Adnan

{{Infobox person

| name = Adnan

| image = Pre_Islamic_Arabian_Tribes_(Harold_Dixon).svg

| image_size = 350px

| alt =

| caption = Approximate locations of certain tribes of Arabia, including those descended from Adnan, e.g. Hawazin and Quraysh

| birth_name =

| birth_date = Before 600 BCE

| birth_place =

| death_place =

| nationality =

| other_names =

| occupation =

| known_for = Ancestor of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, being the traditional ancestor of the Adnanite Arabs and descendant of Ismail (Ishmael), son of Ibrahim (Abraham)

| spouse = Mahdad bint Laham (of the Banu Yaqshan)

| children = Ma'add ibn Adnan
Akk ibn Adnan

| mother = Unknown

| father = Unknown (father, traditionally from the Adnanite line)

| relatives =

}}

Adnan ({{langx|ar|عدنان|ʿAdnān}}) is traditionally regarded as the patriarch of the Adnanite Arabs, a major Arab lineage that historically inhabited Northern, Western, Eastern, and Central Arabia. The Adnanites are distinct from the Qahtanite Arabs of Southern Arabia, who trace their lineage to Qahtan.{{cite book |author=Charles Sanford Terry |author-link=Charles Sanford Terry (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHQVAAAAIAAJ&q=adnanites&pg=PA96 |title=A Short History of Europe, From the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Fall of the Eastern Empire |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1911 |isbn=978-1112467356 |pages=345 |access-date=4 February 2013}}

Adnan is considered a direct descendant of the prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) through his son Ishmael (Ismāʿīl). His genealogy is of great significance in Arab and Islamic tradition, as the Islamic prophet Muhammad is said to descend from him. Adnan’s lineage connects him to a broad network of Arab tribes that played a crucial role in pre-Islamic and Islamic history.

According to historical Arab genealogies, Adnan was a key figure in the continuation of Ishmaelite ancestry among the Arabs. His descendants, known as the Adnanites, included prominent tribes such as Mudar, Rabi'ah, and Qays ʿAylān, many of whom became dominant in the Arabian Peninsula. The Quraysh tribe, from which Muhammad emerged, is one of the most well-known Adnanite groups.

Due to the oral transmission of genealogies in early Arabia, the exact number of generations between Adnan and Ishmael remains uncertain, with various historical sources offering differing accounts. However, Adnan’s name is widely recognized in Islamic literature, Arab poetry, and pre-Islamic genealogical records.

Origin

According to tradition, Adnan is the father of a group of the Ishmaelite Arabs who inhabited west and northern Arabia; he is believed to be a descendant of Ishmael, son of Abraham. Adnan is believed by genealogists to be the father of many Ishmaelite tribes along the Western coast of Arabia, northern Arabia and Iraq.{{cite book |last=al Mughiri|first=Abd al-Rahman|title=The chosen record of the Ancestries of Arab tribes Volume 1|page=58}}{{cite book |last=Al Azzawi|first=Abbas|title=Clans of Iraq Volume 1|page=13}}{{cite book |last=Kathir|first=Ibn |author-link=Ibn Kathir |title=Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya (The Beginning and the End) Volume 2|page=187|title-link=Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya}}{{cite book |author=Ahmad al-Qalqashandi|title=Fulfilling the need of Knowing the origins of Arabs Volume 1|page=118|author-link=Ahmad al-Qalqashandi}}

Many family trees have been presented for Adnan, which do not agree about the number of ancestors between Ishmael and Adnan but agreed about the names and number of the ancestors between Adnan and the Islamic prophet Muhammad.{{cite book |title=Al-Fusool Fe Sirat Ar-Rasul|page=87}}{{cite book |last=al Mughiri|first=Abd al-Rahman|title=The chosen record of the Ancestries of Arab tribes Volume 1|page=60}} Muhammad claimed that he descended from Ibrahim (Abraham) through Ishmael, in an unprecedented move, so in post-Islamic traditions Adnan is a descendant of Abraham, this modification was also carried over to the Banu Hashim branch of the Quraysh, but as Islam spread some other tribes also laid claim on the extension of the tree to Abraham, such as the Hawazin.

The overwhelming majority of traditions and Muslim scholars state that Adnan is a descendant of Qedar the son of Ishmael,{{cite book |last=Ibn Wahaf Al-Qahtani|first=Dr.Sa'eed|title=Rahmat-ul-lil'alameen |volume=2|pages=14–17}}{{cite book |author=Ahmad al-Qalqashandi|title=Qala'ed Al-Joman Volume 1|page=31|author-link=Ahmad al-Qalqashandi}}{{cite book |last=Abu Shaba|first=Dr. Mohammad|title=Al-Isra'eliyyat Wa Al-Mawdu'at Fe Kutub At-Tafsir|page=259}}{{cite book |author=Ibn Kathir|title=Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya (The Beginning and the End) |volume=3|page=203|author-link=Ibn Kathir|title-link=Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya}} except for Ibn Ishaq who claimed that Adnan was a descendant of Nebaioth.Siratu Rasulillah, Volume 1, Page 1 According to classical Muslim historian Al-Tabari, Ibn Ishaq's differing record may be due to one of the descendants of Qedar also bearing the name of "Nebaioth".{{cite book |title=Tareekh At-Tabari|page=517}}

Most Muslim scholars refused any attempt to recite the ancestors between Adnan to Ishmael, and condemned other scholars such as Ibn Ishaq for doing it.{{cite book |title=Uyoon Al-Athar Volume 1|page=33}}{{cite book |author=Ibn Kathir|title=Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya (The Beginning and the End) Part 23|page=246|author-link=Ibn Kathir|title-link=Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya}}{{cite book |author=Ahmad al-Qalqashandi|title=Qala'ed Al-Juman|page=14|author-link=Ahmad al-Qalqashandi}}{{cite book |author=Ibn Kathir|title=As-Sira An-Nabaweyya Part 1|page=75|author-link=Ibn Kathir}} This partial absence of evidence for any ancestor between Adnan and Ishmael (and his son) has led some scholars to consider any personal name between the two figures as post-Islam apocrypha.Firestone, Reuven. Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis. Albany, NY. (1990) p. 37Ibrahim, Ayman S. A Concise Guide to the Life of Muhammad: Answering Thirty Key Questions. Grand Rapids, MI. (2022) p. 28

Family

File:Banu Adnan.png]]

Adnan married Mahdad bint Laham, who was a descendant of his ancestor's half brother Yaqshan. He had two sons with her, Ma'add ibn Adnan and Akk ibn Adnan. Akk dwelt in the Yaman because he took a wife amongst the Asharites and lived with them, adopting their language. The Asharites were descended from Saba' ibn Yashjub ibn Ya'rub ibn Qahtan.{{cite book|last=Ibn Ishaq |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad ibn Ishaq |title=The Life of Muhammad|page=4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}

In Pre-Islamic Arabia

Adnan was mentioned in various Pre-Islamic poems, by the Pre-Islamic poets Lubayb Ibn Rabi'a and Abbas Ibn Mirdas.{{cite book |last=Ali|first=Prof. Jawwad|title=The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam Volume 1|page=393}}

Adnan was viewed by Pre-Islamic Arabs as an honorable father among the fathers of Arab tribes, and they used this ancestry to boast against other Qahtani tribes who were a minority among the Adnanites.{{cite book |last=Ali|first=Prof. Jawwad|title=The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam Volume 1|page=372}}

Layla Bent Lukayz, a Pre-Islamic female poet, was captured by a Persian king and forced to marry him, so she composed a poem designated to other Arab tribes, asking for their help and reminding that she and they all belong to Adnan, which makes it a duty for them to rescue her.{{cite book |last=Yamit Al-Bayrouti|first=Bashir|title=The Arab Female Poets during the "Jahiliyyah" and Islamic eras|year=1934|page=33}}

In other poems such as the ones composed by the Pre-Islamic poet "Qumma'a Ibn Ilias", it appears that Arabs considered it as an "Honor" to be a descendant of Adnan, and for some reason they appear to have been proud of it - presumably because if something is considered an "Honor", it is something to be proud of, as a function of the language model.{{cite book|author=Abu Al-Hasan Al-Maroudi|title=A'lam An-Nobouwwah|page=215}}

In North Arabian inscriptions

The name of Adnan is often found in various Thamudic inscriptions, but with few details. In some Nabataean inscriptions, Adnan seems to hold some kind of importance or venerability, to the extent that some Nabataeans (descendants of Nabioth, the eldest son of Ishmael) were named after him as Abd Adnon (meaning, "the slave [or servant] of Adnan"). This is no particular indication that he was worshiped, rather than venerated as an honorable figure, much as other Arabs sometimes named their sons "servants" of their forefathers.{{cite book |title=Mission des PP. Jaussen et Savignac en Arabie "Hedjaz" Vol. 38|year=1910|page=328}}{{cite book |author=G. Strenziak|title=Die Genealogle der Nordaraber nach Ibn Al-Kalbi Vol. 1|year=1953|page=210}}{{cite book |last=Ali|first=Prof. Jawwad|title=The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam Volume 1|page=380}}

Death

Adnan died after Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Babylon. After Adnan's death, his son Ma'add moved to the region of Central-Western Hijaz after the destruction of the Qedarite kingdom near Mesopotamia, and the remaining Qedarite Arabs there were displaced from their lands and forced to live in Al-Anbar province and on the banks of the Euphrates river under the rule of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Prof. Jawwad|title=The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam Volume 5|pages=160–161}}{{cite book |author=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|title=The History of Nations and Kings Volume 1|page=327|author-link=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari}}{{cite book |author=Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi|title=The Organized History of Nations Volume 1|page=408|author-link=Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi}}{{cite book |author=Yaqut Al-Hamawi|title=The Dictionary of Countries Volume 3|pages=377–380|author-link=Yaqut Al-Hamawi|title-link=Mu'jam Al-Buldan}}

Descent from Adnan to Muhammad

According to Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was descended from Adnan. It has also been said that Adnan foretold the coming of Muhammad and ordered his successors to follow him.{{cite book |last1=Shahin |first1=Badr |title=Al Abbas |date=2001 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |location=Qum, Iran |isbn=978-1519308115 }}{{rp|6}} The following is the list of chiefs who are said to have ruled the Jazeera and to have been the intraline ancestors of Muhammad:{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Thomas Patrick|title=A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together With the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JherW50tVyAC&pg=PA19|access-date=2010-07-24|year=1995|orig-date=First published 1885|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-0672-2|page=19}}