Adaptive cruise control
{{Short description|Cruise control advanced driver-assistance system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
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Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is a type of advanced driver-assistance system for road vehicles that automatically adjusts the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. As of 2019, it is also called by 20 unique names that describe that basic functionality. This is also known as Dynamic cruise control.{{cite web |title=A Safety Feature By Any Other Name Can Really Be Confusing, AAA Finds |url= https://www.npr.org/2019/01/25/688383794/a-safety-feature-by-any-other-name-can-really-be-confusing-aaa-finds |website=NPR.org |date= 25 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019 |last1=Domonoske |first1= Camila }}
Control is based on sensor information from {{nowrap|on-board}} sensors. Such systems may use a radar, laser sensor or a camera setup allowing the vehicle to brake when it detects the car is approaching another vehicle ahead, then accelerate when traffic allows it to.
ACC technology is regarded as a key component of future generations of intelligent cars. The technology enhances passenger safety and convenience as well as increasing road capacity by maintaining optimal separation between vehicles and reducing driver errors. Vehicles with autonomous cruise control are considered a Level 1 autonomous car, as defined by SAE International.{{cite web|url= https://www.caranddriver.com/features/path-to-autonomy-self-driving-car-levels-0-to-5-explained-feature?src=socialflowFB&mag=cdb&dom=fb |title=Path to Autonomy: Self-Driving Car Levels 0 to 5 Explained |date=3 October 2017 |publisher=Car and Driver}} When combined with another driver assist feature such as lane centering, the vehicle is considered a Level 2 autonomous car.
Consumer use
Adaptive cruise control does not provide full autonomy: the system only provides some help to the driver, but does not drive the car by itself.{{cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/adaptive-cruise-control/ |title=Here is everything you need to know about adaptive cruise control|date=25 September 2017 |website=digitaltrends.com}} For example, the driver is able to set the cruise control to 55 mph, if the car while traveling that speed catches up to another vehicle going only 45 mph, the ACC will cause the car to automatically brake and maintain a safe distance behind the vehicle in front, and will maintain that distance until the road opens up again and the car can safely return to the initially set speed of 55 mph.
= Pricing =
Given the fact that ACC is considered a key component of future generations of intelligent cars, and the fact that it can increase comfort and safety on longer drives, ACC systems cost anywhere between $500 to $2500, depending on the type of ACC, as well as the model of the car.{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title=Can You Add Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) to a Vehicle? {{!}} Vehicle Answers |url=https://vehicleanswers.com/can-you-add-adaptive-cruise-control-acc-to-a-vehicle/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |language=en-US}}
History
File:Mercedes-Benz Distronic Plus screen.jpg]]
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- 1992: Mitsubishi Motors was the first to offer a lidar-based distance detection system on the Japanese market Debonair. Marketed as "distance warning", this system warns the driver, without influencing throttle, brakes, or gearshifting.{{cite web|url=http://www.uctc.net/papers/622.pdf |author=Pratyush Bhatia |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011103348/http://www.uctc.net/papers/622.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2003|title=Vehicle Technologies to Improve Performance and Safety}}{{cite web |url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/corporate/aboutus/history/1990/index.html|title=Company History |website=Mitsubishi Motors|access-date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230134028/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/corporate/aboutus/history/1990/index.html |archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=dead}}
- 1995: Mitsubishi Diamante introduced laser "Preview Distance Control". This system controlled speed through throttle control and downshifting, but could not apply the brakes.{{cite press release|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/corporate/pressrelease/corporate/detail429.html|title=Press Release - Mitsubishi Motors Corporation|website=mitsubishi-motors.com|access-date=14 January 2017}}
- 1997: Toyota offered a "laser adaptive cruise control" (lidar) system on the Japanese market Celsior.{{cite web|url= http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/electronics_parts/index.html |title=Technical Development - Electronics Parts| website=toyota-global.com| access-date=6 April 2015}} It controlled speed through throttle control and downshifting, but could not apply the brakes.
- 1999: Mercedes introduced "Distronic", the first radar-assisted ACC,{{cite web |last1=Verpraet |first1=Illya |title=The history of adaptive cruise control |url=https://www.autonomousvehicleinternational.com/features/adas-3.html |website=ADAS & Autonomous Vehicle International |access-date=1 July 2023 |date=8 August 2018}} on the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220){{cite press release|url= http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-657477-1-814760-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-614232-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html|title= Mercedes-Benz S-Class, W 220 series (1998 to 2005)|access-date= 30 December 2014|archive-date= 4 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053239/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-657477-1-814760-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-614232-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html|url-status= dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-658451-1-1767861-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |title=Innovation as a tradition |date=27 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229221136/http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-658451-1-1767861-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |archive-date=29 December 2014}} and the CL-Class.{{cite press release|url= http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1090569-1-823389-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-614318-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html|title=Technical highlights of the CL-Class and its predecessor series}}
- 1999: Jaguar began offering a radar-based ACC system on the Jaguar XK (X100).{{cite press release|url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jaguar-teams-with-delphi-to-introduce-adaptive-cruise-control-76713372.html|title=Jaguar Teams with Delphi to Introduce Adaptive Cruise Control |website=prnewswire.com}}
- 1999: Nissan introduced laser ACC on the Japanese market Nissan Cima.{{cite web|url= http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NRC/FRONTLINES/VOL3/#page1 |title=Nissan Research Center - On the Research Front Lines - Hideaki Inoue |website=nissan-global.com|access-date=30 December 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141230025111/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NRC/FRONTLINES/VOL3/#page1|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=dead}}
- 1999: Subaru introduced world's first camera-based ACC on the Japanese-market Subaru Legacy Lancaster.{{cite press release|url= http://www.goo-net-exchange.com/catalog/SUBARU__LEGACY_LANCASTER/4501945/|title=Subaru Legacy Lancaster ADA specification |access-date=6 May 2022}}
- 2000: BMW introduced radar "Active Cruise Control" in Europe on the BMW 7 Series - E38.{{cite book|title=Fahrwerkhandbuch|date=25 September 2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=9783658019921|page=639|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tcT-AAAAQBAJ&q=Aktive+Geschwindigkeitsregelung+bmw+e38&pg=PA639}}
- 2000: Toyota was the first to bring laser ACC to the US market in late 2000, with the LS 430 Dynamic Laser Cruise Control system.{{cite web |url= http://www.ivsource.net/archivep/2000/sep/a000929_USacc.html |title=Finally! Adaptive Cruise Control Arrives in the USA |website=Ivsource.net |date=2000-09-29 |access-date=2011-10-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080908013626/http://www.ivsource.net/archivep/2000/sep/a000929_USacc.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}
- 2000: Toyota's laser ACC system added "brake control", that also applies brakes.
- 2001: Infiniti introduced laser "Intelligent Cruise Control" on the 2002 Infiniti Q45 Third generation F50 and 2002 Infiniti QX4.
- 2001: Renault introduced ACC on the Renault Vel Satis{{cite web|url=http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/CDCB7D9632B9660ECA2572100028B838 |title=First drive: Renault gets Vel Satis-faction |date=2002-09-27 |access-date=2015-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141230052327/http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/CDCB7D9632B9660ECA2572100028B838 |archive-date=30 December 2014}} (supplied by Bosch{{cite web|url= http://presseservice.pressrelations.de/standard/result_main.cfm?aktion=jour_pm&r=54080&quelle=0&pfach=1&n_firmanr_=102116&sektor=pm&detail=1 |title=Premiere auf dem Automobilsalon in Genf: Renault Vel Satis mit neuer Wischertechnik von Bosch |publisher=Robert Bosch |date=2001-03-09 |access-date=2015-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141230044149/http://presseservice.pressrelations.de/standard/result_main.cfm?aktion=jour_pm&r=54080&quelle=0&pfach=1&n_firmanr_=102116&sektor=pm&detail=1 |archive-date=30 December 2014 }})
- 2002: Lancia introduced radar ACC (by Bosch) on the Lancia Thesis{{cite web | url = http://europe.autonews.com/article/20010924/ANE/109240814/launch-of-top-of-the-range-lancia-thesis-is-delayed-further |title=Launch of top-of-the-range Lancia Thesis is delayed further |publisher=Automotive News Europe |date=2011-09-24 |access-date=2015-01-19}}
- 2002: Volkswagen introduced radar ACC, manufactured by Autocruise (now TRW), on the Volkswagen Phaeton.
- 2002: Audi introduced radar ACC (Autocruise) on the Audi A8 in late 2002
- 2003: Cadillac introduced radar ACC on the Cadillac XLR.{{cite press release|url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/delphis-adaptive-cruise-control-technology-featured-on-cadillac-xlr-71376412.html |title=Delphi's Adaptive Cruise Control Technology Featured on Cadillac XLR |website=prnewswire.com}}
- 2003: Toyota shifted from laser to radar ACC on the Celsior. The first Lexus Dynamic Radar Cruise Control and a radar-guided pre-collision system appeared on the Lexus LS (XF30) US market facelift.{{cite web|url= http://www.seattlepi.com/wheels/187892_road27.html%7ctitle=LS |title=430: Luxury or 'ultra luxury'}}
- 2004: Toyota added "low-speed tracking mode" to the radar ACC on the Crown Majesta. The low-speed tracking mode was a second mode that would warn the driver and provide braking if the car ahead stopped; it could stop the car, but would then deactivate.{{cite web |url= http://ivsource.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=83 |title=Low Speed ACC Finally Hits the Market |website=Ivsource.net |access-date=2011-10-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120222070440/http://ivsource.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=83 |archive-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}
- 2005: In the United States, Acura introduced radar ACC integrated with a Collision avoidance system (Collision Mitigation Braking System (CMBS)) in the model year 2006 Acura RL.{{cite press release|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/acura/tsx-4-door-sedan/2006 |title=2006 Acura RL – Safety |website=Hondanews.com |date=2005-08-17 |access-date=2011-10-12 }}
- 2005: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221) upgraded ACC to completely halt the car if necessary (now called "Distronic Plus" on E-Class and most Mercedes sedans.
- 2006: Volkswagen Passat B6 introduced radar ACC supplied by Autocruise and TRW, functioning from {{convert|30|to|210|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. It supported additional functions AWV1 and AWV2 to prevent collisions by using the brake system.
- 2006: Audi introduced full speed range ACC plus on the Audi Q7. In low-speed mode, it warns the driver of a potential collision and prepares emergency braking as needed.{{cite web |website=marklines.com |url= http://www.marklines.com/cn/report/rep464_200604 |date=7 April 2006 |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141230143839/http://www.marklines.com/cn/report/rep464_200604 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |title=Distance Control: DCX and VW Offering Adaptive Cruise Control System with a Low-Speed Mode}} The system was supplied by Bosch.
- 2006: Nissan introduced "Intelligent Cruise Control with Distance Control Assist" on Nissan Fuga.{{cite press release|url= http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2006/_STORY/060315-01-e.html|title=Nissan - news cite press release |website=nissan-global.com |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027124358/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2006/_STORY/060315-01-e.html |archive-date=27 October 2011|url-status=dead}} It pushes the gas pedal against the foot when the navigation system observes an unsafe speed. If the Autonomous cruise control system is used, the Distance Control Assistance reduced speed automatically and warned the driver with an audible bell sound.
- 2006: September 2006 Toyota introduced its "all-speed tracking function" for the Lexus LS 460. The radar-assisted system maintained continuous control from speeds from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and is designed to work under stop/go situations such as highway traffic congestion.[http://www.toyota.eu/06_Safety/03_understanding_active_safety/03_cruise_control.aspx Toyota Cruise Control] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207082214/http://www.toyota.eu/06_Safety/03_understanding_active_safety/03_cruise_control.aspx |date=7 December 2008 }}
- 2007: BMW introduced full-speed Active Cruise Control Stop-and-Go on the BMW 5 Series (E60).{{cite web|url= http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/5series/sedan/2007/allfacts/ergonomics/acc_stop.html |title=Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go function on the BMW 5 Series Sedan |website=Bmw.com |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2011-10-12}}
- 2008: Lincoln introduced radar ACC on the 2009 Lincoln MKS.
- 2008: SsangYong Motor Company introduced radar "Active Cruise Control" on the SsangYong Chairman{{cite press release|url= http://www.smotor.com/enold/med_cen/news/1205577_8693.html |title=Ssangyong Motor |website=smotor.com}}
- 2008: Volkswagen Passat CC, B6 and Touareg GP. The ACC system was updated to support a full auto stop and added Front Assist function to prevent collisions working separately of ACC. Front Assist cannot brake automatically, it only increases the pressure in the brake system and warns the driver.
- 2008: Volkswagen Golf 6 introduced ACC with lidar.
- 2009: Hyundai introduced radar ACC on Hyundai Equus in Korean market.
- 2009: ACC and CMBS also became available as optional feature for the 2010 Acura MDX{{cite press release|url= http://www.acura.com/PressReleases.aspx |title=Acura Media Newsroom – MDX – Releases |website=Hondanews.com |access-date=2011-10-12 }}{{Failed verification|date=October 2011}} Mid Model Change (MMC) and the newly introduced model year 2010 Acura ZDX.{{cite press release|url= http://www.hondanews.com/categories/793/releases/5125 |title=New 2010 Acura ZDX Four-Door Sports Coupe Delivers Style, Performance, Luxury and Refinement |website=Hondanews.com |date=2009-08-17 |access-date=2011-10-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091214232406/http://www.hondanews.com/categories/793/releases/5125 |archive-date=14 December 2009}}
- 2010: Ford debuted its first ACC on the sixth generation Ford Taurus (option on most models, standard on the SHO)
- 2010: Audi introduced a GPS-guided radar ACC on Audi A8#D4
- 2010: Volkswagen Passat B7, CC. Update of ACC and updated Front Assist. Introduced emergency braking, named "City". The car could brake automatically to prevent a collision.
- 2010: Jeep introduced ACC on the 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee{{cite press release|url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/all-new-2011-jeep-grand-cherokee-earns-top-safety-pick-from-the-insurance-institute-for-highway-safety-95401949.html|title=All-new 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee Earns 'Top Safety Pick' From the Insurance |author=Chrysler Group |date=2 June 2010 |website=prnewswire.com |access-date=6 April 2015}}
- 2012: Volkswagen made ACC standard on the Volkswagen Golf MK7 SE and above.
- 2013: Mercedes introduced "Distronic Plus with Steering Assist" (traffic jam assist) on the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222){{cite press release|url= http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1549267-1-1549448-1-0-0-1549717-0-1-11702-0-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html?TS=1419881588822|title=New assistance systems: The helpers in the background}}
- 2013: BMW introduced Active Cruise Control with Traffic Jam Assistant.{{cite web|url= http://www.bmw.com/com/en/insights/technology/connecteddrive/2013/driver_assistance/intelligent_driving.html|title=BMW – Sheer Driving Pleasure |website=bmw.com}}
- 2014: Chrysler introduced full speed range radar "Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop+" on the 2015 Chrysler 200.
- 2014: Tesla Motors introduced autopilot feature to Model S cars, enabling semi-autonomous cruise control.{{cite web |url= https://www.engadget.com/2014/10/09/-d-awd-driver-assist/ |title=Riding shotgun in 's fastest car ever |access-date=2014-10-10 |work=Engadget}}{{cite web |url= http://green.autoblog.com/2014/10/09/-d-awd-model-s-new-autopilot-surprise/ |title= D is, as expected, an AWD Model S but new autopilot features surprise |access-date=2014-10-10 |work=AutoblogGreen}}{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/-aims-to-leapfrog-rivals-1412980889 |title= Aims to Leapfrog Rivals |last=White |first=Joseph B. |date=2014-10-10 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2015-03-21}}
- 2015: Ford introduced the first pickup truck with ACC on the 2015 Ford F150.
- 2015: Honda introduced its European CR-V 2015 with predictive cruise control.
- 2015: Volvo began offering ACC on all its models.
- 2017: Cadillac introduced its Super Cruise semi-autonomous feature in the model year 2018 CT6 (for cars produced on or after 6 September 2017). The system used onboard radar and cameras along with lidar mapping data, allowing the driver to go hands-free on limited-access highways.
- 2017: Toyota introduced its safety sense on all models as a standard feature. Toyota Safety Sense P (TSS-P) includes DRCC (dynamic radar cruise control) that uses a front-grille-mounted radar and a forward-facing camera that is designed to detect a vehicle in front and automatically adjust the vehicle's speed to help maintain a pre-set distance behind a vehicle ahead.
Types
File:2012 Jeep GC Adaptive Cruise Control sensor.jpg
File:Adaptive Cruise Control.jpg]]
File:SERENA e-POWER SteeringSwitch ProPilot.png]]
Laser-based systems work using LIDAR (Light detection and ranging), allowing laser-based ACC to provide the largest detection distance as well as the best accuracy of all ACC systems.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Demystifying Adaptive Cruise Control: A Comprehensive Guide - 33rd Square |url=https://www.33rdsquare.com/demystifying-adaptive-cruise-control-a-comprehensive-guide/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.33rdsquare.com |language=en-US}} However, laser-based systems do not detect and track vehicles as reliably in adverse weather conditions due to the fact that fog, or water particles in the air may absorb and or redirect the light emitted from the laser, through absorption, scattering, and reflection.{{Cite web |last=Baker-Campbell |first=Andrew |date=2020-12-18 |title=Fair Weather Friend: How do LiDAR Systems Cope in Rain & Fog? - AutoVision News |url=https://www.autovision-news.com/adas/lidar-systems-rain-fog/,%20https://www.autovision-news.com/adas/lidar-systems-rain-fog/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.autovision-news.com |language=en-US}} Laser based ACC systems also have a more difficult time tracking dirty (and therefore non-reflective) vehicles. Laser-based sensors must be exposed, the sensor (a fairly large black box) is typically found in the lower grille, offset to one side.
Radar-based sensors work by emitting a radio wave at a frequency of either 24GHz or 77GHz. As these signals are emitted, the car computes how long it takes for the signal to return, thus finding out how far away a vehicle may be in front of it. Due to the widely distributed beam, radar ACC systems allow for a much wider field of view while still being able to provide accurate measurements of 160+ meters (Roughly 525 feet). These radar systems can be hidden behind plastic fascias; however, the fascias may look different from a vehicle without the feature. For example, Mercedes-Benz packages the radar behind the upper grille in the center and behind a solid plastic panel that has painted slats to simulate the look of the rest of the grille.
Single radar systems are the most common. Systems involving multiple sensors use either two similar hardware sensors like the 2010 Audi A8{{cite web|first=Alexander |last=Bloch |url= http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/testbericht/die-technik-highlights-des-audi-a8-1584245.html |title=Die Technik-Highlights des neuen Audi A8 |website=Auto-motor-und-sport.de |date=2010-01-18 |access-date=2011-10-12 |language=de}} or the 2010 Volkswagen Touareg,{{cite web|first=Alexander |last=Bloch |url=http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/testbericht/assistenzsysteme-im-test-sechs-modelle-im-sicherheitsvergleich-3025567.html |title=Assistenzsysteme im Test: Sechs Modelle im Sicherheitsvergleich |website=Auto-motor-und-sport.de |date=2011-02-09 |access-date=2011-10-12 |language=de}} or one central long range radar coupled with two short radar sensors placed on the corners of the vehicle like the BMW 5 and 6 series.{{cite web|first=Alexander |last=Bloch |url= http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/testbericht/abstandsregeltempomaten-im-test-mittelklasse-autos-1573213.html |title=Abstandsregeltempomaten im Test: Mittelklasse-Autos |website=Auto-motor-und-sport.de |date=2010-01-08 |access-date=2011-10-12 |language=de}}
A more recent development is the binocular computer vision system, such as that introduced to the US market in model year 2013 by Subaru. These systems have front-facing video cameras mounted on either side of the rearview mirror and use digital processing to extract depth information from the parallax between the two cameras' views. Due to the fact that there are video cameras, this type of ACC is able to reliably determine shape and classification of objects in front of the vehicle, and are also able to specifically detect when a vehicle in front is braking. As of now, this type of ACC is more widely used for lane centering.
= Assisting systems =
Radar-based ACC is often sold together with a precrash system,{{Cite web|url= https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/157172-what-is-adaptive-cruise-control-and-how-does-it-work |title=What is adaptive cruise control, and how does it work? |website=extremetech.com |access-date=2019-10-23}} which warns the driver and/or provides brake support if there is a high risk of a collision. Also in certain cars, it is incorporated with a lane maintaining system which provides a power steering assist to reduce steering input burden on corners when the cruise control system is activated.
= Multi-sensor systems =
Systems with multiple sensors can practice sensor fusion to integrate the data to improve safety and/or driving experience. GPS data can inform the system of geographic features such as a freeway offramp. A camera system could notice driver behavior such as brake lights and/or a turn signal. This could allow the following car to interpret a turn signal by an exit as not requiring the following car to slow down, as the leading car will exit.{{cite press release|url= https://www.audi-mediaservices.com/publish/ms/content/en/public/pressemitteilungen/2010/02/01/the_new_audi_a8__.html |title=The new Audi A8 – The sportiest sedan in the luxury class|access-date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231011547/https://www.audi-mediaservices.com/publish/ms/content/en/public/pressemitteilungen/2010/02/01/the_new_audi_a8__.html |archive-date=31 December 2014|url-status=usurped}} Multi-sensor systems could also take note of traffic signs/signals and not, e.g., violate a red light while following a vehicle that crossed before the signal changed.
= Predictive systems =
Predictive systems modify vehicle speed based on predictions of other vehicles' behavior. Such systems can make earlier, more moderate adjustments to the predicted behavior, improving safety and passenger comfort. One example is to predict the likelihood of a vehicle in a neighboring lane moving in front of the controlled vehicle. One system predicts a lane change up to five seconds before it occurs.{{Cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2015/01/14/new-honda-smart-cruise-control-predicts-other-motorists-future/|title=New Honda smart cruise control predicts other motorists' future idiocy|last=Ramsey|first=Jonathon|date=4 January 2015 |work=Autoblog|access-date=2017-02-26}}
Regulations and norms
Adaptive cruise control is regulated by European norm ISO 15622 Intelligent transport systems—Adaptive cruise control systems—Performance requirements and test procedures.{{Cite web|url=https://www.en-standard.eu/iso-15622-intelligent-transport-systems-adaptive-cruise-control-systems-performance-requirements-and-test-procedures/|title=Iso 15622}}
According to this standard, an ACC is partial automation of longitudinal vehicle control to reduce the workload of the driver on roads where non-motorized vehicles and pedestrians are prohibited. It does not deal with stationary objects.{{cite web|url= https://www.iso.org/standard/71515.html |title=ISO 15622:2018—-Intelligent transport systems—Adaptive cruise control systems—Performance requirements and test procedures—third edition |date=2018 |access-date=6 May 2022}}
According to this standard, ACC includes two classes of systems: the FSRA (full speed range) and the LSRA (limited speed range).
Vehicle models supporting adaptive cruise control
{{See also|Lane centering#Sample of level 2 automated cars}}
The three main categories of ACC are:
- Vehicles with Full Speed Range 0MPH are able to bring the car to a full stop to {{convert|0|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and need to be re-activated to continue moving with something like a tap of the gas pedal.
- Vehicles with Traffic Jam Assist / Stop & Go auto-resume from standstill to creep with stop and go traffic.
- Vehicles with Partial cruise control cuts off and turns off below a set minimum speed, requiring driver intervention.
- Vehicles with fully automated speed control can respond to traffic signals and non-vehicular on-road activity.
= Mercedes Distronic Plus =
File:Mercedes-Benz S 450 4MATIC, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A2976).jpg 4MATIC Coupe. The forward-facing Distronic sensors are usually placed behind the Mercedes-Benz logo and front grille.]]
In 1999, Mercedes introduced Distronic, the first radar-assisted adaptive system, on the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220){{cite web|url= http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-658451-1-1767861-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |title=Innovation as a tradition|date=27 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141229221136/http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-658451-1-1767861-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |archive-date=29 December 2014|url-status=dead}} and the CL-Class. Distronic adjusts the vehicle speed automatically to the car in front in order to always maintain a safe distance to other cars on the road.
In 2005, Mercedes refined the system ("Distronic Plus") making the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221) the first car to receive the upgraded system. Distronic Plus could now completely halt the car if necessary on most sedans. In an episode of Top Gear, Jeremy Clarkson demonstrated the effectiveness of the system by coming to a complete halt from motorway speeds to a round-about and getting out, without touching the pedals.{{Cite web |last=Clarkson |first=Jeremy|title=Radar Guided Cruise Control|date=4 July 2009|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eU83G3OaJuU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/eU83G3OaJuU |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|access-date=11 July 2017}}{{cbignore}}
In 2016, Mercedes introduced Active Brake Assist 4, the first emergency braking assistant with pedestrian recognition.{{cite press release|url=http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/ko/en/12367326|title=Mercedes-Benz Trucks: Safety: New assistance systems: Active Brake Assist 4 emergency: braking assistant featuring pedestrian recognition and: Sideguard Assist|last=Daimler AG|date=2016|website=media.daimler.com|language=en-EN|access-date=11 July 2017}}
One crash caused by Distronic Plus dates to 2005, when the German news magazine Stern was testing Mercedes' original Distronic system. During the test, the system did not always manage to brake in time.{{Cite news|url=http://www.stern.de/tv/stern-tv---rtl-mercedes-s-klasse--panne-bei-crash-test-3290156.html |title=Mercedes S-Klasse: Panne bei Crash-Test|date=16 November 2005|work=Stern|access-date=11 July 2017|language=de-DE}} Ulrich Mellinghoff, then Head of Safety, NVH, and Testing at the Mercedes-Benz Technology Centre, stated that some tests failed because the vehicle was tested in a metallic hall, which caused problems with radar. Later iterations received an upgraded radar and other sensors, which are not disrupted by a metallic environment.{{Cite press release |title=Pedestrian protection: Not just a question of compliance with crash-test regulations for Mercedes-Benz |url=http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Pedestrian-protection-Not-just-a-question-of-compliance-with-crash-test-regulations-for-Mercedes-Benz.xhtml?oid=9905174 |website=media.daimler.com |access-date=11 July 2017}} In 2008, Mercedes conducted a study comparing the crash rates of Distronic Plus vehicles and vehicles without it, and concluded that those equipped with Distronic Plus have an around 20% lower crash rate.{{cite web |last=Philips |first=T. |date=10 June 2008 |title=Mercedes-Benz Accident Study Shows 20 Percent of Rear End Collisions Can Be Avoided With Distronic Plus and Brake Assist Plus |url=http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Jun08/10_001188_Mercedes_Benz_Accident_Study_Shows_20_Percent_Of_Rear_End_Collisions_Can_Be_Avoided_With_DISTRONIC_PLUS_And_Brake_Assist_Plus.html |website=emercedesbenz.com |access-date=11 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000057/http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Jun08/10_001188_Mercedes_Benz_Accident_Study_Shows_20_Percent_Of_Rear_End_Collisions_Can_Be_Avoided_With_DISTRONIC_PLUS_And_Brake_Assist_Plus.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}
Aftermarket
{{Main|openpilot}}
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
External links
- [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41578 Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control: Human Factors Analysis]—Federal Highway Administration
{{Autonomous cars and enabling technologies}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Autonomous Cruise Control System}}