2025 in science

The following scientific events occurred, or are scheduled to occur in 2025. The United Nations declared 2025 the International year of quantum science and technology.

Events

=January=

1 January – Detailed telemetry data from the Parker Solar Probe is received, following its passage through the Sun's corona.{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=NASA's Parker Solar Probe Reports Healthy Status After Solar Encounter – Parker Solar Probe |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe/2025/01/02/nasas-parker-solar-probe-reports-healthy-status-after-solar-encounter/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}
2 January
The biggest dinosaur fossil trackway ever found in the UK is reported at a quarry in Oxfordshire, consisting of 200 huge footprints made during the mid-Jurassic.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c24nzeqq1l2o |title=UK's biggest ever dinosaur footprint site unearthed |date=2 January 2025 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2 January 2025}}
Bioengineers at Rice University report having developed a novel "construction kit" for building custom sense-and-respond circuits in human cells.{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiaoyu |last2=Rocks |first2=Jason W. |last3=Jiang |first3=Kaiyi |last4=Walters |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Rai |first5=Kshitij |last6=Liu |first6=Jing |last7=Nguyen |first7=Jason |last8=Olson |first8=Scott D. |last9=Mehta |first9=Pankaj |last10=Collins |first10=James J. |last11=Daringer |first11=Nichole M. |last12=Bashor |first12=Caleb J. |date=2025-01-03 |title=Engineering synthetic phosphorylation signaling networks in human cells |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm8485 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=387 |issue=6729 |pages=74–81 |doi=10.1126/science.adm8485 |pmid=39745956 |bibcode=2025Sci...387...74Y |issn=0036-8075}}{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Breakthrough for 'smart cell' design |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/01/250103124934.htm |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}
3 January – Researchers report discovering a new class of anti-malaria antibodies.{{Cite journal |last1=Dacon |first1=Cherrelle |last2=Moskovitz |first2=Re’em |last3=Swearingen |first3=Kristian |last4=Da Silva Pereira |first4=Lais |last5=Flores-Garcia |first5=Yevel |last6=Aleshnick |first6=Maya |last7=Kanatani |first7=Sachie |last8=Flynn |first8=Barbara |last9=Molina-Cruz |first9=Alvaro |last10=Wollenberg |first10=Kurt |last11=Traver |first11=Maria |last12=Kirtley |first12=Payton |last13=Purser |first13=Lauren |last14=Dillon |first14=Marlon |last15=Bonilla |first15=Brian |date=2025-01-03 |title=Protective antibodies target cryptic epitope unmasked by cleavage of malaria sporozoite protein |journal=Science |language=en |volume=387 |issue=6729 |pages=eadr0510 |doi=10.1126/science.adr0510 |pmid=39745947 |pmc=11804177 |bibcode=2025Sci...387r0510D |issn=0036-8075}}{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Researchers discover class of anti-malaria antibodies |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/01/250103124926.htm |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}
8 January – Scientists publish a comprehensive map of protein locations within human cells, offering potential new insights into how cells respond to infections and other changing circumstances.{{Cite news |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1069958 |title=Scientists create comprehensive map of protein locations within human cells |date=8 January 2025 |work=EurekAlert! |publisher=EurekAlert! |accessdate=10 January 2025}}
9 January – The El Capitan supercomputer is officially dedicated at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, United States.{{cite web | last=Fried | first=Ina | title=Meet the world's most powerful supercomputer | website=Axios | date=2025-01-10 | url=https://www.axios.com/2025/01/10/lawrence-livermore-lab-supercomputer | access-date=2025-01-14}}
10 January
The European Copernicus Climate Change Service reports that 2024 was the world's hottest year on record, and the first calendar year to pass the symbolic threshold of 1.5°C of global warming.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd7575x8yq5o |title=2024 first year to pass 1.5C global warming limit |date=10 January 2025 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=11 January 2025}}
The first fully 3D printed microscope is revealed by the University of Strathclyde, made in just a few hours and for a fraction of the cost of traditional devices.{{Cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2462618-worlds-first-fully-3d-printed-microscope-made-in-under-3-hours/ |title=World's first fully 3D-printed microscope made in under 3 hours |date=10 January 2025 |work=New Scientist |publisher=New Scientist |accessdate=14 January 2025}}
13 January – Researchers discover what could be the world's oldest three-dimensional map in a cave in the Paris Basin of France, dating back 13,000 years.{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=World's oldest 3D map discovered |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/01/250113233220.htm |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}
15 January – The European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft ends its operation after 11 years of mapping the Milky Way galaxy, during which time it made three trillion observations of two billion stars.{{Cite news |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Gaia/Last_starlight_for_ground-breaking_Gaia |title=Last starlight for ground-breaking Gaia |date=15 January 2025 |work=ESA |publisher=ESA |accessdate=17 January 2025}}
16 January
Microsoft researchers publish details of MatterGen, a generative AI tool for materials design.{{Cite news |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/mattergen-a-new-paradigm-of-materials-design-with-generative-ai/ |title=MatterGen: A new paradigm of materials design with generative AI |date=16 January 2025 |work=Microsoft |publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=17 January 2025}}
The first two-dimensional (2D) mechanically interlocked material is demonstrated by Northwestern University, consisting of 100 trillion bonds per square centimetre, which its creators describe as having exceptional flexibility and strength.{{Cite news |url=https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2025/01/chainmail-like-material-could-be-the-future-of-armor/ |title=Chainmail-like material could be the future of armor |date=16 January 2025|work=Northwestern University|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=17 January 2025}} Adding just 2.5% of the new material to Ultem boosted the latter's tensile modulus by 45%.{{Cite news |url=https://newatlas.com/materials/21st-century-chainmail-molecular/ |title=21st-century chainmail uses molecular instead of metallic links |date=17 January 2025|work=New Atlas|publisher=New Atlas|accessdate=17 January 2025}}
The air monitoring station at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii reports that CO₂ jumped by 3.58 parts per million (ppm) in 2024, exceeding the previous record of 3.36 ppm set in 2023. The global atmospheric concentration of CO₂ is now at 427 ppm, more than 50% higher than the pre-industrial level.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/jan/17/wildfires-drive-record-leap-in-global-level-of-climate-heating-co2 |title=Wildfires drive record leap in global level of climate-heating CO2 |date=17 January 2025 |work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 January 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2464408-air-monitoring-station-records-biggest-ever-jump-in-atmospheric-co2/ |title=Air monitoring station records biggest ever jump in atmospheric CO2 |date=17 January 2025 |work=New Scientist|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=17 January 2025}}

File:2024_YR4_ESO-VLT.gif begins monitoring the asteroid 2024 YR4, which is rated 3 on the Torino scale.]]

21 January
Coral bleaching on the southern Great Barrier Reef in early 2024 is reported to have struck 80% of colonies, with some coral genera, such as Acropora, experiencing a 95% mortality rate.{{Cite news |url=https://www.scimex.org/newsfeed/cycle-of-coral-bleaching-on-the-great-barrier-reef-now-at-catastrophic-levels |title=Cycle of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef now at 'catastrophic' levels|date=21 January 2025 |work=scimex|publisher=scimex|accessdate=21 January 2025}}
More than a third (34%) of the Arctic-boreal zone is now reported to be a source of carbon emissions, rather than a carbon sink, a figure that rises to 40% when including emissions from fires.{{Cite news |url=https://phys.org/news/2025-01-millennia-arctic-boreal-region-source.html |title=After millennia as CO₂ sink, more than one-third of Arctic-boreal region is now a source|date=21 January 2025 |work=Phys.org|publisher=Phys.org|accessdate=22 January 2025}}
The exoplanet WASP-127b is discovered to have wind speeds of up to 33,000 km/h, the fastest jetstream of its kind ever measured.{{Cite news |url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2502/ |title=Extreme supersonic winds measured on planet outside our Solar System|date=21 January 2025 |work=ESO|publisher=ESO|accessdate=26 January 2025}}
22 January – The second Trump administration imposes an immediate freeze on scientific grants, communications, hiring, and meetings at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) – by far the biggest supporter of biomedical research worldwide – impacting $47.4 billion worth of activities.{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/trump-hits-nih-devastating-freezes-meetings-travel-communications-and-hiring|title=Trump hits NIH with 'devastating' freezes on meetings, travel, communications, and hiring|date=22 January 2025|website=Science|accessdate=24 January 2025}}
23 January
Machine learning and 3D printing are used at the University of Toronto to design nano-architected materials exhibiting the strength of carbon steel but the lightness of Styrofoam.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news3/newsid=66325.php |title=Strong as steel, light as foam: Machine learning and nano-3D printing create breakthrough nano-architected materials|date=25 January 2025 |work=Nanowerk|publisher=Nanowerk|accessdate=29 January 2025}}
A study of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) finds that the condition may reduce life expectancy by 4.5 to 9 years for men, and 6.5 to 11 years for women.{{Cite news |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2025/jan/adults-diagnosed-adhd-may-have-reduced-life-expectancies |title=Adults diagnosed with ADHD may have reduced life expectancies|date=23 January 2025 |work=UCL|publisher=UCL|accessdate=3 February 2025}}
24 January – A study by the University of Birmingham finds that electric vehicles now have an average lifespan of 18.4 years, outlasting the average diesel vehicle at 16.8 years and almost matching the average petrol vehicle at 18.7 years.{{Cite news |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1071165 |title=Battery-powered electric vehicles now match petrol and diesel counterparts for longevity|date=24 January 2025 |work=EurekAlert!|publisher=EurekAlert!|accessdate=7 February 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2465166-electric-cars-now-last-as-long-as-petrol-and-diesel-counterparts/ |title=Electric cars now last as long as petrol and diesel counterparts|date=24 January 2025 |work=New Scientist|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=7 February 2025}}
29 January – The European Space Agency (ESA) announces that it has begun monitoring the asteroid 2024 YR4, which at the time had a 1 in 77 (1.3%) chance of impacting Earth on 22 December 2032.{{Cite news |url=https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Planetary_Defence/ESA_actively_monitoring_near-Earth_asteroid_2024_YR4 |title=ESA actively monitoring near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4|date=29 January 2025|work=ESA|publisher=ESA|accessdate=31 January 2025}}

=February=

3 February – Researchers in Berkeley and Cambridge attach copper nanoflower catalysts on perovskite-based artificial leaves for solar-driven hydrocarbon synthesis. Devices can produce ethane and ethylene at high rates by coupling CO₂ reduction with glycerol oxidation into value-added chemicals.{{cite news|title=Tiny copper 'flowers' bloom on artificial leaves for clean fuel production |url=https://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/tiny-copper-flowers-bloom-artificial-leaves-clean-fuel-production |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=St John's College, Cambridge}}{{cite journal|last1=Andrei |first1=Virgil |last2=Roh |first2=Inwhan |last3=Lin |first3=Jia-An |last4=Lee |first4=Joshua |last5=Shan |first5=Yu |last6=Lin |first6=Chung-Kuan |last7=Shelton |first7=Steve |last8=Reisner |first8=Erwin |last9=Yang |first9=Peidong |date=2025-02-03 |title=Perovskite-driven solar C₂ hydrocarbon synthesis from CO₂ |journal=Nature Catalysis |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1038/s41929-025-01292-y |doi-access=free }}
University press release: {{cite news|title=Tiny copper 'flowers' bloom on artificial leaves for clean fuel production |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/tiny-copper-flowers-bloom-on-artificial-leaves-for-clean-fuel-production |access-date=5 February 2022 |publisher=University of Cambridge |language=en}}
7 February – Researchers develop an AI chip, smaller than a grain of salt, that mounts on the tip of an optical fibre and uses a "diffractive neural network" to decode images at light speed with very low energy. This breakthrough promises advances in efficient medical imaging and quantum communication technologies.{{Cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2467118-ai-chip-smaller-than-a-grain-of-salt-uses-light-to-decode-data/ |title=AI chip smaller than a grain of salt uses light to decode data|date=7 February 2025 |work=New Scientist|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=7 February 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-025-01621-4.epdf?sharing_token=fG_jM1lIruYkL8_9f_cMNNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0M8gJ7JED-Y4bSVsal_0RWYZ4BdhO1tfpQhq-EkzjkbjK9IoTvq_IbGWdEqVLXW7-q3qHZ3lwq1jMH1FQnoQjsLKJnu6aOi7L3MpqRVqXDdjG1iuJbZ47ZJP88CtqofG9lXuLTzAQiJwCy1cSQw6HvX2ga4mWAuD1DNDBRcyFNF9YnHFGCbSMJOBOl_a4RoRLg%3D&tracking_referrer=www.newscientist.com |title=All-optical image transportation through a multimode fibre using a miniaturized diffractive neural network on the distal facet|date=7 February 2025 |work=Nature Photonics|publisher=Nature Photonics|accessdate=7 February 2025}}
10 February
The microlensing event MOA-2011-BLG-262L is confirmed to be associated with the highest-velocity exoplanet system detected to date, moving at 541 km/s (1.2 million mph), which is close to the escape velocity for the Milky Way galaxy.{{Cite news |url=https://phys.org/news/2025-02-scientists-candidate-speediest-exoplanet.html |title=Scientists spot candidate for speediest exoplanet system|date=10 February 2025 |work=Phys.org|publisher=Phys.org|accessdate=10 February 2025}}{{Cite journal |title=A Candidate High-velocity Exoplanet System in the Galactic Bulge|date=10 February 2025 |journal=The Astronomical Journal|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ad9b0f |doi-access=free |last1=Terry |first1=Sean K. |last2=Beaulieu |first2=Jean-Philippe |last3=Bennett |first3=David P. |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=Aparna |last5=Hulberg |first5=Jon |last6=Huston |first6=Macy J. |last7=Koshimoto |first7=Naoki |last8=Blackman |first8=Joshua W. |last9=Bond |first9=Ian A. |last10=Cole |first10=Andrew A. |last11=Lu |first11=Jessica R. |last12=Ranc |first12=Clément |last13=Rektsini |first13=Natalia E. |last14=Vandorou |first14=Aikaterini |volume=169 |issue=3 |page=131 |arxiv=2410.09147 |bibcode=2025AJ....169..131T }}
Following an increase in the impact probability of 2024 YR4 – from 1.3% to 2.1% – the European Space Agency announces that it will use the advanced capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope to observe the asteroid, in order to better determine its size and trajectory.{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.esa.int/rocketscience/2025/02/10/james-webb-space-telescope-will-study-asteroid-2024-yr4/ |title=James Webb Space Telescope will study asteroid 2024 YR4|date=10 February 2025 |work=ESA|publisher=ESA|accessdate=13 February 2025}}
12 February
The WEST tokamak in France is reported to have maintained plasma for 1,337 seconds, a new world record duration for nuclear fusion and 25% longer than a similar effort by China the previous month.{{Cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20250219/france-sets-new-plasma-record-in-hunt-for-nuclear-fusion |title=France 'sets new plasma record' in hunt for nuclear fusion|date=19 February 2025 |work=The Local|publisher=The Local|accessdate=19 February 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.cea.fr/english/Pages/News/nuclear-fusion-west-beats-the-world-record-for-plasma-duration.aspx |title=Nuclear fusion: WEST beats the world record for plasma duration!|date=18 February 2025 |work=CEA|publisher=CEA|accessdate=19 February 2025}}
A new blood test able to detect early-stage pancreatic cancer with 85% accuracy is developed by Oregon Health & Science University.{{Cite news |url=https://news.ohsu.edu/2025/02/12/new-blood-test-identifies-hard-to-detect-pancreatic-cancer-with-85-accuracy |title=New blood test identifies hard-to-detect pancreatic cancer with 85% accuracy|date=12 February 2025 |work=Oregon Health & Science University|accessdate=24 February 2025}}
13 February – Scientists at the University of Cambridge report the creation of a solar-powered reactor that pulls carbon dioxide directly from the air and converts it into sustainable fuel.{{Cite news |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/solar-powered-device-captures-carbon-dioxide-from-air-to-make-sustainable-fuel |title=Solar-powered device captures carbon dioxide from air to make sustainable fuel|date=13 February 2025 |work=University of Cambridge|publisher=University of Cambridge|accessdate=14 February 2025}}
15 February – A new record-low global sea ice extent is reported, dipping below the previous lowest that occurred in early 2023.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgeydkz08go |title=World's sea-ice falls to record low|date=15 February 2025 |work=BBC News|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=15 February 2025}}
18 February
The impact probability of 2024 YR4 is raised by NASA, from 2.1% to 2.6%{{Cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2468890-odds-of-asteroid-2024-yr4-hitting-earth-in-2032-have-reached-new-high/ |title=Odds of asteroid 2024 YR4 hitting Earth in 2032 have reached new high|date=18 February 2025 |work=New Scientist|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=18 February 2025}} and then 3.1% in the same day.{{Cite news |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/asteroids/chance-of-city-killer-asteroid-2024-yr4-smashing-into-earth-rises-yet-again-to-3-1-percent-nasa-reports |title=Chance of 'city-killer' asteroid 2024 YR4 smashing into Earth rises yet again to 3.1%, NASA reports|date=18 February 2025 |work=Live Science|publisher=Live Science|accessdate=18 February 2025}}
The first 3D mapping of an exoplanet atmosphere is achieved by the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope. WASP-121b (also known as Tylos) is found to have powerful winds carrying elements like iron and titanium, creating intricate weather patterns across its atmosphere.{{Cite news |url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2504/ |title="Out of science fiction": First 3D observations of an exoplanet's atmosphere reveal a unique climate|date=18 February 2025 |work=ESO|publisher=ESO|accessdate=20 February 2025}}
24 February – NASA formally announces that asteroid 2024 YR4 now poses "no significant threat" to Earth in 2032 and beyond, as the chances of an impact drops to 1-in-59,000 (0.0017%). This means a planetary defense mission to intercept and deflect the object in 2028 during a close flyby of Earth will not be necessary.{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/2025/02/24/latest-calculations-conclude-asteroid-2024-yr4-now-poses-no-significant-threat-to-earth-in-2032-and-beyond/|title=Latest Calculations Conclude Asteroid 2024 YR4 Now Poses No Significant Threat to Earth in 2032 and Beyond – Planetary Defense|date=February 24, 2025|website=blogs.nasa.gov}}
27 February
OpenAI announces a research preview of GPT-4.5, its largest and most advanced AI model to date.{{Cite news |url=https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-4-5/ |title=Introducing GPT-4.5|date=27 February 2025 |work=OpenAI|publisher=OpenAI|accessdate=27 February 2025}}
Researchers at AWS and Caltech develop the Ocelot chip, using "cat qubits" to reduce quantum computing errors by up to 90%, making error correction more efficient and scalable.{{Cite news |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/quantum-computing-aws-ocelot-chip |title=Amazon Web Services announces a new quantum computing chip|date=27 February 2025 |work=Amazon|publisher=Amazon|accessdate=1 March 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/new-ocelot-chip-makes-strides-in-quantum-computing |title=New Ocelot Chip Makes Strides in Quantum Computing|date=27 February 2025 |work=Caltech|publisher=Caltech|accessdate=1 March 2025}}
28 February – An electronic device called "e-Taste", developed by Ohio State University, is shown to replicate the perception of taste, which could enhance virtual reality experiences.{{Cite news |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/02/250228214827.htm |title=New device could allow you to taste a cake in virtual reality|date=28 February 2025 |work=Science Daily|publisher=Science Daily|accessdate=1 March 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2470348-electronic-tongue-could-let-you-taste-cake-in-virtual-reality/ |title=Electronic tongue could let you taste cake in virtual reality|date=28 February 2025 |work=New Scientist|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=1 March 2025}}

=March=

File:Saturn irregular moon orbits tilted annotated 2025.png

2 March – Firefly Aerospace successfully lands the Blue Ghost Mission 1 on the Moon as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program, delivering payloads to Mare Crisium with instruments to study lunar regoliths and the interactions between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field.{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/the-universe/moon/were-on-the-moon-private-blue-ghost-moon-lander-aces-historic-lunar-landing-for-nasa|title='We're on the moon!' Private Blue Ghost moon lander aces historic lunar landing for NASA|author1=Mike Wall|date=March 2, 2025|website=Space.com}}
4 March – De-extinction company Colossal Biosciences announces the creation of a "woolly mouse" with eight modified genes, expressing mammoth-like traits relevant to cold adaptation and providing a platform for validation of genome engineering targets.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0jg4n776evo |title=Woolly mice designed to engineer mammoth-like elephants|date=4 March 2025 |work=BBC News|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=4 March 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250304113074/en/Colossal-Creates-the-Colossal-Woolly-Mouse-Showcasing-Breakthroughs-in-Multiplex-Genome-Editing-and-Trait-Engineering-on-the-Path-to-a-Mammoth |title= Colossal Creates the Colossal Woolly Mouse, Showcasing Breakthroughs in Multiplex Genome Editing and Trait Engineering on the Path to a Mammoth |date=4 March 2025 |work=Business Wire|publisher=Business Wire|accessdate=4 March 2025}}
5 March – Italian researchers report turning light into a supersolid for the first time.{{Cite journal |last1=Trypogeorgos |first1=Dimitrios |last2=Gianfrate |first2=Antonio |last3=Landini |first3=Manuele |last4=Nigro |first4=Davide |last5=Gerace |first5=Dario |last6=Carusotto |first6=Iacopo |last7=Riminucci |first7=Fabrizio |last8=Baldwin |first8=Kirk W. |last9=Pfeiffer |first9=Loren N. |last10=Martone |first10=Giovanni I. |last11=De Giorgi |first11=Milena |last12=Ballarini |first12=Dario |last13=Sanvitto |first13=Daniele |date=2025-03-05 |title=Emerging supersolidity in photonic-crystal polariton condensates |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08616-9 |journal=Nature |volume=639 |issue=8054 |pages=337–341 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-08616-9 |pmid=40044862 |bibcode=2025Natur.639..337T |issn=0028-0836}}{{Cite news |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=2025-03-05 |title=Supersolid: Scientists turn light into a solid that flows like liquid for first time |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-create-supersolid-from-light |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=Interesting Engineering}}
6 March – A study in Science finds that butterfly populations in the U.S. declined by 22% between 2000 and 2020, with 13 times as many species decreasing as increasing, raising concerns about future biodiversity loss.{{Cite news |url=https://eeb.msu.edu/news/raises-the-possibility-of-a-country-without-butterflies.aspx |title=Study raises the possibility of a country without butterflies |date=6 March 2025 |work=Michigan State University|publisher=Michigan State University|accessdate=9 March 2025}}{{Cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp4671 |title=Rapid butterfly declines across the United States during the 21st century |date=6 March 2025 |journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.adp4671 |accessdate=9 March 2025 |last1=Edwards |first1=Collin B. |last2=Zipkin |first2=Elise F. |last3=Henry |first3=Erica H. |last4=Haddad |first4=Nick M. |last5=Forister |first5=Matthew L. |last6=Burls |first6=Kevin J. |last7=Campbell |first7=Steven P. |last8=Crone |first8=Elizabeth E. |last9=Diffendorfer |first9=Jay |last10=Douglas |first10=Margaret R. |last11=Drum |first11=Ryan G. |last12=Fallon |first12=Candace E. |last13=Glassberg |first13=Jeffrey |last14=Grames |first14=Eliza M. |last15=Hatfield |first15=Rich |last16=Hershcovich |first16=Shiran |last17=Hoffman Black |first17=Scott |last18=Larsen |first18=Elise A. |last19=Leuenberger |first19=Wendy |last20=Linders |first20=Mary J. |last21=Longcore |first21=Travis |last22=Marschalek |first22=Daniel A. |last23=Michielini |first23=James |last24=Neupane |first24=Naresh |last25=Ries |first25=Leslie |last26=Shapiro |first26=Arthur M. |last27=Swengel |first27=Ann B. |last28=Swengel |first28=Scott R. |last29=Taron |first29=Douglas J. |last30=Van Deynze |first30=Braeden |volume=387 |issue=6738 |pages=1090–1094 |pmid=40048533 |bibcode=2025Sci...387.1090E |display-authors=1 }}
10 March – A study in the journal PNAS finds that microplastic pollution reduces photosynthesis in plants and algae by up to 12%, leading to estimated annual food losses of 110–361 million tonnes of crops and up to 24 million tonnes of seafood. Without action to reduce plastic waste, this could lead to another 400 million people at risk of starvation within two decades.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/10/microplastics-hinder-plant-photosynthesis-study-finds-threatening-millions-with-starvation |title=Microplastics hinder plant photosynthesis, study finds, threatening millions with starvation |date=10 March 2025 |work=The Guardian|accessdate=12 March 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2423957122?download=true |title=A global estimate of multiecosystem photosynthesis losses under microplastic pollution |date=10 March 2025 |work=PNAS|publisher=PNAS|doi=10.1073/pnas.2423957122 |accessdate=12 March 2025 |last1=Zhu |first1=Ruijie |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhaoying |last3=Zhang |first3=Naichi |last4=Zhong |first4=Huan |last5=Zhou |first5=Fanqi |last6=Zhang |first6=Xiao |last7=Liu |first7=Cun |last8=Huang |first8=Yingnan |last9=Yuan |first9=Yuan |last10=Wang |first10=Yujun |last11=Li |first11=Chengjun |last12=Shi |first12=Huahong |last13=Rillig |first13=Matthias C. |last14=Dang |first14=Fei |last15=Ren |first15=Hongqiang |last16=Zhang |first16=Yongguang |last17=Xing |first17=Baoshan |volume=122 |issue=11 }}
11 March
The discovery of 128 new moons of Saturn is reported, by astronomers using the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, bringing the gas giant's total number of confirmed satellites to 274.{{Cite news |url=https://phas.ubc.ca/2025-discovery-more-saturnian-moons |title=2025 Discovery of more Saturnian Moons |date=11 March 2025 |work=The University of British Columbia|publisher=The University of British Columbia|accessdate=12 March 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2471071-saturn-has-128-new-moons-more-than-the-rest-of-the-planets-combined/ |title=Saturn has 128 new moons – more than the rest of the planets combined |date=11 March 2025 |work=New Scientist|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=12 March 2025}}
Three new rocky exoplanets, all smaller than Earth in size, are detected around Barnard's Star, the closest solitary star to our own Sun at just 5.96 light-years away. Barnard b, a candidate world that observations had hinted at previously, is also confirmed, bringing the total number of known planets around the star to four.{{Cite news |url=https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2510/ |title=Planetary System Found Around Nearest Single Star |date=11 March 2025 |work=NOIRLab|publisher=NOIRLab|accessdate=15 March 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/4-rocky-worlds-found-orbiting-earths-closest-single-star-and-theyre-tiny |title=4 Rocky Worlds Found Orbiting Our Sun's Closest Single Star, And They're Tiny |date=13 March 2025 |work=Science Alert|publisher=Science Alert|accessdate=15 March 2025}}
13 March – The first image of two PINK1 proteins attached to the membrane of a mitochondrion is obtained, via cryo-electron microscopy, a potential breakthrough in developing treatments for Parkinson's disease.{{Cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu6445 |title=Structure of human PINK1 at a mitochondrial TOM-VDAC array |date=13 March 2025 |journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.adu6445 |accessdate=15 March 2025 |last1=Callegari |first1=Sylvie |last2=Kirk |first2=Nicholas S. |last3=Gan |first3=Zhong Yan |last4=Dite |first4=Toby |last5=Cobbold |first5=Simon A. |last6=Leis |first6=Andrew |last7=Dagley |first7=Laura F. |last8=Glukhova |first8=Alisa |last9=Komander |first9=David |volume=388 |issue=6744 |pages=303–310 |pmid=40080546 |bibcode=2025Sci...388..303C }}{{Cite news |url=https://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2025/03/14-parkinsons-future-timeline.htm |title=Scientists solve decades-long Parkinson's mystery |date=14 March 2025 |work=Future Timeline|publisher=Future Timeline|accessdate=15 March 2025}}
20 March – Oxygen is discovered in JADES-GS-z14-0, then the most distant confirmed galaxy, located 13.4 billion light-years from Earth.{{Cite news |url=https://eso.org/public/news/eso2507/ |title=Oxygen discovered in most distant known galaxy |date=20 March 2025 |work=ESO|publisher=ESO|accessdate=24 March 2025}}
26 March
Aurorae are photographed on Neptune for the first time, seen by combining visible light images from the Hubble Space Telescope with near-infrared images from the James Webb Space Telescope, although the planet was known to have aurorae since it was visited by Voyager 2.{{cite news |url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-captures-neptunes-auroras-for-first-time/ |title=NASA's Webb Captures Neptune's Auroras For First Time |publisher=NASA Webb Mission Team |date=26 March 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025}}
A study in The Lancet finds that cuts to foreign aid proposed by major donor countries, such as the US and UK, could undo decades of progress made to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat, with potentially 10.8m additional new infections by 2030.{{Cite news |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1078095 |title=Proposed cuts to foreign aid could result in millions of HIV deaths and soaring rates of global HIV infections, new modelling study estimates |date=26 March 2025 |work=EurekAlert|publisher=EurekAlert|accessdate=28 March 2025}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/modelling-predicts-millions-extra-hiv-infections-us-aid-cut/ |title=New modelling predicts up to 10 million additional HIV infections following aid cuts |date=26 March 2025 |work=The Telegraph|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 March 2025}}

File:Dall-e_3_(jan_'24)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png's latest model GPT-4.5 is reported to be indistinguishable from a human in text conversations.]]

31 March – GPT-4.5 is reported to have passed the Turing Test.{{cite arXiv | eprint=2503.23674 | last1=Jones | first1=Cameron R. | last2=Bergen | first2=Benjamin K. | title=Large Language Models Pass the Turing Test | date=2025 | class=cs.CL }}

=April=

1 April – Fram2 launches aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, becoming the first crewed spaceflight to enter a polar retrograde orbit,{{Cite tweet |first=Jonathan |last=McDowell |author-link=Jonathan McDowell|user=planet4589 |number=1906922678067560513|title=First Space Force orbit data for Fram-2 out , showing it in a 202 x 413 km x 90.01 deg orbit|note=0.01° means it entered Retrograde orbit too}} i.e., to fly over Earth's poles.{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2025-04-01 |title=SpaceX launches Fram2 private astronaut mission |url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-launches-fram2-private-astronaut-mission/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}
2 April – The world's smallest pacemaker – able to fit inside the tip of a syringe and be non-invasively injected into the body – is demonstrated by scientists at Northwestern University. The device, measuring just 3.5 millimeters in length, is designed for temporary use and can be made to biodegrade within a set number of days, depending on a patient's needs.{{Cite web |title=World's smallest pacemaker is activated by light |url=https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2025/03/worlds-smallest-pacemaker-is-activated-by-light/ |date=2 April 2025 |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Northwestern University|language=en-US}}
7 April – Colossal Biosciences announces Romulus, Remus, and Khaleesi, genetically modified grey wolves which reproduced characteristics of extinct dire wolves.{{Cite magazine |last=Kluger |first=Jeffrey |date=2025-04-07 |title=The Return of the Dire Wolf |url=https://time.com/7274542/colossal-dire-wolf/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}
8 April – Maxwell Labs, in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories and the University of New Mexico, announces a laser-based photonic cooling system for computer chips, aiming to reduce data centre cooling energy use by up to 40% while improving processor performance.{{Cite web |title=Laser cooling breakthrough could make data centers much greener |url=https://newatlas.com/physics/laser-cooling-data-centers-photonic/ |date=13 April 2025 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=New Atlas|language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Maxwell Labs Announces Cooperative Research & Development Agreement With Sandia Labs and the University of New Mexico to Demonstrate Laser Cooling for High Density Processors |url=https://mxllabs.com/maxwell-labs-announces-cooperative-research-development-agreement-with-sandia-labs-and-the-university-of-new-mexico-to-demonstrate-laser-cooling-for-high-density-processors/ |date=8 April 2025 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Maxwell Labs|language=en-US}}
16 April
Scientists report a new method of generating electricity from falling rainwater using plug flow in vertical tubes, converting over 10% of the water's energy into electricity and producing enough power to light 12 LEDs.{{Cite web |title=A step toward harnessing clean energy from falling rainwater |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080182 |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=EurekAlert!|language=en-US}}
OpenAI announces the launch of two new AI models, o3 and o4-mini.{{Cite web |title=Introducing OpenAI o3 and o4-mini |url=https://openai.com/index/introducing-o3-and-o4-mini/ |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=OpenAI|language=en-US}}

File:Exoplanet_K2-18_b_(Illustration).jpg, which has a possible biosignature.]]

17 April – The atmosphere of K2-18b, a candidate water world located 124 light-years away, is found to contain large quantities of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide – two compounds that, on Earth, are only known to be produced by life. This discovery, while requiring further proof, is described as "the strongest evidence to date for a biological activity beyond the Solar System".{{Cite web |title=Scientists find 'strongest evidence yet' of life on distant planet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c39jj9vkr34o |date=17 April 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=BBC News|language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Scientists hail 'strongest evidence' so far for life beyond our solar system |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/apr/17/scientists-hail-strongest-evidence-so-far-for-life-beyond-our-solar-system |date=17 April 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=The Guardian|language=en-US}}
20 April – NASA's Lucy spacecraft returns images of the main belt asteroid Donaldjohanson, revealing it to be a contact binary and larger than originally estimated.{{Cite web |title=NASA's Lucy Spacecraft Images Asteroid Donaldjohanson |url=https://science.nasa.gov/image-article/nasas-lucy-spacecraft-images-asteroid-donaldjohanson/ |date=21 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=NASA|language=en-US}}
22 April – Astronomers at MIT report the discovery of BD+05 4868Ab, a small rocky exoplanet located 142 light-years from Earth, which is rapidly disintegrating due to extreme heat from its nearby host star. The planet, orbiting every 30.5 hours, exhibits a comet-like tail of vaporised minerals extending up to 9 million kilometres. It is estimated to be losing mass equivalent to Mount Everest each orbit and may completely evaporate within 1–2 million years.{{Cite web |title=Astronomers discover a planet that's rapidly disintegrating, producing a comet-like tail |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081038 |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=EurekAlert!|language=en-US}}
27 April – Astronomers report the discovery of the Eos cloud, a vast molecular hydrogen cloud located about 300 light-years from Earth, revealed through far-ultraviolet emission techniques. Expected to evaporate within 6 million years, Eos is among the largest and closest molecular clouds ever found.{{Cite web |title=A Vast Molecular Cloud, Long Invisible, Is Discovered Near Solar System |url=https://www.rutgers.edu/news/vast-molecular-cloud-long-invisible-discovered-near-solar-system |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Rutgers |language=en-US}}
30 April
Engineers at ITER complete the construction of the world's largest and most powerful pulsed superconducting electromagnet system, marking a major milestone on the path to sustained nuclear fusion. The Central Solenoid and surrounding magnets will confine plasma at 150 million °C, enabling ITER to produce 500 megawatts of fusion power from just 50 megawatts of input.{{Cite web |title=Fusion energy: ITER completes world's largest and most powerful pulsed magnet system with major components built by USA, Russia, Europe, China |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081952 |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=EurekAlert!|language=en-US}}
The Minor Planet Center announces two additional moons of Jupiter, bringing the planet's total moon count to 97.{{cite web |title=MPEC 2025-H211 : S/2017 J 11 |url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K25/K25HL1.html |work=Minor Planet Electronic Circulars |publisher=Minor Planet Center |date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503202836/https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K25/K25HL1.html |archive-date=3 May 2025}}

= May =

File:MoM-z14_Naidu_et_al._2025.png

8 May
The ALICE experiment at CERN detects the conversion of lead into gold.{{Cite web |title=ALICE detects the conversion of lead into gold at the LHC |url=https://home.cern/news/news/physics/alice-detects-conversion-lead-gold-lhc |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=CERN |language=en-US}}
A study by Uppsala University in Sweden finds that lack of sleep can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Researchers found that just three nights of restricted sleep – around four hours a night – triggered changes in the blood linked to a higher risk of heart disease.{{Cite web |title=Lack of sleep can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease |url=https://www.uu.se/en/press/press-releases/2025/2025-05-08-lack-of-sleep-can-increase-the-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=Uppsala University |language=en-US}}
9 May – Kosmos 482, an attempted Soviet Venus probe which failed to escape low Earth orbit, crashes back to Earth after more than 53 years.{{Cite web |last=Langbroek |first=Marco |date=6 May 2025 |title=SatTrackCam Leiden (b)log: Cosmos 482 Descent Craft reentry forecasts [UPDATED] |url=https://sattrackcam.blogspot.com/2025/04/kosmos-842-descent-craft-reentry.html |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=SatTrackCam Leiden (b)log}}
13 May – Genes linked to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are discovered for the first time. A study involving more than 2 million people identifies 250 genes linked to the condition.{{Cite web |title=Biggest ever study into Obsessive Compulsive Disorder unlocks new genes that cause debilitating condition |url=https://www.scimex.org/newsfeed/biggest-ever-study-into-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-unlocks-new-genes-that-cause-debilitating-condition |date=13 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=scimex|language=en-US}}
16 May – MoM-z14, discovered using the James Webb Space Telescope, is confirmed as the most distant galaxy ever detected, with a redshift of 14.44 placing its formation within 280 million years of the Big Bang.{{Cite arXiv |title=A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=14.44 Confirmed with JWST |date=16 May 2025 | eprint=2505.11263 | last1=Naidu | first1=Rohan P. | last2=Oesch | first2=Pascal A. | last3=Brammer | first3=Gabriel | last4=Weibel | first4=Andrea | last5=Li | first5=Yijia | last6=Matthee | first6=Jorryt | last7=Chisholm | first7=John | last8=Pollock | first8=Clara L. | last9=Heintz | first9=Kasper E. | last10=Johnson | first10=Benjamin D. | last11=Shen | first11=Xuejian | last12=Hviding | first12=Raphael E. | last13=Leja | first13=Joel | last14=Tacchella | first14=Sandro | last15=Ganguly | first15=Arpita | last16=Witten | first16=Callum | last17=Atek | first17=Hakim | last18=Belli | first18=Sirio | last19=Bose | first19=Sownak | last20=Bouwens | first20=Rychard | last21=Dayal | first21=Pratika | last22=Decarli | first22=Roberto | author23=Anna de Graaff | last24=Fudamoto | first24=Yoshinobu | last25=Giovinazzo | first25=Emma | last26=Greene | first26=Jenny E. | last27=Illingworth | first27=Garth | last28=Inoue | first28=Akio K. | last29=Kane | first29=Sarah G. | last30=Labbe | first30=Ivo | class=astro-ph.GA | display-authors=1 }}
20 May
The 150th anniversary of the signing of the Metre Convention, which established the BIPM, one of the first international organizations, is celebrated.https://thebipm150.org/
Google DeepMind announces Veo 3, a new state-of-the-art video generation model.{{Cite web |url=https://blog.google/technology/ai/generative-media-models-io-2025/|title=Fuel your creativity with new generative media models and tools |date=20 May 2025 |website=Google |accessdate=21 May 2025}} The company also boosts the performance of Gemini 2.5 Pro, its flagship AI model.{{Cite web |url=https://blog.google/technology/google-deepmind/google-gemini-updates-io-2025/|title=Gemini 2.5: Our most intelligent models are getting even better |date=20 May 2025 |website=Google |accessdate=21 May 2025}}
MIT releases a detailed report on the energy footprint of generative AI. Some models are shown to require the equivalent of running a microwave oven for an hour to produce five seconds of video.{{Cite web |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/05/20/1116327/ai-energy-usage-climate-footprint-big-tech/|title=We did the math on AI's energy footprint. Here's the story you haven't heard. |date=20 May 2025 |website=MIT |accessdate=23 May 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://mashable.com/article/energy-ai-worse-than-we-thought|title=Report: Creating a 5-second AI video is like running a microwave for an hour |date=21 May 2025 |website=Mashable |accessdate=23 May 2025}}
21 May
The world's first gonorrhoea vaccine is launched by NHS England, with an efficacy of 30–40%.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cded26z16leo|title=World-first gonorrhoea vaccine launched by NHS England as infections soar |date=21 May 2025 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=21 May 2025}}
A major clinical trial, published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, reveals that vitamin D supplements can reduce biological aging, preserving telomeres and potentially adding three years to lifespan.{{Cite web |url=https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/press-releases/vitamin-d-supplements-show-signs-of-protection-against-biological-aging|title=Vitamin D Supplements Show Signs of Protection Against Biological Aging |date=21 May 2025 |website=Mass General Brigham |accessdate=24 May 2025}}
The discovery of 2017 OF201, a new dwarf planet candidate in the outer Solar System, is reported.{{Cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2481477-new-dwarf-planet-spotted-at-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/ |title=New dwarf planet spotted at the edge of the solar system |date=22 May 2025 |website=New Scientist|accessdate=23 May 2025}}{{Cite arXiv |title=Discovery of a dwarf planet candidate in an extremely wide orbit: 2017 OF201 |date=21 May 2025 |eprint=2505.15806v1 |last1=Cheng |first1=Sihao |last2=Li |first2=Jiaxuan |last3=Yang |first3=Eritas |class=astro-ph.EP }}

File:DeepMind_new_logo.svg with its Veo 3 model.]]

22 May
A review by Murdoch University in Australia finds that agricultural soils now hold around 23 times more microplastics than the oceans.{{Cite web |url=https://www.scimex.org/newsfeed/scientists-say-microplastics-are-silently-spreading-from-soil-to-salad-to-humans |title=Microplastics are 'silently spreading from soil to salad to humans' |date=22 May 2025 |website=scimex |accessdate=23 May 2025}}
Infrared contact lenses allowing people to see in the dark, even with their eyes closed, are created by a team in China.{{Cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/technology/super-vision-contact-lenses-let-wearers-see-in-the-dark-even-with-their-eyes-closed |title='Super-vision' contact lenses let wearers see in the dark — even with their eyes closed |date=22 May 2025 |website=LiveScience|accessdate=25 May 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1084046 |title=Infrared contact lenses allow people to see in the dark, even with their eyes closed |date=22 May 2025 |website=EurekAlert!|accessdate=25 May 2025}}
27 May – Engineers at MIT develop a new fuel cell based on a reaction between sodium metal and air, with potentially three times as much energy per pound as the current best lithium-ion batteries used in EVs.{{Cite web |url=https://news.mit.edu/2025/new-fuel-cell-could-enable-electric-aviation-0527 |title=New fuel cell could enable electric aviation |date=27 May 2025 |website=MIT|accessdate=30 May 2025}}
28 May
The Tianwen-2 asteroid sample return and comet exploration mission is successfully launched by the China National Space Administration aboard a Long March 3B rocket. The mission will explore the co-orbital near-Earth asteroid 469219 Kamoʻoalewa and the main-belt comet 311P/PANSTARRS.{{Cite web |last=Davenport |first=Justin |date=2025-05-28 |title=China launches the Tianwen-2 asteroid sample return mission |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/05/tianwen-2-launch/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}
In tests on mice, a combination of Rapamycin and Trametinib is found to extend lifespan by around 30% and works better than either of the drugs alone.{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/anti-aging-cocktail-extends-mouse-lifespan-by-about-30-percent |title=Anti-Aging Cocktail Extends Mouse Lifespan by About 30 Percent |date=28 May 2025 |website=Science Alert|accessdate=30 May 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1085316 |title=Live longer |date=28 May 2025 |website=EurekAlert!|accessdate=30 May 2025}}
29 May – The first delivery of mRNA into white blood cells hiding HIV is demonstrated, using specially formulated nanoparticles known as LNP X. The mRNA instructs the cells to reveal the hidden virus.{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jun/05/breakthrough-in-search-for-hiv-cure-leaves-researchers-overwhelmed |title=Breakthrough in search for HIV cure leaves researchers 'overwhelmed' |date=5 June 2025 |work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 June 2025}}

=June=

Predicted and scheduled events

22 June – The Royal Observatory Greenwich will celebrate its 350th anniversary.{{Cite web |title=History of the Royal Observatory {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/royal-observatory/history |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}
September – NASA will launch its Pandora Mission, which aims to observe 20 stars and their 39 exoplanets.

=Date unknown=

NASA's IMAP probe will launch toward Lagrange point 1 to collect interstellar dust and investigate space weather.{{cite news |last1=Kuthunur |first1=Sharmila |title=NASA's IMAP probe will launch in 2025 to capture interstellar dust |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-imap-interstellar-dust-2025-launch |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=Space.com |date=22 January 2024}}
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is expected to begin science operations in late 2025.{{cite web |title=Rubin Observatory will inspire a new era in space missions without ever leaving the ground |url=https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2024-02-07-rubin-observatory-will-inspire-new-era-space-missions-without-ever-leaving-ground |website=SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |access-date=21 April 2024 |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Rubin Observatory Will Reveal Dark Matter's Ghostly Disruptions of Stellar Streams - Vera C. Rubin Observatory's stunningly detailed images will illuminate distant stellar streams and their past encounters with dark matter |url=https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2409 |website=www.noirlab.edu |access-date=21 April 2024 |language=en}}
Science-related budgets
{{flag|US}}: Various details about planned science-related spending for 2025 have been described with some information on the planned research subjects or areas.{{cite news |title=FACT SHEET: President Biden's 2025 Budget Invests in Science and Technology to Power American Innovation, Expand Frontiers of What's Possible {{!}} OSTP |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2024/03/13/fact-sheet-president-bidens-2025-budget-invests-in-science-and-technology-to-power-american-innovation-expand-frontiers-of-whats-possible/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=The White House |date=13 March 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Mervis |first1=Jeffrey |title=Biden's lean science budget could mean tough choices for agencies |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/biden-s-new-science-budget-doesn-t-ask-money-meet-all-his-priorities |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=Science}}