1993 Russian constitutional referendum

{{Infobox referendum

|title = Do you accept the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation?

|country = Russia

|date = 12 December 1993

|yes = 32,937,630

|no = 23,431,333

|invalid = 1,357,909

|electorate = 106,170,835

|map = 1993 Russian constitutional referendum.svg

|mapdivision = federal subject

}}{{Politics of Russia}}

A constitutional referendum was held in Russia on 12 December 1993.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}} The new constitution was approved by 58% of voters, and came into force on 25 December.[http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/ConstMain.shtml The Constitution of Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207162042/http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/ConstMain.shtml |date=7 February 2012 }} President of Russia

Background

Since 1992, President Boris Yeltsin had been arguing that the 1978 constitution was obsolete and needed replacing.[http://countrystudies.us/russia/69.htm The Constitution and Government Structure] Country Studies He called for a new constitution which would grant more powers to the President. However, two competing drafts of a new constitution were drawn up by the government and the Congress of People's Deputies. Failure of the two groups to reach a compromise led to Yeltsin dissolving the Congress of People's Deputies in September 1993, leading to a constitutional crisis.

Yeltsin then called a Constitutional Assembly that was sympathetic to his views. The Assembly subsequently drafted a constitution that provided for a strong presidency, and was published on 11 November.Richard Sakwa (2008) Russian politics and society Taylor & Francis, p64

Name

This referendum was officially named "nationwide voting" ({{langx|ru|всенародное голосование|vsenarodnoye golosovaniye}}) in documents.

{{quote

| text = {{lang|ru|Раздел второй
Заключительные и переходные положения
1. Конституция Российской Федерации вступает в силу со дня официального ее опубликования по результатам всенародного голосования.}}

| source = 1993 Constitution of Russia

}}

Translated:

{{quote

|text=Second Section
Concluding and Transitional Provisions
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall come into force from the moment of its official publication according to the results of a nationwide voting.

}}

Results

Voter turnout was officially reported as 54%,Nohlen & Stöver, p1648 over the 50% threshold required to validate the referendum. However, doubts remained over the accuracy of the turnout figure, exacerbated by the quick destruction of ballots and area tallies.

{{Referendum results

|for=32937630

|against=23431333

|invalid=1357909

|electorate=106170835

|source=Nohlen & Stöver

}}

=By region=

File:1993 Russian constitutional referendum margin of victory.svg

Votes !% !Votes !%
class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:right !rowspan=2 colspan=2\|Federal subject !colspan=2\|For !colspan=2\|Against !rowspan=2\|Invalid/ blank !rowspan=2\|Total !rowspan=2\|Registered voters !rowspan=2\|Turnout
1	align=left\|Adygea	74,846	38.90	117,571	61.10	3157	195,574	323,612	60.43
2	align=left\|Bashkortostan	721,769	42.01	996,135	57.99	52,113	1,770,017	2,824,125	62.67
3	align=left\|Buryatia	204,779	57.96	148,547	42.04	15,479	368,805	663,957	55.55
4	align=left\|Altai	43,629	55.97	34,316	44.03	2818	80,763	123,091	65.61
5	align=left\|Dagestan	141,697	20.86	537,601	79.14	11,332	690,630	1,089,626	63.38
6	align=left\|Ingushetia	37,583	56.90	28,469	43.10	877	66,929	124,754	53.65
7	align=left\|Kabardino-Balkaria	185,214	63.26	107,553	36.74	5849	298,616	508,683	58.70
8	align=left\|Kalmykia	57,258	51.52	53,880	48.48	6359	117,497	206,944	56.78
9	align=left\|Karachay-Cherkessia	55,512	28.00	142,743	72.00	3353	201,608	286,579	70.35
10	align=left\|Karelia	210,730	70.88	86,571	29.12	7760	305,061	577,618	52.81
11	align=left\|Komi	239,180	63.77	135,893	36.23	9158	384,231	808,418	47.53
12	align=left\|Mari	156,179	52.43	141,695	47.57	10,235	308,109	537,282	57.35
13	align=left\|Mordovia	153,778	37.14	260,220	62.86	10,737	424,735	689,309	61.62
14	align=left\|Yakutia	214,263	55.01	175,253	44.99	19,403	408,919	625,432	65.38
15	align=left\|North Ossetia	132,202	53.09	116,801	46.91	7626	256,629	421,500	60.88
16	align=left\|Tatarstan{{efn\|Tatarstan authorities called on the population to boycott the popular vote (which resulted in an extremely low turnout), but did not interfere with his conduct}}	\|264,028	74.84	88,758	25.16	13,434	366,220	2,638,575	13.88
17	align=left\|Tuva	31,310	31.21	68,999	68.79	4240	104,549	165,620	63.13
18	align=left\|Udmurtia	301,026	57.45	222,912	42.55	16,452	540,390	1,134,009	47.65
19	align=left\|Khakassia	99,737	58.47	70,839	41.53	5146	175,722	384,234	45.73
20	align=left\|Chechnya{{efn\|Chechen authorities prevented the holding of the popular vote in the republic.}}	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
21	align=left\|Chuvashia	237,107	41.58	333,131	58.42	22,315	592,553	943,458	62.81
22	align=left\|Altai Krai	524,005	51.17	499,969	48.83	22,039	1,046,013	1,929,497	54.21
23	align=left\|Krasnodar Krai	970,838	51.16	926,925	48.84	34,229	1,931,992	3,546,775	54.47
24	align=left\|Krasnoyarsk	653,489	61.84	403,173	38.16	23,596	1,080,258	2,117,784	51.01
25	align=left\|Primorsky Krai	551,447	71.45	220,368	28.55	19,836	791,651	1,549,823	51.08
26	align=left\|Stavropol Krai	607,825	54.15	514,693	45.85	18,948	1,141,466	1,809,146	63.09
27	align=left\|Khabarovsk Krai	352,619	70.46	147,843	29.54	13,692	514,154	1,081,802	47.53
28	align=left\|Amur	191,060	50.24	189,231	49.76	6811	387,102	670,701	57.72
29	align=left\|Arkhangelsk	410,905	73.24	150,109	26.76	12,960	573,974	1,059,404	54.18
30	align=left\|Astrakhan	208,298	58.48	147,914	41.52	8791	365,003	723,936	50.42
31	align=left\|Belgorod	311,577	44.95	381,649	55.05	11,758	704,984	1,055,318	66.80
32	align=left\|Bryansk	293,494	42.36	399,442	57.64	12,377	705,313	1,094,780	64.43
33	align=left\|Vladimir	425,548	59.63	288,121	40.37	19,230	732,899	1,227,727	59.70
34	align=left\|Volgograd	503,391	48.72	529,808	51.28	28,743	1,061,942	1,926,086	55.13
35	align=left\|Vologda	393,088	69.84	169,761	30.16	13,633	576,482	974,026	59.19
36	align=left\|Voronezh	502,358	45.16	610,006	54.84	19,293	1,131,657	1,922,595	58.86
37	align=left\|Ivanovo	343,390	64.02	193,015	35.98	14,274	550,679	966,579	56.97
38	align=left\|Irkutsk	621,676	74.16	216,571	25.84	17,947	856,194	1,767,955	48.43
39	align=left\|Kaliningrad	251,575	66.33	127,711	33.67	8949	388,235	691,226	56.17
40	align=left\|Kaluga	250,653	50.60	244,750	49.40	9896	505,299	806,958	62.62
41	align=left\|Kamchatka	86,239	71.03	35,176	28.97	2574	123,989	286,983	43.20
42	align=left\|Kemerovo	683,552	62.30	413,681	37.70	37,252	1,134,485	2,147,965	52.82
43	align=left\|Kirov	412,671	61.38	259,682	38.62	19,851	692,204	1,199,823	57.69
44	align=left\|Kostroma	201,711	58.00	146,048	42.00	7237	354,996	594,812	59.68
45	align=left\|Kurgan	264,749	57.24	197,794	42.76	9186	471,729	780,223	60.46
46	align=left\|Kursk	274,704	43.79	352,647	56.21	10,119	637,470	996,385	63.98
47	align=left\|Leningrad	466,167	67.58	223,604	32.42	15,586	705,357	1,258,387	56.05
48	align=left\|Lipetsk	229,086	42.38	311,525	57.62	12,352	552,963	923,922	59.85
49	align=left\|Magadan	60,854	68.56	27,912	31.44	1732	90,498	186,780	48.45
50	align=left\|Moscow	1,841,771	62.94	1,084,423	37.06	90,718	3,016,912	5,374,056	56.14
51	align=left\|Murmansk	284,984	71.30	114,698	28.70	8824	408,506	806,705	50.64
52	align=left\|Nizhny Novgorod	820,215	57.47	607,076	42.53	41,952	1,469,243	2,832,863	51.86
53	align=left\|Novgorod	202,832	63.04	118,936	36.96	7709	329,477	559,612	58.88
54	align=left\|Novosibirsk	509,592	51.52	479,479	48.48	23,205	1,012,276	2,005,969	50.46
55	align=left\|Omsk	491,751	57.79	359,208	42.21	22,419	873,378	1,506,471	57.98
56	align=left\|Orenburg	482,966	58.02	349,472	41.98	20,026	852,464	1,551,638	54.94
57	align=left\|Oryol	186,463	42.61	251,090	57.39	7361	444,914	687,002	64.76
58	align=left\|Penza	289,550	39.91	435,965	60.09	13,496	739,011	1,152,399	64.13
59	align=left\|Perm	715,229	79.79	181,122	20.21	24,379	920,730	1,995,770	46.13
60	align=left\|Pskov	241,283	56.96	182,353	43.04	6498	430,134	643,485	66.84
61	align=left\|Rostov	929,506	51.50	875,503	48.50	41,588	1,846,597	3,236,960	57.05
62	align=left\|Ryazan	327,812	50.58	320,304	49.42	13,465	661,581	1,019,518	64.89
63	align=left\|Samara	705,425	56.87	534,884	43.13	33,205	1,273,514	2,424,184	52.53
64	align=left\|Saratov	586,019	51.06	561,711	48.94	23,346	1,171,076	2,009,819	58.27
65	align=left\|Sakhalin	147,406	63.96	83,052	36.04	5863	236,321	473,474	49.91
66	align=left\|Sverdlovsk	1,299,299	79.84	327,990	20.16	38,543	1,665,832	3,426,954	48.61
67	align=left\|Smolensk	236,097	42.82	315,289	57.18	9944	561,330	873,729	64.25
68	align=left\|Tambov	257,133	41.99	355,301	58.01	13,331	625,765	977,867	63.99
69	align=left\|Tver	387,026	51.34	366,841	48.66	16,657	770,524	1,239,450	62.17
70	align=left\|Tomsk	217,624	68.45	100,308	31.55	9061	326,993	728,062	44.91
71	align=left\|Tula	488,714	58.22	350,643	41.78	23,602	862,959	1,441,233	59.88
72	align=left\|Tyumen	282,917	67.77	134,576	32.23	11,935	429,428	883,203	48.62
73	align=left\|Ulyanovsk	314,216	51.16	299,926	48.84	14,056	628,198	1,059,023	59.32
74	align=left\|Chelyabinsk	1,009,544	77.21	298,000	22.79	27,893	1,335,437	2,631,098	50.76
75	align=left\|Chita	224,548	56.81	170,739	43.19	10,428	405,715	790,137	51.35
76	align=left\|Yaroslavl	397,898	66.33	202,013	33.67	16,348	616,259	1,098,483	56.10
77	align=left\|Moscow (City)	2,474,524	69.94	1,063,406	30.06	75,817	3,613,747	6,987,494	51.72
78	align=left\|Saint Petersburg	1,391,887	71.61	551,765	28.39	28,408	1,972,060	3,760,852	52.44
79	align=left\|Jewish AO	44,406	64.85	24,071	35.15	2152	70,629	137,038	51.54
80	align=left\|Agin-Buryat AO	19,201	69.90	8,270	30.10	846	28,317	44,387	63.80
81	align=left\|Komi-Permyak AO	46,432	81.44	10,580	18.56	1603	58,615	102,909	56.96
82	align=left\|Koryakia	9,267	73.98	3,259	26.02	792	13,318	22,828	58.34
83	align=left\|Nenets AO	13,338	74.41	4,587	25.59	554	18,479	31,470	58.72
84	align=left\|Taymyr	13,815	81.80	3,074	18.20	507	17,396	29,411	59.15
85	align=left\|Ust-Orda Buryat AO	45,577	80.89	10,764	19.11	996	57,337	82,871	69.19
86	align=left\|Khanty-Mansi AO	253,458	81.84	56,224	18.16	5919	315,601	794,131	39.74
87	align=left\|Chukotka	31,503	75.88	10,015	24.12	876	42,394	75,661	56.03
88	align=left\|Evenkia	5,176	68.94	2,332	31.06	177	7685	13,863	55.44
89	align=left\|Yamalo-Nenets AO	102,430	80.34	25,069	19.66	2676	130,175	284,532	45.75
style=font-weight:bold \|align=left colspan=2\|Total	32,937,630	58.43	23,431,333	41.57	1,357,909	57,726,872	106,170,835	54.37
align=left colspan=10\|Source: [http://cikrf.ru/banners/vib_arhiv/referendum/1993_ref_itogi.html Central Election Commission of Russia]

References

Category:Referendums in Russia

Russia

Category:Constitutional referendums

Constitutional

Category:1993 Russian constitutional crisis