:West Auckland, New Zealand

File:Waitematā Harbour Eastwards View (cropped - 2).jpg has often been used as a border between western and central Auckland]]

West Auckland is not a strictly defined area. It includes the former Waitakere City, which existed between 1989 and 2010 between the Whau River and Hobsonville,{{cite web|title=West Auckland |first=Margaret |last=McClure |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-places/page-8 |website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |date=1 August 2016 |access-date=4 November 2021}}{{cite web |url=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/CityArchives/DistrictSchemes/ds_list.htm |title=Historic District Schemes and Plans of the Auckland Region |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223071536/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/CityArchives/DistrictSchemes/ds_list.htm |archive-date=23 February 2019 |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=26 July 2022 |url-status=live }} an area which includes major suburbs such as Henderson, Te Atatū, Glen Eden, Titirangi and New Lynn. West Auckland typically also includes Avondale,{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/property/129131149/more-than-500-homes-planned-for-west-aucklands-avondale |title=More than 500 homes planned for West Auckland's Avondale |first=Melanie |last=Earley |website=Stuff |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022}} and Blockhouse Bay.{{cite web|url=http://www.wapa.org.nz/school-directory/ |title=School Directory |publisher=Waitakere Area Principals' Association |access-date=26 July 2022}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-delta-outbreak-outdoor-gym-classes-identified-as-new-locations-of-interest/LIZ5YSRMSFRVQ3ZYZDAGU7YO6A/ |title=Covid 19 Delta outbreak: Outdoor gym classes identified as new locations of interest |website=The New Zealand Herald |date=18 October 2021 |access-date=26 July 2022}} The Whau River and Te Tōanga Waka (the Whau portage) marked the border between the former Waitakere and Auckland cities, a border which was first established between Eden County on the Auckland isthmus and Waitemata County in 1876.{{sfn|Bloomfield|1973|pp=55}} This border originally existed much earlier than, as the rohe marker between Te Kawerau ā Maki and Tāmaki isthmus iwi.{{sfn|Stone|2001|pp=48}} Avondale and Blockhouse Bay are east of the Whau River on the Auckland isthmus, but are included in the definition due to their strong historical ties.{{sfn|Luxton|2006|pp=271}} Towns in southwestern Rodney, such as Helensville, Riverhead, Waimauku, Kumeū and Huapai are also often described as West Auckland.{{cite web|url=https://at.govt.nz/bus-train-ferry/at-hop-card/where-to-buy-and-top-up/west-auckland-at-hop-retailers/ |title=West Auckland AT HOP retailers |publisher=Auckland Transport |access-date=26 July 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://at.govt.nz/media/1989006/proposed-changes-to-west-auckland-bus-service-consultation-brochure.pdf |title=Proposed changes to West Auckland bus services Consultation Brochure |publisher=Auckland Transport |date=2022 |access-date=26 July 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/auckland/300396061/how-to-spend-a-perfect-weekend-in-west-auckland |title=How to spend a perfect weekend in West Auckland |first=Pamela |last=Wade |website=Stuff |date=17 January 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022}} Occasionally a stricter definition of West Auckland is used in reports and scientific literature, which includes just the Henderson-Massey, Waitākere Ranges and Whau local board areas.{{cite report |url=https://www.waipareira.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/TPM5.-Locality-Population-Snapshot-WEST-Auckland.pdf |title=Locality Population Snapshot West Auckland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211001910/https://www.waipareira.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/TPM5.-Locality-Population-Snapshot-WEST-Auckland.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2021 |first=John |last=Huakau |date=July 2016 |isbn=978-0-473-31576-4 |publisher=Te Pou Matakana |access-date=26 July 2022 |url-status=live }}{{cite report|url=http://www.waitematadhb.govt.nz/assets/Documents/service-planning/WestLocalityAndClusterAnalysis-Final-DesignCheck.pdf |title=West Auckland Integrated Care Project: Locality and Cluster Level Analysis |first1=Sam |last1=Martin |first2=Lifeng |last2=Zhou |date=October 2012 |publisher=Waitematā District Health Board |access-date=26 July 2022}}{{cite report|url=http://www.communityresearch.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/formidable/8/19-May-final.pdf |title=Perceptions of Community Safety in West Auckland |first1=Charlie |last1=Moore |first2=Geoff|last2=Bridgman |first3=Charlotte|last3=Moore |first4=Jeff|last4=Grey|date=March 2017 |publisher=Community Waitakere |isbn=978-0-473-39286-4 |access-date=26 July 2022}}

The traditional Tāmaki Māori names for the area include Hikurangi, Waitākere, Whakatū and Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa. Hikurangi referred to the central and western Waitākere Ranges south of the Waitākere River,{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=18}} and was originally a name given by Rakatāura, the tohunga of the Tainui migratory canoe to a location south of Piha. Hikurangi is a common placename across Polynesia, and likely marked the point on the coast where the last light of the day reached.{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1979|pp=41}}{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=18}} The name Wai-tākere ("cascading water") originated as a name for a rock at Te Henga / Bethells Beach found at the former mouth of the Waitākere River,{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=23}}{{cite web|url=https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Te-Kawerau-a-Maki/Te-Kawerau-a-Maki-Deed-of-Settlement-Documents-22-Feb-2014.pdf|title=Te Kawerau ā Maki Deed of Settlement Schedule|publisher=New Zealand Government |accessdate=29 January 2021 |date=22 February 2014}} which was later applied to the river, Ranges, and West Auckland in general.{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=18}} The name refers to the action of the water striking the rock as the waves came into shore, and became popularised in the early 18th century during Te Raupatu Tihore ("The Stripping Conquest"), when a Te Kawerau ā Maki chief's body was laid on this rock.{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=20}}

Whakatū is the traditional name for the Tasman Sea and the beaches south of Te Henga / Bethells Beach. It is a shortening of the name Nga Tai Whakatū a Kupe ("The Upraised Seas of Kupe"), referring to Kupe's visit to the west coast and his attempts to evade people pursuing him, by chanting a karakia to make the west coast seas rough.{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=12}}{{cite book| title=The Historic Māori Settlements of Waiti Village and Parawai Pā, Te Henga: Research Report |first=Kim |last=Tatton |date=June 2019 |url=https://infocouncil.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/Open/2019/09/WTK_20190926_AGN_8256_AT_files/WTK_20190926_AGN_8256_AT_Attachment_71594_2.PDF |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=15 May 2022 |isbn=978-0-908320-17-2}} Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, the Great Forest of Tiriwa, references the name of Tiriwa, a chief of the supernatural Tūrehu people.{{cite book| title=Local Area Plan: Te Henga (Bethells Beach) and the Waitākere River Valley. Waitākere Ranges Heritage Area |date=October 2015 |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/docswaitakererangesheritagearea/te-henga-bethells-beach-local-area-plan.pdf |author=Waitākere Ranges Local Board |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=15 May 2022 |isbn=978-0-908320-17-2}} The name refers to all of the forested areas of the Waitākere Ranges south from Muriwai and the Kaipara Harbour portage to the Manukau Harbour.{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=18}}

The modern use of West Auckland to refer to areas such as New Lynn and Henderson was popularised in the 1960s and 1970s.{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19641214.2.142 |title=City Plan Rejected |work=Press |page=14 |volume=CIII |issue=30623 |via=Papers Past |date=14 December 1964 |access-date=28 July 2022}}{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19711101.2.155 |title=Control by trusts |work=Press |page=16 |volume=CXI |issue=32752 |via=Papers Past |date=1 November 1971 |access-date=28 July 2022}}{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19741014.2.6 |title=Changes in Auckland |work=Press |page=1 |volume=CXIV |issue=33664 |via=Papers Past |date=14 October 1974 |access-date=28 July 2022}} Prior to this, West Auckland or Western Auckland mostly referred to the western portions of the old Auckland City, such as Ponsonby and Kingsland.{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19110712.2.10 |title=The Territorials. |work=The New Zealand Herald |page=4 |volume=XLVIII |issue=14730 |via=Papers Past |date=12 July 1911 |access-date=28 July 2022}}{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19060228.2.56 |title=Liberal and Labour Federation. |work=Auckland Star |page=6 |volume=XXXVII |issue=51 |via=Papers Past |date=28 February 1906 |access-date=28 July 2022}}{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19280116.2.41 |title=Power Supply Fails. |work=The New Zealand Herald |page=8 |volume=LXV |issue=19845 |via=Papers Past |date=16 January 1928 |access-date=28 July 2022}}{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19070626.2.7 |title=Western Auckland. |work=The New Zealand Herald |page=4 |volume=XLIV |issue=13474 |via=Papers Past |date=26 June 1907 |access-date=28 July 2022}} The name Auckland was originally given to the township of Auckland (now Auckland city centre) in 1840 by William Hobson, after patron George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland.{{DNZB|last=Simpson|first=K. A.|id=1h29|title=Hobson, William|access-date=12 July 2015}}

{{main|Westie (person)}}

Westie is a term used to describe a sub-culture from West Auckland, acting also as a societal identifier.{{Cite web |url=http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/Mayor/pdf/westies.pdf |title=Westies Up Front Out There |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112165031/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/Mayor/pdf/westies.pdf |url-status=dead }}. Similar to the word bogan, the stereotype usually involves a macho, working class Pākehā with poor taste, and the mullet haircut. The Westie sub-culture was depicted in the New Zealand television series Outrageous Fortune (2005–2010), with particular attention to the distinctive fashion, musical preferences and interest in cars typical of this social group.{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Zoe |date=16 December 2010 |title=Ways of the Wests: Outrageous Fortune the exhibition |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/ways-of-the-wests-ioutrageous-fortunei-the-exhibition/JRA3UFP3W7FZUQBXIIW3IU5FUA/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=The New Zealand Herald}}{{Cite web |last1=Frew |first1=Jae |last2=Taonga |first2=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=Westies |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/zoomify/25309/westies |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |language=en}} These days the stereotype of Auckland's 'Westies' is evolving as the area's development brings in a more sophisticated and diverse population. {{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sponsored-stories/aucklands-westies-grow-in-sophistication/W43YIGHAAAZROFAKKHVUBIONGM/?c_id=1503708&objectid=11685892|title=Auckland's 'Westies': No more mullets?|date=3 August 2016|publisher=New Zealand Herald }}{{better source needed|date=February 2025|reason=This is sponsored content}}

Twenty-two million years ago, due to subduction of the Pacific Plate, most of the Auckland region was lowered {{convert|2,000|–|3,000|m}} below sea level, forming a sedimentary basin.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=10–11}} Approximately 20{{nbsp}}million years ago, this subduction led to the formation of the Waitākere volcano, a partially submerged volcano located to the west of the modern Auckland region.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=8}} The volcano is the largest stratovolcano in the geologic history of New Zealand, over {{convert|50|km}} in diameter and reaching an estimated height of {{convert|4,000|m}} above the sea floor.{{sfn|Hayward|2017|pp=109}} Between 3 and 5 million years ago, tectonic forces uplifted the Waitākere Ranges and central Auckland, while subsiding the Manukau and inner Waitematā harbours.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=13–14}} The Waitākere Ranges are the remnants of the eastern slopes of the Waitākere volcano, while the lowlands of suburban West Auckland are formed of Waitemata Group sandstone from the ancient sedimentary basin.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=10–11}} Many of the areas directly adjacent to the Waitematā Harbour, such as New Lynn, Te Atatū and Hobsonville, are formed from rhyolitic clays and peat, formed from eroding soil and interactions with the harbour.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=10–11}}

The modern topography of West Auckland began to form approximately 8,000 years ago when the sea level rose at the end of the Last Glacial maximum.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=13–14, 17–18}} Prior to this, the Manukau and Waitematā harbours were forested river valleys,{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=13–14, 17–18}} and the Tasman Sea shoreline was over {{convert|20|km}} west of its current location.{{Cite web| title = Estuary origins |url=https://niwa.co.nz/te-kuwaha/tools-and-resources/ng%C4%81-waihotanga-iho-the-estuary-monitoring-toolkit-for-iwi/estuary-origins | publisher = National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research| access-date = 3 November 2021}} The mouths of the rivers of West Auckland flooded, forming into large estuaries. Tidal mudflats formed at the Manukau Harbour river mouths, such as Huia, Big Muddy Creek and Little Muddy Creek.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=13–14, 17–18}} Sand dunes formed along the estuaries of the west coast, creating beaches such as Piha and Te Henga / Bethells Beach.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=13–14, 17–18}} The black ironsand of these beaches is volcanic material from Mount Taranaki (including the Pouakai Range and Sugar Loaf Islands volcanoes) which has drifted northwards, and potentially material from the Taupō Volcano and other central North Island volcanoes which travelled down the Waikato River as sediment.{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=10–11}}

File:Veronica bishopiana inflorescence.jpg, is endemic to the Waitākere Ranges]]

While much of West Auckland, especially the Waitākere Ranges, was historically dominated by kauri, northern rātā, rimu most of the kauri trees were felled as a part of the kauri logging industry.{{sfn|Cranwell-Smith|2006|pp=49}}{{sfn|Esler|2006|pp=67–69}} One plant species is native to West Auckland, Veronica bishopiana, the Waitākere rock koromiko. A number of other plant species are primarily found in coastal West Auckland, including Sophora fulvida, the west coast kōwhai and Veronica obtusata, the coastal hebe.{{sfn|Jones|2006|pp=97}}{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=315–318}} Sophora fulvida is a common sight in West Auckland; other species of kōwhai are not allowed to be planted west of Scenic Drive. The Waitākere Ranges are known for the wide variety of fern species (over 110), as well as native orchids, many of which self-established from seeds carried by winds from the east coast of Australia.{{sfn|Hatch|2006|pp=99}}

The areas of West Auckland close to the Waitematā Harbour, such as Henderson, Te Atatū Peninsula and Whenuapai, were formerly covered in broadleaf forest, predominantly kahikatea, pukatea trees, and a thick growth of nīkau palms.{{cite web |url=https://www.lucas-associates.co.nz/assets/Guidelines/Native-To-The-West.pdf |title=Native to the West: A Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City |publisher=Waitakere City Council |date= April 2005 |access-date=16 June 2022}} As the soils around Titirangi and Laingholm are more sedimentary than the Waitākere Ranges volcanic soil, tōtara was widespread, alongside kohekohe, pūriri, karaka and nīkau palm trees.

The Waitākere Ranges are home to many native species of bird, the New Zealand long-tailed bat and Hochstetter's frog, which have been impacted by introduced predatory species including rodents, stoats, weasels, possums and cats. In 2002, Ark in the Park was established as an open sanctuary to reintroduce native species to the Waitākere Ranges.{{Cite web|url=https://www.naturespace.org.nz/history/history-ark-park|title=History of Ark in the Park|date=27 March 2019|website=Nature Space|access-date=19 January 2023|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218203806/https://www.naturespace.org.nz/history/history-ark-park|url-status=dead}} Whiteheads ({{lang|mi|pōpokatea}}), North Island robin ({{lang|mi|toutouwai}}) and North Island kōkako have all been successfully re-established in the area,{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=318-321}} and between 2014 and 2016 brown teals ({{lang|mi|pāteke}}) were reintroduced to the nearby Matuku Reserve.{{cite report|url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/docswaitakererangesheritagearea/part-2-indigenous-terrestrial-and-aquatic-ecosystems.pdf |title=State of the Waitākere Ranges Heritage Area 2018: 2 Topic: Indigenous terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems |publisher=Auckland Council |date=May 2018 |access-date=19 January 2023}} The west coast beaches are nesting locations for many seabird species, including the banded dotterel and the grey-faced petrel, and the korowai gecko is endemic to the west coast near Muriwai.{{cite news|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/checkpoint/audio/2018924043/new-species-of-gecko-on-auckland-s-west-coast-named|title=New species of Gecko on Auckland's West Coast named|first=Louise |last=Ternouth|website=Radio New Zealand |date=30 January 2024|access-date=31 January 2024}}

The catchments of the Te Wai-o-Pareira / Henderson Creek and the Whau River are home to marine species including the New Zealand longfin eel, banded kōkopu, common galaxias ({{lang|mi|īnanga}}) and the freshwater crab Amarinus lacustris.{{Cite web| title = Waikumete Stream |url=http://projecttwinstreams.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Waikumete_Flyer.pdf |work=Project Twin Streams | publisher=Auckland Council | year=2012 | access-date = 1 May 2022}}.{{Cite web |url=http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/ei/pdfs/environment/thewhau.pdf |title=The Whau: Our Streams, Our River, Our Backyards |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515044528/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/ei/pdfs/environment/thewhau.pdf |url-status=dead }}.{{Cite book|title=The New Zealand Native Freshwater Aquarium|last=McQueen|first=Stella|publisher=Wet Sock Publications|year=2010|isbn=9780473179359|location=New Zealand|pages=105–106}}.

File:Waitakere Ranges, Karekare Stream (3).JPG)]]

The area was settled early in Māori history, by people arriving on Māori migration canoes such as the Moekākara and Tainui.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=27–31}} Māori settlement of the Auckland region began at least 800 years ago, in the 13th century or earlier.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/local-boards/all-local-boards/puketapapa-local-board/docsheritagestudies/waikowhai-coast-heritage-study.pdf |title=Waikōwhai Coast Heritage Study |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Pishief |first2=Brendan |last2=Shirley|date=August 2015|publisher=Auckland Council|access-date=14 February 2023}} Some of the first tribal identities that developed for Tāmaki Māori who settled in West Auckland include Tini o Maruiwi, Ngā Oho and Ngā Iwi.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=27–31}}

One of the earliest individuals associated with the area is Tiriwa, a chief of the supernatural Tūrehu people, who is involved with the traditional story of the creation of Rangitoto Island, by uplifting it from Karekare on the west coast.{{cite web |last1=Taonui |first1=Rāwiri|title=Tāmaki tribes|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/tamaki-tribes/page-3 |website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |accessdate=15 September 2016 |date=10 February 2015}}{{cite web |title=The Rāhui |url=https://waitakererahui.org.nz/the-rahui |website=Waitākere Rāhui |accessdate=9 February 2023}} The early Polynesian navigator Kupe visited the west coast. The Tasman Sea alongside the coast was named after Kupe,{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=12}} and traditional stories tell of his visit to Paratutae Island, leaving paddle marks in the cliffs of the island to commemorate his visit. The Tainui tohunga Rakataura (also known as Hape) was known to have visited the region after arriving in New Zealand, naming many locations along the west coast.{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=18}} He is the namesake of the Karangahape Peninsula at Cornwallis, as well as the ancient walking track linking the peninsula to the central Tāmaki isthmus (part of which became Karangahape Road).{{Cite web| date=13 February 2014 | title = The Muddy Creeks Plan – a Local Area Plan for Parau, Laingholm, Woodlands Park and Waimā |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/docswaitakererangesheritagearea/waitakere-ranges-muddy-creeks-plan.pdf | publisher = Auckland Council| access-date = 28 June 2021}}{{Cite web |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54915|title=Karangahape Peninsula |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand|access-date=7 September 2021}}

Most Māori settlements in West Auckland centred around the west coast beaches and the Waitākere River valley, especially at Te Henga / Bethells Beach.{{sfn|Murdoch|1990|pp=9}}{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1990|pp=38–39}} Instead of living in permanent settlements, Te Kawerau ā Maki and other earlier Tāmaki Māori groups seasonally migrated across the region.{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1990|pp=23, 38–39}} The west coast was well known for its abundant seafood and productive soil, where crops such as kūmara, taro, hue (calabash/bottle gourd) and aruhe could be grown, and for the diversity of birds, eels, crayfish and berries found in the ranges.{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1990|pp=33}} Archaeological investigations of middens show evidence of regional trade between different early Māori peoples, including pipi, cockles and mud-snail shells not native to the area.{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1990|pp=38–39}} Unlike most defensive pā found on the Auckland isthmus, not many Waitākere pā used defensive ditchwork, instead preferring natural barriers.{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1990|pp=36}}

Few settlements were found in the central Waitākere Ranges or in the modern urban centres of West Auckland.{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1990|pp=38–39}} Some notable exceptions were near the portages where waka could be hauled between the three harbours of West Auckland: Te Tōangaroa, the portage linking the Kaipara Harbour in the north to the Waitematā Harbour via the Kaipara River and Kumeū River; and Te Tōanga Waka, the Whau River portage linking the Waitematā Harbour to the Manukau Harbour in the south.{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1990|pp=38–39}} Defensive pā and kāinga (villages) were found close to the portages and the major walking tracks across the area, including at the Opanuku Stream and the Huruhuru Creek.{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1990|pp=38–39}}{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=40–41}} A number of settlements also existed on the Te Atatū Peninsula, including Ōrukuwai and Ōrangihina.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=40–41}}

{{main|Te Kawerau ā Maki}}

In the early 1600s, members of Ngāti Awa from the Kawhia Harbour, most notably the rangatira Maki and his brother Matāhu, migrated north to the Tāmaki Makaurau region, where they had ancestral ties.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=31–32}} Maki conquered and united Tāmaki Māori people of the west coast and northern Auckland region. Within a few generations, the name Te Kawerau ā Maki developed to refer to this collective. Those living on the west coast retained the name Te Kawerau ā Maki, while those living at Mahurangi (modern-day Warkworth) adopted the name Ngāti Manuhiri, and Ngāti Kahu for the people who settled on the North Shore.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=33–34}}

In the early 1700s, Ngāti Whātua migrated south into the Kaipara area (modern-day Helensville). Initially relations between the iwi were friendly, and many important marriages were made between the peoples (some of which formed the Ngāti Whātua hapū Ngāti Rongo). Hostilities broke out and Ngāti Whātua asked for assistance from Kāwharu, a famed Tainui warrior from Kawhia. Kāwharu's repeated attacks of the Waitākere Ranges settlements became known as Te Raupatu Tīhore, or the stripping conquest.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=34–35}}{{sfn|Paterson|2009|pp=50–51}} Lasting peace between Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāti Whātua was forged by Maki's grandson Te Au o Te Whenua, who fixed the rohe (border) between Muriwai Beach and Rangitōpuni (Riverhead).{{sfn|Diamond|Hayward|1979|pp=14}}

In the 1740s, war broke out between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua, the confederation of Tāmaki Māori tribes centred to the east, on the Tāmaki isthmus.{{cite web |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/unitary-plan/auckland-unitary-plan-modifications/proposed-plan-changes/docspc6pt2/pc-6-te-akitai-waiohua-cultural-impact-assessment.pdf |title=Cultural impact assessment by Te Ākitai Waiohua for Bremner Road Drury Special Housing Area |author=Te Ākitai Waiohua |date=2015 |via=Auckland Council |accessdate=29 June 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206192411/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/unitary-plan/auckland-unitary-plan-modifications/proposed-plan-changes/docspc6pt2/pc-6-te-akitai-waiohua-cultural-impact-assessment.pdf |archivedate=6 February 2019 |url-status=live }} While Te Kawerau ā Maki remained neutral, the battle of Te-Rangi-hinganga-tahi, in which the Waiohua paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki was killed, was held at Paruroa (Big Muddy Creek) on Te Kawerau ā Maki lands.{{sfn|Stone|2001|pp=42}}{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=37}}

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Te Kawerau ā Maki were only rarely directly contacted by Europeans, instead primarily receiving European products such as potatoes and pigs through neighbouring Tāmaki Māori tribes.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=39}} Significant numbers of Te Kawerau ā Maki lost their lives due to influenza and the Musket Wars of the 1820s.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=39}} After a period of exile from the region, Te Kawerau ā Maki returned to their lands, primarily settling at a musket pā at Te Henga / Bethells Beach.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=40}}

File:Admiralty Chart No 2726 Manukau Harbour, (16047207347), Published 1853 (Cornwallis).jpg settlement shown on an 1853 map of the Manukau Harbour]]

The earliest permanent European settlement in the Auckland region was the Cornwallis, which was settled in 1835 by Australian timber merchant Thomas Mitchell. Helped by William White of the English Wesleyan Mission, Mitchell negotiated with the chief Āpihai Te Kawau of Ngāti Whātua for the purchase of {{convert|40,000|acre}} of land in West Auckland on the shores of the Manukau Harbour.{{Cite journal| volume = 19| issue = 2| pages = 15–18| last = Redman| first = Julie| title = Auckland's first settlement at Cornwallis 1835–1860| journal = New Zealand Legacy| date = 2007}} After establishing a timber mill in 1836, Mitchell drowned only months later, and the land was sold to Captain William Cornwallis Symonds. Symonds formed a company to create a large-scale settlement at Cornwallis focused on logging, trading and shipping, subdividing 220 plots of land in the area.{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18921104.2.74.16?end_date=04-11-1892&query=cornwallis&start_date=04-11-1892&title=NZH |title=The Corn Wallis Settlement |work=The New Zealand Herald |publisher=Papers Past |date=4 November 1892 |access-date=7 September 2021}} Cornwallis was advertised as idyllic and fertile to Scottish settlers, and after 88 plots of land had been sold, the settler ship Brilliant left Glasgow in 1840. The settlement had collapsed by 1843, due to its remoteness, land rights issues and the death of Symonds, with many residents moving to Onehunga.{{Cite web|url=https://onehunga.net.nz/Article?Action=View&Article_id=112 |title=A summary of Onehunga's European settlement |first=Janice C |last=Mogford |publisher=The Onehunga Business Association |access-date=7 September 2021}}

In 1840 after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, paramount chief Āpihai Te Kawau made a tuku (strategic gift) of land on the Waitematā Harbour to William Hobson, the first Governor of New Zealand, as a location for the capital of the colony of New Zealand. This location became the modern city of Auckland.{{sfn|Stone|2001|pp=180}} Many further tuku and land purchases were made; the earliest in West Auckland were organised by Ngāti Whātua, without the knowledge or consent of the senior rangatira of Te Kawerau ā Maki, however some purchases in the 1850s involved the iwi.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=40–41}}

File:Henderson Creek (1890-1899).jpg in the 1890s, with the township of Henderson's Mill in the distance]]

In 1844, {{convert|18,000|acre}} of land at Te Atatū and Henderson were sold to Thomas Henderson and John Macfarlane,{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=40–41}} who established a kauri logging sawmill on Te Wai-o-Pareira / Henderson Creek.{{Cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/2455834/Mill-artefacts-go-on-display| title=Mill artefacts go on display | first1=Carolyn |last1=Thomas |date=8 June 2009 |website=Stuff | access-date = 26 April 2022}} Communities developed around the kauri logging business at Riverhead and Helensville, which were later important trade centres for the kauri gum industry that developed in the Waitākere Ranges foothills.{{sfn|Hayward|1989|pp=5}} Between 1840 and 1940, 23 timber mills worked the Waitākere Ranges, felling about 120,000 trees. By the 1920s there was little kauri forest left in the Waitākeres, and the area continued to be used to search for kauri gum until the early 20th century.{{sfn|Hayward|1989|pp=5}}

The first brick kiln in West Auckland was built by Daniel Pollen in 1852, on the Rosebank Peninsula along the shores of the Whau River.{{sfn|Diamond|1992|p=39}} Brickworks and the pottery industry became a major industry in the area, with 39 brickworks active along the shores of the Waitematā Harbour, primarily on the shores of the Whau River.{{sfn|Diamond|1992|p=39}} From 1853, rural West Auckland around Glen Eden and Oratia was developed into orchards.{{sfn|Vela|1989|pp=90–91}} New Lynn developed as a trade centre after 1865 due to the port along the estuarial Whau River, which could only be used at high tide. The North Auckland Line began operating in March 1880, connecting central Auckland to stations at Avondale, New Lynn and Glen Eden.{{cite web|url=http://railheritage.org.nz/assets/Dates_and_names.pdf|title=Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations|last=Scoble|first=Juliet|date=2010|website=Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand|access-date=11 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128192739/http://railheritage.org.nz/assets/Dates_and_names.pdf|archivedate=28 January 2018|url-status=dead}} The line was extended to Henderson by December, and to Helensville by July 1881. The railway encouraged growth along the corridor between Auckland and Henderson.

The West Auckland orchards prospered in the early 1900s after immigrants from Dalmatia (modern-day Croatia) settled in the area. In 1907, Lebanese New Zealander Assid Abraham Corban developed a vineyard at Henderson.{{sfn|Flude|2008|pp=66}} By the 1920s, the Lincoln Road, Swanson Road and Sturges Road areas had developed into orchards run primarily by Dalmatian families,{{sfn|Flude|2008|pp=77, 79–80}} and in the 1940s these families began establishing vineyards at Kumeū and Huapai.

In the 1920s and 1930s, flat land throughout Hobsonville and Whenuapai was the site of an airfield development for the New Zealand Air Force. Whenuapai became the main airport for civilian aviation between 1945 and 1965. The Northwestern Motorway was first developed as a way for passengers to more efficiently drive to the airport at Whenuapai,{{sfn|Lancaster|La Roche|2011|pp=110–116}} with the first section opening in 1952.

File:Municipal and official handbook of the City of Auckland, New Zealand (1922) (14597560790).jpg, constructed in the 1900s to supply drinking water to the city of Auckland]]

By the late 19th century, Auckland City was plagued with seasonal droughts. A number of options were considered to counter this, including the construction of water reservoirs in the Waitākere Ranges. The first of these projects was the Waitākere Dam in the north-eastern Waitākere Ranges, which was completed in 1910.{{sfn|La Roche|2011|pp=27–50}} Further reservoirs were constructed along the different river catchments in the Waitākere Ranges: the Upper Nihotupu Reservoir in 1923;{{sfn|La Roche|2011|pp=27–50}} the Huia Reservoir in 1929;{{cite news| url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19291008.2.45 |title=Huia Dam Township Now Being Removed |via=Papers Past |publisher=Auckland Sun |volume=III |issue=788 |date=8 October 1929 |page=7 |access-date=5 July 2022}} and the Lower Nihotupu Reservoir in 1948.{{sfn|La Roche|2011|pp=27–50}}

The construction of the Waitākere Dam permanently reduced the flow of the Waitākere River, greatly impacting the Te Kawerau ā Maki community at Te Henga / Bethells Beach.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=40–41}} Between the 1910s and 1950s, most members of Te Kawerau ā Maki moved away from their traditional rohe, in search of employment or community with other Māori.{{sfn|Taua|2009|pp=40–41}} After the construction of the dams, the Nihotupu and Huia areas reforested in native bush. The native forest left a strong impression on residents who lived in these communities, and was one of the major factors that sparked the campaign for the Waitākere Ranges to become a nature reserve.{{sfn|Harvey|Harvey|2009|pp=97}}

The Auckland Centennial Memorial Park, which opened in 1940,{{sfn|Harvey|Harvey|2009|pp=97}} was formed from various pockets of land that had been reserved by the Auckland City Council starting in 1895.{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=313–315}} Titirangi resident Arthur Mead, the principal engineer who created the Waitākere Ranges dams, lobbied the city council and negotiated with landowners to expand the park. Owing to the efforts of Mead, the park had tripled in size by 1964, when it became the Waitākere Ranges Regional Park.{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=313–315}}

File:Vase (AM 1986.142-7) (cropped).jpg was a major employer in West Auckland until the 1980s (pictured: a ceramic swan vase produced by Crown Lynn, dating to the late 1940s/early 1950s)]]

By the early 1950s, four major centres had developed to the west of Auckland: New Lynn, Henderson, Helensville and Glen Eden. These areas had large enough populations to become boroughs with their own local government, splitting from the rural Waitemata County.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=239}} Over the next 20 years, the area saw an explosion in population, driven by the construction of the Northwestern Motorway and the development of low-cost housing at Te Atatū, Rānui and Massey. By this time, the area was no longer seen as scattered rural communities, and had developed into satellite suburbs of Auckland.{{sfn|Vela|1989|pp=85–87}} The post-war years saw widespread migration of Māori from rural areas to West Auckland. This happened a second time in the 1970s, as urban Māori communities moved away from the inner suburbs of Auckland to areas such as Te Atatū.{{sfn|Stewart|2009|p=112}} In 1980, Hoani Waititi Marae opened in West Auckland, to serve the urban Māori population of West Auckland.{{sfn|Stewart|2009|p=113}} By the mid-2000s, West Auckland had the largest Ngāpuhi population in the country outside of Northland.{{sfn|Stewart|2009|p=112}} Similarly, areas such as Rānui and Massey developed as centres for Pasifika New Zealander communities.{{sfn|Stewart|2009|p=115}}

The New Zealand Brick Tile and Pottery Company diversified and expanded into china production to supply local markets and American troops during World War II. Under the name Crown Lynn, the company developed into the largest pottery in the Southern Hemisphere. In 1963, LynnMall opened, becoming the first American-style shopping mall in New Zealand.{{sfn|Moon|2009|pp=136}} It quickly became a major centre for retail in Auckland. The Henderson Borough Council wanted to replicate this success, and in 1968 opened Henderson Square,{{sfn|Moon|2009|pp=136}} now known as WestCity Waitakere.

In 1975, West Auckland was connected to the North Shore when the Upper Harbour Bridge was constructed across the Upper Waitematā Harbour.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=245}} In the late 1980s, the Crown Lynn factory closed due to competition from overseas imports.

File:Corbans Winery Estate (11598032086).jpg, a former vineyard in West Auckland]]

• Corban Estate Arts Centre – a former vineyard and current centre for arts located in Henderson{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/western-leader/102068904/corbans-estate-arts-centre-open-to-wine-museum-idea |title=Corbans Estate Arts Centre open to wine museum idea |first=Debrin |last=Foxcroft |website=Stuff |date=8 March 2018|access-date=10 January 2023}}
• Glen Eden Playhouse Theatre – a historic community theatre{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/stage-and-theatre/93978533/the-big-sound-of-the-wurlitzer-organ-to-entertain-once-more |title=The big sound of the Wurlitzer organ to entertain once more |first=Simon |last=Smith|website=Stuff |date=23 June 2017|access-date=23 January 2023}}
• Hoani Waititi Marae – the first urban marae built in New Zealand,{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/western-leader/100993635/west-aucklands-waitangi-day-celebration-likely-to-attract-20000-people |title=West Auckland's Waitangi Day celebration likely to attract 20,000 people |first=Danielle |last=Clent |website=Stuff |date=31 January 2018|access-date=10 January 2023}} and a centre for Māori language, culture and practice
• Hollywood Cinema – a historic cinema in Avondale{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/gig-review-the-beths-at-the-hollywood-avondale/7ZYY7P7JODN6RXYBHNPKNNSOC4/ |title=Gig review: The Beths at The Hollywood Avondale |first=Chris |last=Reed|website=The New Zealand Herald |date=17 November 2019|access-date=23 January 2023}}
• RNZAF Base Auckland – a large base of the Royal New Zealand Air Force in Whenuapai{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/382446/frustrating-wait-noise-from-defence-force-planes-delays-new-homes |title='Frustrating wait': Noise from Defence Force planes delays new homes |first=Rowan |last=Quinn|website=Radio New Zealand |date=14 February 2019 |access-date=23 January 2023}}
• St Jude's Church and Hall – a Gothic-revival Anglican church built in 1884{{cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/644 |title=St Jude's Church and Hall |website=Heritage New Zealand |access-date=10 January 2023}}
• Te Uru Waitākere Contemporary Gallery – a contemporary art gallery located in Titirangi{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/viva/fashion/style-liaisons-in-conversation-with-gallery-director-andrew-clifford/DNNS2LX2O4LQTXKW3NH7KG7M4U/ |title=Style Liaisons: In Conversation With Gallery Director Andrew Clifford |first=Dan |last=Ahwa|work=Viva|publisher=The New Zealand Herald |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=23 January 2023}}
• Waiatarua TV Transmitter – a former analogue television transmission mast in Waiatarua,{{cite web|url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/48366/ |title=New TV tower, Waiatarua. |first=J.T. |last=Diamond |publisher= Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |access-date=12 January 2023}} located near the highest point of the eastern Waitākere Ranges
• Waikumete Cemetery in Glen Eden – the largest cemetery in New Zealand, which was established in 1886 as a cemetery for Auckland, and includes the historic Chapel of Faith in the Oaks, a large nature reserve and a memorial for the 1918 flu pandemic{{sfn|Vela|1989|pp=30-37}}
• Watyarnprateep Buddhist Temple – a centre for Thai Buddhism in Kelston{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/auckland-faces/64156207/faces-of-aucklandmonks-peaceful-life |title=Faces of Auckland:Monk's peaceful life |first=Monica |last=Tischler |website=Stuff |date=15 December 2014|access-date=10 January 2023}}

File:Lion Rock, Piha.jpg at Piha, one of the beaches of the west coast]]

• The Waitākere Ranges – a regional park and the remnants of a Miocene volcano. The ranges feature a number of water reserves, including the Lower Nihotupu Reservoir and the Waitākere Reservoir, the Ark in the Park conservation project,{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/76991721/ark-in-the-park-tackle-wasps-in-the-waitakere-ranges |title=Ark in the Park tackle wasps in the Waitakere Ranges |first=Rose |last=Rees-Owen |website=Stuff |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=23 January 2023}} the Arataki Visitor Centre{{cite web|url=https://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/news/2022/12/visit-auckland-s-regional-parks-this-summer/ |title=Visit Auckland's regional parks this summer |work=OutAuckland |publisher=Auckland Council |date=20 December 2022 |access-date=10 January 2023}} and locations such as the Kitekite Falls.{{cite web| url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/cheeky-long-weekend-piha/IYKUFKX765YAJ2ABGOZDBZWPQI/ |title=Cheeky long weekend: Piha |publisher=The New Zealand Herald |date=3 November 2013 |access-date=29 September 2022}}
• Te Wai-o-Pareira / Henderson Creek – an estuarial arm of the Waitematā Harbour that covers the catchment for much of West Auckland. Since the early 2000s, an initiative called Project Twin Streams has worked on restoring forests and creating walkways and cycleways along the catchment.{{cite news|title=Waitakere streams second only to Danube in international contest|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/pollution/news/article.cfm?c_id=281&objectid=10462612|accessdate=3 June 2011|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|date=10 September 2007|first=Angela|last=Gregory}}
• The Whau River – an estuarial arm of the Waitematā Harbour. The Whau River is the location of the Te Whau coastal pathway, which has been under construction since 2015.{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/300189621/residents-to-appeal-69-million-auckland-pathway|title=Residents to appeal $69 million Auckland pathway |first=Caryn |last=Wilkinson|website=Stuff |date=22 December 2020|access-date=10 January 2023}}
• The west coast beaches, including Muriwai, Te Henga / Bethells Beach, Piha, Karekare and Whatipu. The Tasman Sea beaches of Auckland have iron-rich black sand, which originated from volcanic eruptions.{{sfn|Ingram|2011|p=245–261}}

{{For|primary and intermediate schools|List of schools in the Auckland region#Henderson–Massey|List of schools in the Auckland region#Waitākere Ranges|List of schools in the Auckland region#Whau}}

File:Kelston Girls' College 20220702 141435.jpg is the site of one of the earliest schools to open in West Auckland]]

The first schools that began operating in West Auckland were Avondale School, which opened in 1860,{{sfn|Dickey|2020|pp=29}} a school held in the library of Henderson's Mill in 1873,{{sfn|Flude|2008|pp=27}} and the New Lynn School, which opened on the modern site of Kelston Girls' College in 1888.{{sfn|Skelton|2016|pp=49}}

West Auckland has a number of co-educational secondary schools, including Avondale College, one of the largest high schools in New Zealand with a roll of {{NZ school roll data|78|y}} students.{{TKI|78|Avondale College}} Other state co-educational schools include Massey High School ({{NZ school roll data|43|y}} students),{{TKI|43|Massey High School}} Henderson High School ({{NZ school roll data|45|y}} students),{{TKI|45|Henderson High School}} Waitakere College ({{NZ school roll data|44|y}} students),{{TKI|44|Waitakere College}} Rutherford College ({{NZ school roll data|40|y}} students),{{TKI|40|Rutherford College}} Hobsonville Point Secondary School ({{NZ school roll data|6977|y}} students){{TKI|6977|Kelston Boys' High School}} and Green Bay High School ({{NZ school roll data|42|y}} students).{{TKI|42|Green Bay High School}} The first private secondary school in West Auckland, ACG Sunderland School and College, opened in 2007 at the former site of the Waitakere City Council buildings,{{sfn|Devaliant|2009|p=214}} and has a roll of {{NZ school roll data|571|y}} students.{{TKI|571|Sunderland College}}

West Auckland is also home to four single-sex secondary schools: Kelston Boys' High School ({{NZ school roll data|83|y}} students){{TKI|83|Kelston Boys' High School}} and Kelston Girls' College ({{NZ school roll data|84|y}} students),{{TKI|84|Kelston Girls College}} and the state-integrated Catholic schools Liston College and St Dominic's College, which have rolls of {{NZ school roll data|46|y}} and {{NZ school roll data|47|y}} students, respectively.{{TKI|46|Liston College}}{{TKI|47|St Dominic's College}}

West Auckland has been served by railway since the late 19th century. The North Auckland Line first opened in 1880, and was extended to Helensville by 1881. The train line is operated as the Western Line, which operates passenger services between Swanson and Britomart in the Auckland city centre.

The Northwestern Motorway opened between central Auckland and Te Atatū in 1952, encouraging growth around the western Waitematā Harbour.{{Cite web |url=http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/index.asp |title=About the City |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514081055/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/index.asp |url-status=dead }}. The Southwestern Motorway, which borders West Auckland, became connected directly to the Northwestern Motorway when the Waterview Connection opened to traffic in July 2017.{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/news/94300366/aucklands-waterview-tunnel-open-to-traffic-at-last |title=Auckland's Waterview Tunnel open to traffic at last |website=Stuff|date=2 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017}} The first stages of the Northwestern Busway, a project that was first envisioned as a light rail line adjacent to the Northwestern Motorway, are currently under construction.{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/127722345/50m-west-auckland-busway-delayed-up-to-nine-months-by-covid19-building-holdups |title=$50m West Auckland busway delayed up to nine months by Covid-19, building hold-ups |first=Todd |last=Niall |website=Stuff |date=10 February 2022 |access-date=12 January 2023}} In addition to the motorways, major roads in West Auckland include Great North Road, Don Buck Road, Lincoln Road, West Coast Road, Swanson Road, Scenic Drive and Portage Road.

Two ferry terminals in West Auckland, at West Harbour and Hobsonville, operate commuter ferry services to the Auckland city centre.{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/local-government/129283230/aucklands-ferries-to-be-publicly-owned-in-100m-shakeup-of-transport-services |title=Auckland's ferries to be publicly owned in $100m shake-up of transport services |first=Todd |last=Niall |website=Stuff |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=12 January 2023}}

File:Trusts Stadium From Central Park Drive.jpg, a multi-purpose stadium in West Auckland]]

West Auckland is home to a number of large urban parks, including Parrs Park, Moire Park,{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate-news/127845395/how-to-make-our-cities-cooler-as-temperatures-rise|title=How to make our cities cooler as temperatures rise |first=Todd|last= Niall|website=Stuff |date=30 March 2022|access-date=10 January 2023}} Henderson Park,{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/western-leader/10539515/Family-excited-over-new-frisbee-golf-course|title=Family excited over new frisbee golf course |first=Shelley|last=Greco|website=Stuff |date=25 September 2014|access-date=10 January 2023}} Tui Glen Reserve{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/living-rough-in-the-wild-west/PKG6QXRXNDL3JKDAQ427ALTXGM/|title=Living rough in the wild west |first=Simon |last=Collins|website=The New Zealand Herald |date=18 June 2015|access-date=10 January 2023}} and Olympic Park.{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/local-govt-stalwart-a-believer-in-service/CRSB46WNKLY2NFA6TDZHDMV5QA/|title=Local govt stalwart a believer in service |website=The New Zealand Herald |date=10 October 2020|access-date=10 January 2023}} Many professional and amateur sports teams are based in West Auckland, including: the Waitakere Cricket Club; rugby league teams Glenora Bears, the Waitemata Seagulls{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/western-leader/7511187/Glenora-must-wait-till-next-season|title=Glenora must wait till next season |first=Julian|last=Raethel|website=Stuff |date=21 August 2012|access-date=10 January 2023}} and Te Atatu Roosters; an ice hockey team, the West Auckland Admirals; and a number of association football teams, including Bay Olympic who as of 2022 play in the Northern League.{{cite news|url=https://www.friendsoffootballnz.com/2023/01/15/fresh-look-as-bay-olympic-updates-its-club-logo-for-25th-anniversary/|title=Fresh look as Bay Olympic updates its club logo for 25th anniversary|website=Friends of Football |date=15 January 2023|access-date=19 January 2023}}

The Trusts Arena, a multi-purpose stadium in Henderson, regularly hosts large-scale sporting events and concerts.{{cite web|url=https://at.govt.nz/bus-train-ferry/events/trusts-arena/ |title=Trusts Arena |website=Auckland Transport |access-date=10 January 2023}} The Avondale Racecourse is both a venue for Thoroughbred racing, and the home of the Avondale Sunday Markets, one of the largest regular markets in New Zealand.{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/auckland/300522589/three-of-aucklands-best-farmers-markets|title=Three of Auckland's best farmers' markets |first=Sharon |last=Stephenson |website=Stuff |date=26 February 2022|access-date=10 January 2023}}{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300628451/urban-renewal-a-tale-of-two-avondales|title=Urban renewal: A tale of two Avondales |first=Jonathan |last=Milne |website=Stuff |date=4 July 2022|access-date=10 January 2023}} Other large amenities in West Auckland include the Paradice Ice Skating rink in Avondale,{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/go-nz-best-places-to-ice-skate-in-new-zealand/U6UBCDXMYXRMQF6TLCJZA7Y3YM/ |title=Go NZ: Best places to ice skate in New Zealand |first=Juliette |last=Sivertsen |date=7 July 2020 |website=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=12 January 2023}} West Wave Pool and Leisure Centre in Henderson,{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/109329504/major-leak-forces-large-auckland-pool-complex-to-part-close |title='Major leak' forces large Auckland pool complex to part close |first=Torika |last=Tokalau |date=13 December 2020 |website=Stuff |access-date=12 January 2023}} and the Titirangi Golf Club.{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/109329504/major-leak-forces-large-auckland-pool-complex-to-part-close |title=New Zealand's finest 40 golf courses revealed |date=1 May 2020 |website=Stuff |access-date=12 January 2023}} In the 1980s, Te Atatū Peninsula was the site of Footrot Flats Fun Park, a large-scale amusement park that closed in 1989.{{cite web|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/28-05-2022/disneyland-of-the-pacific-the-rise-and-fall-of-west-aucklands-footrot-flats-fun-park |title='Disneyland of the Pacific': The rise and fall of West Auckland's Footrot Flats Fun Park |date=28 May 2022 |first=Chris |last=Schulz |website=The Spinoff |access-date=12 January 2023}}

LynnMall, the first American-style shopping centre in New Zealand, opened in 1963.{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/money/9294196/Fifty-years-of-the-shopping-mall|accessdate=24 July 2016|title=Fifty years of the shopping mall|date=20 October 2013|publisher=Stuff.co.nz}} Other major shopping areas in West Auckland include the NorthWest Shopping Centre in Westgate, and WestCity Waitakere in Henderson. The first Costco store in New Zealand opened at Westgate in 2022.{{Cite news |first=Lucy |last=Anderson |title=Shoppers flock to new Costco store in Auckland on opening day |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/28/shoppers-flock-to-new-costco-store-in-auckland-on-opening-day/ |date=28 September 2022 |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=1News}}

File:Bob Harvey.jpg Bob Harvey, photographed at Karekare]]

• Edith Amituanai – Samoan New Zealand contemporary artist based in Rānui{{Cite journal| issn = 1465-4253| volume = 46| issue = 1| pages = 106–115| last = Lopesi| first = Lana| title = Beyond essentialism: Contemporary Moana art from Aotearoa New Zealand| journal = Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry| date = 2018| doi = 10.1086/700252| s2cid = 191521987}}
• Paula Bennett – deputy prime minister from 2016 to 2017{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/the-reinvention-of-paula-bennett-private-wealth-a-new-podcast-and-the-art-of-the-no-comment/L6ORJOBTUWXSLYNXCOU7BXK62I/ |title=The reinvention of Paula Bennett: Private wealth, a new podcast and the art of the 'no comment' |first=Kim |last=Knight |date=28 August 2022 |website=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=12 January 2023}}
• Simon Bridges – leader of the opposition from 2018 to 2020, who grew up in Te Atatū{{cite news |last=Dudding |first=Adam |title=Tauranga: you are now entering Winston country |work=Sunday Star Times |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/decision-08/looking-to-the-election-28655/635737/Tauranga-you-are-now-entering-Winston-country |date=25 September 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111071329/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/decision-08/looking-to-the-election-28655/635737/Tauranga-you-are-now-entering-Winston-country |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live }}
• Don Buck – Portuguese New Zealand gumdigger in the early 19th century{{cite web|title=Figueira, Francisco Rodrigues |first=Marianne |last=Simpkins |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2f6/figueira-francisco-rodrigues |website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |date=1993 |access-date=7 June 2022}}
• Maurice Gee – author{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/107203619/maurice-gee-on-his-mothers-thwarted-writing-career-his-messy-adolescence-and-how-he-met-the-love-of-his-life |title=Maurice Gee on his mother's thwarted writing career, his messy adolescence and how he met the love of his life|first=Philip |last= Matthews |website=Stuff |date=6 October 2018 |access-date=12 January 2023}}
• Ewen Gilmour – comedian{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/ipad-editors-picks/10575623/Comedian-Ewen-Gilmour-dies |title=Comedian Ewen Gilmour dies |date=3 October 2014 |first=Jess |last=McAllen |website=Stuff |access-date=12 January 2023}}
• Bob Harvey – mayor of Waitakere City from 1992 to 2010{{cite web|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/the-sunday-essay/10-07-2022/the-sunday-essay-in-memory-of-waitakere-city-1989-2010 |title=The Sunday Essay: In memory of Waitākere City (1989-2010) |date=10 July 2022 |first=Rebecca K |last=Reilly |website=The Spinoff |access-date=12 January 2023}}
• Oscar Kightley – Samoan New Zealand actor and comedian{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/western-leader/475223/West-celebs-immortalised-in-granite |title=West celebs immortalised in granite |date=31 January 2009 |work=Western Leader |access-date=12 January 2023}}
• Cindy Kiro – public health academic, and governor-general since 2021{{cite web|last=Hewitson|first=Michelle|date=15 August 2003|title=A horribly good voice for the kids|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/a-horribly-good-voice-for-the-kids/XAIHSECRVQP7KPCZF2HQ7MWYXU/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-24|website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524044935/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/a-horribly-good-voice-for-the-kids/XAIHSECRVQP7KPCZF2HQ7MWYXU/ |archive-date=24 May 2021 }}
• Colin McCahon – artist who lived in Titirangi in the 1950s{{sfn|Harvey|Harvey|2009|pp=102}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/a-tale-of-two-houses-shadbolt-mccahon-two-peoples-determination-to-fulfil-a-dream/N4XHSA5RPHJDOURLLDAFVQNEWU/ |title=A tale of two houses: Shadbolt, McCahon - two people's determination to fulfil a dream |first=Anne |last=Gibson |date=9 April 2022 |website=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=19 January 2023}}
• Rose McIver – actress who grew up in Titirangi{{cite web|url=http://www.nzwomansweekly.co.nz/front-page-carousel/rose-mcivor-taking-on-tinseltown/ |title=Rose McIvor: taking on Tinseltown |publisher=NZ Woman's Weekly |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012}}
• Paul Radisich – Croatian New Zealand racing driver
• Ian Scott – artist{{cite book|url=https://issuu.com/milfordgalleries/docs/130216_ian_scott_mgd_2013 |title=Ian Scott Lattices |author=Milford Galleries Dunedin|year=2013|access-date=19 January 2023}}
• Maurice Shadbolt – author
• Va'aiga Tuigamala – Samoan New Zealand rugby union and rugby league player{{sfn|Logan|2009|pp=411–432}}
• Karen Walker – fashion designer

File:Index map of Waitemata County, Sheet 2 (1906).jpg in 1906]]

Road boards were the first local government in West Auckland, established across the Auckland Province in the 1860s due to a lack of central government funding for road improvements.{{Cite web |title=Previous Local Government Agencies |url=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/CityArchives/DigitalExhibitions/Articles/road_boards/road_boards.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126201700/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/CityArchives/DigitalExhibitions/Articles/road_boards/road_boards.htm |archivedate=26 January 2020 |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=4 November 2021 |url-status=live }} In West Auckland, some of these bodies included the Whau Highway Board, the Titirangi Road Board, Waikumete Road Board, Waipareira Road Board and the Waitakere East, South and West Road Boards.{{Cite web| title = Road Boards: Auckland Council's Ancestors |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage/archives/Documents/previous-local-government-agencies.pdf | publisher = Auckland Council| access-date = 19 July 2022}} In 1876, the Waitemata County was established as the local government of West Auckland, the North Shore and Rodney, becoming one of the largest counties ever created in New Zealand.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=238}} In 1881, the Town District Act allowed communities of more than 50 households to amalgamate into a town district. Large town districts were able to form boroughs, which had their own councils and a greater lending power.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=238}} Between 1886 and 1954, nine boroughs split from the county as Auckland began to develop, primarily on the North Shore.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=239}} In West Auckland, the first borough to form was New Lynn in 1929, followed by Henderson in 1946, Helensville in 1947 and Glen Eden in 1953.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=239}}

On 1 August 1974, the western area of Waitemata County amalgamated to form the Waitemata City, which included Titirangi, Te Atatū, Lincoln and Waitākere, without the boroughs of New Lynn, Henderson and Glen Eden.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=242}} Henderson Borough refused to amalgamate into the city, preferring to retain its unique identity, while the New Lynn and Glen Eden borough councils were interested but were unable to meet the deadline for the merger.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=242}} Tim Shadbolt, later known as the mayor of Invercargill, was the longest serving mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989).{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=245–248}}

With the 1989 local government reforms, the Waitemata City merged with the New Lynn, Glen Eden and Henderson boroughs to form the Waitakere City.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=249}} In the early years of the city's existence, the Rosebank Peninsula was proposed to be added to the city, however this was opposed by mayor Assid Corban.{{sfn|Reidy|2009|pp=249}} From 1992 to 2010, Bob Harvey served as the mayor of Waitakere City.{{Cite web |url=http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCnl/ct/pdf/council2010/20100929mr.pdf |title=Report of the Mayor |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719004228/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCnl/ct/pdf/council2010/20100929mr.pdf |url-status=dead }}.

On 1 November 2010, Waitakere City was merged with the surrounding metropolitan and rural areas of Auckland to form a single Auckland Council unitary authority.{{Cite journal| doi = 10.26686/pq.v11i4.4572| issn = 2324-1101| volume = 11| issue = 4| last = Blakeley| first = Roger| title = The planning framework for Auckland 'super city': an insider's view| journal = Policy Quarterly| date = 2015| doi-access = free}} Within the new system, West Auckland was primarily split into three areas which elect a local board: Henderson-Massey, the Waitākere Ranges and Whau. The Whau local board area includes the suburbs of Avondale, New Windsor and Rosebank; areas to the east of the Whau River formerly administered as a part of Auckland City.{{cite web |title=Council profile |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/local-boards/all-local-boards/whau-local-board/Pages/about-whau.aspx |website=aucklandcouncil.govt.nz |publisher=Auckland Council}} Northern West Auckland suburbs such as Whenuapai and Hobsonville, formerly administered by the Waitakere City, became a part of the Upper Harbour local board area, which also covers Albany and much of the North Shore. North-western towns such as Riverhead, Kumeū and Huapai became a part of the Rodney local board area.

In addition to local boards, a number of councillors represent West Auckland on the Auckland Council. Voters in the Henderson-Massey and Waitākere Ranges areas vote for two councillors as a part of the Waitākere ward,{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Waitākere Ward |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/governing-body-wards-committees/wards/all-wards/Pages/waitakere-ward.aspx |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}} while people in the Whau local board area vote for a single Whau ward councillor.{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Whau Ward |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/governing-body-wards-committees/wards/all-wards/Pages/whau-ward.aspx |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}} Upper Harbour residents vote for two Albany ward councillors,{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Albany Ward |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/governing-body-wards-committees/wards/all-wards/Pages/albany-ward.aspx |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}} while Rodney residents vote for one councillor to represent the Rodney ward.{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Rodney Ward |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/governing-body-wards-committees/wards/all-wards/Pages/rodney-ward.aspx |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}}

{{Reflist}}

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• {{cite book |last1=Harvey |first1=Bruce |last2=Harvey |first2=Trixie |chapter=That Noble Sheet of Water |pages=87–104 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}
• {{cite book |last=Hatch |first=J. D. |chapter=Native Orchids |editor-last1=Harvey |editor-first1=Bruce |editor-last2=Harvey |editor-first2=Trixie |title=Waitakere Ranges: Ranges of Inspiration, Nature, History, Culture |publisher=Waitakere Ranges Protection Society |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-476-00520-4}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hayward |first1=Bruce W. |author-link1=Bruce Hayward |title=Kauri Gum and the Gumdiggers |publisher=The Bush Press |date=1989 |isbn=0-908608-39-X}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hayward |first1=Bruce W. |author-link1=Bruce Hayward |chapter=Land, Sea and Sky |pages=7–22 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}
• {{cite book|last1=Hayward |first1=Bruce W. |author-link1=Bruce Hayward |title=Out of the Ocean, Into the Fire |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-473-39596-4 |publisher=Geoscience Society of New Zealand}}
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• {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Sandra |chapter=Uncommon Trees and Shrubs of the Waitakeres |editor-last1=Harvey |editor-first1=Bruce |editor-last2=Harvey |editor-first2=Trixie |title=Waitakere Ranges: Ranges of Inspiration, Nature, History, Culture |publisher=Waitakere Ranges Protection Society |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-476-00520-4}}
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• {{Cite book|last1=La Roche |first1=John |author-link1=John La Roche| editor-first=John| editor-last=La Roche |title=Evolving Auckland: The City's Engineering Heritage |year=2011 |publisher=Wily Publications |chapter=Auckland's Water Supply |isbn=9781927167038}}
• {{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=Innes |chapter=Game On |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}
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• {{cite book |last1=Moon |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Moon |chapter=Taking Care of Business |pages=119–140 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}
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• {{cite book |last=Paterson |first=Malcolm |chapter=Ko Ngā Kurī Purepure o Tāmaki, e Kore e Ngari i te Pō |pages=49–62 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}
• {{cite book |last1=Reidy |first1=Jade |chapter=How the West Was Run |pages=237–256 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}
• {{cite book |last1=Skelton |first1=Carolyn |title=A Brief History of New Lynn: A West Auckland suburb |publisher=Auckland Libraries West Auckland Research Centre, Whau Local Board |date=2016}}
• {{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1= Keith |chapter=Into the West |pages=105–118 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}
• {{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=R. C. J. |author-link1=Russell Stone (historian) |title=From Tamaki-makau-rau to Auckland |publisher=Auckland University Press |date=2001 |isbn=1869402596}}
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• {{Cite book| editor-last=Vela | editor-first=Pauline| title=In Those Days: An Oral History of Glen Eden |year=1989 |publisher=Glen Eden Borough Council |isbn=0-473-00862-9}}

{{Refend}}

{{Auckland}}

{{Subject bar|auto=y|d=y}}

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West

Category:Geography of Auckland

Category:Populated places established in the 19th century