tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge-storage technology by Kálmán Tihanyi beginning in 1924.[http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033236/http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml|date=24 September 2015}} "Kálmán Tihanyi (1897–1947)", IEC Techline, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 15 July 2009. His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges ("photoelectrons") within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he called "Radioskop".{{Cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/kalman-tihanyis-1926-patent-application-radioskop |title=Kálmán Tihanyi's 1926 Patent Application Radioskop |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme| access-date=2025-04-22}} After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930,[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19301111&CC=GB&NR=313456A&KC=A Tihanyi, Koloman, Improvements in television apparatus]. European Patent Office, Patent No. GB313456. Convention date UK application: 1928-06-11, declared void and published: 11 November 1930. Retrieved 25 April 2013. so he applied for patents in the United States. Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of RCA's "iconoscope" in 1931, the U.S. patent for Tihanyi's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939. The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October. Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval.{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2133123|title=Patent US2133123 – Television apparatus|access-date=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2158259|title=Patent US2158259 – Television apparatus|access-date=22 March 2015}} Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day. On 25 December 1926, at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan, Japanese inventor Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a TV system with a 40-line resolution that employed a CRT display. This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver and Takayanagi's team later made improvements to this system parallel to other television developments.{{Cite journal |date=June 1932 |title=The Editor—to You |journal=Radio News |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=979}} Takayanagi did not apply for a patent.{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941|title=Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924–1941|access-date=22 March 2015}}

In the 1930s, Allen B. DuMont made the first CRTs to last 1,000 hours of use, one of the factors that led to the widespread adoption of television.Hart, Hugh (28 January 2010). [https://www.wired.com/2010/01/jan-29-1901-dumont-will-make-tv-work-2/ "Jan. 29, 1901: DuMont Will Make TV Work."] Wired. Retrieved 21 May 2021.

On 7 September 1927, U.S. inventor Philo Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco.[https://web.archive.org/web/20000531100005/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html Postman, Neil, "Philo Farnsworth"], The TIME 100: Scientists & Thinkers, Time, 29 March 1999. Retrieved 28 July 2009.[http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html "Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906–1971)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622033654/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html |date=22 June 2011 }}, The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Retrieved 15 July 2009. By 3 September 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration. In 1929, the system was improved further by eliminating a motor generator so that his television system had no mechanical parts.Abramson, Albert, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, p. 226. That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma ("Pem") with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required).{{cite web |url = http://db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu/lucene/Manuscripts/null/Ms0648.xml/complete |title = The Philo T. and Elma G. Farnsworth Papers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422211543/http://db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu/lucene/Manuscripts/null/Ms0648.xml/complete |archive-date=22 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}

File:Zworykin kinescope 1929.jpg demonstrates electronic television (1929).]]

Meanwhile, Vladimir Zworykin also experimented with the cathode-ray tube to create and show images. While working for Westinghouse Electric in 1923, he began to develop an electronic camera tube. However, in a 1925 demonstration, the image was dim, had low contrast and poor definition, and was stationary.Abramson, Albert, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 51. {{ISBN|0-252-02104-5}}. Zworykin's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage. However, RCA, which acquired the Westinghouse patent, asserted that the patent for Farnsworth's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device. Thus, based on Zworykin's 1923 patent application, RCA filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth. The U.S. Patent Office examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision, finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin. Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system could not produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application.[https://www.google.com/patents/about?id=mZ9KAAAAEBAJ Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131053220/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=mZ9KAAAAEBAJ |date=31 January 2014 }}. Patent No. 1691324, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1925-07-13, issued 13 November 1928. Retrieved 28 July 2009 He also divided his original application in 1931.[https://www.google.com/patents?id=tQt-AAAAEBAJ Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518183522/http://www.google.com/patents?id=tQt-AAAAEBAJ |date=18 May 2013 }}. Patent No. 2022450, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1923-12-29, issued 26 November 1935. Retrieved 10 May 2010. Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application. In September 1939, after losing an appeal in the courts and being determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment, RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US$1 million over ten years, in addition to license payments, to use his patents.Stashower, Daniel, The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television, Broadway Books, 2002, pp. 243–44. {{ISBN|978-0-7679-0759-0}}.Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. {{ISBN|978-0-405-06042-7}}, 266 pp.

In 1933, RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi's charge storage principle.{{cite news |author=Lawrence, Williams L. |title=Human-like eye made by engineers to televise images|quote= 'Iconoscope' converts scenes into electrical energy for radio transmission. Fast as a movie camera. Three million tiny photocells 'memorize,' then pass out pictures. Step to home television. Developed in ten years of work by Dr. V.K. Zworykin, who describes it in Chicago. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlXsZdT8HUQC&q=3971+zworykin+N.Y.T | work=The New York Times |date=27 June 1933 |access-date=10 January 2010 |isbn=978-0-8240-7782-2}} Called the "Iconoscope" by Zworykin, the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux, and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth's image dissector.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} However, Farnsworth had overcome his power issues with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique "Multipactor" device that he began work on in 1930, and demonstrated in 1931.Abramson, Albert (1987), The History of Television, 1880 to 1941. Jefferson, NC: Albert Abramson. p. 148. {{ISBN|0-89950-284-9}}.Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. {{ISBN|978-0-405-06042-7}}, pp. 137–41. This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or betterEverson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. {{ISBN|978-0-405-06042-7}}, p. 139. and showed great promise in all fields of electronics. Unfortunately, an issue with the multipactor was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate.Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. {{ISBN|978-0-405-06042-7}}, p. 141.

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-K0917-501, Prof. Manfred v. Ardenne.jpg in 1933]]

At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931 in Berlin, Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception, the first completely electronic television transmission.{{Cite web|url=https://www.vonardenne.biz/ja/company/history/manfred-von-ardenne/|title=Manfred von Ardenne|website=VON ARDENNE Website}} However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a flying-spot scanner to scan slides and film.Albert Abramson, Zworykin: Pioneer of Television, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 111. Ardenne achieved his first transmission of television pictures on 24 December 1933, followed by test runs for a public television service in 1934. The world's first electronically scanned television service then started in Berlin in 1935, the Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow, culminating in the live broadcast of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games from Berlin to public places all over Germany.{{cite web|title=22.3.1935: Erstes Fernsehprogramm der Welt|url=http://www.kalenderblatt.de/index.php?what=thmanu&lang=de&manu_id=1737&sdt=20090322&maca=de-podcast_kalenderblatt-1086-xml-mrss|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=27 July 2015}}{{cite web|title=Es begann in der Fernsehstube: TV wird 80 Jahre alt|url=http://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Es-begann-in-der-Fernsehstube-TV-wird-80-Jahre-alt-11525963.html|publisher=Computer Bild|date=22 March 2015|accessdate=28 April 2017|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121012410/https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Es-begann-in-der-Fernsehstube-TV-wird-80-Jahre-alt-11525963.html|url-status=dead}}

Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on 25 August 1934 and for ten days afterward."[https://books.google.com/books?id=yt8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA838 New Television System Uses 'Magnetic Lens']", Popular Mechanics, Dec. 1934, pp. 838–39.Burns, R.W. Television: An international history of the formative years. (1998). IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: IEE, p. 370. {{ISBN|9780852969144}}. Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena also played an important role in early television. His experiments with television (known as telectroescopía at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the "trichromatic field sequential system" color television in 1940.{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2296019|title=Patent US2296019 – Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment|access-date=22 March 2015}} In Britain, the EMI engineering team led by Isaac Shoenberg applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they called "the Emitron",

{{cite web

|author1=EMI LTD |author2=Tedham, William F. |author3=McGee, James D. |name-list-style=amp | title = Improvements in or relating to cathode ray tubes and the like

| url = http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19340226&CC=GB&NR=406353A&KC=A

| work = Patent No. GB 406,353 (filed May 1932, patented 1934)

| publisher = United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office

| access-date = 22 February 2010

}}

{{cite web

|author1=Tedham, William F. |author2=McGee, James D.

|name-list-style=amp | title=Cathode Ray Tube

| url=https://www.google.com/patents/about?id=BYNaAAAAEBAJ

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523212804/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=BYNaAAAAEBAJ

| url-status=dead

| archive-date=23 May 2013

| work=Patent No. 2,077,422 (filed in Great Britain 1932, filed in USA 1933, patented 1937)

| publisher=United States Patent Office

| access-date=10 January 2010

}} which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC. On 2 November 1936, a 405-line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building's towers. It alternated briefly with Baird's mechanical system in adjoining studios but was more reliable and visibly superior. This was the world's first regular "high-definition" television service.Burns, R.W., Television: An international history of the formative years. (1998). IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: IEE, p. 576. {{ISBN|0-85296-914-7}}.

The original U.S. iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially compared to the high-definition mechanical scanning systems that became available.{{cite book

| title = Misunderstanding media

| author = Winston, Brian

| publisher = Harvard University Press

| year = 1986

| isbn = 978-0-674-57663-6

| pages = 60–61

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K_RpAAAAIAAJ&q=%22american+iconoscope%22+noisy

| access-date = 9 March 2010

}}{{cite book

| title = Media technology and society. A history: from the telegraph to the Internet

| author = Winston, Brian

| publisher = Routledge

| year = 1998

| isbn = 978-0-415-14230-4

| page = 105

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TZOF_1GZRmYC&q=american+iconoscope+noisy

| access-date = 9 March 2010

}} The EMI team, under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg, analyzed how the iconoscope (or Emitron) produced an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum.

{{cite book

| title=The inventor of stereo: the life and works of Alan Dower Blumlein

| author=Alexander, Robert Charles

| publisher=Focal Press

| year=2000

| isbn=978-0-240-51628-8

| pages=217–19

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRhx3UmYBz0C&q=super+emitron

| access-date=10 January 2010

}}

{{cite book

| title=The life and times of A.D. Blumlein

| author=Burns, R.W.

| publisher=IET

| year=2000

| isbn=978-0-85296-773-7

| page=181

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2z2ONO7nBQC&q=blumlein+mcgee+cps+emitron+decelerating+zero

| access-date=5 March 2010

}} They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed super-Emitron and CPS Emitron.

{{cite web

|author1=Lubszynski, Hans Gerhard |author2=Rodda, Sydney

|name-list-style=amp | title = Improvements in or relating to television

| url = http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19360212&CC=GB&NR=442666A&KC=A

| work = Patent No. GB 442,666 (filed May 1934, patented 1936)

| publisher = United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office

| access-date = 15 January 2010

}}

{{cite web

|author1=Blumlein, Alan Dower |author2=McGee, James Dwyer

|name-list-style=amp | title = Improvements in or relating to television transmitting systems

| url = http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19360504&CC=GB&NR=446661A&KC=A

| work = Patent No. GB 446,661 (filed August 1934, patented 1936)

| publisher = United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office

| access-date = 9 March 2010

}}

{{cite web

| author = McGee, James Dwyer

| title = Improvements in or relating to television transmitting systems

| url = http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19360505&CC=GB&NR=446664A&KC=A

| work = Patent No. GB 446,664 (filed September 1934, patented 1936)

| publisher = United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office

| access-date = 9 March 2010

}} The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes, and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater. It was used for outside broadcasting by the BBC, for the first time, on Armistice Day 1937, when the general public could watch on a television set as the King laid a wreath at the Cenotaph.

{{cite book

| title=The inventor of stereo: the life and works of Alan Dower Blumlein

| author=Alexander, Robert Charles

| publisher=Focal Press

| year=2000

| isbn=978-0-240-51628-8

| page=216

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRhx3UmYBz0C&q=emitron+cenotaph+armistice

| access-date=10 January 2010

}} This was the first time that anyone had broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighboring buildings because neither Farnsworth nor RCA would do the same until the 1939 New York World's Fair.

File:1939 RCA Television Advertisement.jpg

File:RCA Indian Head test pattern.JPG used during the black-and-white era before 1970. It was displayed when a television station first signed on every day.]]

On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken.{{cite book

| title = Behind the tube: a history of broadcasting technology and business

| author = Inglis, Andrew F.

| publisher = Focal Press

| year = 1990

| isbn = 978-0-240-80043-1

| page = 172

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xiu4AAAAIAAJ&q=image-iconoscope+telefunken

| access-date = 15 January 2010

}} The "image iconoscope" ("Superikonoskop" in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher (Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television) in Germany in 1925,

{{cite web

|author1=Dieckmann, Max |author2=Rudolf Hell

|name-list-style=amp | title = Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröehre für Fernseher

| url = http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=450187C&KC=C&FT=D&date=19271003&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_V3

| work = Patent No. DE 450,187 (filed 1925, patented 1927)

| publisher = Deutsches Reich Reichspatentamt

| access-date = 28 July 2009

}} two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States.

{{cite web

| author = Farnsworth, Philo T.

| title = Television System

| url=https://www.google.com/patents/about?id=HRd5AAAAEBAJ

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523192021/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=HRd5AAAAEBAJ

| url-status=dead

| archive-date=23 May 2013

| work = Patent No. 1,773,980 (filed 1927, patented 1930)

| publisher = United States Patent Office

| access-date = 28 July 2009

}} The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes. Indeed, it represented the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon.{{cite book

| title = Design methodology and relationships with science, Número 71 de NATO ASI series

|author1=de Vries, M.J. |author2=de Vries, Marc |author3=Cross, Nigel |author4=Grant, Donald P. |name-list-style=amp | publisher = Springer

| year = 1993

| isbn = 978-0-7923-2191-0

| page = 222

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4T8U_J1h7noC&q=image-iconoscope+image-orthicon+telefunken

| access-date = 15 January 2010

}}

{{cite web

| author = Smith, Harry

| title = Multicon – A new TV camera tube

| url = http://www.earlytelevision.org/multicon.html

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100318011743/http://www.earlytelevision.org/multicon.html

| archive-date = 18 March 2010

| work = newspaper article

| date = July 1953

| publisher = Early Television Foundation and Museum

| access-date = 15 January 2010

}} The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games,

{{cite web

| author=Gittel, Joachim

| title=Spezialröhren

| url=http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Spezialroehren/Spezialroehren.htm

| work=photographic album

| date=11 October 2008

| publisher=Jogis Röhrenbude

| access-date=15 January 2010

}}

{{cite web

| author = Early Television Museum

| title = TV Camera Tubes, German "Super Iconoscope" (1936)

| url = http://www.earlytelevision.org/prewar_camera_tubes.html

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110617080126/http://www.earlytelevision.org/prewar_camera_tubes.html

| archive-date = 17 June 2011

| work = photographic album

| publisher = Early Television Foundation and Museum

| access-date = 15 January 2010

}} later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955;

{{cite web

| author=Gittel, Joachim

| title=FAR-Röhren der Firma Heimann

| url=http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Spezialroehren/Ikonoskop_Heimann/Heimann.htm

| work=photographic album

| date=11 October 2008

| publisher=Jogis Röhrenbude

| access-date=15 January 2010

}} finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958.

{{cite book

| author = Philips

| chapter = 5854, Image Iconoscope, Philips

| url = http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Spezialroehren/Ikonoskop_Heimann/5854_Philips_Iconoscop-1958.pdf

| title = electronic tube handbook

| year = 1958

| publisher = Philips

| access-date = 15 January 2010

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903223404/http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Spezialroehren/Ikonoskop_Heimann/5854_Philips_Iconoscop-1958.pdf

| archive-date = 3 September 2006

| url-status = live

}}

U.S. television broadcasting, at the time, consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes, each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941.Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. {{ISBN|978-0-405-06042-7}}, p. 248. RCA, for example, used only Iconoscopes in the New York area, but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco.Abramson, Albert (1987), The History of Television, 1880 to 1941. Jefferson, NC: Albert Abramson. p. 254. {{ISBN|0-89950-284-9}}. In September 1939, RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth's patents.Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 187–88. {{ISBN|1-928791-30-1}}. With this historic agreement in place, RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems. In 1941, the United States implemented 525-line television."Go-Ahead Signal Due for Television", The New York Times, 25 April 1941, p. 7."An Auspicious Beginning", The New York Times, 3 August 1941, p. X10. Electrical engineer Benjamin Adler played a prominent role in the development of television.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/18/obituaries/benjamin-adler-86-an-early-advocate-of-uhf-television.html|title=Benjamin Adler, 86, An Early Advocate of UHF Television|date=18 April 1990|work=The New York Times}}{{cite web|url=http://archive.poly.edu/poly_ebriefs/archives/Feb03.htm|title=ePoly Briefs Home|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225948/http://archive.poly.edu/poly_ebriefs/archives/Feb03.htm|url-status=dead}}

The world's first 625-line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944 and became a national standard in 1946.[http://625.625-net.ru/files/587/511/h_665921be9883776271895912fb8bb262 "On the beginning of broadcast in 625 lines 60 years ago"], 625 magazine (in Russian). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131236/http://625.625-net.ru/files/587/511/h_665921be9883776271895912fb8bb262 |date=4 March 2016 }} The first broadcast in 625-line standard occurred in Moscow in 1948.[https://web.archive.org/web/20041230091501/http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_255-portrait.pdf "M.I. Krivocheev – an engineer's engineer"], EBU Technical Review, Spring 1993. The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European CCIR standard.{{cite web |url = http://cra.ir/FTD/Static/RRC/RRCFile10.pdf |title = "In the Vanguard of Television Broadcasting". |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221210300/http://cra.ir/FTD/Static/RRC/RRCFile10.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007 |url-status=dead}} In 1936, Kálmán Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display, the first flat-panel display system.[https://ewh.ieee.org/r2/johnstown/downloads/20090217_IEEE_JST_Trivia_Answers.pdf][http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314070853/http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf|date=14 March 2012}}

Early electronic television sets were large and bulky, with analog circuits made of vacuum tubes. Following the invention of the first working transistor at Bell Labs, Sony founder Masaru Ibuka predicted in 1952 that the transition to electronic circuits made of transistors would lead to smaller and more portable television sets.{{cite book |last1=Childs |first1=William R. |last2=Martin |first2=Scott B. |last3=Stitt-Gohdes |first3=Wanda |title=Business and Industry: Savings and investment options to telecommuting |date=2004 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9780761474395 |page=1217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCwYAAAAIAAJ |quote=In 1952 Ibuka toured AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States and saw the newly invented transistor. He realized that replacing the large, clumsy vacuum tube with the transistor would make possible smaller, more portable radios and TVs.}} The first fully transistorized, portable solid-state television set was the 8-inch Sony TV8-301, developed in 1959 and released in 1960.{{cite journal |title=Sony Founder Masaru Ibuka's New Year's Dream Comes True: The Launch of Sony's TV Business |journal=Time Capsule |date=17 November 2009 |volume=21 |publisher=Sony |url=https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/capsule/21/index.html |access-date=1 October 2019}}{{cite book |last=Sparke |first=Penny |title=Japanese Design |date=2009 |publisher=The Museum of Modern Art |isbn=9780870707391 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WaIQf2gV8pEC&pg=PA18}} This began the transformation of television viewership from a communal viewing experience to a solitary viewing experience.{{cite book |last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Lucie-Smith |title=A History of Industrial Design |date=1983 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=9780714822815 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMsfAQAAIAAJ |quote=The first all-transistor television set was introduced by Sony in 1959 (fig. 386), only four years after their all-transistor radio, and started the transformation of television from something used for communal viewing, as the radio in the 30s had been a focus for communal listening, into an object of solitary contemplation.}} By 1960, Sony had sold over 4{{nbsp}}million portable television sets worldwide.{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Yoon Seok |last2=Makatsoris |first2=Harris C. |last3=Richards |first3=Howard D. |title=Evolution of Supply Chain Management: Symbiosis of Adaptive Value Networks and ICT |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780306486968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y3wBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48}}

{{clear}}

{{main|Color television}}

File:Samsung LED TV.jpg

The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built. Although he gave no practical details, among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning.M. Le Blanc, "Etude sur la transmission électrique des impressions lumineuses", La Lumière Electrique, vol. 11, 1 December 1880, pp. 477–81. Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897, using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end and could not have worked as he described it.R.W. Burns, Television: An International History of the Formative Years, IET, 1998, p. 98. {{ISBN|0-85296-914-7}}. Another inventor, Hovannes Adamian, also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project is claimed by him,Western technology and Soviet economic development: 1945 to 1965, by Antony C. Sutton, Business & Economics – 1973, p. 330 and was patented in Germany on 31 March 1908, patent No. 197183, then in Britain, on 1 April 1908, patent No. 7219,The History of Television, 1880–1941, by Albert Abramson, 1987, p. 27 in France (patent No. 390326) and in Russia in 1910 (patent No. 17912).{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvmuseum.ru/attach.asp?a_no=1018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424162531/http://www.tvmuseum.ru/attach.asp?a_no=1018|url-status=usurped|title=A. Rokhlin, Tak rozhdalos' dal'novidenie (in Russian)|archivedate=24 April 2013}}

Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission on 3 July 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color, and three light sources at the receiving end, with a commutator to alternate their illumination.John Logie Baird, [https://www.google.com/patents?id=JRVAAAAAEBAJ Television Apparatus and the Like] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518084511/http://www.google.com/patents?id=JRVAAAAAEBAJ |date=18 May 2013 }}, U.S. patent, filed in U.K. in 1928. Baird also made the world's first color broadcast on 4 February 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London's Dominion Theatre.Baird Television: [http://www.bairdtelevision.com/crystalpalace.html Crystal Palace Television Studios]. Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit. Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells, amplifiers, glow-tubes, and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full-color image.

The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with a rotating colored disk. This device was very "deep" but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console.{{cite web|url=http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html|title=The World's First High Definition Colour Television System|access-date=22 March 2015}} However, Baird was unhappy with the design, and, as early as 1944, had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better.

In 1939, Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro-mechanical system while at CBS, which contained an Iconoscope sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode-ray tube inside the receiver set.Peter C. Goldmark, assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, "Color Television", [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2480571 U.S. Patent 2,480,571], filed 7 September 1940. The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on 29 August 1940 and shown to the press on 4 September.Current Broadcasting 1940"Color Television Success in Test", The New York Times, 30 August 1940, p. 21."Color Television Achieves Realism", The New York Times, 5 September 1940, p. 18."[https://books.google.com/books?id=JScDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120 New Television System Transmits Images in Full Color]", Popular Science, December 1940, p. 120.

CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as 28 August 1940 and live cameras by 12 November."CBS Demonstrates Full-Color Television," The Wall Street Journal, 5 September 1940, p. 1. "Television Hearing Set," The New York Times, 13 November 1940, p. 26. NBC (owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on 20 February 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on 1 June 1941.Ed Reitan, [http://colortelevision.info/rca-nbc_firsts.html RCA-NBC Color Firsts in Television (commented)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204092411/http://colortelevision.info/rca-nbc_firsts.html |date=4 February 2015 }}. These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and, as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 22 April 1942 to 20 August 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public."Making of Radios and Phonographs to End April 22", The New York Times, 8 March 1942, p. 1. "Radio Production Curbs Cover All Combinations," The Wall Street Journal, 3 June 1942, p. 4. "WPB Cancels 210 Controls; Radios, Trucks in Full Output", New York Times, 21 August 1945, p. 1.Bob Cooper, "[http://www.earlytelevision.org/color_tv_cooper.html Television: The Technology That Changed Our Lives]", Early Television Foundation.

As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called Telechrome. Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image (called "stereoscopic" at the time). A demonstration on 16 August 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system. Work on the Telechrome continued, and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended the development of the Telechrome system.Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, McFarland & Company, 2003, pp. 13–14. {{ISBN|0-7864-1220-8}}Baird Television: [http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html The World's First High Definition Colour Television System].

Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The Geer tube was similar to Baird's concept but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube.

One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth, potentially three times that of the existing black-and-white standards, and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum. In the United States, after considerable research, the National Television Systems CommitteeNational Television System Committee (1951–1953), [Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12–19, with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports, and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission, n.p., 1953], 17 v. illus., diagrams., tables. 28 cm. LC Control No.:54021386 [http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&PAGE=First Library of Congress Online Catalog] approved an all-electronic system developed by RCA, which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and significantly reduced the resolution of the color information to conserve bandwidth. As black-and-white televisions could receive the same transmission and display it in black-and-white, the color system adopted is [backwards] "compatible." ("Compatible Color," featured in RCA advertisements of the period, is mentioned in the song "America," of West Side Story, 1957.) The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution. In contrast, color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher-resolution black-and-white and lower-resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The NTSC standard represented a significant technical achievement.

File:SMPTE Color Bars.svg, sometimes used when no program material is available]]

The first color broadcast (the first episode of the live program The Marriage) occurred on 8 July 1954. However, during the following ten years, most network broadcasts and nearly all local programming continued to be black-and-white. It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965, in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that fall. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. In 1972, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season.

Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place. GE's relatively compact and lightweight Porta-Color set was introduced in the spring of 1966. It used a transistor-based UHF tuner.{{cite web |title=GE Portacolor |url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/ge_portacolor.html |website=Early Television Museum |access-date=2 October 2019}} The first fully transistorized color television in the United States was the Quasar television introduced in 1967.{{cite book |last1=Tyson |first1=Kirk |title=Competition in the 21st Century |date=1996 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781574440324 |page=[https://archive.org/details/competitionin21s00tyso/page/253 253] |url=https://archive.org/details/competitionin21s00tyso|url-access=registration }} These developments made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition.

In 1972, sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets. Color broadcasting in Europe was not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s, and broadcasts did not start until 1967. By this point, many of the technical issues in the early sets had been worked out, and the spread of color sets in Europe was fairly rapid. By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color. By the early 1980s, B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or for use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s, even these last holdout niche B&W environments had inevitably shifted to color sets.

{{main|Digital television}}

{{see also|Digital television transition}}

Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signals, in contrast to the analog and channel-separated signals used by analog television. Due to data compression, digital television can support more than one program on the same channel bandwidth.{{cite web | url=http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/digital-hdtv.shtml | title=HDTV Set Top Boxes and Digital TV Broadcast Information | access-date=28 June 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522191336/http://www.disabled%2Dworld.com/artman/publish/digital%2Dhdtv.shtml | archive-date=22 May 2016 | df=dmy-all }} It is an innovative service that represents the most significant evolution in television broadcast technology since color television emerged in the 1950s.{{cite book |last1=Kruger |first1=Lennard G. |last2=Guerrero |first2=Peter F. |title=Digital Television: An Overview |date=2002 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=9781590335024 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAfWq2V3wgC&pg=PA1 |location=Hauppauge, New York}} Digital television's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It was not until the 1990s that digital television became possible.{{cite web|url=http://www.benton.org/initiatives/obligations/charting_the_digital_broadcasting_future/sec1|title=The Origins and Future Prospects of Digital Television|date=22 December 2008|access-date=22 March 2015}} Digital television was previously not practically possible due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed digital video,{{cite book |last1=Lea |first1=William |title=Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68 |date=1994 |publisher=House of Commons Library |url=https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68 |access-date=20 September 2019}}{{cite journal |last1=Barbero |first1=M. |last2=Hofmann |first2=H. |last3=Wells |first3=N. D. |title=DCT source coding and current implementations for HDTV |journal=EBU Technical Review |date=14 November 1991 |issue=251 |pages=22–33 |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |url=https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/trev_251-barbero |access-date=4 November 2019}} requiring around 200{{nbsp}}Mbit/s for a standard-definition television (SDTV) signal, and over 1{{nbsp}}Gbit/s for high-definition television (HDTV).

A digital television service was proposed in 1986 by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication (MPT) in Japan, where there were plans to develop an "Integrated Network System" service. However, it was not possible to implement such a digital television service practically until the adoption of DCT video compression technology made it possible in the early 1990s.

In the mid-1980s, as Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies' technologies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard, based on an analog system, was the front-runner among the more than 23 other technical concepts under consideration. Then, a U.S. company, General Instrument, demonstrated the possibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally-based standard could be developed.

In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was possible, the FCC made several critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. (7) Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being "simulcast" on different channels. (8) The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements.

The last standards adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This compromise resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry (joined by some broadcasters) and the computer industry (joined by the film industry and some public interest groups) over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—would be best suited for the newer digital HDTV compatible display devices.{{cite web|url=http://www.bambooav.com/information-about-interlaced-and-progressive-scan-signals.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816184950/http://www.bambooav.com/information-about-interlaced-and-progressive-scan-signals.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2009 |title=Information about interlaced and progressive scan signals |access-date=22 March 2015 }} Interlaced scanning, which had been specifically designed for older analog CRT display technologies, scans even-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. Interlaced scanning can be regarded as the first video compression model. It was partly developed in the 1940s to double the image resolution to exceed the limitations of television broadcast bandwidth. Another reason for its adoption was to limit the flickering on early CRT screens, whose phosphor-coated screens could only retain the image from the electron scanning gun for a relatively short duration.{{cite web|url=http://www.isfforum.com/FAQs/view/All-About-HDTV/What-s-the-Difference-between-Interlaced-and-Progressive-Video/33.html|title=What's the Difference between "Interlaced" and "Progressive" Video? – ISF Forum}} However, interlaced scanning does not work as efficiently on newer display devices such as liquid-crystal display (LCD), for example, which are better suited to a more frequent progressive refresh rate.

Progressive scanning, the format that the computer industry had long adopted for computer display monitors, scans every line in sequence, from top to bottom. Progressive scanning, in effect, doubles the amount of data generated for every full screen displayed in comparison to interlaced scanning by painting the screen in one pass in 1/60-second instead of two passes in 1/30-second. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not "flicker" on the new standard of display devices in the manner of interlaced scanning. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offered a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then (and currently) feasible, i.e., 1,080 lines per picture and 1,920 pixels per line. Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming is not readily compatible with a progressive format. William F. Schreiber, who was director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990, thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology.{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemasource.com/articles/hist_politics_dtv.pdf|title=The history and politics of DTV|page=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322131735/http://www.cinemasource.com/articles/hist_politics_dtv.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2003|url-status=live}}

Digital television transition started in the late 2000s. All governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s. Initially, the adoption rate was low, as the first digital tuner-equipped television sets were costly. However, as the price of digital-capable television sets dropped, more and more households started converting to digital television sets. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by the mid to late 2010s.

{{main|Smart television}}

{{Distinguish|Internet television|Internet Protocol television|Web television}}

File:LG smart TV.jpg

The advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart television sets. A smart television sometimes referred to as a "connected TV" or "hybrid TV," is a television set or set-top box with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features and is an example of technological convergence between computers, television sets, and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set-top boxes provided through traditional Broadcasting media, these devices can also provide Internet TV, online interactive media, over-the-top content, as well as on-demand streaming media, and home networking access. These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system.{{cite web|author=Steve Kovach | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-a-smart-tv-2010-12 |title=What Is A Smart TV? |work=Business Insider |date=8 December 2010 |access-date=17 January 2012}}{{cite news|author=Carmi Levy Special to the Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/media/article/876278--future-of-television-is-online-and-on-demand |title=Future of television is online and on-demand |work=Toronto Star |date=15 October 2010 |access-date=17 January 2012}}{{cite web|first=Jeremy |last=Toeman |url=http://mashable.com/2010/10/20/connected-tv-content-not-apps/ |title=Why Connected TVs Will Be About the Content, Not the Apps |publisher=Mashable |date=20 October 2010 |access-date=7 October 2024}}

Smart TV is not to be confused with Internet TV, Internet Protocol television (IPTV), or with Web TV. Internet television refers to receiving television content over the Internet instead of through traditional systems—terrestrial, cable, and satellite. IPTV is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for television networks. Web television (WebTV) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. A first patent was filed in 1994{{cite web|url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?FT=D&date=19960510&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=FR&NR=2726670A1&KC=A1&ND=3 |title=espacenet – Original document |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |access-date=17 January 2012}} (and extended the following year){{cite web|url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=US&NR=5905521A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=7&date=19990518&DB=EPODOC |title=espacenet – Bibliographic data |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |access-date=17 January 2012}} for an "intelligent" television system, linked with data processing systems, using a digital or analog network. Apart from being linked to data networks, one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines according to a user's demand and process their needs. Major TV manufacturers announced the production of smart TVs only for middle-end and high-end TVs in 2015. Smart TVs have gotten more affordable compared to when they were first introduced, with 46 million U.S. households having at least one as of 2019.Kats, Rimma (15 November 2018). [https://www.emarketer.com/content/how-many-households-own-a-smart-tv "How Many Households Own a Smart TV?"] eMarketer. Retrieved 21 May 2021.

{{main|3D television}}

3D television conveys depth perception to the viewer by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other form of 3D display. Most modern 3D television sets use an active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system, and some are autostereoscopic without the need for glasses. Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August 1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London.{{cite web |url=http://www.bairdtelevision.com/stereo.html |title=How Stereoscopic Television is Shown |publisher=Baird Television website|access-date=18 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101019045734/http://www.bairdtelevision.com/stereo.html| archive-date= 19 October 2010 | url-status=live}} Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electromechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D television was produced in 1935. The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D television sets. Although 3D television sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media, such as on Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads with the public. As a result, many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s. According to DisplaySearch 3D television shipments totaled 41.45 million units in 2012, compared with 24.14 in 2011 and 2.26 in 2010.{{cite news|title=3D TV-sales growth |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/130318/3d-tv-sales-growth |newspaper=globalpost.com |date=18 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724082049/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/130318/3d-tv-sales-growth |archive-date=24 July 2013 }} As of late 2013, the number of 3D TV viewers started to decline.{{cite news|title=Future looks flat for 3D TV|url=https://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/future-looks-flat-for-3d-tv-20130814-2rv1q.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=15 August 2013}}{{cite news|title=Is 3D TV dead? ESPN 3D to shut down by end of 2013|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/6/12/4422874/espn-3d-to-shut-down-by-end-of-2013|author=Chris Welch|newspaper=The Verge|date=12 June 2013}}{{cite news|title=Why 3D TV is such a turn-off|url=http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/software/why-3d-tv-is-such-a-turn-off-1.1755980|publisher=Iol Scitech|author=Guy Walters|date=25 September 2014}}{{cite news|title=Is 3D dead…again?|url=http://techday.com/netguide/news/is-3d-deadagain/192995/|publisher=Techday|author=Donovan Jackson|date=29 September 2014}}{{cite news|title=3D TV falls further out of favour as Sky omits Premier League matches from schedule|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11102038/3D-TV-falls-further-out-of-favour-as-Sky-omits-Premier-League-matches-from-schedule.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11102038/3D-TV-falls-further-out-of-favour-as-Sky-omits-Premier-League-matches-from-schedule.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|author=Hannah Furness|date=17 September 2014}}{{cbignore}}

{{main|Terrestrial television}}

{{see also|Timeline of the introduction of television in countries}}

File:UHF TV Antenna 001.JPG. It has 17 directors and one reflector (made of 4 rods) shaped as a corner reflector.]]

Programming is broadcast by television stations, sometimes called "channels," as stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in the television band. At first, terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed, and because bandwidth was limited, i.e., there were only a small number of channels available, government regulation was the norm. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941 but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which had public service as part of its Royal Charter.

WRGB claims to be the world's oldest television station, tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on 13 January 1928, broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady, NY, under the call letters W2XB.{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iuIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA177| title = "The First Television Show" Popular Mechanics, August 1930, pp. 177–79| date = August 1930| publisher = Hearst Magazines}} It was popularly known as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station. Later, in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters W2XBS and which today is known as WNBC. The two stations were experimental and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a Felix the Cat doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as engineers tested new technology. On 2 November 1936, the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London.{{cite web|url=http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm|title=The History of the BBC: The First TV Era|author=Laurence Marcus|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=13 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813233820/http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm|url-status=dead}} It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we now know it.

With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7% of US households used an antenna.[http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/cea-study-says-seven-percent-of-tv-households-use-antennas-/220585 "CEA Study Says Seven Percent of TV Households Use Antennas"], TVTechnology, 30 July 2013 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217104116/http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/cea-study-says-seven-percent-of-tv-households-use-antennas-/220585 |date=17 December 2014 }}[http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/nielsen-broadcast-reliance-grew-in--/217217 "Nielsen: Broadcast Reliance Grew in 2012"], TVTechnology, 14 January 2013 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160139/http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/nielsen-broadcast-reliance-grew-in--/217217 |date=18 December 2014 }} A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to switchover to digital terrestrial television broadcasts, which offered pristine image quality over very large areas, and offered an alternative to cable television (CATV) for cord cutters. All other countries around the world are also in the process of either shutting down analog terrestrial television or switching over to digital terrestrial television.

{{main|Cable television}} {{see also|Cable television by region}}

File:F-Stecker und Kabel.jpg is used to carry cable television signals into cathode-ray tube and flat-panel television sets.]]

Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. In the 2000s, FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables. The abbreviation CATV is sometimes used for cable television in the United States. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large "community antennas" were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes.{{cite web | url=http://www.calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/ | title=History of Cable | publisher=California Cable and Telecommunications Association | access-date=20 February 2016}}

{{main|Satellite television}}

File:Dishing out the truth.JPG

Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals relayed from communication satellites. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna, usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter (LNB). A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on a television set. Receivers can be external set-top boxes, or a built-in television tuner. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television.

The most common method of reception is direct-broadcast satellite television (DBSTV), also known as "direct to home" (DTH).{{Cite report|author=Antipolis, Sophia|date=September 1997|title=Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems|url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101198/01.01.01_60/tr_101198v010101p.pdf|publisher=European Telecommunications Standards Institute|pages=1–7|docket=TR 101 198|access-date=20 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302190812/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101198/01.01.01_60/tr_101198v010101p.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2012|url-status=live}} In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the K_u wavelength and are completely digital.{{cite journal|title=Frequency letter bands|url=http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/letterbands.cfm|website=Microwaves101.com|date=25 April 2008|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171156/http://www.microwaves101.com/ENCYCLOPEDIA/letterbands.cfm|url-status=dead}} Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as television receive-only. These systems received analog signals transmitted in the C-band spectrum from FSS type satellites and required the use of large dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems and were more expensive and less popular.{{cite web|title=Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes|url=http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/consumerdish.html|publisher=FCC|access-date=21 November 2008}}

The direct-broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals, both of which require a compatible receiver. Digital signals may include high-definition television (HDTV). Some transmissions and channels are free-to-air or free-to-view, while many other channels are pay television requiring a subscription.{{cite book |last1=Campbell|first1=Dennis|last2=Cotter|first2=Susan|year=1998|title=Copyright Infringement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRJCwqzE3iwC&pg=PA161|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=978-90-247-3002-5|access-date=18 September 2014}}

In 1945, British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in Earth orbit.{{cite web |url=http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716135721/http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php |archive-date=16 July 2011 |title=The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016}}{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Richard|last2=Martin|first2=Christopher R.|last3=Fabos|first3=Bettina|date=23 February 2011|title=Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuqjReIZ4TcC&pg=PA152|location=London, UK|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|page=152|isbn=978-1-4576-2831-3|access-date=15 August 2014}} This was published in the October 1945 issue of the Wireless World magazine and won him the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963.{{cite web|url=http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww|title=The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications|access-date=22 March 2015}}{{cite book|date=September 1995|title=Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2f8q2c0R5cC&pg=PA138|publisher=DIANE Publishing|page=138|isbn=978-0-16-048180-2|access-date=15 August 2014}}

The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic Ocean on 23 July 1962.{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/news/the-birth-of-satellite-tv-50-years-ago|title=The Birth of Satellite TV, 50 Years Ago|last1=Klein|first1=Christopher|date=23 July 2012|website=History.com|publisher=History Channel|access-date=5 June 2014}} The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the Relay 1 satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan.{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-068A|title=Relay 1|website=NASA.gov|publisher=NASA}} The first geosynchronous communication satellite, Syncom 2, was launched on 26 July 1963.{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-031A|title=Syncom 2|last1=Darcey|first1=RJ|date=16 August 2013|website=NASA.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=5 June 2014}}

The world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on 6 April 1965.{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/intlsat1.htm|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica – Intelsat I|access-date=5 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116224556/http://astronautix.com/craft/intlsat1.htm|archive-date=16 January 2010}} The first national network of television satellites, called Orbita, was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground downlink stations.{{cite press release|author=|title=Soviet-bloc Research in Geophysics, Astronomy, and Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyRx2ssMQ6MC|location=Springfield Virginia|publisher=U.S. Joint Publications Research Service|page=60|year=1970|issue=221–230|access-date=16 December 2014}} The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada's geostationary Anik 1, which was launched on 9 November 1972.{{cite news|last=Robertson|first=Lloyd|title=Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap | publisher = CBC English TV | date = 9 November 1972 | url = http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594 | access-date = 25 January 2007 }} ATS-6, the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974.{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/missions/ats_prt.htm|title=NASA – ATS|last1=Ezell|first1=Linda N.|date=22 January 2010|website=Nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-date=6 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406164505/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/missions/ats_prt.htm|url-status=dead}} It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent, but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home-constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use.Long Distance Television Reception (TV-DX) For the Enthusiast, Roger W. Bunney, {{ISBN|0-900162-71-6}}

The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct-To-Home television, Ekran 1, was launched on 26 October 1976.{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ekran.htm|title=Ekran|year=2007|website=Astronautix.com|publisher=Astronautix|access-date=1 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112153322/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ekran.htm|archive-date=12 November 2013}} It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing UHF television technology rather than microwave technology.{{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/ekran.htm|title=Ekran (11F647)|website=Gunter's Space Page}}

{{main|Streaming television}}

{{Distinguish|Smart television|Internet Protocol television|Web television}}

Internet television (Internet TV) (or online television) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial, cable, and satellite, although the Internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable, or satellite methods. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television series and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. Internet television should not be confused with Smart TV, IPTV, or with Web TV. Smart television refers to the television set which has a built-in operating system. Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television networks. Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet television.

Traditional cable and satellite television providers began to offer services such as Sling TV, owned by Dish Network, which was unveiled in January 2015.Joshua Brustein (January 5, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150106181233/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2015-01-05/dish-sling-tv-service-takes-on-cable-television "Dish's New Sling TV Service Could Free You From Cable"]. Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg LP. Retrieved January 12, 2015. DirecTV, another satellite television provider, launched their own streaming service, DirecTV Stream, in 2016.Spangler, Todd (2016-11-18). [https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/att-directv-now-launch-nov-28-1201921813/ "AT&T Sets DirecTV Now Launch Event for Nov. 28"]. Variety. Retrieved 2017-12-05.{{Cite news |title=LG to show off webOS 2.0 smart TV at CES 2015 |language=en |work=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/lg-to-show-off-webos-2-0-smart-tv-at-ces-2015/ |access-date=2017-12-05}} Sky launched a similar streaming service in the UK called Now. In 2013, Video on demand website Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original streaming television at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its series, House of Cards, Arrested Development, and Hemlock Grove, earned nominations that year.{{cite web |author=Stelter, Brian |date=2013-07-18 |title=Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/watching-for-the-2013-primetime-emmy-nominations/ |access-date=2013-07-18 |work=The New York Times}} On July 13, 2015, cable company Comcast announced an HBO plus broadcast TV package at a price discounted from basic broadband plus basic cable.{{cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=13 July 2015 |title=Comcast Aims at 'Cord-Nevers' with $15 HBO, Basic TV Internet-Streaming Bundle |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/comcast-hbo-basic-tv-internet-bundle-1201538854/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001082945/http://variety.com/2015/digital/news/comcast-hbo-basic-tv-internet-bundle-1201538854/ |archive-date=1 October 2017 |website=Variety }}

In 2017, YouTube launched YouTube TV, a streaming service that allows users to watch live television programs from popular cable or network channels and record shows to stream anywhere, anytime.[https://tv.youtube.com/ "YouTube TV – Watch & DVR Live Sports, Shows & News"]. YouTube TV – Watch & DVR Live Sports, Shows & News. Retrieved 2017-12-05.{{cite news |last=Rajan |first=Amol |author-link=Amol Rajan |date=August 5, 2020 |title=TV watching and online streaming surge during lockdown |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53637305}}{{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Gary |last2=Lawler |first2=Kelly |last3=Keveney |first3=Bill |last4=Jensen |first4=Erin |date=March 11, 2021 |title=How pandemic changed TV, and how much of it will last |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2021/03/10/how-pandemic-changed-tv-and-how-much-last/6826073002/}} As of 2017, 28% of US adults cite streaming services as their main means for watching television, and 61% of those ages 18 to 29 cite it as their main method.[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/13/about-6-in-10-young-adults-in-u-s-primarily-use-online-streaming-to-watch-tv/ "About 6 in 10 young adults in U.S. primarily use online streaming to watch TV"]. Pew Research Center. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2017-12-05.{{cite web |last=Lovejoy |first=Ben |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Video streaming services see end of pandemic boom |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/06/21/video-streaming-services-2/ |website=9to5Mac}} As of 2018, Netflix is the world's largest streaming TV network and also the world's largest Internet media and entertainment company with 117 million paid subscribers, and by revenue and market cap.{{Cite news |date=2018-01-22 |title=Netflix's Growth Is in the Eye of the Beholder |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-01-22/netflix-earnings-growth-is-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder |access-date=2020-09-08}}{{cite web |last=Balakrishnan |first=Anita |date=22 January 2018 |title=Netflix jumps more than 8% after adding more subscribers than expected |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/22/netflix-earnings-q4-2017.html |website=CNBC}} In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had a strong impact in the television streaming business with the lifestyle changes such as staying at home and lockdowns.{{cite web |last1=Fosty |first1=Vincent |last2=Houben |first2=Tim |date=March 2020 |title=Online media streaming will benefit from the coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/be/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/online-media-streaming.html |website=Deloitte Belgium |quote=... if it does not last too long! |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812100556/https://www2.deloitte.com/be/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/online-media-streaming.html |url-status=dead }}{{cite magazine |last=Dayal |first=Tanvi |date=July 23, 2022 |title=How The Pandemic Boosted Business For Streaming Services |url=https://www.jumpstartmag.com/how-the-pandemic-boosted-business-for-streaming-services/ |magazine=Jumpstart}}{{Cite web |title=AUBTU.BIZ |url=https://aubtu.biz/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |language=en}}{{cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Streaming Consumption Rises In U.S. Markets with Early Stay-at-Home Orders During COVID-19 |url=https://www.nielsen.com/insights/2020/streaming-consumption-rises-in-u-s-markets-with-early-stay-at-home-orders-during-covid-19/ |website=Nielsen Media Research}}

{{main|Television set}}

File:RCA 630-TS Television.jpg

A television set, also called a television receiver, television, TV set, TV, or "telly," is a device that combines a tuner, display, amplifier, and speakers for the purpose of viewing television and hearing its audio components. Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode-ray tubes. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for recorded media in the 1970s, such as Betamax and VHS, which enabled viewers to record TV shows and watch prerecorded movies. In the subsequent decades, Television sets were used to watch DVDs and Blu-ray Discs of movies and other content. Major TV manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. Televisions since 2010s mostly use LEDs.{{cite web|url=http://www.displaysearch.com/cps/rde/xchg/displaysearch/hs.xsl/140415_lcd_tv_growth_improving_as_plasma_and_crt_tv_disappear.asp|title= The Source for Critical Information and Insight|publisher=IHS Technology}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/rip-rear-projection-tv/|title=RIP, rear-projection TV|website=CNET|access-date=22 March 2015}} LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced by OLEDs in the near future.

{{main|Display device}}

{{main|Nipkow disk}}

The earliest systems employed a spinning disk to create and reproduce images.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/kingfisherscienc00tayl|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/kingfisherscienc00tayl/page/370 370]|title=The Kingfisher Science Encyclopedia|last=Taylor|first=Charles|date=2000|publisher=Kingfisher|isbn=978-0-7534-5269-1}} These usually had a low resolution and screen size and never became popular with the public.

{{main|Cathode-ray tube}}

File:Crt14.jpg

The cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns (a source of electrons or electron emitter) and a fluorescent screen used to view images. It has the means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets or others. The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope that is large, deep (i.e., long from front screen face to rear end), fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product.

In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. An image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three electron beams, one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with a video signal as a reference.{{cite web|title=How Computer Monitors Work|date=16 June 2000 |url=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/monitor7.htm |access-date=4 October 2009 }} In all modern CRT monitors and televisions, the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, a varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube, although electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes, a type of diagnostic instrument.

{{main|Digital Light Processing}}

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Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a type of video projector technology that uses a digital micromirror device. Some DLPs have a TV tuner, which makes them a type of TV display. It was originally developed in 1987 by Dr. Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments. While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP-based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997. Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded Emmy Awards in 1998 for the invention of the DLP projector technology. DLP is used in a variety of display applications, from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications, including medical, security, and industrial uses. DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors (standalone projection units for classrooms and businesses primarily) but also in private homes; in these cases, the image is projected onto a projection screen. DLP is also used in DLP rear projection television sets and digital signs. It is also used in about 85% of digital cinema projection.{{cite web|title=How Digital Light Processing Works|url=https://thre3d.com/how-it-works/light-photopolymerization/digital-light-processing-dlp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221025534/https://thre3d.com/how-it-works/light-photopolymerization/digital-light-processing-dlp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2014|publisher=THRE3D.com|access-date=3 February 2014}}

{{main|Plasma display}}

A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat-panel display common to large television displays {{convert|30|in|cm}} or larger. They are called "plasma" displays because the technology uses small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases, or what are in essence chambers more commonly known as fluorescent lamps.

{{Clear}}

{{main|Liquid-crystal display}}

File:LCD generic tv.jpg

Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCD TVs) are television sets that use liquid-crystal display technology to produce images. LCD televisions are much thinner and lighter than cathode-ray tube (CRTs) of similar display size and are available in much larger sizes (e.g., 90-inch diagonal). When manufacturing costs fell, this combination of features made LCDs practical for television receivers. LCDs come in two types: those using cold cathode fluorescent lamps, simply called LCDs, and those using LED as backlight called LEDs.

In 2007, LCD television sets surpassed sales of CRT-based television sets worldwide for the first time, and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated. LCD television sets have quickly displaced the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the Plasma display panel and rear-projection television.{{cite web | url=http://www.dailytech.com/Report+Shipments+of+LCD+TVs+Surpass+CRT+TVs/article10775.htm | title=Hardware Report: Shipments of LCD TVs Surpass CRT TVs | publisher=DailyTech LLC. | access-date=20 February 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072736/http://www.dailytech.com/Report+Shipments+of+LCD+TVs+Surpass+CRT+TVs/article10775.htm | url-status=dead }} In mid 2010s LCDs especially LEDs became, by far, the most widely produced and sold television display type. LCDs also have disadvantages. Other technologies address these weaknesses, including OLEDs, FED and SED, but {{as of|2014|lc=on}} none of these have entered widespread production.

{{main|OLED}}

File:LG전자, 깜빡임 없는 55인치 3D OLED TV 공개(2).jpg

An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens. It is also used for computer monitors and portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game console, and PDAs.

There are two main groups of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes.

An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room, an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED backlight. OLEDs are expected to replace other forms of display in the near future.

File:8K UHD, 5K, 4K UHD, FHD and SD.svg, 4K UHDTV, HDTV and SDTV resolution]]

{{main|Low-definition television}}

Low-definition television or LDTV refers to television systems that have a lower screen resolution than standard-definition television systems such 240p (320*240). It is used in handheld television. The most common source of LDTV programming is the Internet, where mass distribution of higher-resolution video files could overwhelm computer servers and take too long to download. Many mobile phones and portable devices such as Apple's iPod Nano, or Sony's PlayStation Portable use LDTV video, as higher-resolution files would be excessive to the needs of their small screens (320×240 and 480×272 pixels respectively). The current generation of iPod Nanos has LDTV screens, as do the first three generations of iPod Touch and iPhone (480×320). For the first years of its existence, YouTube offered only one low-definition resolution of 320x240p at 30fps or less. A standard, consumer-grade videotape can be considered SDTV due to its resolution (approximately 360 × 480i/576i).

{{main|Standard-definition television}}

Standard-definition television or SDTV refers to two different resolutions: 576i, with 576 interlaced lines of resolution, derived from the European-developed PAL and SECAM systems, and 480i based on the American National Television System Committee NTSC system. SDTV is a television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high-definition television (720p, 1080i, 1080p, 1440p, 4K UHDTV, and 8K UHD) or enhanced-definition television (EDTV 480p). In North America, digital SDTV is broadcast in the same 4:3 aspect ratio as NTSC signals, with widescreen content being center cut.{{cite web|url=http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/digitaltv.html|title=Digital Television|date=28 February 2013|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=8 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308190335/http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/digitaltv.html/|url-status=dead}} However, in other parts of the world that used the PAL or SECAM color systems, standard-definition television is now usually shown with a 16:9 aspect ratio, with the transition occurring between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s. Older programs with a 4:3 aspect ratio are shown in the United States as 4:3, with non-ATSC countries preferring to reduce the horizontal resolution by anamorphically scaling a pillarboxed image.

{{main|High-definition television}}

High-definition television (HDTV) provides a resolution that is substantially higher than that of standard-definition television.

HDTV may be transmitted in various formats:

• 1080p: 1920×1080p: 2,073,600 pixels (~2.07 megapixels) per frame
• 1080i: 1920×1080i: 1,036,800 pixels (~1.04 MP) per field or 2,073,600 pixels (~2.07 MP) per frame
• A non-standard CEA resolution exists in some countries such as 1440×1080i: 777,600 pixels (~0.78 MP) per field or 1,555,200 pixels (~1.56 MP) per frame
• 720p: 1280×720p: 921,600 pixels (~0.92 MP) per frame

{{main|Ultra-high-definition television}}

Ultra-high-definition television (also known as Super Hi-Vision, Ultra HD television, UltraHD, UHDTV, or UHD) includes 4K UHD (2160p) and 8K UHD (4320p), which are two digital video formats proposed by NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories and defined and approved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The Consumer Electronics Association announced on 17 October 2012 that "Ultra High Definition," or "Ultra HD," would be used for displays that have an aspect ratio of at least 16:9 and at least one digital input capable of carrying and presenting natural video at a minimum resolution of 3840×2160 pixels.{{Citation | url = http://www.ultrahdtv.net/what-is-ultra-hdtv/ | title = What is Ultra HDTV? | newspaper = Ultra HDTV Magazine | date = 5 February 2008 | access-date = 27 October 2013}}{{Citation | url = http://www.ultrahdtv.net/the-ultimate-guide-to-4k-and-8k-ultra-hd/ | title = The Ultimate Guide to 4K Ultra HD | newspaper = Ultra HDTV Magazine | date = 28 July 2013 | access-date = 27 October 2013}}

North American consumers purchase a new television set on average every seven years, and the average household owns 2.8 televisions. {{as of|2011}}, 48 million are sold each year at an average price of $460 and size of {{convert|38|in|cm|abbr=on}}.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/business/tv-prices-fall-squeezing-most-makers-and-sellers.html | title=Plummeting TV Prices Squeeze Makers and Sellers | work=The New York Times | date=27 December 2011 | access-date=27 December 2011 | author=Martin, Andrew | page=B1}}

{{See also|Television show|Video production|Television studio}}

Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many other ways. After production, the next step is to market and deliver the product to whichever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels:

1. Original run or First run: a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network that has either paid for the production itself or granted a license by the television producers to do the same.
2. Broadcast syndication: this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages (beyond the original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of the first issue, but also international usage, which may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases, other companies, television stations, or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words, to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders; in most cases, the producers.

First-run programming is increasing on subscription services outside of the United States, but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic free-to-air (FTA) elsewhere. This practice is increasing, however, generally on digital-only FTA channels or with subscriber-only, first-run material appearing on FTA. Unlike the United States, repeat FTA screenings of an FTA network program usually only occur on that network. Also, affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network programming that is not focused on local programming.

{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=December 2014}}

Television genres include a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform, and educate viewers. The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually dramas and dramatic miniseries. However, other genres, such as historical Western genres, may also have high production costs.

Pop culture entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas, horror, or thriller shows. As well, there are also other variants of the drama genre, such as medical dramas and daytime soap operas. Sci-fi series can fall into either the drama or action category, depending on whether they emphasize philosophical questions or high adventure. Comedy is a popular genre that includes situation comedy (sitcom) and animated series for the adult demographic, such as Comedy Central's South Park.

The least expensive forms of entertainment programming genres are game shows, talk shows, variety shows, and reality television. Game shows feature contestants answering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes. Talk shows contain interviews with film, television, music, and sports celebrities and public figures. Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers, such as comedians and magicians, introduced by a host or Master of Ceremonies. There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows because leading talk shows often feature performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between the interview segments. Reality television series "regular" people (i.e., not actors) facing unusual challenges or experiences ranging from arrest by police officers (COPS) to significant weight loss (The Biggest Loser). A derived version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going about their everyday life (The Osbournes, Snoop Dogg's Father Hood) or doing regular jobs (The Simple Life).{{Cite web|url=https://www.ranker.com/list/best-celebrity-reality-shows/ranker-tv|title=The 100+ Best Celebrity Reality TV Shows, Ranked|website=Ranker}}

Fictional television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are "quality television", include series such as Twin Peaks and The Sopranos. Kristin Thompson argues that some of these television series exhibit traits also found in art films, such as psychological realism, narrative complexity, and ambiguous plotlines. Nonfiction television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are "quality television" include a range of serious, noncommercial programming aimed at a niche audience, such as documentaries and public affairs shows.

[[File:TV users.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Television sets per 1000 people of the world

]]

Around the world, broadcast television is financed by government, advertising, licensing (a form of tax), subscription, or any combination of these. To protect revenues, subscription television channels are usually encrypted to ensure that only subscribers receive the decryption codes to see the signal. Unencrypted channels are known as free-to-air or FTA. In 2009, the global TV market represented 1,217.2 million TV households with at least one TV and total revenues of 268.9 billion EUR (declining 1.2% compared to 2008).[http://www.international-television.org/tv_market_data/world-tv-market-2010.html Global TV 2010 – Markets, Trends Facts & Figures (2008–2013)] International Television Expert Group North America had the biggest TV revenue market share with 39% followed by Europe (31%), Asia-Pacific (21%), Latin America (8%), and Africa and the Middle East (2%).[http://www.international-television.org/tv_market_data/global-tv-revenues-2008-2009.html Global TV Revenues (2008–09)] International Television Expert Group Globally, the different TV revenue sources are divided into 45–50% TV advertising revenues, 40–45% subscription fees, and 10% public funding.[http://www.international-television.org/tv_market_data/world-tv-market-2010.html iDate's Global TV Revenue Market Shares] International Television Expert Group[http://www.international-television.org/tv_market_data/international_television_market_report_2009.html OFCOM's Global TV Market Report 2009] International Television Expert Group

{{main|Television advertisement}}

Television's broad reach makes it a powerful and attractive medium for advertisers. Many television networks and stations sell blocks of broadcast time to advertisers ("sponsors") to fund their programming.[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_50.shtml Karen Hornick] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917000611/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_50.shtml |date=17 September 2010 }} "That Was the Year That Was" American Heritage, Oct. 2006. Television advertisements (variously called a television commercial, commercial, or ad in American English, and known in British English as an advert) is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned television networks. The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes (as well as program-length infomercials). Advertisements of this sort have been used to promote a wide variety of goods, services, and ideas since the beginning of television.

File:Radio News Sep 1928 Cover.jpg

The effects of television advertising upon the viewing public (and the effects of mass media in general) have been the subject of discourse by philosophers, including Marshall McLuhan. The viewership of television programming, as measured by companies such as Nielsen Media Research, is often used as a metric for television advertisement placement and, consequently, for the rates charged to advertisers to air within a given network, television program, or time of day (called a "daypart"). In many countries, including the United States, television campaign advertisements is considered indispensable for a political campaign. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted,Fritz Plasser, Global Political Campaigning, p226 while some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements.

The first official, paid television advertisement was broadcast in the United States on 1 July 1941, over New York station WNBT (now WNBC) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 (reports vary), displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase "Bulova Watch Time," was shown in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute.Stewart, R.W., "Imagery For Profit", The New York Times, 6 July 1941.{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/images/rca_bulova_ad-1.jpg|title=WNBT/Bulova test pattern}} The first TV ad broadcast in the U.K. was on ITV on 22 September 1955, advertising Gibbs SR toothpaste. The first TV ad broadcast in Asia was on Nippon Television in Tokyo on 28 August 1953, advertising Seikosha (now Seiko), which also displayed a clock with the current time.コマーシャルメッセージ (Commercial message). Retrieved 24 November 2013{{Circular reference|date=September 2015}}

Since inception in the US in 1941,{{cite web |title=1940–1949 C.E.: Media History Project: U of M |url=http://www.mediahistory.umn.edu/timeline/1940-1949.html |url-status=dead |publisher=Mediahistory.umn.edu |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025200852/http://www.mediahistory.umn.edu/timeline/1940-1949.html |archive-date=25 October 2012}} television commercials have become one of the most effective, persuasive, and popular methods of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. During the 1940s and into the 1950s, programs were hosted by single advertisers. This, in turn, gave great creative control to the advertisers over the content of the show. Perhaps due to the quiz show scandals in the 1950s,{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/quizshow/peopleevents/pande07.html |title=The American Experience | People & Events | The Aftermath of the Quiz Show Scandal |publisher=PBS |access-date=2 November 2012}} networks shifted to the magazine concept, introducing advertising breaks with other advertisers.

U.S. advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsen ratings. The time of the day and popularity of the channel determine how much a TV commercial can cost. For example, it can cost approximately $750,000 for a 30-second block of commercial time during the highly popular singing competition American Idol, while the same amount of time for the Super Bowl can cost several million dollars. Conversely, lesser-viewed time slots, such as early mornings and weekday afternoons, are often sold in bulk to producers of infomercials at far lower rates. In recent years, paid programs or infomercials have become common, usually in lengths of 30 minutes or one hour. Some drug companies and other businesses have even created "news" items for broadcast, known in the industry as video news releases, paying program directors to use them.Jon Stewart of The Daily Show was mock-outraged at this, saying, "That's what we do!" and calling it a new form of television, "infoganda."

Some television programs also deliberately place products into their shows as advertisements, a practice started in feature films{{cite book |last=Segrave |first=Kerry |title=Product Placement in Hollywood Films |year=1994 |publisher=McFarland |isbn= 978-0-7864-1904-3}} and known as product placement. For example, a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda, going to a particular chain restaurant, or driving a certain make of car. (This is sometimes very subtle, with shows having vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost in exchange as a product placement). Sometimes, a specific brand or trade mark, or music from a certain artist or group, is used. (This excludes guest appearances by artists who perform on the show.)

The TV regulator oversees TV advertising in the United Kingdom. Its restrictions have applied since the early days of commercially funded TV. Despite this, an early TV mogul, Roy Thomson, likened the broadcasting license as being a "license to print money".{{cite web |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=34783§ioncode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616115610/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=34783§ioncode=1 |archive-date=16 June 2011 |title=Kenneth Roy Thomson |work=Press Gazette |date=7 July 2006 |access-date=24 April 2010}} Restrictions mean that the big three national commercial TV channels: ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5 can show an average of only seven minutes of advertising per hour (eight minutes in the peak period). Other broadcasters must average no more than nine minutes (twelve in the peak). This means that many imported TV shows from the U.S. have unnatural pauses where the British company does not use the narrative breaks intended for more frequent U.S. advertising. Advertisements must not be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribed types of programs that last less than half an hour in scheduled duration; this list includes any news or current affairs programs, documentaries, and programs for children; additionally, advertisements may not be carried in a program designed and broadcast for reception in schools or in any religious broadcasting service or other devotional program or during a formal Royal ceremony or occasion. There also must be clear demarcations in time between the programs and the advertisements. The BBC, being strictly non-commercial, is not allowed to show adverts on television in the U.K., though it has advertising-funded channels abroad. The majority of its budget comes from television license fees (see below) and broadcast syndication, the sale of content to other broadcasters.{{Cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/uk-news/bbc-licence-fee-introduced-what-22775309|title=The government is planning to scrap the BBC's licence fee|first=Tom|last=Blackburn|date=17 January 2022|website=Birmingham Live}}{{Cite web|url=https://fullfact.org/news/bbc-income/|title=How the BBC makes money|date=10 May 2021|website=Full Fact}}

Broadcast advertising is regulated by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland.[http://www.bai.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/General-Commercial-Communications-Code.pdf General Commercial Communications Code] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617110756/http://www.bai.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/General-Commercial-Communications-Code.pdf |date=17 June 2012 }}) and [http://www.bai.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Childrens-Commercial-Communications-Code.pdf Children's Commercial Communications Code], referenced in: {{cite web|url=http://www.bai.ie/index.php/2010/05/bai-launches-revised-broadcasting-codes/|title=BAI launches Revised Broadcasting Codes|date=May 2010|publisher=Broadcasting Authority of Ireland|access-date=1 May 2016}};

Some TV channels are partly funded from subscriptions; therefore, the signals are encrypted during the broadcast to ensure that only the paying subscribers have access to the decryption codes to watch pay television or specialty channels. Most subscription services are also funded by advertising.

Television services in some countries may be funded by a television licence or a form of taxation, which means that advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. For example, some channels may carry no advertising at all and some very little, including:

• Australia (ABC Television)
• Belgium (VRT for Flanders and RTBF for Wallonia)
• Denmark (DR)
• Ireland (RTÉ)
• Japan (NHK)
• Norway (NRK)
• Sweden (SVT)
• Switzerland (SRG SSR)
• Republic of China (Taiwan) (PTS)
• United Kingdom (BBC Television)
• United States (PBS)

The British Broadcasting Corporation's TV service carries no television advertising on its UK channels and is funded by an annual television license paid by the occupiers of premises receiving live telecasts. {{as of|2012}} it was estimated that approximately 26.8 million UK private domestic households owned televisions, with approximately 25 million TV licences in all premises in force as of 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/about/foi-licences-facts-and-figures-AB18/|title=TV Licensing-FOI: Licences facts and figures |publisher=tvlicensing.co.uk |access-date=10 December 2012}} This television license fee is set by the government, but the BBC is not answerable to or controlled by the government.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} {{as of|2009}} two main BBC TV channels were watched by almost 90% of the population each week and overall had 27% share of total viewing,{{cite web|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/viewingsummary/weekreports.cfm?report=multichannel&requesttimeout=500&flag=viewingsummary |title=viewing statistics in UK |publisher=Barb.co.uk |access-date=17 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005045049/http://www.barb.co.uk/viewingsummary/weekreports.cfm?report=multichannel&requesttimeout=500&flag=viewingsummary |archive-date=5 October 2008 }} despite the fact that 85% of homes were multi-channel, with 42% of these having access to 200 free-to-air channels via satellite and another 43% having access to 30 or more channels via Freeview.{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/tv/reports/dtv/dtv_2007_q3/dtvq307.pdf |title=The Communications Market: Digital Progress Report – Digital TV, Q3 2007 |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625013029/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/tv/reports/dtv/dtv_2007_q3/dtvq307.pdf |archive-date = 25 June 2008}} {{as of|June 2021}} the licence that funds the advertising-free BBC TV channels cost £159 for a colour TV Licence and £53.50 for a black and white TV Licence (free or reduced for some groups).{{cite web | title=TV Licence types and costs | website=TV Licensing | url=https://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/check-if-you-need-one/topics/tv-licence-types-and-costs-top2 | access-date=15 June 2021| url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502005124/https://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/check-if-you-need-one/topics/tv-licence-types-and-costs-top2 | archive-date= 2 May 2021}}

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's television services in Australia carry no advertising by external sources; it is banned under the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983, which also ensures its editorial independence. The ABC receives most of its funding from the Australian Government (some revenue is received from its Commercial division), but it has suffered progressive funding cuts under Liberal governments since the 1996 Howard government,{{cite web | last=Muller | first=Denis | title=Australian governments have a long history of trying to manipulate the ABC – and it's unlikely to stop now | website=The Conversation | date=13 February 2019 | url=http://theconversation.com/australian-governments-have-a-long-history-of-trying-to-manipulate-the-abc-and-its-unlikely-to-stop-now-110712 | access-date=15 June 2021}} with particularly deep cuts in 2014 under the Turnbull government,{{cite web | last=Yussuf | first=Ahmed | title=Turnbull confirms $254 million cut from ABC funding | website=ABC News | date=19 November 2014 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-19/abc-funding-cuts-announced-by-malcolm-turnbull/5902774 | access-date=15 June 2021}} and an ongoing indexation freeze {{as of|lc=yes|2021}}.{{cite web | last=Duke | first=Jennifer | title=Was the ABC's funding cut? | website=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=16 August 2020 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/was-the-abc-s-funding-cut-20200814-p55lvr.html | access-date=15 June 2021}}{{cite web | last1=Wake | first1=Alexandra | last2=Ward | first2=Michael | title=Latest $84 million cuts rip the heart out of the ABC, and our democracy | website=The Conversation | date=24 June 2020 | url=http://theconversation.com/latest-84-million-cuts-rip-the-heart-out-of-the-abc-and-our-democracy-141355 | access-date=15 June 2021}} The funds provide for the ABC's television, radio, online, and international outputs, although ABC Australia, which broadcasts throughout the Asia-Pacific region, receives additional funds through DFAT and some advertising on the channel.{{cite web | title=ABC Services in the Asia-Pacific | website=About the ABC |first= James|last= Spigelman| author-link= James Spigelman| date=8 December 2014 | url=https://about.abc.net.au/speeches/abc-services-in-the-asia-pacific/ | access-date=15 June 2021}}{{cite web | last1=O’Keeffe | first1=Annmaree | last2=Greene | first2=Chris | title=International Public Broadcasting: A Missed Opportunity For Projecting Australia's Soft Power | website=Lowy Institute | date=10 December 2019 | url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/international-public-broadcasting-missed-opportunity-projecting-australia-s-soft-power | access-date=15 June 2021}}

In France, government-funded channels carry advertisements, yet those who own television sets have to pay an annual tax ("la redevance audiovisuelle").[http://www.minefi.gouv.fr/paca/minefi_relais_sociaux/impots/fiche21.html Ministry of Finance] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501212316/http://www.minefi.gouv.fr/paca/minefi_relais_sociaux/impots/fiche21.html |date=1 May 2007 }}

In Japan, NHK is paid for by license fees (known in Japanese as {{nihongo| reception fee |受信料|Jushinryō}}). The broadcast law that governs NHK's funding stipulates that any television equipped to receive NHK is required to pay. The fee is standardized, with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well as a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture.

{{main|Broadcast programming}}

{{see also|TV listings (UK)}}

Broadcast programming, or TV listings in the United Kingdom, is the practice of organizing television programs in a schedule, with broadcast automation used to regularly change the scheduling of TV programs to build an audience for a new show, retain that audience, or compete with other broadcasters' programs.

{{main|Social aspects of television|Television consumption}}

File:Family watching television 1958.jpg

Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are many aspects of television that can be addressed, including negative issues such as media violence. Current research is discovering that individuals suffering from social isolation can employ television to create what is termed a parasocial or faux relationship with characters from their favorite television shows and movies as a way of deflecting feelings of loneliness and social deprivation.Butler, Fionnuala, Cynthia Pickett. "Imaginary Friends." Scientific American. 28 July 2009. Web. 26 March 2010. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=imaginary-friends Several studies have found that educational television has many advantages. The article "The Good Things about Television"{{cite web|url=http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/parents/television/good_things_tv.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203124845/http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/parents/television/good_things_tv.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2006|title=The Good Things About Television}} argues that television can be a very powerful and effective learning tool for children if used wisely. With respect to faith, many Christian denominations use television for religious broadcasting.

Methodist denominations in the conservative holiness movement, such as the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and the Evangelical Wesleyan Church, eschew the use of the television.{{cite book |last=Marty |first=Martin E. |title=Where the Spirit Leads: American Denominations Today |date=1980 |publisher=John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-8042-0868-0 |page=88}} Some Baptists, such as those affiliated with Pensacola Christian College,{{cite web|url=https://www.pcci.edu/Handbook/FacilitiesServices/Technology.aspx|title=Technology Handbook|access-date=2 May 2021|publisher=Pensacola Christian College}} also eschew television. Many Traditional Catholic congregations such as the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), as with Laestadian Lutherans, and Conservative Anabaptists such as the Dunkard Brethren Church, oppose the presence of television in the household, teaching that it is an occasion of sin.{{cite web |title=Television: An Occasion of Sin? |url=https://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Catholic_Morality/TV-Occasion-of-Sin.htm |publisher=Society of Saint Pius X |access-date=5 May 2021}}{{cite book |last=Lamport |first=Mark A. |title=Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation |date=31 August 2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-7159-3 |page=409}}{{cite web |title=The Kingdom of God, the Fellowship of the Saints |url=https://www.llchurch.org/resources/the-kingdom-of-god-the-fellowship-of-the-saints |publisher=Laestadian Lutheran Church |access-date=16 September 2021 |date=7 July 2007 |author=David Anderson}}{{cite book |title=Dunkard Brethren Church Polity |date=1 November 2021 |publisher=Dunkard Brethren Church |page=8}}

Children, especially those aged five or younger, are at risk of injury from falling televisions.{{cite book | url = https://www.safekids.org/sites/default/files/documents/ResearchReports/TV%20Tipovers%20Research%20Rpt.pdf | last1 = Ferguson | first1 = RW | last2 = Mickalide | first2 = AD | title = A Report to the Nation on Home Safety: The Dangers of TV Tip-Overs | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Safe Kids Worldwide | date = December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191453/https://www.safekids.org/sites/default/files/documents/ResearchReports/TV%20Tipovers%20Research%20Rpt.pdf | archive-date = 6 September 2015 | url-status = live }} A CRT-style television that falls on a child will, because of its weight, hit with the equivalent force of falling multiple stories from a building.{{cite journal | last1 = Bernard | first1 = Philip A. | last2 = Johnston | first2 = Carden | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Scott E. | last4 = King | first4 = William D. | title = Toppled television sets cause significant pediatric morbidity and mortality | journal = Pediatrics | date = 1998-09-01 | volume = 102 | number = 3 | page = E32 | doi = 10.1542/peds.102.3.e32 | eissn = 1098-4275 | issn = 0031-4005 | oclc = 1761995 | pmid = 9724680 | doi-access = free | df = dmy-all }} Newer flat-screen televisions are "top-heavy and have narrow bases", which means that a small child can easily pull one over.{{cite book | url = https://www.safekids.org/sites/default/files/documents/skw_home_fact_sheet_feb_2015.pdf | title = Home Safety Fact Sheet (2015) | date = February 2015 | publisher = SafeKids Worldwide | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824000908/https://www.safekids.org/sites/default/files/documents/skw_home_fact_sheet_feb_2015.pdf | archive-date = 24 August 2015 | url-status = dead }} {{As of|2015}}, TV tip-overs were responsible for more than 10,000 injuries per year to children in the United States, at a cost of more than {{US$|8}}{{nbsp}}million per year (equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|8|2015|r=2}}}}{{nbsp}}million per year in {{Inflation/year|US}}) in emergency care.

A 2017 study in The Journal of Human Resources found that exposure to cable television reduced cognitive ability and high school graduation rates for boys. This effect was stronger for boys from more educated families. The article suggests a mechanism where light television entertainment crowds out more cognitively stimulating activities.{{Cite journal | doi=10.3368/jhr.54.2.0316.7819R1| title=Television, Cognitive Ability, and High School Completion| date = 2019-03-01 | last1 = Hernæs | first1 = Øystein | last2 = Markussen | first2=Simen| last3=Røed| first3=Knut| journal = The Journal of Human Resources | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 371–400 | hdl=10419/130339| s2cid=4846339| url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9645| hdl-access=free | issn = 0022-166X | eissn = 1548-8004 | lccn = 66009974 | oclc = 1604126 | df = dmy-all}}

With high lead content in CRTs and the rapid diffusion of new flat-panel display technologies, some of which (LCDs) use lamps which contain mercury, there is growing concern about electronic waste from discarded televisions. Related occupational health concerns exist, as well, for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices' increasing electrical energy requirements.{{cite web|url=http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/content/download/28169/337639/version/3/file/Riseofthemachines.pdf |publisher=Energy Saving Trust |title=The Rise of the Machines: A Review of Energy Using Products in the Home from the 1970s to Today |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=31 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828072528/http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/content/download/28169/337639/version/3/file/Riseofthemachines.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2012 }}

{{portal|Television}}

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

• B-television
• Broadcast-safe
• Broadcast television systems
• Content discovery platform
• Information-action ratio
• List of countries by number of television broadcast stations
• List of television manufacturers
• List of years in television
• Lists of television channels
• Media psychology
• MicroLED
• Sign language on television
• Telephilia
• Television addiction
• Television studies
• Test card
• TV accessory

{{div col end}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Abramson |first=Albert |title=The History of Television, 1942 to 2000 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, NC / London |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7864-1220-4}}
• Pierre Bourdieu, On Television, The New Press, 2001.
• Tim Brooks and Earle March, The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 8th ed., Ballantine, 2002.
• Jacques Derrida and Bernard Stiegler, Echographies of Television, Polity Press, 2002.
• David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, Tube: the Invention of Television, Counterpoint, Washington, D.C., 1996, {{ISBN|1-887178-17-1}}.
• Steven Johnson, Everything Bad is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter, New York, Riverhead (Penguin), 2005, 2006, {{ISBN|1-59448-194-6}}.
• {{cite news |last=Leggett |first=Julian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA497 |title=Television in Color |work=Popular Mechanics |location=Chicago |date=April 1941 |access-date=7 December 2014}}
• Jerry Mander, Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television, Perennial, 1978.
• Jerry Mander, In the Absence of the Sacred, Sierra Club Books, 1992, {{ISBN|0-87156-509-9}}.
• Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, New York, Penguin US, 1985, {{ISBN|0-670-80454-1}}.
• Evan I. Schwartz, The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit, and the Birth of Television, New York, Harper Paperbacks, 2003, {{ISBN|0-06-093559-6}}.
• Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television, Rutgers University Press, 2002.
• Alan Taylor, We, the Media: Pedagogic Intrusions into US Mainstream Film and Television News Broadcasting Rhetoric, Peter Lang, 2005, {{ISBN|3-631-51852-8}}.
• Amanda D. Lotz, The Television Will Be Revolutionized, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-5220-3}}

{{Sister project links|s=Portal:Television}}

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