American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

The ABCFM conducted an annual meeting with a Prudential Committee (aka Executive Committee){{cite web|last1=Maxfield|first1=Charles A.|title=THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS|url=http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|publisher=Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation)|access-date=August 25, 2016|year=2001|quote="The ABCFM held its first meeting on 5 September 1810, and elected Samuel Worcester corresponding secretary." ... The Prudential Committee (the Executive Committee of the ABCFM)|archive-date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|url-status=dead}} that took care of day-to-day business. It elected a Corresponding Secretary to produce written documents, and a Treasurer to receive donations. It also had board members.

The ABCFM held its first meeting on September 5, 1810, and elected Samuel Worcester as corresponding secretary.

• Samuel Worcester was the first corresponding secretary, starting in 1810.
• Jeremiah Evarts, corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1821 to 1831{{cite web|last1=Maxfield|first1=Charles A.|title=THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS|url=http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|publisher=Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation)|access-date=August 25, 2016|year=2001|quote=Jeremiah Evarts, corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1821 to 1831,|archive-date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|url-status=dead}}
• At the 1822 annual meeting, board members elected officers: Evarts as corresponding secretary, John Treadwell as president, and Rev. Joseph Lyman as vice president. The Prudential Committee consisted of William Reed, Rev. Leonard Woods, Jeremiah Evarts, Samuel Hubbard, and Rev. Warren Fay.{{cite book|title=The Missionary Herald|date=1822|publisher=Samuel T. Armstrong|location=Boston|page=338|edition=Volume XVIII, No. 11 (November 1822)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMQPAAAAIAAJ&q=anson%20phelps%20president%20ABCFM&pg=PA338|access-date=September 9, 2016|quote=The Board then made choice of the following officers, for the ensuing year...}}
• Elias Cornelius became corresponding secretary, serving Dec 1831 – February 1832 (his death){{cite web|last1=Maxfield|first1=Charles A.|title=THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS|url=http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|publisher=Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation)|access-date=August 25, 2016|year=2001|quote=Elias Cornelius (1794–1832) accepted the position of corresponding secretary late in December 1831, left almost immediately on a fund raising tour, and died at Hartford, 12 February 1832|archive-date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|url-status=dead}}
• Benjamin B. Wisner, Rufus Anderson (1796–1880) and David Greene (1797–1866) became "coequal" secretaries in 1832. When Wisner died (February 9, 1835), William Jessup Armstrong took his place.{{cite web|last1=Maxfield|first1=Charles A.|title=THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS|url=http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|publisher=Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation)|access-date=August 25, 2016|year=2001|archive-date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|url-status=dead}}
• Anderson, Greene, and Armstrong led as coequals from 1835 to 1846, with Anderson as foreign secretary, Armstrong as domestic secretary, and David Greene as secretary for American Indian missions and editor of the Missionary Herald{{cite web|last1=Maxfield|first1=Charles A.|title=THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS|url=http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|publisher=Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation)|access-date=August 25, 2016|year=2001|quote="From 1835 to 1846 the Board had a period of stable leadership under the direction of Anderson, Greene, and Armstrong. In the division of labor of three co-equal secretaries, Rufus Anderson was foreign secretary, Benjamin Wisner and then William Armstrong were domestic secretaries, and David Greene was secretary for American Indian missions and editor of the Missionary Herald|archive-date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|url-status=dead}} Rufus Anderson continued as foreign secretary until 1866. Armstrong died in a shipwreck between Boston and New Jersey in 1846.
• Selah B. Treat was elected in 1843 as recording secretary. Rufus Anderson, Rev. David Greene, and Rev. William J. Armstrong were listed as "Secretaries for Correspondence." (President and vice president were listed respectively as Theodore Frelinghuysen LL. D. and Hon. Thomas S. Williams){{cite book|title=Missionary Herald, Volume 39|date=1843|publisher=Press of Crocker and Brewster|location=Boston|page=429|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcwWAQAAIAAJ&q=Selah+Treat+Rufus+Anderson+ABCFM+secretary&pg=PA429|access-date=August 25, 2016}}
• By 1858, George Warren Wood was sole corresponding secretary, with Rev. Mark Hopkins as President and abolitionist William Jessup as Vice-President.{{cite book|title=The New York State Register, for 1858|date=1858|publisher=John Disturnell|location=New York City|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPYBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22George%20W.%20Wood%22%20%221858%22%20-ancestry%20presbyterian&pg=PA179|access-date=September 9, 2016|quote=N/A}} Hopkins had been the President of Williams College since 1836.
• By 1866, Rev. Nathan George Clark and Rev G. W. Wood had joined Rufus Anderson and Selah Treat as corresponding secretaries.{{cite book|title=The Missionary Herald|date=June 1866|publisher=ABCFM|location=Boston|page=2|volume=62 |number=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJAUAAAAYAAJ&q=George+Warren+Wood+Rufus+Anderson+ABCFM+secretary&pg=PA192-IA2|access-date=August 25, 2016}} Wood, as ABCFM Secretary in New York City, held his position from 1850 to 1871. Clark assumed the position of Foreign Secretary when Anderson left in 1866 and remained Foreign Secretary until 1894.{{cite book|title=Public Opinion: A Comprehensive Summary of Press Throughout the World on All Important Current Topics|date=January 16, 1896|publisher=The Public Opinion Company|location=New York City|page=83|volume=20 |number=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVg2AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Dr.+N+G+Clark%22+union+college&pg=PA84|quote=In 1866 he was appointed foreign secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, a position which he retained until October, 1894}}{{cite book|last1=Ishii|first1=Noriko Kawamura|title=American Women Missionaries at Kobe College, 1873–1909|date=March 1, 2004|publisher=Routledge|pages=31–36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNOSAgAAQBAJ&q=N.+G.+Clark+ABCFM+secretary&pg=PA31|access-date=August 25, 2016|isbn=978-1-135-93620-4}}

:Note: After some secessions due to the slavery issue and the movement of New School Presbyterian-affiliated missionaries to the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the ABCFM was left as a Congregationalist body after 1870.

• In 1896, James Levi Barton became secretary when N.G. Clark died,{{cite book|last1=Ishii|first1=Noriko Kawamura|title=American Women Missionaries at Kobe College, 1873–1909|date=March 1, 2004|publisher=Routledge|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNOSAgAAQBAJ&q=N.%20G.%20Clark%20Barton%20ABCFM%20secretary&pg=PA36|isbn=978-1-135-93620-4}} and he retired in 1927.{{cite web|title=Barton, James Levi (1855-1936)|url=http://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/a-c/barton-james-levi-1855-1936/|website=History of Missiology|publisher=Boston University School of Theology|access-date=August 26, 2016|quote="He was elected president of Euphrates College, Harpoot, in 1892, but when his wife's ill health prevented continuing residence in Turkey, Barton became foreign secretary of the ABCFM. First among equals on the board staff, Barton believed that the primary need of indigenous Christian communities was well-trained leadership. Before his retirement in 1927, "}}
• In 1899, James L. Barton, Judson Smith, and Charles H. Daniels are the three Corresponding Secretaries of the ABCFM according to The Congregational Yearbook. It also lists Charles M. Lamson and D. Willis James as ABCFM president and vice president, respectively.{{cite book|title=The Congregational Year-book|date=1899|publisher=Congregational sunday School and Publishing Society|location=Boston|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igARAAAAIAAJ&q=J.L.+Barton%22+ABCFM+secretary&pg=PA42|access-date=August 25, 2016}}
• Henry H. Riggs' brother Ernest Wilson Riggs (former president of Euphrates College 1910–1921 and Near East Relief worker) joined James Levi Barton as associate secretary and corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1921 to 1932.{{cite book|last1=Shavit|first1=David|title=The United States in the Middle East: a historical dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesinmi0000shav|url-access=registration|date=1988|location=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-25341-6|quote="Riggs graduated.. and was ordained in 1910... president of Euphrates College from 1910 to 1921, child welfare director of the Near East Relief in 1920–1921; and associate secretary and corresponding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) from 1921 to 1932.}}

:Note: After 1930, the ABCFM revised its constitution to create the position of "Executive Vice-President" to provide a position that was "first among equals" amongst ABCFM secretaries.{{cite book|last1=Goodsell|first1=Fred Field|title=You Shall be My Witnesses: An Interpretation of the history of the American Board 1810–1960|date=1959|publisher=ABCFM|page=viii|edition=Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 59-15355|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89066429689;view=1up;seq=15|access-date=August 26, 2016|quote=the Board's first Executive Vice-President Dr. Fred Field Goodsell"..."When the Constitution of the Board was revised to provide that among its secretaries one should be first among equals, a sort of Prime Minister... That man was Dr. Goodsell... he was called back to Boston to lead the Board... For nineteen years"}}

• Dr. Frank Field Goodsell was the first Executive Vice-President of the ABCFM, which he led from 1930 to 1948.{{cite web|title=Goodsell, Fred Field (1880–1976). Papers, 1928–1972 (bulk)|url=http://www.congregationallibrary.org/finding-aids/GoodsellFred0881|website=History Matters|publisher=Congregational Library & Archives|access-date=August 26, 2016|quote=In 1930, he moved to Boston where he was made the first Executive Vice-President of the ABCFM. After his retirement in 1948}}
• Alford Carleton served as executive vice president of the board from 1954 to 1970.

:Note: when the Evangelical and Reformed Church merged with the Congregational Christian Church in 1957, the Congregationalist-affiliated ABCFM merged with the E&R affiliated Board of International Missions{{cite web|title=Timeline of Mission|url=http://www.globalministries.org/timeline_of_mission|website=Global Ministries|access-date=August 26, 2016|quote=1961 ABCFM merges with Board of International Missions to form the United Church Board for World Ministries (UCBWM)}} to become the United Church of Christ denomination's United Church Board of World Ministries under Carleton{{cite web|title=RG 30/385 – Carleton Family Papers 1808 (1853–1973) – 1985|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/archive/holdings/finding/RG30/SG385/biography.html|website=Oberlin College Archives|access-date=August 26, 2016|quote=After serving as president of Aleppo College for seventeen years, Dr. Carleton returned to the United States to serve as executive vice president of the ABCFM. His first major task was to guide the Congregational Church in a merger with the Evangelical and Reformed Church, creating the United Church of Christ. Resulting from this merger, the ABCFM, formerly a branch of the Congregational Church, became the United Church Board of World Ministries. He served as executive vice president of the board from 1954 to 1970.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728232349/http://www.oberlin.edu/archive/holdings/finding/RG30/SG385/biography.html|archive-date=July 28, 2016}} On June 29, 1961, the ABCFM formally concluded. On July 1, 2000, a UCC restructure renamed UCBWM became "Wider Church Ministries" under the UCC's covenanted ministries structure.{{cite web|author1=Finding Aid prepared by: Brigette C. Kamsler, September 2011|title=American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions archives, 1810–1961: Guide|url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01467|website=Houghton Library, Harvard College Library|publisher=Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts|access-date=August 26, 2016|quote=On 29 June 1961 the ABCFM was formally concluded, becoming part of the United Church Board for World Ministries (UCBWM), an instrumentality of the new denomination. On 1 July 2000, the UCBWM became Wider Church Ministries, one of the four covenanted ministries of the UCC.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906092924/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01467|archive-date=September 6, 2016}}

• Timothy Dwight

In 1826, the American Board absorbed 26 members of the United Foreign Missionary Society (UFMS) into its board.{{cite web|last1=Maxfield|first1=Charles A.|title=THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS|url=http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|publisher=Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation)|access-date=August 25, 2016|year=2001|quote=In 1826 the UFMS and the ABCFM merged; in effect, the UFMS was absorbed by the American Board. At its annual meeting that year, the ABCFM added twenty-six new members to the Board,|archive-date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a|url-status=dead}}

File:Salem Harbor Caravan.jpg on the Caravan on February 19, 1812.]]In 1806, five students from Williams College in western Massachusetts took shelter from a thunderstorm in a haystack. At the Haystack Prayer Meeting, they came to the common conviction that "the field is the world" and inspired the creation of the ABCFM four years later. The objective of the ABCFM was to spread Christianity worldwide.{{Citation | publisher = Congregational Library | title = Exhibits | contribution = ABCFM 200 | contribution-url = http://exhibits.congregationallibrary.org/exhibits/show/abcfm200 | access-date = July 1, 2014 | archive-date = July 14, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201840/http://exhibits.congregationallibrary.org/exhibits/show/abcfm200 | url-status = dead }}. Congregationalist in origin, the ABCFM also accepted missionaries from Presbyterian (1812–70), Dutch-Reformed (1819–57) and other denominations.

In 1812, the ABCFM sent its first missionaries – Adoniram and Ann Hasseltine Judson; Samuel and Roxana Peck Nott; Samuel and Harriet Newell; Gordon Hall, and Luther Rice—to British India. Between 1812 and 1840, they were followed by missionaries to the following people and places: Tennessee to the Cherokee Indians, India (the Bombay area), northern Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka), the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii); east Asia: China, Singapore and Siam (Thailand); the Middle East: (Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, the Holy Land and Persia (Iran)); and Africa: Western Africa—Cape Palmas—and Southern Africa—among the Zulus.

Jeremiah Evarts served as treasurer, 1812–20, and as corresponding secretary from 1821 until his death in 1831. Under his leadership, the board in 1821 expanded the role of women: it authorized Ellen Stetson, the first unmarried female missionary to the American Indians, and Betsey Stockton, the first unmarried female overseas missionary and the first African-American missionary.{{cite web | last=Maxfield | first=Charles A | year=1995 | title=The Formation and Early History of the American Board of Commissioners For Foreign Missions | work=The 'Reflex Influence' of Missions: The Domestic Operations of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810–1850 | url=http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/ABCFM.html | access-date=20 June 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204211607/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/ABCFM.html | archive-date=February 4, 2012 }}

Evarts led the organization's efforts to place missionaries with American Indian tribes in the Southeastern United States. He also led the ABCFM's extensive fight against Indian removal policies in general and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 in particular.{{cite book|last=Andrew|first=John A. III|title=From Revivals to Removal: Jeremiah Evarts, the Cherokee Nation, and the Search for the Soul of America|location=Athens, Georgia|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=1992|isbn=0-8203-1427-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/fromrevivalstore00andr}}

By the 1830s, based on its experiences, the ABCFM prohibited unmarried people from entering the mission field. They required couples to have been engaged at least two months prior to setting sail. To help the missionaries find wives, they maintained a list of women who were "missionary-minded": "young, pious, educated, fit and reasonably good-looking."{{cite journal | title=Did You Know? | journal = Christian History & Biography | date = Spring 2006 | volume = 90 | page = 3}} The policy against sending single women as missionaries was not strictly followed and was reversed in 1868.

The secretary post was offered to Elias Cornelius in October 1831, but he became ill and died in February 1832.{{cite book |title= Annals of the American Pulpit: Trinitarian Congregational |editor= William Buell Sprague |chapter= Elias Cornelius, D. D. 1816–1832 |year= 1857 |pages= 633–643 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA633 |publisher= Robert Carter & Brothers }} Rufus Anderson was the General Secretary of the Board from 1832 through the mid-1860s. His legacy included administrative gifts, setting of policy, visiting around the world, and chronicling the work of the ABCFM in books.

File:Rufus Anderson, engraving by J. C. Buttre.jpg

Between 1810 and 1840, the ABCFM sought firstly to proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ. At home and abroad, the Board and its supporters undertook every effort to exhort the evangelical community, to train a cadre of agents, and to send forth laborers into the mission field. As a leader in the United Front and early federal American voluntary associations, the Board influenced the nineteenth-century mission movement.Corr, Donald Philip "The Field Is the World": Proclaiming, Translating and Serving by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810–40 (Pasadena: William Carey Library Dissertation Series, 2009)

By 1850, the American Board had sent 157 ordained, male missionaries to foreign posts.{{Cite web |url=http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/libraries/burke/fa/mrl/ldpd_4492650.pdf |title=Burke Library Archives, Columbia University, retrieved February 18, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221022229/http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/libraries/burke/fa/mrl/ldpd_4492650.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2012 }}

The January 1855 issue of the Missionary Herald{{cite book|last1=ABCFM|title=Missionary Herald Vol 51|date=1855|publisher=T. R. Marvin|location=Boston|pages=2–14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJAeAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nathan%20Benjamin%22%20missionary&pg=PR1|access-date=May 11, 2017}} listed the Current missions of the Board as follow:

• Mission to Gaboon (Baraka station, Olandebenk station, Negenenge station, one outstation at Nomba)
• Mission to Zulus (Mapumulo station, Umvoti station, Esidumbini station, Umsunduzi station, Itafamasi station, Table Mountain station, Inanda station, Umlazi station, Ifumi station, Amahlongwa station, Ifafa station, Umtwalumi station)
• Mission to Angola (Chilesso station)

• Mission to Greece (Athens station)
• Mission to Jews (Constantinople, Smyrna, Thessalonica)

• Mission to Armenians (Bebek (Constantinople) station, Pera (Constantinople) station, Hass-keuy (Constantinople) station, Koom-kapoo (Constantinople) station, Smyrna station, Marash station, Aintab station, Talas, Turkey station, Sivas station, Tokat station, Marsovan station, Trebizond station, Ezroom station, and Arabkir station)
• Mission to Syria (Beirut station, Abeih station, Hasbeiya station, Trablous station, Aleppo station, and outstations at Bhamdoun, Kfarshima, Rashaya, Ibel, and Khiam)
• Mission to Assyria (Mosul station, Diarbekir station, and an out-station at Hainee)
• Mission to Nestorians (Urmia station [also known as Oroomaih] and nearby Seir station; Gawar station; and outstations at Geog Tapa, Ardeshai, Supergan, and Dizza Takha)

• Mission to Bombay (Bombay station)
• Mission to Ahmednagar (American Marathi Mission Marathi Christians) (Ahmednuggur station, Bhingar station, Seroor station, and outstations at Wudualey, Newasse, and Dedgaum)
• Mission to Satara (Satara station and Mahabulishwar station)
• Mission to Kolapoor (Kolapoor station)
• Mission to Madras ( Royapoorum station, Chintadrepettah station, and Black Town station)
• Mission to Madura (Madura East station, Madura Fort station, Dindiguel East station, Dindiguel West station, Periacoolum station, Tirumungalum station, Pasumalie station, Mandahasalie station, Tirupoovanum station, and Sivagunga station)
• Mission to Ceylon (Tillipally station, Baticotta station, Oodooville station, Manepy station, Panditeripo station, Chavagacherry station, Oodoopitty station, Varany station, and outstations at Caradive, Valany, Poongerdive, Kaits, and Atchoovaley

• Mission to Canton (Canton station)
• Mission to Amoy (Amoy station)
• Mission to Fuh-Chau (Fuzhou station)
• Mission to Shanghai (Shanghai station)
• Mission to Hong Kong/South China (Hong Kong and Canton stations)

• Mission to Micronesia (Rono Kittie station (Ascension Island), Shalong Point station (Ascension Island), Strong's Island station)
• Mission to Hawaii (Kailua station, Kealakekua station, Hilo station, Kohala station, and Waimea station)
• Mission to Maui (Lahaina station, Lahainaluna station, Wailuku station)
• Mission to Molokai (Kaluaaha station)
• Mission to Oahu (Honolulu station, Punahou station, Ewa station, Waialua station, and Kaneohe station)
• Mission to Kauai (Waimea station, Koloa station, and Waioli station)

• Mission to Choctaws (Stockbridge station, Wheelock station, Pine Ridge station, Good Water station, Good Land station, Bennington station, Mount Pleasant station, Lenox station, and outstations at Mount Zion and Bok Chito
• Mission to Cherokees (Brainerd Mission, Dwight station, Lee's Creek station, Fairfield station, Park Hill station, and an outstation at Honey Creek)
• Mission to Dakotas (Yellow Medicine station and New Hope station) Also Lake Harriet, Shakopee, Lac qui Parle stations.
• Mission to Ojibwas (Bad River station) (Also...[Leech Lake 1832-1843][LaPointe Mission 1830-1850] [Yellow Lake Mission 1833-1836] [Sandy Lake Mission 1832-1833] [Pokegama Mission 1836–1846 (on Snake River in Minnesota] [Red Lake Mission 1843-1848 in conjunction with Western Evangelical Mission Association] [Bad River/Odanah 1846-abt 1878; mission was taken over by Presbyterian Missions in 1870s])
• Mission to Senecas (Upper Cattaraugus station, Lower Cattaraugus station, Upper Alleghany station, Lower Alleghany station, and an outstation at Old Town)
• Mission to Tuscaroras (Tuscarora station and Mount Hope station)
• Mission to Abenaquis (St. Francis station)

Ojibwe missions corrections and additions based on ABCFM transcriptions from Harvard collection, Minnesota Historical Society and on Oberlin Evangelist; Presbyterian Historical Soc. files about Odanah mission and on Oberlin Special Collections files

Orthodox, Trinitarian and evangelical in their theology, speakers to the annual meetings of the Board challenged their audiences to give of their time, talent and treasure in moving forward the global project of spreading Christianity. At first reflective of late colonial "occasional" sermons, the annual meeting addresses gradually took on the quality of "anniversary" sermons. The optimism and cooperation of post-millennialism held a major place in the scheme of the Board sermons.

After having listened to such sermons and been influenced at colleges, college and seminary students prepared to proclaim the gospel in foreign cultures. Their short dissertations and pre-departure sermons reflected both the outlook of annual Board sermons and sensitivity to host cultures. Once the missionaries entered the field, optimism remained yet was tempered by the realities of pioneering mission work in a different milieu. Many of the Board agents sought—through eclectic dialogue and opportunities as they presented themselves, as well as itinerant preaching—to bring the cultures they met, observed, and lived in to bear upon the message they shared. The missionaries found the audiences to be similar to Americans in their responses to the gospel message. Some rejected it outright, others accepted it, and a few became Christian proclaimers themselves.

Among the North American missions of the ABCFM north or west of the displaced Southeast tribes were the 1823 Mackinaw Mission (Mackinac Island and Northern Michigan), the Green Bay mission (Michigan Territory at Green Bay), the Dakota mission (Michigan Territory/Iowa Territory/Minnesota Territory primarily along the Mississippi and the Minnesota (St. Peters) Rivers), the Ojibwe mission (Michigan Territory/Wisconsin Territory/Minnesota Territory/ Wisconsin at La Pointe and Odanah, Yellow Lake, Pokegama Lake, Sandy Lake, Fond du Lac, and Red Lake), and the Whitman mission in Oregon.

Missionaries of the Dakota mission experienced the explosion of Dakota violence in August 1862 at the start of the U.S.-Dakota War. Some of them attended the imprisoned Dakota and accompanied the exiled Dakota when they were forced out of Minnesota in 1863, especially those of the Williamson and Riggs families.

The Dakota mission translated the Bible into Dakota and produced a dictionary and a schoolbook. The Ojibwe mission translated the New Testament into Ojibwe and produced a number of schoolbooks, but used a now-abandoned notation style to do so. Both were among the first to render these languages in print.

Indigenous preachers associated with the Board proclaimed an orthodox message, but they further modified the presentation beyond how the missionaries had developed subtle differences with the home leaders. Drawing upon the positive and negative aspects of their own cultures, the native evangelists steeped their messages in Biblical texts and themes. At times, indigenous workers had spectacular or unexpected results. On many occasions, little fruit resulted from their labors. Whatever the response, the native preachers worked on—even in the midst of persecution—until martyrdom or natural death took them.

Native preachers and other indigenous people assisted Board missionaries in Bible translation efforts. The act of translating the Scriptures into a mother tongue reflected a sensitivity to culture and a desire to work within the host society. Second only to the verbal proclamation of the Gospel, Bible translation took place in all sorts of settings: among ancient Christian churches, such as the Armenians and the Assyrian [Nestorian] church; cultures with a written language and a written religious heritage, such as the Marathi; and creating written languages in cultures without them, such as among the animistic people in Hawaii.

Printing and literacy played crucial roles in the process of Bible translation. Similarly, the press runs and literacy presentations contributed significantly to the social involvement exhibited by the Board. To a greater or lesser extent, education, medicine, and social concerns supplemented the preaching efforts by missionaries. Schools provided ready-made audiences for preachers. Free, or Lancasterian, schools provided numerous students. Boarding students in missionary homes allowed them to witness Christian life in the intimacy of the family.

Education empowered indigenous people.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023|reason=controversial statement contradicted by many contemporary Indigenous leaders' statements}} Mostly later than 1840, it enabled them to develop their own church leaders and take a greater role in their communities. Board missionaries established some form of education at every station. A number of Board missionaries also received some medical training before leaving for the field. Some, like Ida Scudder, were trained as physicians but ordained as missionaries and concentrated on the task of preaching. Others, such as Peter Parker, sought to practice both the callings of missionary and medical practitioner.

After the London Missionary Society and the Netherlands Missionary Society, the Americans were the next to venture into the mission field of China. The Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, representing the Congregational Churches of the United States, sent out Revs. David Abeel and Elijah Coleman Bridgman in 1829. They were received in February 1830 by Dr. Robert Morrison. These men worked first among the Chinese and Malays of the Straits Settlements. From 1842 to his death in 1846, Mr. Abeel devoted himself to establishing a mission in Amoy (modern Xiamen).

File:ABCFM compound in Fuzhou.jpeg, ca.1911–1918|right]]

File:American Board Mission, Fenchow, Shansi, China - DPLA - 5755f6733ff621751fae2892c984930b (cropped).jpg

The American Board followed with many other appointments in rapid succession. Revs. Ira Tracy and Samuel Wells Williams (1812–1884), followed in 1833, settling at Singapore and Macau. In the same year Revs. Stephen Johnson (missionary) and Samuel Munson went to Bangkok and Sumatra. There were four great centers from which smaller stations were maintained. These were Fuzhou, in connection with which were fifteen churches; North China, embracing Beijing, Kalgan, Tianjin, Tengzhou, and Baoding, with smaller stations in the various districts of the center missions; Hong Kong; and Shanxi, with two stations in the midst of districts filled with opium cultivation and staffed by missionaries of the Oberlin Band of Oberlin College. One station was established in Taiku in late 1882 and the other, Fenchow in 1887.

At Tengzhou missionaries established a college, over which Dr. Calvin Mateer presided. Tengzhou was one of the centers for Chinese literary competitive examinations. Mateer believed that the light of modern science shown in contrast with "superstition" would prove effective. He and his wife taught astronomy, mathematics, natural philosophy, and history. He trained young men to be teachers all over North China. The young men whom he had trained in Biblical instruction began native ministry. Drs. John Livingstone Nevius and Hunter Corbett (1862–1918) co-operated in this latter work, by giving a theological education to candidates for ministry during a portion of each year at Yantai.

At its principal stations in China, the Society maintained large medical dispensaries and hospitals, boarding schools for boys and girls, colleges for native students, and other agencies for effecting the purposes of the mission. It also helped create the Canton Hospital. As of 1890 it had twenty-eight missionaries, sixteen lady agents, ten medical missionaries, four ordained native ministers, one hundred and five unordained native helpers, nearly one thousand communicants, and four hundred and fifty pupils in its schools.Townsend (1890), 233–234

The ABCFM founded many colleges and schools in the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans.American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, The Annual Report, 1917 [https://books.google.com/books?id=yyhBAQAAMAAJ full text], pp. 62–95. For example, the American College of Sofia in Bulgaria is the successor to a Boys' School founded by the ABCFM in 1860 in Plovdiv and a Girls' School in Stara Zagora in 1863. They were combined in Samokov, Bulgaria in 1871, and moved to Sofia in the late 1920s.{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.acs.bg/about-acs/history/ |website=The American College of Sofia |access-date=May 30, 2020}}

{{Columns-list|

• Theresa Robinson Buck (1912–1965), nurse missionary in Southern Rhodesia
• Mary Floyd Cushman (1870–1965), Chilesso, Angola (1922 to 1953)
• James Bennett McCord (1870–1950), Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
• William Cullen Wilcox (1850–1928) with wife Ida Belle Clary Wilcox (1858–1940), Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (1881 to 1887); they arranged for Black South Africans to own land, and as a result they were driven out of South Africa in 1918.

}}

{{Columns-list|

• Jonas King (1792–1869), Athens, Greece
• Reuben H. Markham (1887–1949), Samokov in Sofia, Bulgaria
• Mary Louisa Matthews (1864–1950), Bitola (Monastir), Albania, North Macedonia (formally European Turkey) (1888 to 1920){{Cite web|title=Mary Matthews' Biography · A Mount Holyoke Woman in Macedonia: Mary Matthews and the American School for Girls, 1888 to 1920 · Digital Exhibits of the Archives and Special Collections|url=https://ascdc.mtholyoke.edu/exhibits/show/marymatthews/biography|access-date=2022-02-01|website=ascdc.mtholyoke.edu}}

}}

{{Columns-list|

• Caroline C. Bush (1847–1919) Harpoot, Ottoman Empire{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mw7iTfcFsh0C|title=The Missionary Herald at Home and Abroad, Volumes 116-117|publisher=Congregational Churches|others=American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, General Council of the Congregational and Christian Churches of the United States. Missions Council, General Council of the Congregational and Christian Churches of the United States. Board of Home Missions|year=1920|page=23|language=en}}
• Thomas Davidson Christie (1843–1931) Central Turkey (1877 to 1920)
• Joseph Gallup Cochran (1817–1871), with wife Deborah Wilson Plumb, Urmia and Seir, Qajar Iran{{Cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Gerald H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC|title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions|last2=Stowe|first2=David M.|date=1999|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4680-8|page=140|language=en|chapter=Cochran, Joseph Gallup (1817–1871)}}
• Oliver Crane (1822–1896), Turkey
• Nancy Jane Dean (1837–1926), Urmia, Qajar Iran
• Wilson Amos Farnsworth (1822–1912) with wife Caroline Elizabeth Palmer (1825–1913), Caesarea, Ottoman Empire (1854 to 1903){{cite web|title=Memorial records for Wilson A Farnsworth|url=http://dlir.org/archive/orc-exhibit/items/show/collection/12/id/16875|access-date=5 March 2019|website=Digital Library for International Research|publisher=American Board}}{{cite web|title=Memorial records for Caroline E. P. Farnsworth|url=http://dlir.org/archive/orc-exhibit/items/show/collection/12/id/16874|access-date=5 March 2019|website=Digital Library for International Research|publisher=American Board}}
• Fidelia Fisk (1816–1864), Urmia, Qajar Iran
• William Goodell (1792–1867) Beirut, Lebanon (Syria)
• Mary Louise Graffam (1871–1921), Sivas, Ottoman Empire
• Asahel Grant (1807–1844), with wife Judith Grant, Urmia, Qajar Iran (1835 to ?); the first American to reside in Iran.
• Justin Perkins (1805–1869), with wife Charlotte Bass, mission to Urmia, Qajar Iran (1835 to ?); the first American to reside in Iran.
• Benjamin Schneider, Bursa (1834 to 1849), and Aintab (? to 1877), Ottoman Empire{{Cite book|last=Good|first=James Isaac|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmAUAQAAMAAJ|title=Life of Rev. Benjamin Schneider, D. D.: A Missionary of the Reformed Church in the United States Through the American Board at Brossa and Aintab, Turkey, 1834-1877|publisher=Board of foreign missions, Reformed church in the United States|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsoWAQAAIAAJ|title=Missionary Herald, Volume 85|date=1889|others=American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|pages=184–186|language=en}}
• Corinna Shattuck (1848–1910), Urfa, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
• Clarence Ussher (1870–1955), Van, Ottoman Empire
• Mary E. Van Lennep (1821–1844), Istanbul (Constantinople), Ottoman Empire
• George E. White (1861–1946), Marsovan, Ottoman Empire

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{{Columns-list|

• Dan Beach Bradley (1804–1873), Thailand (Siam)
• Cynthia Farrar (1795–1862), Mumbai (Bombay) and Ahmednagar, India (1827 to 1862)
• Gordon Hall (1784–1826), Mumbai (Bombay)
• Asa Hemenway (1810–1892) with wife Lucia Hunt Hemenway (1810–1864), Thailand (Siam) (1839 to 1850){{Cite book|last=Shavit|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWdZTaJdc6UC|title=The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary|date=1990|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-26788-8|page=229|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McsWAQAAIAAJ|title=Missionary Herald, Volume 36|date=1840|others=American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|page=24|language=en}}
• Adoniram Judson (August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850), first U.S. missionary to Myanmar (Burma)
• John Scudder Sr. (1793–1855), patriarch of the Scudder family of missionaries in India
• Miron Winslow (1789–1864), Sri Lanka

}}

{{Columns-list|

• William Scott Ament (1851–1909), controversial missionary to China
• Elijah Coleman Bridgman (1801–1861), first U.S. missionary to China
• Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), Canton, China (1834 to 1847)
• Dyer Ball (1796–1866), Singapore (1838 to 1841)/Hong Kong (1843 to 1845)/Canton, China (1845 to 1866)
• Mary Frances Buckhout McVay (1910–2010) Wen Shan Girls School, IngTai (Yongtai), China (1939 to 1941){{Cite web|date=February 5, 2010|title=Mary Frances Buckhout McVay Obituary (1910 - 2010)|url=https://obits.masslive.com/us/obituaries/masslive/name/mary-mcvay-obituary?id=12328245|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Legacy.com|publisher=The Republican}}
• Sidney Lewis Gulick (1860–1945) Kyoto, Japan
• Luella Miner, (1861–1935) Beijing, China
• James Hudson Roberts (1851–1945), Beijing and Zhangjiakou, China
• Albert Shelton (1875–1922), Batang, Tibet
• Arthur Henderson Smith (1845–1932), 54 years in China
• Daniel Vrooman (1818–1895) Canton, China (1852 to 1866)
• Charles Daniel Tenney, (1857–1930), China
• Lucy Bement (1868–1940), China
• Charles Robert Hager (1851–1917), Hong Kong/Canton, China (1883 to 1910)
• Charles Adolous Nelson (1860–1951), Canton, China (1892 to 1922)

}}

{{Columns-list|

• Lorrin Andrews (1795–1868), Lahaina, Hawaii
• Richard Armstrong (1805–1860), Maui and Oahu
• Hiram Bingham I (1789–1869), Honolulu, Hawaii
• Titus Coan (1801–1882), Haili Church, Hilo, Hawaii
• Charles McEwen Hyde (1832–1899), Honolulu, Oahu
• David Belden Lyman (1803–1884), Haili Church, Hilo, Hawaii
• Lorenzo Lyons (1807–1886), Imiola Church, Hawaii
• Abigail Willis Tenney Smith (1809–1885), Molokai, Honolulu
• Betsey Stockton (c. 1798–1865), former slave, Lāhainā, Maui (Sandwich Islands) (1822 to 1825)
• Asa Thurston (1787–1868), Kailua-Kona, Hawaii

}}

{{Columns-list|

• Daniel Sabin Butrick (1789–1851), Cherokee Nation (1810s to 1850s)
• John Dunbar (1804–1857), Pawnee Indians
• William Montague Ferry (1796–1867), Mackinaw Mission, Michigan Territory
• Stephen Return Riggs (1812–1883), Dakota people (1837 to 1883)
• Cephas Washburn (1793–1860), Cherokee Nation (1818 to 1850)
• Marcus Whitman (1802–1847) with wife Narcissa Prentiss Whitman (1808–1847), Flathead, Nez Perce, Cayuse nations, Oregon
• Samuel Worcester, missionary to Cherokee Nation 1820s–50s

}}

• Frederic Ayer (1829–1848) and Elisabeth Taylor Ayer (1828–1848) Mackinaw Mission, La Pointe (Frederic only), Sandy Lake (Frederic only), Yellow Lake, Pokegama Lake, Fond du Lac (Minn), Red Lake. All but Mackinaw were specifically Ojibwe missions; Mackinaw served a number of Great Lakes tribes. The Ayers also served under Am. Missionary Assoc. at Atlanta post-Civil War to serve freedmen Frederic 1865-1867 and Elisabeth 1865-1868.
• Edmund F. Ely and Catherine ElyOjibwe missions at Sandy Lake, Fond du Lac, Pokegama, La Pointe.
• Sherman Hall and Betsy Parker Hall LaPointe Ojibwe mission
• William Boutwell and Hester Crooks BoutwellLeech Lake & Pokegama Lake Ojibwe missions.
• Henry Blatchford Pokegama Lake, La Pointe & Odanah Ojibwe missions
• Sabrina Stevens Yellow Lake & Pokegama Lake. Previously associated with Ohio missions to Maumee at Black River.
• Leonard Wheeler and Harriet Wood Wheeler La Pointe & Odanah Ojibwe missions.
• John Seymour and Jane Leavitt Seymour Mackinaw, Yellow Lake, and Pokegama Missions to Ojibwe.
• Orrin Coe--hired man at Pokegama Mission, later participant in AMA mission at Red Lake with Ayer.

• Babajee (b. 1791)
• Liang Fa (1789–1855)
• David Malo (1795–1853)
• Henry Opukahaia (c. 1792–1818; also known as {{okina}}Ōpūkaha{{okina}}ia)
• Puaaiki (c. 1785–1844)
• Asaad Shidiak (c. 1797–c. 1832; also known as Asaad Esh Shidiak)
• Joel Hulu Mahoe (1830–1890) second full-Hawaiian to be ordained.
• Henry Blatchford, of the Ojibwe mission did translations and lay preaching beginning at Pokegama (Minnesota) in 1836, was ordained eventually and worked at the Odanah mission until he died in the late 19th century.
• Abdullah Abdul Kadir (1797–1854), known as "Munshi Abdullah", was a Malayan scholar and translator under the employ of Alfred North, an ABCFM missionary stationed in Singapore.

• American Ceylon Mission
• Dan Beach Bradley (Siam, 1834, resigned 1847)
• Haystack Prayer Meeting
• History of Christian missions
• Oberlin Band (China)
• Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century
• List of American Board missionaries in China
• List of Missionaries to Hawaii
• Woman's Boards of the Congregational Church

{{Reflist}}

• Bliss, Edwin Munsell, ed. The Encyclopaedia of missions. Descriptive, historical, biographical, statistical. With a full assortment of maps, a complete bibliography, and lists of Bible version, missionary societies, mission stations, and a general index [https://archive.org/details/cu31924007739273 online vol 1 1891, 724pp]; [https://archive.org/details/cu31924063571099 online vol 2 1891, 726pp]
• Conroy-Krutz, Emily. Christian Imperialism: Converting the World in the Early American Republic. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.
• Phillips, Clifton Jackson. Protestant America and the pagan world: the first half century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810–1860 (Harvard University Press, 1969)
• [https://wipfandstock.com/store/The_Role_of_the_American_Board_in_the_World_Bicentennial_Reflections_on_the_Organizations_Missionary_Work_18102010 Putney, Clifford (writer of introduction and editor with Burlin, Paul), The Role of the American Board in the World: Bicentennial Reflections on the Organization's Missionary Work, 1810–2010 (Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock, 2012)]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Strong, William Ellsworth. The Story of the American Board (1910) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0JAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22+American+Board%22+Missionaries&pg=PR17 online][
• Varg, Paul A. Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890–1952 (Princeton UP, 1958).

• {{cite book|title=Report, Volume 29|author=American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|year=1838|publisher=s.n.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBY3AAAAYAAJ|access-date=April 24, 2014}}
• {{cite book|title=Annual Report, Volumes 27-31|author=American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|year=1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7osPAAAAIAAJ|access-date=April 24, 2014}}
• {{cite book|title=Annual Report - American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Volumes 31-33|author=American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|year=1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFbOAAAAMAAJ|access-date=April 24, 2014}}
• [http://jsri.ro/ojs/index.php/jsri/article/view/759 İdris YÜCEL, "An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American in Asia Minor (1880–1923)", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.]
• İdris YÜCEL, "[https://www.academia.edu/19806387/A_Missionary_Society_at_the_Crossroads_American_Missionaries_on_the_eve_of_the_Turkish_Republic A Missionary Society at the Crossroad: American Missionaries on the Eve of the Turkish Republic]", Journal of Modern Turkish History, Vol 8 Issue 15, Spring 2012.
• İdris YÜCEL,"[https://www.academia.edu/16434466/AN_OVERVIEW_OF_RELIGIOUS_MEDICINE_IN_THE_NEAR_EAST_MISSION_HOSPITALS_OF_THE_AMERICAN_BOARD_IN_ASIA_MINOR_1880-1923_ An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American Board in Asia Minor (1880–1923)]", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.
• İdris YÜCEL, [https://www.academia.edu/31749156/Anadoluda_Amerikan_Misyonerli%C4%9Fi_ve_Misyon_Hastaneleri_1880-1934_ Anadolu'da Amerikan Misyonerliği ve Misyon Hastaneleri (1880–1934)], TTK Yayınevi, Ankara 2017.
• İdris YÜCEL, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330452347_KENDI_BELGELERI_ISIGINDA_AMERKAN_BOARD'IN_OSMANLI_ULKESINDEKI_TESKILATLANMASI Kendi Belgeleri Işığında Amerikan Board'ın Osmanlı Ülkesindeki Teşkilatlanması], Erciyes Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2005

• [http://www.library.yale.edu/div/colleges/glossary.html Yale Library note]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20041020022015/http://ricci.rt.usfca.edu/institution/view.aspx?institutionID=163 Ricci Institute page on the ABCFM in China]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313182700/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~rizay/abcfm.htm Bilkent University ABCFM project]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061116002050/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/manuscripts/organize/americanbcfm.htm ABCFM records]}} at Nebraska State Historical Society
• [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.Hough:hou01467 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, ABC 1–91], at Houghton Library, Harvard University.
• [http://www.congregationallibrary.org/finding-aids/ABCFMOverview ABCFM Collection overview] at [http://www.congregationallibrary.org/ Congregational Library and Archives]
• [https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/santee_school/ Santee Normal Training School, Woonspe Wankantu, 1881, 1882, 1884, 1885], American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

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{{Protestant missions to Southeast Asia}}

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