Antisemitism in Europe#Germany

{{further|History of antisemitism#Roman Empire|History of antisemitism#Late Roman Empire}}

{{Further|Medieval antisemitism}}

File:Death of William of Norwich.jpg depicting the first known case of blood libel dating back to 1144]]

Antisemitism in Europe in the Middle Ages was largely influenced by the Christian belief that the Jewish people were collectively responsible for the death of Jesus through the so-called blood curse of Pontius Pilate in the Gospels. Persecutions against Jews were widespread during the Crusades, beginning in 1095, when a number of communities, especially in France and the Rhineland, were massacred.{{Cite journal |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |year=1984 |others=Content available in extract |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |journal=Studies in Church History |language=en |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-date=2016 |volume=21 |pages= 51–72|doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |s2cid=163783259 |issn=0424-2084 |via=cambridge.org}}

On many occasions, Jews were accused of the ritual murder of Christian children in what were called blood libels. The first known blood libel was the story of William of Norwich (d. 1144), whose murder sparked accusations of ritual murder and torture by the local Jews.{{cite journal |last=Bennett |first=Gillian |year=2005 |title=Towards a revaluation of the legend of 'Saint' William of Norwich and its place in the blood libel legend |journal=Folklore |volume=116 |number=2 |pages=119–121 |doi=10.1080/00155870500140156}} The Black Death which devastated Europe in the 14th century also gave rise to widespread persecution. In the face of the terrifying spread of the plague, the Jews served as scapegoats and were accused of poisoning the wells. Many Jewish communities in western and central Europe were destroyed in a wave of violence between 1348 and 1350.{{cite magazine |first1=Stéphane |last1=Barry |first2=Norbert |last2=Gualde |title=La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire |language=fr |trans-title=The greatest epidemics in history |magazine=L'Histoire |number=310 |date=June 2006 |page=47}}{{cite EJ |last=Ben-Sasson |first=Haim Hillel |title=Black Death |volume=3 |page=731}} For example, some two thousand Jews were massacred by burning in Strasbourg, in February 1349, upon a decision by the city council, before the plague had reached the city.{{cite EJ |title=Strasbourg |volume=19 |page=244}}{{cite book |author1-link=Arthur Hertzberg |last1=Hertzberg |first1=Arthur |last2=Hirt-Manheimer |first2=Aron |title=Jews: The Essence and Character of a People |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |year=1998 |page=84 |isbn=0-06-063834-6}} In the German states a total of approximately 300 Jewish communities were destroyed during this period, because of Jews being killed or driven out.{{cite EJ |last=Ben-Sasson |first=Haim Hillel |display-authors=etal |Germany |volume=7 |page=522}}

Another aspect of medieval antisemitism was the many restrictions imposed on the Jews. They were excluded from many occupations because of the fear of competition with the local population. For the most part, they could not own land, since, under the feudal system, the pledge of loyalty required from a vassal upon the enfeoffment of land had the form of a Christian oath; however, there were exceptions.{{cite book |last=Breuer |first=Mordechai |year=1996 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3R5adgrm38C&pg=PA12 |chapter=Prologue: The Jewish Middle Ages |editor1-first=Michael A. |editor1-last=Meyer |title=German-Jewish History in Modern Times, Volume 1: Tradition and Enlightenment, 1600–1780 |translator-first=William |translator-last=Templer |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=12 |isbn=978-0-231-07472-8 |quote=The fact that the Jews nonetheless managed to acquire land in some regions is only further evidence of the frequent contradiction that existed between theory and practice in their treatment."}}{{cite book |last=Bein |first=Alex |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQOn0y8ENg4C&pg=PA89 |title=The Jewish Question: Biography of a World Problem |translator-first=Harry |translator-last=Zohn |location=Rutherford, NJ |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |page=89 |isbn=978-0-8386-3252-9 |quote=Nevertheless, until well into the Middle Ages there still were Jews in rural settlements, and even beyond the period of the Crusades Jews owned lands, vineyards, and fields here or there in the small country towns and even cultivated them; our chief source for this is the Responsa.}} Their residence in cities was often limited to specific areas known as ghettos. Following the Fourth Lateran Council, in 1215, Jews were also ordered to wear distinctive clothing,{{cite web |url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/LATERAN4.HTM |title=Lateran 4 – 1215 |website=ewtn.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218010956/https://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/lateran4.htm |archive-date=18 February 2015}}{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Lateran-Council-Roman-Catholicism |title=Lateran Council – Roman Catholicism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207061833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lateran-Council-Roman-Catholicism |archive-date=7 December 2024}} in some instances a circular badge."[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_01851.html Jewish Identification: Jewish Badge]." The Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 April 2016.{{better source needed|date=November 2024}} Some Jews managed to evade the humiliating requirement of wearing a badge by bribing the local authorities.{{cite book |last=Gay |first=Ruth |title=The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1992 |pages=20–21}}. Gay refers to historian Heinrich Graetz as her source, without a specific citation.

In the later Middle Ages, Jews were expelled from smaller and larger regions across western Europe as well as the German lands, including monarchy-wide expulsions from England, in 1290, and France, in 1306 and 1394.{{cite book |last=Stow |first=Kenneth |year=2005 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&pg=PA216 |chapter=Expulsions, High Middle Ages |editor-first=Richard S. |editor-last=Levy |editor-link=Richard S. Levy |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution |volume=1 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=216–218 |isbn=978-1-85109-439-4}} The greatest expulsions of Jews were in Spain (1492) and Portugal (1496), where Jews were ordered to convert to Christianity, or to leave the country within six or eleven months, respectively.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Starr-Lebeau |first=Gretchen D. |year=2004 |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404900574.html |title=Jews, Expulsions of (Spain; Portugal) |encyclopedia=Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World |via=encyclopedia.com |access-date=14 April 2016}}

The Protestant Reformation saw a rise of antisemitism with Martin Luther's On the Jews and Their Lies. {{highlight|Martin Luther and antisemitism proved that the Protestant church would be virulent to the Jews.|pink}}{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The Renaissance, Enlightenment and imperialist eras led to a series of increasingly xenophobic and non-religious expressions of antisemitic phobias and outrages, even as much of the continent had experienced significant political reformation.{{cite book |last1=Penslar |first1=Derek J. |author1-link=Derek Penslar |last2=Kalmar |first2=Ivan Davidson |chapter=An Introduction |title=Orientalism and the Jews |publisher=Brandeis University Press |year=2005 |pages=xiii–xxiv |isbn=978-1-68458-060-6}}{{Cite web |title=Anti-Semitism – Medieval Europe, Prejudice, Persecution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/anti-Semitism/Anti-Semitism-in-medieval-Europe |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119180055/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anti-Semitism/Anti-Semitism-in-medieval-Europe |archive-date=19 January 2024}}

In western Europe, Jews were largely limited by local monarchs, especially as a consequence of the growing fear of competition with the local merchants due to the fact that the main occupation of Jews was commerce and banking. Notable examples are the limitation of the number of Jews allowed to settle in Breslau issued by Frederick II of Prussia in 1744 and the banishment of Jews from Bohemia by the archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa, who later also stated that Jews had to pay for remaining in the country.{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Aubrey |year=1968 |title=The Expulsion of the Jews from Prague in 1745 and British Foreign Policy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778766 |journal=Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England) |volume=22 |pages=30–41 |jstor=29778766 |issn=0962-9688}}

With the development of the banking system and the need of rulers for financing their growing state apparatus, the term "Court Jew" was used in some western European states. The court Jews were businessmen and bankers who received privileges from the sovereign and acted as their treasurers and tax collectors.{{Cite web |title=Moneylending |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/moneylending |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}{{better source needed|date=November 2024}}{{Cite book |last=Selma Stern |url=http://archive.org/details/courtjewacontrib027906mbp |title=The Court Jew A Contribution To The History Of The Period Of Absolutism In Central Europe |year=1950 |publisher=The Jewish Publication Society of America |others=Universal Digital Library}}

In many cases, the court Jews obtained significant power as the "right hand" of the sovereign; in other cases, the court Jews were blamed for the financial problems of the states or when the sovereign lost his power. One notable court Jew was Joseph Süß Oppenheimer (1698–1738) the financial planner for Duke Karl Alexander of Württemberg in Stuttgart. Oppenheimer was executed after the death of the Duke and his story was used by Nazi propaganda.{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/judsuss.html |title=Jud Süss: The most successful anti-Semitic film ever made |website=holocaustresearchproject.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124091746/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/judsuss.html |archive-date=24 January 2025}}

Most of Europe's Jewish population was concentrated in central and eastern Europe within the borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Jews of Poland had been granted an unprecedented degree of religious and cultural autonomy since the Statute of Kalisz in 1264, which was ratified by subsequent Kings of Poland and the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, the Cossack uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in Polish-controlled Ukraine (1648) devastated many Jewish communities and tens of thousands of Jews were massacred, expelled, or sold as slaves by Khmelnytsky's Tartar allies. Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given the lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their history.{{cite web |url=http://www.thephora.net/forum/archive/index.php/t-49610.html |title=The anti-Jewish pogrom in the Khmelnytsky uprising. [Archive] – The Phora |website=thephora.net |access-date=5 March 2016 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131143032/http://www.thephora.net/forum/archive/index.php/t-49610.html |url-status=dead}}

Following the Partitions of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria at the end of the 18th century, most Polish Jews found themselves under Russian rule. In order to restrict the Jews from spreading throughout the Russian Empire and to protect Russian merchants from competition, the Pale of Settlement was established in 1772 by the empress of Russia Catherine II, restricting Jews to the western parts of the empire with the exception of a number of Jews who received permission to live in major cities, such as Kiev and Moscow.{{Cite web |title=Pale {{!}} History, Pale of Settlement {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pale-restricted-area |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118040640/https://www.britannica.com/topic/pale-restricted-area |archive-date=18 January 2024}}{{Cite web |title=The Pale of Settlement |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-pale-of-settlement |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}{{better source needed|date=November 2024}}

File:L Agitation-Antisemite.jpg.]]

File:Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg (today's Dnipro)]]

By the end of the 19th century a new type of antisemitism had begun to develop in Europe, racial antisemitism.{{cite book |last=Beller |first=Steven |year=2007 |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192892775 |page=64}} It started as a part of a broader racist world view and belief of superiority of the "white race" over other "races", while existing prejudice was supported by pseudo-scientific theories such as Social Darwinism.{{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007171 |title=Antisemitism in History: Racial Antisemitism, 1875–1945 |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005538/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-racial-antisemitism-18751945 |archive-date=3 January 2019}}

The main idea of racial antisemitism, as presented by racial theorists such as Joseph Arthur de Gobineau, is that the Jews are a distinct and inferior race compared to the European nations. The emphasis was on the non-European origin and culture of the Jews, meaning they were beyond redemption even if they converted to Christianity. This modern antisemitism emphasized hatred of the Jews as a race and not only due to their Jewish religion. The rise of modern antisemitism together with the rise of nationalism and the nation state brought a wave of antisemitism as Jews struggled to gain their rights as equal citizens. In Germany, this brought up the Hep-Hep riots in 1819 when the Jews of Bavaria were attacked for claiming their civic rights.{{cite book |last=Elon |first=Amos |url=https://archive.org/details/pityofitallhisto00elon/page/103 |title=The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743-1933 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |year=2002 |isbn=0-8050-5964-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pityofitallhisto00elon/page/107 103] |author-link=Amos Elon}}

One of the most famous examples of the 19th century was the Dreyfus affair,{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/event/Dreyfus-affair |title=Dreyfus affair – French history |date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106154810/https://www.britannica.com/event/Dreyfus-affair |archive-date=6 January 2025}}{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishhistory.org/the-dreyfus-affair/ |title=The Dreyfus Affair |website=jewishhistory.org |date=5 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110115736/https://www.jewishhistory.org/the-dreyfus-affair/ |archive-date=10 January 2025}} when a French officer of Jewish origin, Alfred Dreyfus, was accused of high treason in 1894. The trial sparked a wave of antisemitism in France: eventually Dreyfus was found innocent of the charges in 1906. The affair greatly inspired Theodor Herzl.{{cite book |last=Beller |first=Steven |year=1991 |title=Herzl |location=New York |publisher=Grove Weidenfeld}}

In eastern Europe, religious antisemitism remained influential as the Industrial Revolution affected those areas less. During the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a number of pogroms occurred in Russia, sparked by various variables such as antisemitic political movements, the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 and blood libels{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/blood-libel |title=Blood libel – anti-Semitism |date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818210955/http://www.britannica.com/topic/blood-libel |archive-date=18 August 2023}}{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/anti-semitism/united-states/c/what-is-the-blood-libel.html |title=Blood Libel: A False, Incendiary Claim Against Jews |website=Anti-Defamation League |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101030846/https://www.adl.org/education/resources/glossary-terms/blood-libel |archive-date=1 January 2020}} about Jews killing Christian children. The most famous blood libel was the Beilis Trial that took place in Kiev in 1903 when a local Jew was found innocent from the accusations of killing a Christian boy.{{cite news |url=http://forward.com/opinion/world/189185/blood-libel-trial-of-mendel-beilis-reverberates-a/ |title=Blood-Libel Trial of Mendel Beilis Reverberates a Century Later |date=18 December 2013 |work=The Forward |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113103212/https://forward.com/opinion/189185/blood-libel-trial-of-mendel-beilis-reverberates-a/ |archive-date=13 November 2024}}{{cite magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2013/10/mendel_beilis_and_blood_libel_the_1913_trial_in_kiev_russia.html |title=The Last Blood Libel Trial |first=Edmund |last=Levin |date=8 October 2013 |magazine=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114050341/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2013/10/mendel-beilis-and-blood-libel-the-1913-trial-in-kiev-russia.html |archive-date=14 November 2024}}

Another example of modern antisemitism in Europe was the conspiracy theory of Jewish world economic domination, as presented in the hoax The Protocols of the Elders of Zion{{cite web |url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/33d/projects/protzion/DelaCruzProtocolsMain.htm |title=The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion |website=history.ucsb.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118163551/http://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/classes/33d/projects/protzion/DelaCruzProtocolsMain.htm |archive-date=18 January 2025}}{{cite web |url=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_zion06.htm |title=Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion |website=bibliotecapleyades.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101002936/https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_zion06.htm |archive-date=1 January 2025}} which was first published in Russia in 1903 and became known outside Russia after the Russian Revolution of 1917. This theory was strengthened by the leading part Jews like the Rothschild family played in the European banking system. The pogroms in 1881 and after the first Russian Revolution of 1905 cost thousands of Jewish lives and more than a million migrated to America. The second Russian revolution and the civil war that came afterwards sparked a new wave of pogroms against the Jews as nationalist militias and regular armies fought over the control of the country. The casualties from the pogroms were estimated in tens of thousands dead.{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pogroms.aspx |title=Pogroms |website=Encyclopedia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108142807/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/pogroms |archive-date=8 January 2025}}{{better source needed|date=January 2025}}

{{Main|History of the Jews during World War II|The Holocaust}}

A wagon piled high with corpses outside the crematorium in the newly liberated [[Buchenwald concentration camp, 1945|thumb]]

The Holocaust was among the most significant events in modern Jewish history and one of the largest genocides in the history of the world. Approximately six million Jews were murdered by the Nazis, accounting for roughly 2/3 of all European Jews.

By the early 20th century, the Jews of Germany were the most integrated Jews in Europe. Their situation changed in the early 1930s after the German defeat in World War I and the economic crisis of 1929, which resulted in the rise of the Nazis and their explicitly antisemitic program. Hate speech which referred to Jewish citizens as "dirty Jews" became common in antisemitic pamphlets and newspapers such as the {{lang|de|Völkischer Beobachter}}{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Volkischer-Beobachter |title=Völkischer Beobachter – German Nazi newspaper |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121040549/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Volkischer-Beobachter |archive-date=21 January 2025}} and {{lang|de|Der Stürmer}}{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/dersturmer.html |title=Der Stürmer! |website=holocaustresearchproject.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124112359/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/dersturmer.html |archive-date=24 January 2025}} Additionally, blame was laid on Jews for having caused Germany's defeat in World War I (see {{lang|de|Dolchstosslegende}}).

The Nazi antisemitic program quickly expanded beyond mere speech. Starting in 1933, repressive laws were passed against Jews, culminating in the 1935 Nuremberg Laws which removed most of the rights of citizenship from Jews, using a racial definition that was based on descent, rather than a definition which was based on religion.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Sporadic violence against Jews became widespread during the Kristallnacht riots in 1938, which targeted Jewish homes, businesses, and places of worship, killing 91 across Germany and Austria.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

With the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939 and the beginning of World War II, the Nazis began the extermination of Jews in Europe. The Jews were concentrated in ghettos{{cite web |title=Final Solutions: Murderous Racial Hygiene, 1939–1945 |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC – Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solutions-murderous-racial-hygiene-1939-1945 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210420130036/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solutions-murderous-racial-hygiene-1939-1945 |url-status=dead}} and later they were sent to concentration and death camps where they were immediately or eventually murdered.{{cite web |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/docs/himmler-order-for-ostland-ghettos-liquidation.html |title=Order by Himmler for the Liquidation of the Ghettos of Ostland, June 21, 1943 |website=Yad Vashem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126162533/https://www.yadvashem.org/docs/himmler-order-for-ostland-ghettos-liquidation.html |archive-date=26 November 2024}} In the occupied territories of the USSR, Jews were murdered by death squads,{{bulleted list|

|{{cite book |last=Rees |first=Laurence |author-link=Laurence Rees |title=The Nazis: A Warning From History |url=https://archive.org/details/naziswarningfrom0000rees_y8f1 |url-access=registration |others=Foreword by Sir Ian Kershaw |location=New York |publisher=New Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-56584-551-0 |page=182}}

|{{cite journal |last=Haberer |first=Erich |title=Intention and Feasibility: Reflections on Collaboration and the Final Solution |pages=64–81 [71] |journal=East European Jewish Affairs |volume=31 |issue=2 |year=2001 |oclc=210897979 |doi=10.1080/13501670108577951 |s2cid=143574047 |issn=1350-1674}}

|{{cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Rhodes |title=Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust |location=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-375-70822-0 |pages=210–214}}

|{{cite book |last=Longerich |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Longerich |title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford; New York |isbn=978-0-19-280436-5 |pages=353–354}}

}} sometimes with the help of locally recruited units. This practice was later replaced by gassing the Jews in the death camps; the largest of these was Auschwitz.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

With the end of World War II in 1945, surviving Jews began to return to their homes although many chose to emigrate to the United States, the United Kingdom, and British-controlled Palestine.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} To some extent, the antisemitism of the Nazi regime continued in different guises.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Claims of blood libel and persecution of Jews continued, in part due to fear that returning Jews would attempt to reclaim property stolen during the Holocaust or expose assistance given by elements of the local population in previously Nazi-occupied territories. An example was the Kielce pogrom, which occurred in 1946 in Poland when citizens violently attacked Jews based on a false accusation of the kidnapping of a Christian child.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The postwar period also witnessed a rise in antisemitic persecution in the USSR. In 1948, Stalin launched the campaign against the "rootless cosmopolitan" in which numerous Yiddish-language poets, writers, painters, and sculptors were killed or arrested.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} This culminated in the Doctors' Plot, issued between 1952 and 1953, during which a number of Jewish doctors were arrested and accused of attempting to murder leading party leaders. Modern historian Edvard Radzinsky has also suggested that Stalin planned to deport the Jewish population of the USSR to exile in Kazakhstan, Siberia or the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.Edvard Radzinsky. Stalin (in Russian). Moscow, Vagrius, 1997. {{ISBN|5-264-00574-5}}; [http://kulichki.com/moshkow/PXESY/RADZINSKIJ/stalin.txt available online]. Translated version: "Stalin", 1996, {{ISBN|0-385-47397-4}} (hardcover), 1997, {{ISBN|0-385-47954-9}} (paperback) Ch. 24. "И естественно, последовал новый виток антисемитской истерии. Уже в конце февраля по Москве поползли слухи: евреев будут выселять в Сибирь."

{{see also|Antisemitism in 21st-century France|Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany|Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy|Antisemitism in 21st-century UK}}{{Main|New antisemitism}}

Antisemitism has increased significantly in Europe since 2000, with increases in verbal attacks and vandalism such as graffiti, fire bombings of Jewish schools, and desecration of synagogues and cemeteries. Those incidents took place not only in France and Germany, but also in Belgium, Austria, and the United Kingdom. In those countries, physical assaults against Jews including beatings, stabbings, and other violence, increased markedly, in a number of cases resulting in serious injury and even death.{{cite journal |url=http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-urban-f04.htm |title=Anti-Semitism in Germany Today: Its Roots and Tendencies |first=Susanne |last=Urban |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=16 |issue=3–4 |year=2004 |page=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211153918/http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-urban-f04.htm |archive-date=11 February 2012}}{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4349519,00.html |title=Anti-Semitism up 30% in Belgium |work=ynet |access-date=17 June 2015 |date=27 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327144035/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4349519,00.html |archive-date=27 March 2015}} Moreover, the Netherlands and Sweden have also had consistently high rates of antisemitic attacks since 2000.The 2005 U.S. State Department Report on Global Antisemitism.{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}} A 2015 report by the US State Department on religious freedom declared that "European anti-Israel sentiment crossed the line into anti-Semitism."{{cite news |last=Sokol |first=Sam |url=http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Washington-European-anti-Israel-sentiment-crossed-the-line-into-anti-Semitism-426080 |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Washington: European anti-Israel sentiment crossed the line into anti-Semitism |date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122220359/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Washington-European-anti-Israel-sentiment-crossed-the-line-into-anti-Semitism-426080 |archive-date=22 November 2024}}

This rise in antisemitic attacks is associated on the one hand with the Muslim antisemitism (described below) and on the other hand with the rise of far-right political parties owing to the economic crisis of 2008.{{cite news |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1773740/Special-report-The-rise-of-the-far-right-in-Europe |title=Special report: The rise of the right in Europe |work=Special Broadcasting Service |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123174357/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/06/06/special-report-rise-right-europe |archive-date=23 January 2016}} There are a number of antisemitic political parties in the EU,{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Antisemitism Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2002–2012 |url=https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013_antisemitism-update-2002-2012_web_0.pdf |access-date=18 January 2024 |page=13 |quote=Some political parties in EU Member States are openly antisemitic. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112220926/https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013_antisemitism-update-2002-2012_web_0.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2024}} and a survey in ten European countries—specifically Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom—revealed high levels of antisemitic attitudes.{{Cite web |author-link=Anti-Defamation League |year=2012 |title=ADL Survey in Ten European Countries Finds Anti-Semitism at Disturbingly High Levels |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-ten-european-countries-finds-anti-semitism-disturbingly-high |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=Anti-defamation League |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121042648/https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-ten-european-countries-finds-anti-semitism-disturbingly-high |archive-date=21 November 2024}} Greece's neo-Nazi party, Golden Dawn, won 21 seats in parliament, although these had all been lost by 2019.{{Cite journal |last1=Verousi |first1=Christina |last2=Allen |first2=Chris |year=2021 |title=From Obscurity to National Limelight: The Dramatic Rise, Fall and Future Legacy of Golden Dawn |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20419058211000999 |journal=Political Insight |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–25 |doi=10.1177/20419058211000999 |s2cid=232050542 |issn=2041-9058}}

In Eastern Europe antisemitism in the 21st century continued on a similar scale to the 1990s. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the instability of the new states has brought the rise of nationalist movements and accusations against Jews of responsibility for the economic crisis, controlling local businesses and bribing the government, alongside traditional and religious motives for antisemitism (blood libels for example). Most of the antisemitic incidents are against Jewish cemeteries and buildings (community centers and synagogues). Nevertheless, there were several violent attacks against Jews in Moscow in 2006 when a neo-Nazi stabbed nine people at the Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue,{{cite news |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/11250/rabbi-s-son-foils-bombing-attempt-at-moscow-shul/ |title=Rabbi's son foils bombing attempt at Moscow shul |newspaper=J |access-date=17 June 2015 |date=30 July 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111192711/https://jweekly.com/1999/07/30/rabbi-s-son-foils-bombing-attempt-at-moscow-shul/ |archive-date=11 January 2025}} the failed bomb attack on the same synagogue in 1999,{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/12/international/12briefs.html?oref=login |work=The New York Times |title=World Briefing: Asia, Europe, Americas and Africa |date=12 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927125421/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/12/international/world-briefing-asia-europe-americas-and-africa.html |archive-date=27 September 2018}} the threats against Jewish pilgrims in Uman, Ukraine{{cite web |url=http://www.fighthatred.com/recent-events/national-political-hate/884-rise-of-anti-semitism-in-the-ukraine-threatens-jewish-pilgrimages-to-uman |title=Account Suspended|website=fighthatred.com |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615170744/http://www.fighthatred.com/recent-events/national-political-hate/884-rise-of-anti-semitism-in-the-ukraine-threatens-jewish-pilgrimages-to-uman |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead}} and the attack against a menorah by extremist Christian organization in Moldova in 2009.{{cite web |first=Malkah |last=Fleisher |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/134994 |title=Video: Priest Attacks Menorah – Jewish World |date=14 December 2009 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119202232/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/134994 |archive-date=19 January 2025}} In 2008, the radical Svoboda (Freedom) party of Ukraine captured more than 10% of the popular vote, giving electoral support to a party well known for its antisemitic rhetoric. They joined the ranks of Jobbik, an openly antisemitic party, in the Hungarian parliament.{{cite web |title=ADL Highlights Top 10 Issues Affecting Jews In 2012 |url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/miscellaneous/adl-highlights-top-10-issues.html |website=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=26 January 2013}} This rise in the support for far-right ideas in western and eastern Europe has resulted in the increase of antisemitic acts, mostly attacks on Jewish memorials, synagogues and cemeteries but also a number of physical attacks against Jews.{{cite web |url=http://archive.adl.org/Anti_semitism/adl_anti-semitism_presentation_february_2012.pdf |title=Attitudes Toward Jews In Ten European Countries |date=March 2012 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512182655/http://archive.adl.org/Anti_semitism/adl_anti-semitism_presentation_february_2012.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2013}}

According to a report by The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, since the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel, there has been a 400% increase in antisemitic activities across Europe. Additionally, 96% of Jews in Europe face antisemitism in their everyday lives.{{Cite news |first=Mathilda |last=Heller |date=11 November 2024 |title=A year in European antisemitism: What are the online and physical trends? |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-828552 |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127151132/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-828552 |archive-date=27 January 2025}}

A 2005 French study showed that anti-Jewish prejudice was more prevalent among religious Muslims than among non-religious ones; 46% expressed antisemitic sentiments compared to 30% of non-practising Muslims in France. Only 28% of the religious Muslims were found to be totally without such prejudice. The few studies available which had been conducted among Muslim youth in various western European countries showed some similar outcomes. A 2011 study of elementary school children in Dutch-language schools in Brussels by a Belgian sociologist showed that about 50 percent of Muslim students in second and third grade could be considered antisemites, versus 10% of others. Also in 2011, Gunther Jikeli published findings from 117 interviews with 19-year-old Muslim youths in Berlin, Paris, and London, the majority of whom voiced antisemitic feelings.{{cite news |first=Manfred |last=Gerstenfeld |url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Muslim-anti-Semitism-in-Western-Europe |title=Muslim anti-Semitism in Western Europe |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114053924/https://www.jpost.com//opinion/op-ed-contributors/muslim-anti-semitism-in-western-europe |archive-date=14 November 2024}} Participants in the antisemitic riots outside the Israeli embassy in 2009 were said to be mainly Muslim youth, supported by left-wing autonomous Blitz activists.{{Cite news |title=Bruker tåregass mot demonstranter utenfor Israels ambassade |trans-title=Uses tear gas against protesters outside Israeli embassy |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2009/01/04/nyheter/innenriks/demonstrasjon/israel/blitz/4244467/ |work=Dagbladet |date=4 January 2009 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120103141/https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/bruker-taregass-mot-demonstranter-utenfor-israels-ambassade/65298676 |archive-date=20 November 2023}}{{Cite news |title=Brukte tåregass på demonstranter |trans-title=Used tear gas on protesters |url=http://www.nrk.no/ostlandssendingen/brukte-taregass-pa-demonstranter-1.6383701 |publisher=NRK |date=4 January 2009 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108211340/https://www.nrk.no/osloogviken/brukte-taregass-pa-demonstranter-1.6383701 |archive-date=8 November 2023}}

Islamic terrorists have been involved in some violent attacks on Jews. In 2012 in Toulouse, armed terrorist Mohammed Merah, the child of Muslim parents from Algeria,{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/11/french-gunman-mohamed-merah-racist|title=French gunman who killed Jewish children 'was raised an anti-Semite'|agency=Associated Press|date=11 November 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 February 2019|issn=0261-3077}} murdered four Jews. Merah had previously targeted French army soldiers. A brother of the shooter, Abdelghani Merah, said he and his siblings had been brought up on antisemitic views espoused by their parents.{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/anti-semitism/international/c/global-anti-semitism-select-2012.html#.UbMtV-fwlsl |title=Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2012 |work=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702022503/https://www.adl.org/resources/news/global-anti-semitism-selected-incidents-around-world-2012 |archive-date=2 July 2022}} In September 2024, Katharina von Schnurbein, the European Commission's coordinator on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life in Europe, stated at a United Nations workshop that the current rise of antiemetic events "reminds us of the darkest days of Europe".{{cite news |date=7 September 2024 |title=At UN workshop, envoys warn of 'tsunami of antisemitism' since Oct. 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/at-un-workshop-envoys-warn-of-tsunami-of-antisemitism-since-oct-7/ |work=The Times of Israel |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913193210/https://www.timesofisrael.com/at-un-workshop-envoys-warn-of-tsunami-of-antisemitism-since-oct-7/ |archive-date=13 September 2024}}

The summary of a 2004 poll by the "Pew Global Attitudes Project" noted, "Despite concerns about rising antisemitism in Europe, there are no indications that anti-Jewish sentiment has increased over the past decade. Favorable ratings of Jews are actually higher now in France, Germany, and Russia than they were in 1991. Nonetheless, Jews are better liked in the U.S. than in Germany and Russia."[http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=206 "A Year After Iraq War: Mistrust of America in Europe Even Higher, Muslim Anger Persists"], Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 12 March 2006.

According to 2005 survey results by the Anti-Defamation League,[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/4726_13.htm "ADL Survey in 12 European Countries Finds Antisemitic Attitudes Still Strongly Held"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050609031531/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/4726_13.htm |date=9 June 2005 }}, Anti-Defamation League, 2005. Retrieved 12 March 2006. antisemitic attitudes remain common in Europe. Over 30% of those surveyed believed that Jews have too much power in business, with responses ranging from lows of 11% in Denmark and 14% in England to highs of 66% in Hungary, and over 40% in Poland and Spain. The results of religious antisemitism also persist and over 20% of European respondents agreed that Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus, with France having the lowest percentage at 13% and Poland having the highest number of those agreeing, at 39%.[http://www.philosophistry.com/specials/europe/question_1.html Flash Map of Attitudes Toward Jews in 12 European Countries (2005)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415030419/http://www.philosophistry.com/specials/europe/question_1.html |date=15 April 2008 }}, Philo. Sophistry. Retrieved 12 March 2006.

A 2006 study in the Journal of Conflict Resolution found that although almost no respondents in countries of the European Union regarded themselves as antisemitic, antisemitic attitudes correlated with anti-Israel opinions.{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=E. H. |last2=Small |first2=C. A. |year=2006 |title= Anti-Israel sentiment predicts anti-Semitism in Europe |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=50 |pages=548–561 |doi=10.1177/0022002706289184 |url=http://www.h-net.org/~antis/papers/jcr_antisemitism.pdf |issue=4 |s2cid=144117610}} Looking at populations in 10 European countries, Charles A. Small and Edward H. Kaplan surveyed 5,000 respondents, asking them about Israeli actions and classical antisemitic stereotypes. The surveys asked questions about whether people thought that the IDF purposely targets children or poisons the Palestinian water supplies.{{cite news |first=Haviv Rettig |last=Gur |url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=71394 |title=Yale expert: Not enough known about anti-Semitism |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=8 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816000245/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Yale-expert-Not-enough-known-about-anti-Semitism |archive-date=16 August 2017}} The study found that "people who believed the anti-Israel mythologies also tended to believe that Jews are not honest in business, have dual loyalties, control government and the economy, and the like." The study found anti-Israel respondents were 56% more likely to be antisemitic than the average European.

According to a poll conducted by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in 2012, antisemitic attitudes in ten European countries remain at "disturbingly high levels", peaking in Eastern Europe and Spain, with large swaths of the population subscribing to classical antisemitic notions such as Jews having too much power in business, being more loyal to Israel than their own country, or "talking too much" about the Holocaust. In comparison with a similar poll conducted in 2009, several of the countries showed high levels in the overall level of antisemitism, while other countries experienced more modest increases:{{cite web |title=ADL Survey in Ten European Countries Finds Anti-Semitism at Disturbingly High Levels |url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/anti-semitism-international/adl-survey-in-ten-european-countries-find-anti-semitism.html |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224112540/https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-ten-european-countries-finds-anti-semitism-disturbingly-high |archive-date=24 December 2022}}

• Austria: Experienced a slight decrease to 28 percent from 30 percent in 2009.
• France: The overall level of antisemitism increased to 24 percent of the population, up from 20 percent in 2009.
• Germany: antisemitism increased by one percentage point, to 21 percent of the population.
• Hungary: The level rose to 63 percent of the population, compared with 47 percent in 2009.
• Poland: The number remained unchanged, with 48 percent of the population showing deep-seated antisemitic attitudes.
• Spain: Fifty-three percent (53%) percent of the population, compared to 48 percent in 2009.
• United Kingdom: antisemitic attitudes jumped to 17 percent of the population, compared to 10 percent in 2009.

In January 2019 the European Commission published a survey of 28 countries which showed a wide gap in perceptions between Jews and non-Jews in Europe. 89% of the Jews surveyed thought that antisemitism had "significantly increased" over the last five years, whereas only 36% of non-Jews believed the same.{{cite news |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47300117 |title=Thousands protest against anti-Semitism in France |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220035311/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47300117 |archive-date=20 February 2019}}

A CNN-sponsored poll in 2018 established that antisemitic stereotypes were very prevalent in Europe. One fifth of the people surveyed declared that Jews have too much influence in media and politics, and one third stated they knew little or nothing about the Holocaust.{{cite news |last=Greene |first=Richard Allen |year=2018 |title=CNN poll reveals depth of anti-Semitism in Europe |url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/europe/antisemitism-poll-2018-intl/ |work=CNN |access-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126152155/https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/europe/antisemitism-poll-2018-intl/ |archive-date=26 January 2025}} In 2023, 52% of 8,000 Jews from 13 European countries surveyed said they have experienced antisemitism in public in the year before the survey, 90% responded they had encountered antisemitism online in the past year.{{cite news |date=11 July 2024 |title=Jewish People's Experiences and Perceptions of Antisemitism |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2024/experiences-and-perceptions-antisemitism-third-survey#publication-tab-1 |work=FRA |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129202617/https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2024/experiences-and-perceptions-antisemitism-third-survey |archive-date=29 January 2025}} Overall, Jews in Europe are pessimistic about antisemitism and expect it to get worse, but most have no intentions to leave Europe.{{cite news |last=Bartov |first=Shira Li |date=23 July 2024 |title=Jewish leaders in Europe want to stay there despite pessimism about antisemitism, survey finds

|url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-811458 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010033700/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-811458 |archive-date=10 October 2024}}

Polling data taken in 2015-2016 shows the following results regarding the proportions of Christians in the following countries who would reject Jews as family members, neighbors or citizens.

A major source of antisemitism in Armenia is Israel's strong relations with and arms sales to Azerbaijan. During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Nagorno-Karabakh president Arayik Harutyunyan accused Israel of complicity in a 'genocide' against Armenians.{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/armenian-leader-accuses-israel-of-aiding-genocide-against-his-people/|title=Armenian leader accuses Israel of aiding 'genocide' against his people|website=The Times of Israel}} Armenians in Lebanon burned the Israeli flag, along with the Turkish and Azerbaijani flags at a protest during that war.{{Cite web |url=https://www.azerbaycan24.com/en/armenians-burn-israeli-azerbaijani-and-turkish-flags-video/ |title=Armenians burn Israeli, Azerbaijani and Turkish flags – VIDEO |date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927005405/https://www.azerbaycan24.com/en/armenians-burn-israeli-azerbaijani-and-turkish-flags-video/ |archive-date=27 September 2021}} In April 1998, Igor Muradyan, a famous Armenian political analyst and economist, published an antisemitic article in one of Armenia's leading newspapers Voice of Armenia. Muradyan claimed that the history of Armenian-Jewish relations has been filled with "Aryans vs. Semites" conflict manifestations. He accused Jews of inciting ethnic conflicts, including the dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh and demonstrated concern for Armenia's safety in light of Israel's good relations with Turkey.{{cite web |url=http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/082599caucasus.shtml |title=Union of Council for Soviet Jews: Antisemitism in Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708200251/http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/082599caucasus.shtml |archive-date=8 July 2008}}

In 2002, a book entitled National System (written by Romen Yepiskoposyan in Armenian and Russian) was printed and presented at the Union of Writers of Armenia. In that book, Jews (along with Turks) are identified as number-one enemies of Armenians and are described as "the nation-destroyer with a mission of destruction and decomposition." A section in the book entitled The Greatest Falsification of the 20th Century denies the Holocaust, claiming that it is a myth created by Zionists to discredit "Aryans": "The greatest falsification in human history is the myth of Holocaust.... no one was killed in gas chambers. There were no gas chambers."{{cite web |url=http://www.ucsj.org/news/antisemitic-book-presented-armenia-jewish-leader-heckled |title=Antisemitic Book Presented in Armenia; Jewish Leader Heckled |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004142300/http://www.ucsj.org/news/antisemitic-book-presented-armenia-jewish-leader-heckled |archive-date=4 October 2011 |website=Union of Councils for Soviet Jews |date=20 February 2002}} Similar accusations were voiced by Armen Avetissian, the leader of the small ultra-nationalist party, Armenian Aryan Order (AAO), on 11 February 2002, when he also called for the Israeli ambassador Rivka Kohen to be declared persona non-grata in Armenia for Israel's refusal to give the Armenian massacres of 1915 equal status with the Holocaust. In addition, he asserted that the number of victims of the Holocaust has been overstated.{{cite web |url=http://www.ucsj.org/news/armenian-aryan-party-criticizes-israeli-ambassador |title="Armenian Aryan Party" Criticizes Israeli Ambassador |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004142321/http://www.ucsj.org/news/armenian-aryan-party-criticizes-israeli-ambassador |archive-date=4 October 2011 |website=Union of Councils for Soviet Jews |date=21 February 2002}}

In 2004, Armen Avetissian expressed extremist remarks against Jews in several issues of the AAO run The Armeno-Aryan newspaper, as well as during a number of meetings and press conferences, leading to his party's exclusion from the Armenian Nationalist Front.{{cite web |url=http://www.eajc.org/program_art_r.php?id=59 |title=Antisemitism in Armenia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021070101/http://www.eajc.org/program_art_r.php?id=59 |archive-date=21 October 2007 |first=Rimma |last=Varzhapetian |website=The Euro-Asian Jewish Congress |access-date=6 September 2006}} He was arrested in January 2005 on charges of inciting ethnic hatred.{{Cite news |title=Armenia: Country's Jews Alarmed Over Nascent Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1057091.html |access-date=4 December 2020 |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=8 April 2008 |language=en |last1=Danielyan |first1=Emil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628062705/https://www.rferl.org/a/1057091.html |archive-date=28 June 2024}} Shortly after, during a prime time talk show, the leader of the People's Party and the owner of ALM television channel, Tigran Karapetyan, accused Jews of assisting Ottoman authorities in the 1915 Armenian Genocide. His interviewee, Armen Avetissian stated that "the Armenian Aryans intend to fight against the Jewish-Masonic aggression and will do what it takes to repress evil in its own nest." Speaking about Armenia's Jewish community Avetissian said that it consists of "700 of those who identify themselves as Jews and 50,000 of those whom the Aryans will soon reveal while cleansing the country of Jewish evil." The Jewish Council of Armenia addressed its concerns to the government and various human rights organizations demanding to stop promoting ethnic hatred and to ban ALM. However, these demands were mostly disregarded.

On 23 October 2004, the head of the Department for Ethnic and Religious Minority Issues, Hranoush Kharatyan, publicly commented on so-called "Judaist" xenophobia in Armenia. She said: "Why are we not responding to the fact that on their Friday gatherings, Judaists continue to advocate hatred towards all non-Judaists as far as comparing the latter to cattle and propagating spitting on them?" Kharatyan also accused local Jews of calling for "anti-Christian actions."{{cite web |url=http://www.ucsj.org/news/armenian-official-says-jews-anti-christian |title=Armenian Official Says Jews "Anti-Christian" |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004142422/http://www.ucsj.org/news/armenian-official-says-jews-anti-christian |archive-date=4 October 2011 |website=Union of Councils for Soviet Jews |date=21 October 2004}} The Jewish Council of Armenia sent an open letter to President Robert Kocharian expressing its deep concern with the recent rise of antisemitism. Armen Avetissian responded to this by publishing yet another antisemitic article in the Iravunq newspaper, where he stated: "Any country that has a Jewish minority is under big threat in terms of stability." Later while meeting with the Chairman of the National Assembly of Armenia Artur Baghdasarian, head of the Jewish Council of Armenia Rima Varzhapetian insisted that the government took steps to prevent further acts of antisemitism. Avetissian was arrested on 24 January 2005. Several prominent academic figures, such as Levon Ananyan (the head of the Writers union of Armenia) and composer Ruben Hakhverdian supported Avetissian and called upon the authorities to release him.[http://www.a1plus.am/ru/?page=issue&id=24961 Intelligentsia Demands from Prosecutor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927101054/http://www.a1plus.am/ru/?page=issue&id=24961 |date=27 September 2011 }} (in Russian). A+ News. 18 February 2005. Retrieved 27 November 2006 In their demands to release him they were joined by opposition deputies and ombudsman Larisa Alaverdyan as the authorities had arrested him for political speech.{{cite web |url=http://www.ucsj.org/news/armenian-parliament-deputies-ombudsman-demand-release-of-detained-anti-semite |title=Armenian Parliament Deputies, Ombudsman Demand Release of Detained Anti-Semite |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004142450/http://www.ucsj.org/news/armenian-parliament-deputies-ombudsman-demand-release-of-detained-anti-semite |archive-date=4 October 2011 |website=Union of Councils for Soviet Jews |date=1 February 2005}}

In September 2006, while criticizing the American Global Gold corporation, Armenian Minister of Environment Vardan Ayvazyan said during a press conference: "Do you know who you are defending? You are defending kikes! Go over their [company headquarters] and find out who is behind this company and if we should let them come here!"[http://www.jewish.ru/news/cis/2006/09/news994240420.php Jews of Armenia Outraged by Nature Protection Minister's Statements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225034517/http://www.jewish.ru/news/cis/2006/09/news994240420.php |date=25 February 2011 }}.[http://www.today.az/view.php?id=30863 Armenian Jewish Community Leader Criticizes Environment Minister for Antisemitic Comment]. today.az. (30 September 2006) After Rimma Varzhapetian's protests, Aivazian claimed he did not mean to offend Jews, and that such criticism was intended strictly for the Global Gold company. On 23 December 2007, The Jewish Holocaust Memorial in central Yerevan was vandalized by unknown individuals. A Nazi swastika symbol was scratched and black paint was splattered on the simple stone. After notifying the local police, Rabbi Gershon Burshtein, a Chabad emissary who serves as Chief Rabbi of the country's tiny Jewish community said "I just visited the memorial the other day and everything was fine. This is terrible, as there are excellent relations between Jews and Armenians." The monument has been defaced and toppled several times in the past. It is located in the city's Aragast Park, a few blocks north of the centrally located Republic Square, which is home to a number of government buildings.{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847408736&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Vandals deface Holocaust memorial in Armenia |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=23 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916234743/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847408736&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=16 September 2011 }}

On 12 February 2021, the Holocaust Memorial in Yerevan was once again vandalized.{{Cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/holocaust-memorial-in-yerevan-armenia-vandalized-658759 |title=Holocaust memorial in Yerevan, Armenia vandalized |date=12 February 2021 |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105111947/https://www.jpost.com//diaspora/antisemitism/holocaust-memorial-in-yerevan-armenia-vandalized-658759 |archive-date=5 November 2023}} On 15 November 2023, a month into the Gaza war, the Mordechai Navi Synagogue was set fire to.{{cite news |title=Armenia opens probe into arson attack on synagogue |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/armenia-opens-probe-into-arson-attack-on-synagogue |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=16 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619174628/https://www.timesofisrael.com/armenia-opens-probe-into-arson-attack-on-synagogue/ |archive-date=19 June 2024}}

{{main|Antisemitism in contemporary Austria|History of the Jews in Austria#The Holocaust in Austria}}

File:0254 HM Monson Collection Vienna 1938 01 49 45 00.webm in 1938]]

Antisemitism has a long history in Austria, typically focused on the large presence of Jews in Vienna. The Jews were systematically destroyed 1938–1945.Bruce F. Pauley, From prejudice to persecution: a history of Austrian anti-semitism (University of North Carolina Press, 1998). Evidences of the presence of Jewish communities in the geographical area today covered by Austria can be traced back to the 12th century. In 1848 Jews were granted civil rights and the right to establish an autonomous religious community, but full citizenship rights were given only in 1867. In an atmosphere of economic, religious, and social freedom, the Jewish population grew from 6,000 in 1860 to almost 185,000 in 1938.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} In March 1938, Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany and thousands of Austrian Jews were sent to concentration camps. Of the 65,000 Viennese Jews deported to concentration camps, only about 2,000 survived, while around 800 survived World War II in hiding.{{cite report |author=European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia |title=Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 – 2003 |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/184-AS-Main-report.pdf |publisher=FRA |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223023601/https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/184-AS-Main-report.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2024}} In the Habsburg Empire, the antisemitic movement was strongly concentrated on Vienna.{{cite web |title=The social exponents of Austrian anti-Semitism |url=https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/chapters/social-exponents-austrian-anti-semitism |publisher=Habsburger |access-date=13 October 2013 |first=Judith |last=Fritz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201025602/https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/chapters/social-exponents-austrian-anti-semitism |archive-date=1 December 2024}}

Antisemitism did not cease to exist in the aftermath of World War II and continued to be part of Austrian political life and culture with its strongest hold in the political parties and the media. Bernd Marin, an Austrian sociologist, has characterized antisemitism in Austria after 1945 as an 'antisemitism without Jews', since Jews constituted only 0.1 percent of the Austrian population. Antisemitism was stronger in those areas where Jews no longer lived and where previously practically no Jews had lived, and among people who neither have had nor have any personal contact with Jews. Since post-war prejudice against Jews has been publicly forbidden and tabooed, antisemitism was actually 'antisemitism without antisemites', but different expressions of it were to be found in the Austrian polities. During the 1980s, the taboo against open expressions of explicitly antisemitic beliefs has remained, but the means of circumventing it linguistically have extended its boundaries in such a way that the taboo itself appears to have lost some of its significance. Anti-Jewish prejudices which had remained hidden began to surface and were increasingly found in public settings. Thus, verbal antisemitism was rarely expressed directly, but rather used coded expressions, which reflected one of the country's major characteristics – ambivalence and ambiguity toward its past.{{cite journal|last=Wodak |first=Ruth |title=Turning the Tables: Antisemitic Discourse in Post-War Austria |journal=Discourse & Society |year=1991 |volume=2 |pages=65–83 |doi=10.1177/0957926591002001004 |citeseerx=10.1.1.573.5858 |s2cid=29779086}} {{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}{{cite web |title=Austria, the Jews, and Anti-Semitism: Ambivalence and Ambiguity |url=http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-15.htm |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |access-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328213015/https://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-15.htm |archive-date=28 March 2023}}

Today the Jewish community of Austria consists of about 8,000 persons. Contemporary antisemitism was reported from Serfaus during 2009 and 2010. Several hotels and apartments in the renowned holiday resort have confirmed a policy of not allowing Jews on their premises. Bookings are tried to be detected in advance based on racial profiling, and are denied to possible orthodox Jews.[http://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/texte/anzeigen/34914 German newspaper Sueddeutsche Zeitung on antisemitism in Serfaus]. Sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de. Retrieved 1 June 2012. Some are concerned about a potential rise in antisemitism following the victory of the far right Freedom Party – founded by Nazis – in the September 2024 elections.{{cite news |last=Hoare |first=Liam |date=26 September 2024 |title=Austria's Far-right Freedom Party Is 'Antisemitic to Its Core.' And It Could Win Sunday's Election |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2024-09-26/ty-article-magazine/.premium/austrias-far-right-freedom-party-antisemitic-to-its-core-could-win-sundays-election/00000192-18a6-dd5a-a7b3-7caed4530000 |work=Haaretz |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926162913/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2024-09-26/ty-article-magazine/.premium/austrias-far-right-freedom-party-antisemitic-to-its-core-could-win-sundays-election/00000192-18a6-dd5a-a7b3-7caed4530000 |archive-date=26 September 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Kirby |first1=Paul |last2=Bell |first2=Bethany |date=29 September 2024 |title=Far right in Austria 'opens new era' with election victory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8rdygy5888o |work=BBC News |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124085706/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8rdygy5888o |archive-date=24 January 2025}} Two days before the elections, the party caused controversy when party officials sung and SS song at the funeral of former member.{{cite news |date=29 September 2024 |title=Austria's far-right Freedom Party officials sing SS song at funeral of former member |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-822435 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117010033/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-822435 |archive-date=17 January 2025}}

{{Further|Contemporary antisemitism in Belgium|History of the Jews in Belgium|1980 Antwerp summer camp attack|1981 Antwerp bombing}}

Over a hundred antisemitic attacks were recorded in Belgium in 2009, a 100% increase from the year before. The perpetrators were usually young males of immigrant Muslim backgrounds from the Middle East. In 2009, the Belgian city of Antwerp, often referred to as Europe's last shtetl, experienced a surge in antisemitic violence. Bloeme Evers-Emden, an Amsterdam resident and Auschwitz survivor, was quoted in the newspaper Aftenposten in 2010: "The antisemitism now is even worse than before the Holocaust. The antisemitism has become more violent. Now they are threatening to kill us."{{cite news |first=Per Kristian |last=Aale |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/article3584266.ece |title=Hets av jøder er økende i Europa |language=no |trans-title=Anti-Jewish hatred is on the rise in Europe |work=Aftenposten |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331124739/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/article3584266.ece |archive-date=31 March 2010}}

The behavior prompted by the 2012 local elections in the municipality of Schaarbeek impelled the president of the Coordination Committee of Jewish Organizations in Belgium, Maurice Sosnowski, to observe that "'candidates who belonged to the Jewish community were attacked for their affiliation' and the municipality saw a 'hate campaign under the pretext of anti-Zionism.'"{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/world/article/belgiums_local_elections_cause_anti_semitic_flood |title=Belgium's local elections cause 'anti-Semitic flood.' |website=Jewish Journal |date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828092321/https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/109192/ |archive-date=28 August 2023}}

Several other incidents occurred in 2012- in November Demonstrators at an anti-Israel rally in Antwerp rally chanted "Hamas, Hamas, all Jews to the gas." In October, a synagogue in Brussels was vandalized by two unidentified male perpetrators who spray-painted "death to the Jews" and "boom" on the wall.{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/anti-semitism/international/c/global-anti-semitism-select-2012.html |title=Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2012 |work=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113095941/https://www.adl.org/resources/news/global-anti-semitism-selected-incidents-around-world-2012 |archive-date=13 November 2024}}

The increased frequency of antisemitic attacks started in May 2014, when four people were killed in a shooting at the Belgian Jewish Museum in Brussels.{{cite web |title=4 killed in shooting outside Jewish Museum in Brussels |url=http://antisemitism.org.il/article/87513/4-killed-shooting-outside-jewish-museum-brussels |work=CFCA |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525233135/http://antisemitism.org.il/article/87513/4-killed-shooting-outside-jewish-museum-brussels |url-status=dead}} Two days later, a young Muslim man entered the CCU (Jewish Cultural Center) while an event was taking place and shouted racist slurs.{{cite web |title=Antisemitic threats near the CCU (Jewish Cultural Center) building |url=http://antisemitism.org.il/article/87651/antisemitic-threats-near-ccu-jewish-cultural-center-building |website=The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805192625/http://antisemitism.org.il/article/87651/antisemitic-threats-near-ccu-jewish-cultural-center-building |url-status=dead}} A month later, a school bus in Antwerp, that was driving five-year-old Jewish children was stoned by a group of Muslim teens.{{cite web |title=School bus carrying ultra-Orthodox Jewish children stoned in anti-Jewish attack |url=http://antisemitism.org.il/article/87885/school-bus-carrying-ultra-orthodox-jewish-children-stoned-anti-jewish-attack |website=The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703050922/http://antisemitism.org.il/article/87885/school-bus-carrying-ultra-orthodox-jewish-children-stoned-anti-jewish-attack |url-status=dead}} Towards the end of August 2014, a 75-year-old Jewish woman was hit and pushed to the ground because of her Jewish-sounding surname.{{cite web |title=Antisemitic attack against 75 old woman |url=http://antisemitism.org.il/article/90161/antisemitic-attack-against-75-old-woman |website=CFCA |publisher=La-Libre |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823093848/http://antisemitism.org.il/article/90161/antisemitic-attack-against-75-old-woman |url-status=dead}}

In 2020 Israel asked that the Carnaval parade in Aalst be canceled because of antisemitism.{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/israel-calls-belgium-scrap-parade-194825230.html |title=Israel calls on Belgium to scrap parade over anti-Semitism |work=Yahoo! News |agency=Associated Press |date=20 February 2020}} UNIA, Belgium's federal equality agency, reported a 1,000% increase in antisemitic incidents in the two months following the outbreak of the Gaza War, compared with similar periods in previous years.{{cite news |last=Merlin |first=Ohad |date=18 September 2024 |title=Belgian NGO finds anti-Israel bias, antisemitism in local school materials revolving conflict |url=https://www.jpost.com/bds-threat/article-820693 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104224249/https://www.jpost.com//bds-threat/article-820693 |archive-date=4 January 2025}} In the wake of these staggering statistics, the International Movement for Peace and Coexistence (IMPAC) raised concerns about issues of bias regarding how the Palestinian-Israel conflict is presented in Belgian schools.

{{Main|The Holocaust in Bulgaria}}

Antisemitism became a political force in Bulgaria in the late 19th century.{{cite journal |first1=William I. |last1=Brustein |first2=Ryan D. |last2=King |title=Anti-semitism as a response to perceived Jewish power: the cases of Bulgaria and Romania before the Holocaust |journal=Social Forces |volume=83 |number=2 |date=2004 |pages=691–708 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.820.2105&rep=rep1&type=pdf}} In World War II the community of about 50,000 was largely protected when King Boris III refused to hand over the Jews to the Nazis. After the war most went to Israel.{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Bar-Zohar |title=Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews |date=1998}} [https://www.amazon.com/Beyond-Hitlers-Grasp-Heroic-Bulgarias/dp/1580620604/ excerpt]{{cite journal |first=Ethan J. |last=Hollander |title=The Final Solution in Bulgaria and Romania: A Comparative Perspective |journal=East European Politics and Societies |volume=22 |number=2 |date=2008 |pages=203–248}}

There are about 2,000 Jews still living in Bulgaria today. In early 2019, an incident occurred in Bulgaria where rocks were thrown at a synagogue in Sofia, Bulgaria's capital city. Though no one was hurt, the incident occurred only a short time after antisemitic graffiti was found on a monument for victims of Bulgaria's communist regime, which ruled Bulgaria from 1945 to 1989.{{cite news |first=Barney |last=Breen-Portnoy |date=21 January 2019 |title=Central Synagogue in Bulgarian Capital Vandalized by Rock-Throwing Assailant |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2019/01/21/central-synagogue-in-bulgarian-capital-vandalized-by-rock-throwing-assailant/ |work=The Alegmeiner |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101115623/https://www.algemeiner.com/2019/01/21/central-synagogue-in-bulgarian-capital-vandalized-by-rock-throwing-assailant/ |archive-date=1 November 2023}}

The Czech lands are known for having less antisemitism than surrounding countries are, despite occasional flare-ups of it such as the 1899 Hilsner Affair. In the late 19th century Czech nationalists were sharply critical of conservative Jews who supported the German government based in Vienna, and also the radical Jews who organized a socialist party in Prague.{{cite journal |first=Michael A. |last=Riff |title=Czech Antisemitism and the Jewish Response before 1914 |journal=Wiener Library Bulletin |volume=29 |number=39–40 |date=1976 |pages=8–20}} After 1919 Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia, strongly opposed antisemitism.{{cite book |last1=Gruner |first1=Wolf |editor1-last=Gruner |editor1-first=Wolf |editor2-last=Osterloh |editor2-first=Jörg |translator-last=Heise |translator-first=Bernard |title=The Greater German Reich and the Jews: Nazi Persecution Policies in the Annexed Territories 1935-1945 |year=2015 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78238-444-1 |pages=99–135 |language=en |chapter=Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia}}{{cite news |title=Dr. Masaryk, Long Friend of Jews, Resigns Czech Presidency at 85 |url=https://www.jta.org/1935/12/16/archive/dr-masaryk-long-friend-of-jews-resigns-czech-presidency-at-85 |access-date=23 December 2019 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=16 December 1935 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223061716/https://www.jta.org/1935/12/16/archive/dr-masaryk-long-friend-of-jews-resigns-czech-presidency-at-85 |archive-date=23 December 2019}} He left office in 1935 and subsequently there was increasing hostility.{{cite book |first=Livia |last=Rothkirchen |chapter=Czech Attitudes towards the Jews during the Nazi Regime |title=Public Opinion and Relations to the Jews in Nazi Europe |publisher=KG Saur |date=2011 |pages=415–448}}

In 2019, Associated Press reported that antisemitism was on the rise, especially from far-right, pro-Russian elements: two physical attacks and three instances of vandalism were reported.{{cite news |title=New report finds anti-Semitism on the rise in Czech Republic |url=https://apnews.com/f014a32bc4444fb091e03c14d6341a5f |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=AP News |date=3 July 2019}} The 2024 annual report of the Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic (FJC) reports a 90% increase of antisemitic incidents in 2023 from the previous year (2022).{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=6 August 2024 |title=Antisemitism in the Czech Republic sharply increased in 2023, report indicates |url=https://www.europeaninterest.eu/antisemitism-in-the-czech-republic-sharply-increased-in-2023-report-indicates/ |work=European Interest |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071145/https://www.europeaninterest.eu/antisemitism-in-the-czech-republic-sharply-increased-in-2023-report-indicates/ |archive-date=7 August 2024}}{{cite news |date=5 August 2024 |title=Antisemitic Incidents in Czech Republic Soar in 2023, Jewish Community Reports |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2024-08-05/ty-article/antisemitic-incidents-in-czech-republic-soar-in-2023-jewish-community-reports/00000191-231d-d19b-a3b7-b35db6420000 |work=Haaretz |agency=Associated Press |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240805172935/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2024-08-05/ty-article/antisemitic-incidents-in-czech-republic-soar-in-2023-jewish-community-reports/00000191-231d-d19b-a3b7-b35db6420000 |archive-date=5 August 2024}}

{{Further|History of the Jews in Denmark}}

File:Jødefejden 1819.jpg

Antisemitism in Denmark has not been as widespread as in other countries. Initially, Jews were banned as in other countries in Europe, but beginning in the 17th century, Jews were allowed to live in Denmark freely, unlike in other European countries where they were forced to live in ghettos.[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Norway.html The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Norway] Accessed 8 October 2006{{better source needed|date=November 2024}}

In 1819 a series of anti-Jewish riots in Germany spread to several neighboring countries including Denmark, resulting in mob attacks on Jews in Copenhagen and many provincial towns. These riots were known as Hep! Hep! Riots, from the derogatory rallying cry against the Jews in Germany. Riots lasted for five months during which time shop windows were smashed, stores looted, homes attacked, and Jews physically abused. 2011, 2012, and 2013 averaged around 43 antisemitic incidents a year, which included assault and physical harassment, threats, antisemitic utterances, and vandalism.{{cite web |title=Report on antisemitic incidents in Denmark 2013 |url=http://antisemitism.org.il/webfm_send/105 |work=AKVAH |publisher=The Jewish Community in Denmark |access-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331180101/http://antisemitism.org.il/webfm_send/105 |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status=dead}} In July 2014, during the Gaza War, there was an increase in antisemitic rhetoric as death threats were expressed against Jews in Denmark.{{cite web |title=Gaza conflict reaches Denmark's Jews |url=http://antisemitism.org.il/article/88668/gaza-conflict-reaches-denmarks-jews |website=CFCA |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807060904/https://antisemitism.org.il/article/88668/gaza-conflict-reaches-denmarks-jews |archive-date=7 August 2014}} In August 2014, the {{lang|da|Carolineskolen}}, a Jewish school, kindergarten, and daycare complex in Copenhagen was vandalized, some windows were smashed and graffiti was sprayed on the school walls which referred to the ongoing conflict between the Israeli military and the militant group Hamas.{{cite news |first=Sofie |last=Sparre |url=http://nyhederne.tv2.dk/samfund/2014-08-22-skoleleder-p%C3%A5-j%C3%B8disk-skole-det-er-grotesk-0 |title=Skoleleder på jødisk skole: Det er grotesk |language=da |trans-title=Principal at Jewish school: It's grotesque |work=nyhederne.tv2.dk |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114181619/https://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2014-08-22-skoleleder-paa-joedisk-skole-det-er-grotesk |archive-date=14 November 2023}} In February 2015, a Jewish man was killed and two police officers were injured during a shooting outside the main synagogue of Copenhagen.{{cite news |last1=Stender Pedersen |first1=Mette |last2=Krogh Andersen |first2=Peter |title=Skudoffer ved københavnsk synagoge var en ung jøde |language=da |trans-title=Shooting victim at Copenhagen synagogue was a young Jew |url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2015/02/15/052303.htm |access-date=15 February 2015 |work=DR Nyheder |agency=Danmarks Radio (DR) |date=15 February 2015 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

In 2017 an imam in Copenhagen called during Friday prayers for the slaughter of all Jews, citing a hadith.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} The Middle East Media Research Institute translated parts of his speech, warning the Jewish community in Denmark, who reported the imam to Danish police officials.{{cite news |title=Copenhagen imam accused of calling for killing of Jews |work=BBC News |date=11 May 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39885745 |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Recent efforts to outlaw infant circumcision for non-medical reasons have been characterized as motivated by xenophobia in general or antisemitism in particular.{{cite web |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/kronikker/anklager-om-antisemitisme-og-beskyldninger-om-smaalummer-tissemandssnak-afsporer |title=Anklager om antisemitisme og beskyldninger om "smålummer tissemandssnak" afsporer debatten om omskæring |language=da |trans-title=Accusations of anti-Semitism and accusations of "small talk" derail the debate on circumcision |last=Andersson |first=Mikkel |date=19 April 2018 |work=Berlingske Tidende |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201175203/https://www.berlingske.dk/kronikker/anklager-om-antisemitisme-og-beskyldninger-om-smaalummer-tissemandssnak-afsporer |archive-date=1 December 2024}} Jonatan Cohn, leader of AKVAH (Department of Mapping and Knowledge-sharing of Antisemitic Events, a department of {{ill|Det Jødiske Samfund i Danmark|lt=Jødisk Samfund|da|Det Jødiske Samfund i Danmark}}), describes the proposal as the main thing that "destroys the night sleep of Jewish Danes", more so than antisemitism among "young Muslim men", and goes on to say that{{cite web |url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/debat/breve/ECE10579289/omskaering-er-en-afgoerende-del-af-den-joediske-kultur/ |title=Omskæring er en afgørende del af den jødiske kultur |last=Cohn |first=Jonatan |date=6 May 2018 |work=Jyllandsposten |access-date=27 April 2019 |quote=Udover det foruroligende ved de mange halve sandheder, misinformationer og den ofte ret så fjendske tone, som præger omskæringsdebatten, rejser den en række ubehagelige spørgsmål for mange danske jøder: Skulle en kriminalisering af en så central del af den jødiske religion og kultur rent faktisk blive vedtaget, hvor længe kan man da fortsætte sin tilværelse i Danmark? (...) En sådan vedvarende og generel uro for, at man kan blive nødsaget til at skulle rejse fra sit fædreland, fordi man har i sinde at fortsætte med at praktisere sin religion, har arabiske bøller hidtil ikke formået at skabe blandt de danske jøder. Denne tvivlsomme ære tilfalder alene Jyllands-Posten og dens venner i omskæringsdebatten. |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{Blockquote

|text=Apart from the troubling aspect of the many half-truths, the misinformation and the often rather hostile tone that characterizes the circumcision debate, it raises a series of unpleasant questions for many Danish Jews: If a criminalization of so central a part of Jewish religion and culture were to actually be passed, for how long can one then continue one's existence in Denmark? (...) Arabic bullies have so far not managed to create among the Danish Jews so lasting and general an uneasiness that one might need to leave one's fatherland because one intends to continue to practise one's religion. This dubious honour belongs solely to Jyllandsposten and its friends in the circumcision debate.

|author=Jonatan Cohn

}}

Iman Diab and Güray Baba, members of Intact Denmark with a self-described "minority background", report being accused of being "antisemites, traitors, persecutors of minority parents" due to their involvement in the circumcision debate.{{cite news |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/kommentatorer/anklagerne-om-antisemitisme-og-minoritets-forfoelgelse-er-de-vaerste |title=Anklagerne om antisemitisme og minoritets-forfølgelse er de værste |language=da |trans-title=The accusations of anti-Semitism and minority persecution are the worst |last1=Diab |first1=Amin |last2=Baba |first2=Güray |work=Berlingske Tidende |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201023138/https://www.berlingske.dk/kommentatorer/anklagerne-om-antisemitisme-og-minoritets-forfoelgelse-er-de-vaerste |archive-date=1 December 2024}} In February 2024, The Associated Press reported that the number of antisemitic incidents in Denmark "reached levels not seen since World War II," according to Henri Goldstein, the leader of the country's Jewish community; Goldstein cited the Gaza War as the cause of this growing antisemitism.{{cite news |last1=Olsen |first1=Jan |title=Denmark records highest number of antisemitic incidents since WWII, part of a grim European trend |url=https://apnews.com/article/denmark-antisemitism-israel-gaza-war-jewish-goldstein-02102614b498aa170732c266b410eb0c |work=Associated Press |date=22 February 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206064733/https://apnews.com/article/denmark-antisemitism-israel-gaza-war-jewish-goldstein-02102614b498aa170732c266b410eb0c |archive-date=6 December 2024}}

{{further|History of the Jews in Estonia}}

{{Main|Antisemitism in France}}

{{Further|History of the Jews in France}}

{{main|Antisemitism in 21st-century France}}

Despite the fact that a large majority of French people have favorable attitudes towards Jews,{{cite web |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=248 |title=Islamic Extremism: Common Concern for Muslim and Western Publics |publisher=Pew Global Attitude Project |date=14 July 2005 |access-date=10 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706035644/http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=248 |archive-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=live}} acts of anti-Jewish violence, property destruction, and racist language are a serious cause for concern.{{cite news |last=Thiolay |first=Boris |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/juifsfr/dossier.asp |title=Juif, et alors? |language=fr |trans-title=Jewish, so what? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309113652/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/juifsfr/dossier.asp |archive-date=9 March 2008 |work=L'Express |date=6 June 2005}} A majority of reported hate crimes in France are antisemitic hate crimes.{{cite magazine |last=Judah |first=Ben |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/6568/full |title=Islam and the French Republic |magazine=Standpoint |date=July–August 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} {{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS).|date=February 2025}}According to French Prime Minister Manuel Valls: "We have the old anti-Semitism ... that comes from the extreme right, but [a] new anti-Semitism comes from the difficult neighborhoods, from immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa."{{Cite magazine |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/01/french-prime-minister-warns-if-jews-flee-the-republic-will-be-judged-a-failure/384410/ |title=French Prime Minister Warns: If Jews Flee, the Republic Will Be Judged a Failure |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206225731/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/01/french-prime-minister-warns-if-jews-flee-the-republic-will-be-judged-a-failure/384410/ |archive-date=6 December 2024}} The most intense acts of antisemitism are perpetrated by Muslims of Arab or African heritage.{{cite news |last=Harris-Perry |first=Melissa |title=A closer look at the Jewish community in France |url=https://www.msnbc.com/melissa-harris-perry/watch/a-closer-look-at-the-jewish-community-in-france-382761027788 |work=MSNBC |date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

According to a 2006 poll by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, 71% of French Muslims have positive views of Jews, the highest percentage in the world.{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/06/23/muslims.west/ |work=CNN |title=Poll: Muslims, West eye each other through bias – 23 June 2006 |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315213533/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/06/23/muslims.west/ |archive-date=15 March 2023}} According to the National Advisory Committee on Human Rights, antisemitic acts account for a majority— 72% in all in 2003— of racist acts in France.{{Cite web |url=http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/rubriques/a/a5_communiques/2005_07_25_antisemite |title=Communiqués Officiels: Les actes antisémites |language=fr |trans-title= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129055433/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/rubriques/a/a5_communiques/2005_07_25_antisemite |archive-date=29 November 2005 |website=Ministère de l'Intérieur et de l'Aménagement du territoire |access-date=12 March 2006}} 40% of racist violence perpetrated in France in 2013 targeted the Jewish minority, despite the fact that Jews represent less than 1% of the French population.{{Cite web |url=http://www.antisemitisme.org/dl/SPCJ-2013-EN.pdf |title=Report – Antisémitisme |language=fr |trans-title= |website=Service de Protection de la Communauté Juive – Jewish Community Security Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812200001/http://www.antisemitisme.org/dl/SPCJ-2013-EN.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2014}}

With the start of the Second Intifada, antisemitic incidents increased in France {{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. In 2002, the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme (Human Rights Commission) reported six times more antisemitic incidents than in 2001 (193 incidents in 2002). The commission's statistics showed that antisemitic acts constituted 62% of all racist acts in the country (compared to 45% in 2001 and 80% in 2000){{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. The report documented 313 violent acts against people or property, including 38 injuries and the murder of someone with Maghrebin origins by far-right skinheads.{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3226,36-314637,0.html |title=2002 : le racisme progresse en France, les actes antisémites se multiplient |language=fr |trans-title= |work=Le Monde |date=28 March 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105142231/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3226,36-314637,0.html |archive-date=5 January 2007}}

About 7,000 French Jews moved to Israel in 2014. This was 1% of the entire French Jewish population and a record number since World War II.{{cite news |last=Boteach |first=Shmuley |url=http://observer.com/2015/01/the-last-jews-of-france/ |title=Rabbi Shmuley: The Last Jews of France |work=The New York Observer |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Conversations within the European Jewish community indicate that antisemitic attacks in France are the impetus for the high emigration figures.{{cite news |last=Tuval |first=Uri |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4613620,00.html |title=France's Jews: 'In Israel we know not to surrender to terror.' |work=Ynetnews |date=11 January 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} French Prime Minister Manuel Valls expressed his concern about the trend: "If 100,000 French people of Spanish origin were to leave, I would never say that France is not France anymore. But if 100,000 Jews leave, France will no longer be France. The French Republic will be judged a failure." The trend of increased emigration continued into 2015 due to a rise in assaults and intimidation by Muslim extremists.{{cite news |first=Aron |last=Heller |title=Western Europe Jewish migration to Israel hits all-time high |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/164bbc1445aa42fc883ee85e4439523a/western-europe-jewish-migration-israel-hits-all-time-high |access-date=17 January 2016 |agency=Associated Press |date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007154701/https://apnews.com/164bbc1445aa42fc883ee85e4439523a/western-europe-jewish-migration-israel-hits-all-time-high |archive-date=7 October 2017}} Emigration levels declined in each year from 2015 through 2020.{{cite news |last1=Savir |first1=Aryeh |title=Israeli Official Unveils Plan to Rescue French Jewry from Escalating Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/aliyah-israel/israeli-official-unveils-plan-to-rescue-french-jewry-from-escalating-anti-semitism/2020/07/12/ |agency=Tazpit News Agency |publisher=Jewish Press |date=12 July 2020 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} However, a 2024 survey showed that 68% of French Jews feel unsafe in light of rising antisemitism, and many are considering emigrating.{{cite news |last=Eichner |first=Itamar |date=15 July 2024 |title='They called our children filthy Jews': French Jews feel unsafe amid rising antisemitism |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkd181m000 |work=YNet |access-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{Further|History of the Jews in Germany|Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany}}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-083-42, Magdeburg, zerstörtes jüdisches Geschäft.jpg, Magdeburg, 1938.]]

From the early Middle Ages to the 18th century, Jews in Germany were subjected to many persecutions but they also enjoyed brief periods of tolerance. Though the 19th century began with a series of riots and pogroms against the Jews, emancipation followed in 1848, so that, by the early 20th century, the Jews in Germany were the most integrated Jews in Europe. The situation changed in the early 1930s with the rise of the Nazis and their explicitly antisemitic program. Hate speech which referred to Jewish citizens as "dirty Jews" became common in antisemitic pamphlets and newspapers such as the {{lang|de|Völkischer Beobachter}} and {{lang|de|Der Stürmer}}. Additionally, blame was laid on Jews for having caused Germany's defeat in World War I (see {{lang|de|Dolchstosslegende}}).

Anti-Jewish propaganda expanded rapidly. Nazi cartoons that depicted "dirty Jews" frequently portrayed a dirty, physically unattractive, and badly dressed "Talmudic" Jew in traditional religious garments similar to those which are worn by Hasidic Jews. Articles attacking Jews, while concentrating on the commercial and political activities of prominent Jews, also frequently attacked them based on religious dogmas, such as the blood libel.

{{See also|The Holocaust|Racial policy of Nazi Germany}}

The Nazi antisemitic program quickly expanded beyond mere speech. Starting in 1933, repressive laws were passed against Jews, culminating in the Nuremberg Laws which removed most of the rights of citizenship from Jews, using a racial definition that was based on descent, rather than a religious definition which determined who was a Jew.[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,757240,00.html Time (magazine)] Sporadic violence against the Jews became widespread during the Kristallnacht riots, which targeted Jewish homes, businesses and places of worship, killing hundreds across Germany and Austria. The antisemitic agenda culminated in the genocide of the Jews of Europe, known as the Holocaust.

In 1998, Ignatz Bubis said that Jews could not live freely in Germany. In 2002, the historian Julius Schoeps said that "resolutions by the German parliament to reject antisemitism are drivel of the worst kind" and "all those ineffective actions are presented to the world as a strong defense against the charge of antisemitism. The truth is: no one is really interested in these matters. No one really cares."[http://www.berlin-judentum.de/bildung/antisemitismusforschung.htm Interview with Julius Schoeps (German)]. Berlin-judentum.de. Retrieved 1 June 2012.

{{image frame

|content={{Graph:Chart

|height=150

|width=200

|xAxisTitle=

|yAxisTitle=%

|yAxisMin=0

|type=rect

|showSymbols=yes

|legend=Legend

|x=harassment, assault

|y1=19,25

|y1Title=Left-extremists

|y2=19,19

|y2Title=Right-extremists

|y3=62,81

|y3Title=Muslim individual

|y4=22,13

|y4Title=Christian group

|y5=6,6

|y5Title=Other

|colors=red,black,green,blue,grey}}

|width=378

|caption=Perpetrators of antisemitic verbal harassment and physical assault. Attackers characterised by victim. An attacker may belong to more than 1 group.{{Cite book |url=https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |title=Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus |first1=Andreas |last1=Zick|first2=Andreas |last2=Hövermann |first3=Silke |last3=Jensen |first4=Julia |last4=Bernstein |publisher=Universität Bielefeld |year=2017 |location=Bielefeld |pages=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115221/https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2018}}

}}

{{Main|Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany}}

{{further|Anti-antisemitism in Germany}}

A 2012 poll showed that 18% of the Turks in Germany regard Jews as inferior human beings.Liljeberg Research International: [https://d171.keyingress.de/multimedia/document/228.pdf Deutsch-Türkische Lebens und Wertewelten 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011112234/https://d171.keyingress.de/multimedia/document/228.pdf |date=11 October 2012 }}, July/August 2012, p. 68Die Welt: [https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article108659406/Tuerkische-Migranten-hoffen-auf-muslimische-Mehrheit.html Türkische Migranten hoffen auf muslimische Mehrheit], 17 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012 A similar study found that most of Germany's native-born Muslim youth and children of immigrants have antisemitic views.{{cite news |title=Israeli flag burning prompts German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel to back outlawing it |url=http://www.dw.com/en/israeli-flag-burning-prompts-german-foreign-minister-sigmar-gabriel-to-back-outlawing-it/a-41806074 |work=DW News |date=15 December 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2024}}

File:Openly antisemitic Protester in Berlin (17.7.2014).jpg tattoos on arm]]

A 2017 study on Jewish perspectives on antisemitism in Germany by Bielefeld University found that individuals and groups belonging to the extreme right and extreme left were equally represented as perpetrators of antisemitic harassment and assault, while a large part of the attacks was committed by Muslim assailants. The study also found that 70% of the participants feared a rise in antisemitism due to immigration citing the antisemitic views of the refugees.{{Cite book |url=https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |title=Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus |language=de |trans-title= |first1=Andreas |last1=Zick |first2=Andreas |last2=Hövermann |first3=Silke |last3=Jensen |first4=Julia |last4=Bernstein |publisher=Universität Bielefeld |year=2017 |location=Bielefeld |pages=4–5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115221/https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2018}} This is despite the fact that there is "no reliable correlations between the refugee influx and the numbers of anti-Semitic attacks".{{Cite journal |last=Younes |first=Anna-Esther |date=1 October 2020 |title=Fighting Anti-Semitism in Contemporary Germany |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=257 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.5.2.0249 |issn=2325-8381 |doi-access=free}}

In February 2019, crime data released by the government for 2018 and published in Der Tagesspiegel showed a yearly increase of 10%, with 1,646 crimes linked to a hatred of Jews in 2018, with the totals not finalised as yet. There was a 60% rise in physical attacks (62 violent incidents, compared to 37 in 2017).{{cite news |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47223692|title=Anti-Semitism: Germany sees '10% jump in offences' in 2018 |date=13 February 2019 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} As of 2020, antisemitic crimes in Germany reached their highest level since Germany began keeping statistics.{{Cite news |title=Anti-Semitic crime rises in Germany, most from far right |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/german-police-raids-homes-anti-government-groups-70898621 |access-date=30 November 2021 |work=ABC News |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Following the outbreak of the Gaza war in October 2023, there has been a reported surge in antisemitism and antisemitic incidents to levels that have not been seen in years.{{cite news |last1=Diehl |first1=Jörg |last2=Diening |first2=Deike |last3=Großekathöfer |first3=Maik |last4=Rapp |first4=Tobias |last5=Wiedmann-Schmidt |first5=Wolf |date=27 October 2023 |title=A New Wave of Anti-Semitism Sweeps Across Germany |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/absolutely-appalling-a-new-wave-of-anti-semitism-sweeps-across-germany-a-50e18e6a-03ae-4ea5-99ec-6d0c8753558a |work=Der Spiegel |access-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} In June 2024, the organization RIAS reported 4,782 antisemitic incidents,[https://report-antisemitism.de/documents/25-06-24_RIAS_Bund_Jahresbericht_2023.pdf Antisemitische Vorfälle in Deutschland 2023] an increase of 80% compared to the previous year, with more than 70 percent of the incidents being "Israel related". RIAS employs the IHRA definition of antisemitism, which has been criticized for being too broad in including legitimate criticism of Israel.{{cite news |last=Nöstlinger |first=Nette |date=25 June 2024 |title=Germany records sharp rise in antisemitic incidents |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/sharp-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-recorded-in-germany-october-7/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=Politico |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{main|Antisemitism in Greece}}

Antisemitism has remained a significant issue in Greece. The Greek economic crisis was one of the main factors in the rise in the scope of antisemitic incidents and the rise of Greece's neo-Nazi party, Golden Dawn, which won 21 seats in parliament in 2012. A number of events of vandalism have occurred throughout the country – in 2002, 2003, and 2010, the Holocaust memorial in Thessaloniki was vandalized, in 2009 the Jewish cemetery in Ioannina was attacked several times and in the same year, the Jewish cemetery in Athens was also attacked. In 2012 in Rhodes, the city's Holocaust monument was spray-painted with swastikas.{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/anti-semitism/international/c/global-anti-semitism-select-2012.html |title=Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2012 |work=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{Further|History of the Jews in Hungary|Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary}}

File:Selection on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1944 (Auschwitz Album) 1b.jpg in German-occupied Poland, c. May 1944, after disembarking from the transport trains. To be sent rechts! – to the right – meant labor; links! – to the left – the gas chambers. Photo from the Auschwitz Album (May 1944).]]

Hungary was the first country after Nazi Germany that passed anti-Jewish laws.Herczl, Moshe Y. Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry (1993) pp 79–170. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg6vj?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%22%3A+Christianity+and+the+Holocaust+of+Hungarian+Jewry%22&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522%253A%2BChristianity%2Band%2Bthe%2BHolocaust%2Bof%2BHungarian%2BJewry%2522%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=search%3A4c10eb461bf299248303b912e3bb43db online] In 1939, all the Hungarian Jews were registered.Alex J. Bellamy. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EK8eK2xPCycC&dq=%22all+its+jews+were+registered%22&pg=PA121 Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity] In June 1944, Hungarian police deported nearly 440,000 Jews in more than 145 trains, mostly to Auschwitz.[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005458 HUNGARY AFTER THE GERMAN OCCUPATION], United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Last Updated: 25 October 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2007

Antisemitism in Hungary is manifested mainly in far-right publications and demonstrations. Hungarian Justice and Life Party supporters continued their tradition of shouting antisemitic slogans and tearing the US flag to shreds at their annual rallies in Budapest in March 2003 and 2004, commemorating the 1848–1849 revolution. Further, during the demonstrations held to celebrate the anniversary of the 1956 uprising, a post-Communist tradition celebrated by the left and right of the political spectrum, antisemitic and anti-Israel slogans were heard from the right wing, such as accusing Israel of war crimes. The center-right traditionally keeps its distance from the right-wing Csurka-led and other far-right demonstrations.[http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2003-4/hungary.htm Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism And Racism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208034245/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2003-4/hungary.htm |date=8 February 2008 }}. Tau.ac.il. Retrieved 1 June 2012.

In 2012, a survey conducted by the Anti-Defamation League found that 63% of the Hungarian population holds antisemitic attitudes.[https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-survey-in-ten-european-countries-finds-anti-semitism-at-disturbingly-high "ADL Survey In Ten European Countries Finds Anti-Semitism At Disturbingly High Levels."] ADL. 20 March 2012. 10 August 2012.

A two-year boycott of Limerick's Jewish community was instigated by Catholic priest John Creagh in 1904, who claimed that Jews "came to our land to fasten themselves on us like leeches and to draw our blood".{{cite news |last1=Ferriter |first1=Diarmaid |title=The deeds and the documents |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-deeds-and-the-documents-1.420719 |access-date=4 October 2019 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=5 March 2005 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} A 2007 survey found that 20% of Irish people wanted Israelis to be barred from becoming naturalized Irish citizens while 11% were against the naturalization of Jews. Opposition to accepting a Jew into the family was slightly stronger among 18- to 25-year-olds.{{cite book |last1=Goldhagen |first1=Daniel Jonah |author-link1=Daniel Goldhagen |title=The Devil That Never Dies: The Rise and Threat of Global Antisemitism |date=2013 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9780316250306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsVKbjJanD4C&q=A+fifth+of+Irish+would+bar+Israelis+from+becoming+citizens&pg=PT269 |language=en}}{{cite news |last=Dysch |first=Marcus |date=2 June 2011 |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/guess-how-many-irish-people-would-ban-israelis-from-their-homes-1.23492 |access-date=4 October 2019 |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Guess how many Irish people would ban Israelis from their homes |archive-url= |archive-date=}} In 2024, many Irish Jews reported feelling threatened due to their Jewishness,{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/03/12/antisemitism-ireland-blatant-obvious-wake-hamas-onslaught-says-jewish-former-cabinet-minister-alan-shatter |title=Antisemitism in Ireland 'Blatant and Obvious' in Wake of Hamas Onslaught, Says Jewish Former Cabinet Minister Alan Shatter |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{cite news |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=28 May 2024 |title=Old antisemitism; new pro-Palestinian trends: Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/05/28/old-antisemitism-new-pro-palestinian-trends-why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous/ |work=Israel Hayom |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{cite news |work=Jewish News Syndicate |url=https://www.jns.org/why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |title=Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{cite news |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2024/05/19/rachel-moiselle-im-of-jewish-ancestry-studying-at-trinity-where-hostility-has-festered |title=Rachel Moiselle: Echoes of my ancestors’ experiences of anti-Semitic bigotry resonate around me today |archive-url= |archive-date=}} while the President of the World Jewish Congress criticized the Irish school curriculum as "unabashedly antisemitic".{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/irish-antisemitic-school-curriculum |title=WJC President Lauder Labels Irish School Curriculum as Unabashedly Antisemitic |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{further|Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy|History of the Jews in Italy#Jews during the Fascist era}}

A 2012 survey by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), of five European countries in regard to antisemitism included Italy.{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/presrele/asint_13/4185_13.asp |title=ADL Survey of Five European Countries Finds One in Five Hold Strong antisemitic Sentiments; Majority Believes Canard of Jewish Disloyalty |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Of those surveyed:

• 23% of Italians harbor strong antisemitic views
• 58% of Italians believe Italian Jews are more loyal to Israel than Italy.
• 40% believe that Jews have too much power in international financial markets, which is also defined as antisemitism by the European Union.
• 29% say Jews don't care about anyone but their own kind.
• 27% of Italians say that Jews are more willing than others to use shady practices to get what they want.
• 43% believe Jews still talk too much about the Holocaust.

File:Antisemitism in latvia.PNG

{{Further|History of the Jews in Latvia}}

Two desecrations of Holocaust memorials, in Jelgava and in the Biķernieki Forest, took place in 1993. The delegates of the World Congress of Latvian Jews who came to Biķernieki to commemorate the 46,500 Jews shot there, were shocked by the sight of swastikas and the word {{Lang|de|Judenfrei}} daubed on the memorial. Furthermore, Articles of antisemitic content appeared in the Latvian nationalist press. The main topics of these articles were the collaboration of Jews with the Communists in the Soviet period, Jews tarnishing Latvia's good name in the West, and Jewish businessmen striving to control the Latvian economy.

{{Further|History of the Jews in the Netherlands}}

The Netherlands has the second highest incidence of antisemitic incidents in the European Union. However, it is difficult to obtain exact figures because the specific groups against whom attacks are made are not specifically identified in police reports, and analyses of police data for antisemitism, therefore, rely on keyword searches, e.g. Jew or Israel. According to Centre for Information and Documentation on Israel (CIDI), a pro-Israel lobby group in the Netherlands,{{cite web |url=http://www.cidi.nl/over-cidi/ |title=Over CIDI |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} the number of antisemitic incidents reported in the whole of the Netherlands was 108 in 2008, 93 in 2009, and 124 in 2010. Some two-thirds of this are acts of aggression. There are approximately 52 000 Dutch Jews.{{cite web |url=http://www.niw.nl/nieuwe-cidi-monitor-antisemitisme/ |title=Nieuwe CIDI Monitor antisemitisme |work=Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad |date=18 September 2011 |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

According to the NRC Handelsblad newspaper, the number of antisemitic incidents in Amsterdam was 14 in 2008 and 30 in 2009.Berkhout, Karel. (26 January 2010) [http://www.nrc.nl/international/article2468489.ece/Anti-Semitism_on_the_rise_in_Amsterdam "Anti-Semitism on the rise in Amsterdam"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302092941/http://www.nrc.nl/international/article2468489.ece/Anti-Semitism_on_the_rise_in_Amsterdam |date=2 March 2010 }}. Nrc.nl. Retrieved 1 June 2012. In 2010, Raphaël Evers, an orthodox rabbi in Amsterdam, told the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten that Jews can no longer be safe in the city anymore due to the risk of violent assaults. "We Jews no longer feel at home here in the Netherlands. Many people talk about moving to Israel," he said. In 2013, the Dutch Center for Reports on Discrimination (CIDI) noted that there is more antisemitism on the Internet than ever before in its 17-year history.[http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/09/10/kipa-clad-jew-nearly-run-down-called-cancer-by-passersby-in-netherlands-video/ Algemeiner: "Kipa-Clad Jew Nearly Run Down, Called 'Cancer,' by Passersby in Netherlands (VIDEO)"] 10 September 2014

File:Wreath on Wergelands grave May 17 2009.jpg who was the driving force behind the repeal of the constitutional ban which prohibited Jews from entering Norway.]]

{{Further|History of Jews in Norway|The Holocaust in Norway|Antisemitism in contemporary Norway}}

Jews were prohibited from living or entering Norway by paragraph 2 (known as the Jew clause in Norway) of the 1814 Constitution, which originally read, "The evangelical-Lutheran religion remains the public religion of the State. Those inhabitants, who confess thereto, are bound to raise their children to the same. Jesuits and monastic orders are not permitted. Jews are still prohibited from entry to the Realm." In 1851 the last sentence was struck out. Monks were permitted in 1897, and Jesuits not before 1956.

The Jew Clause was reinstated 13 March 1942 by Vidkun Quisling during Germany's occupation of Norway, but was reversed when Norway was liberated in May 1945. Before the deportation of Danish Jews, there were 2,173 Jews in Norway, at least 775 of whom were arrested, detained, and/or deported; 765 died as a direct result of the Holocaust.These numbers do not include Jewish Soviet or Polish prisoners of war that died in captivity of murder or mistreatment in Norwegian camps, nor Allied Jewish soldiers killed in action in Norway. There is some evidence that prisoners of war who were found to be Jewish were singled out and were abused. Mendelsohn (1986). After the war and following a legal purge, Quisling was convicted of high treason (including the unlawful change of the Constitution) and shot by a firing squad.

In 2010, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation after one year of research, revealed that antisemitism was common among Norwegian Muslims. Teachers at schools with large shares of Muslims revealed that Muslim students often "praise or admire Adolf Hitler for his killing of Jews", that "Jew-hate is legitimate within vast groups of Muslim students" and that "Muslims laugh or command [teachers] to stop when trying to educate about the Holocaust".{{cite news |url=http://www1.nrk.no/nett-tv/indeks/205057 |work=NRK Lørdagsrevyen |title=Jødiske blir hetset |language=no |trans-title= |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419230618/http://www1.nrk.no/nett-tv/indeks/205057 |archive-date=19 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}[http://theforeigner.no/pages/columns/what-about-norwegian-anti-semitism/ What about Norwegian anti-Semitism?] by Leif Knutsenm, The Foreigner (Norwegian News in English), 16 June 2011.[http://www.newsinenglish.no/2010/03/16/anti-semitism-report-shocks-officials/ Anti-semitism report shocks officials], Norway International Network, Views and News from Norway, 16 March 2010. Additionally that "while some students might protest when some express support for terrorism, none object when students express hate of Jews" and that it says in "the Quran that you shall kill Jews, all true Muslims hate Jews". Most of these students were said to be born and raised in Norway. One Jewish father also told that his child after school had been taken by a Muslim mob (though managed to escape), reportedly "to be taken out to the forest and hung because he was a Jew".

It was revealed in April 2012 that Johan Galtung, a Norwegian sociologist who pioneered the discipline of peace studies and conflict resolution, made antisemitic comments during public speeches and lectures.{{cite web |date=30 April 2012 |url=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/04/30/3094276/father-of-peace-studies-makes-public-anti-semitic-remarks |title='Father of peace studies' makes public anti-Semitic remarks | JTA – Jewish & Israel News |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Galtung claimed that there was a possible link between the Mossad and Anders Behring Breivik. He also claimed that six Jewish companies control 96% of the media in the United States, a frequent statement made by antisemites. Galtung also claimed that 70% of the professors at the 20 most important American universities are Jewish, and recommended that people read the fraudulent antisemitic manuscript The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

{{Main|History of the Jews in Poland|Antisemitism in Poland|The Holocaust in Poland}}

{{Further|Statute of Kalisz|Paradisus Judaeorum|Żydokomuna|Judeopolonia|Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland}}

File:Lapy zydowskie.jpeg of 1919–1921]]

File:Gwiazda-dawida-szubienica-lublin.JPG depicting a Star of David hanging from gallows, c. 2012]]

Around 14th–16th centuries the Jews in Poland were relatively well-off, compared to Jews in other European countries or non-nobles in Poland, as shown by the term Paradisus Judaeorum (Jewish Paradise).{{Cite book |last=Haumann |first=Heiko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypcWuuGVvX8C&pg=PA30 |title=A History of East European Jews |date=1 January 200 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9789639241268 |page=30}}{{cite book |last=Geller |first=Ewa |title=Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |isbn=9783319924809 |editor1-last=Moskalewicz |editor1-first=Marcin |page=20 (13–26) |chapter=Yiddish 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" from Early Modern Poland: A Humanistic Symbiosis of Latin Medicine and Jewish Thought |editor2-last=Caumanns |editor2-first=Ute |editor3-last=Dross |editor3-first=Fritz |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}{{bulleted list|

|{{Cite journal |last=Despard |first=Matthew K. |date=2 January 2015 |title=In Search of a Polish Past |journal=Jewish Quarterly |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=40–43 |doi=10.1080/0449010x.2015.1010393 |issn=0449-010X}}

|{{Cite journal |last=Rosenfeld |first=Gavriel D. |date=September 2016 |title=Mixed Metaphors in Muranów: Holocaust Memory and Architectural Meaning at the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews |journal=Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=258–273 |doi=10.1080/23256249.2016.1242550 |issn=2325-6249 |s2cid=191753083}}

|{{cite book |author=Daniel Elphick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KCsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Music behind the Iron Curtain: Weinberg and his Polish Contemporaries |date=3 October 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49367-3 |page=18}}

|{{cite book |last=Klier |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3q7EYgEACAAJ |title=Russia Gathers Her Jews: The Origins of the "Jewish Question" in Russia, 1772-1825 |publisher=Northern Illinois University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-87580-983-0 |page=3 |chapter=Chapter 1: Poland–Lithuania: "Paradise for Jews"}}

|{{Cite journal |last=Hundert |first=Gershon David |date=1 October 1997 |title=Poland: Paradisus Judaeorum |journal=Journal of Jewish Studies |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=335–348 |doi=10.18647/2003/jjs-1997 |issn=0022-2097}}

}} At the onset of the 17th century, religious tolerance common began to give way to the Catholic Counter-Reformation. From the middle of the 14th century to the end of the 15th century, there were 20 anti-Jewish riots on the territory of Poland and Lithuania; while from 1534 to 1717 there were 53.{{cite book |last=Cała |first=Alina |author-link=Alina Cala |title=Żyd – wróg odwieczny? Antysemityzm w Polsce i jego źródła |trans-title= |year=2012 |location=Warsaw |language=pl |oclc=1080486354 |pages=88–89}}

Wars of the mid-17th century resulted in vast depopulation of the Commonwealth, as over 30% of the about 10 million population has perished or emigrated. In the related 1648–1655 Cossack anti-Jewish pogroms, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, 18,000–20,000 Jews were killed on Ukrainian territories out of a total population of 40,000.{{cite journal |last=Stampfer |first=Shaul |year=2003 |title=What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648? |journal=Jewish History |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=165–178 |doi=10.1023/A:1022330717763}}

On the other hand, despite the mentioned incidents, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a relative haven for Jews when compared to the period of the partitions of Poland and the PLC's destruction in 1795 (see Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, below). After an assassination attempt on the life of Alexander III of Russia, in the 1880s Russian Imperial forces began to settle Russian-speaking Lithuanian Jews in Polish-speaking areas. Cultural conflict emerged between the Russian-speaking Jews supported by the Russian Empire, financially and politically, and the Poles.

Leon Khazanovich, a leader of Poalei Zion, documented anti-Jewish pogroms in 105 towns and villages between November and December 1918.{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/wyszkow/wys033.html |first=L. |last=Khazanovich |title=The Jewish pogroms in November and December 1918 |series=Acts and Documents |location=Stockholm |orig-date=1918 |website=Jewishgen.org |date=2 July 2004 |access-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Antisemitism abounded in Poland after Poland's sovereignty restoration, which included the 1937 imposition of numerus clausus upon Polish universities to restrict Jewish student admission.{{Cite journal |last=Hagen |first=William W. |date=June 1996 |title=Before the 'Final Solution': Toward a Comparative Analysis of Political Anti-Semitism in Interwar Germany and Poland |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/600769 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |language=en |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=351–381 |doi=10.1086/600769 |s2cid=153790671 |issn=0022-2801 |quote=In Poland, the semidictatorial government of Piłsudski and his successors, pressured by an increasingly vocal opposition on the radical and fascist right, implemented many anti-Semitic policies tending in a similar direction, while still others were on the official and semiofficial agenda when war descended in 1939{{nbsp}}... In the 1930s the realm of official and semiofficial discrimination expanded to encompass limits on Jewish export firms{{nbsp}}... and, increasingly, on university admission itself. In 1921–22 some 25 percent of Polish university students were Jewish, but in 1938–39 their proportion had fallen to 8 percent}}

While there are many examples of Poles rescuing Jews in the Holocaust, there are also instances of antisemitic incidents, when the Jewish population was certain of the indifference towards their fate from the Christian Poles.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The Polish Institute of National Remembrance identified 24 pogroms against WWII Jews, the most notable of which occurred in Jedwabne in 1941. A number of incidents were recorded right after WWII (see anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946). During the Cold War, the lingering antisemitism was exploited by the Soviet-backed communist regime to offset political threats, especially in the 1968 Polish political crisis:

The collapse of communism in Poland in 1989, allowed for the re-examination of Jewish-Polish history, with a number of events, including the Jedwabne pogrom, being discussed openly for the first time. Violent antisemitism in Poland in the 21st century is marginal compared to elsewhere.{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/graph-7.jpg |title=Major Violent Incidents in 2004: Breakdown by Country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201103820/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/graph-7.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2007 |website=The Steven Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism, Tel Aviv University |access-date=12 March 2006}} In 2022, the American civil rights group Anti-Defamation League (ADL) conducted a global survey on antisemitism. It found that 35% of Poland's people "harbour[ed] antisemitic attitudes", the second highest among the 10 European countries surveyed. Notably, the percentage was significantly lower than the previous ADL survey.{{bulleted list|

|{{cite web |website=Anti-Defamation League |url=https://global100.adl.org/about/2023 |title=2023 UPDATE |access-date=15 October 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

|{{cite web |website=Notes from Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/06/02/over-a-third-of-poles-harbour-antisemitic-attitudes-finds-international-study |title=Over a third of Poles 'harbour antisemitic attitudes', finds international study |date=2 June 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |quote=Separately, the ADL also asked directly if people have a favourable or unfavourable opinion of Jews. In Poland, 64% said they had a favourable view, while 19% admitted to the opposite. That latter figure was the highest among all countries surveyed [...] When presented with the antisemitic stereotypes, 62% of people in Poland said it was "probably true" that Jews are more loyal to Israel than their own country, 57% that they talk too much about what happened to them during the Holocaust, and 53% that they have too much power in the business world and financial markets. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128190742/https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/06/02/over-a-third-of-poles-harbour-antisemitic-attitudes-finds-international-study/ |archive-date=28 November 2024}}

}} Whereas, the Czulent Jewish Association, a Polish Jewish group,{{cite web |website=Żydowskie Stowarzyszenie Czulent |url=https://czulent.pl/addressing-antisemitism-through-education-in-the-visegrad-group-countries-a-mapping-report |title=Addressing Antisemitism through Education in the Visegrad Group Countries. A Mapping Report |date=5 October 2022 |access-date=15 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126155917/https://czulent.pl/addressing-antisemitism-through-education-in-the-visegrad-group-countries-a-mapping-report/ |archive-date=26 November 2022}} reported in 2023 that 488 antisemitic incidents had been recorded in 2022, 86% of which involved online harassment and insults. It noted that "Jew" was often used to smear a perceived enemy as "disloyal, an outsider and unpatriotic."*{{bulleted list|

|{{cite news |first=Dinah |last=Spritzer |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/04/24/global/first-antisemitism-report-conducted-with-the-polish-jewish-community-shows-how-jew-is-used-to-discredit-enemies |title=Polish-Jewish group releases antisemitism report that shows steep increase in incidents compared to EU tally |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |quote=A Jewish association counted 488 antisemitic incidents in Poland in 2022, a number that the report's author said just scratches the surface. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807082855/https://www.jta.org/2023/04/24/global/first-antisemitism-report-conducted-with-the-polish-jewish-community-shows-how-jew-is-used-to-discredit-enemies |archive-date=7 August 2024}}

|{{cite news |first=Dinah |last=Spritzer |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/polish-jewish-group-releases-antisemitism-report-showing-steep-increase-in-incidents-compared-to-eu-tally |title=Polish-Jewish group releases antisemitism report showing steep increase in incidents compared to EU tally |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |quote=86% of incidents involved online harassment and insults, while the word "Jew" is frequently used online to label an "enemy" as "disloyal, an outsider and unpatriotic." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093326/https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/polish-jewish-group-releases-antisemitism-report-showing-steep-increase-in-incidents-compared-to-eu-tally/ |archive-date=25 April 2023}}

|{{cite news |first=Dinah |last=Spritzer |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-report-finds-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-in-poland |title=Jewish group's report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |quote=First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish acts in Poland in 2022, more than 4 times the total cited by the European Union the previous year [...] "There is not a Polish politician who hasn't been called a Jew," [the report's lead author Anna] Zielińska told the Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Czulent's 2022 report detailed one violent act that resulted in injury, four additional violent attacks, 20 threats, 34 instances of damage to Jewish property and memorial sites, 68 cases of antisemitic mass mailings and 372 instances of "abusive" behavior. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207213359/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-report-finds-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-in-poland/ |archive-date=7 December 2024}}

}} Meanwhile, as per the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), of the 440 hate crimes prosecuted by the Police of Poland in 2022, 20% were antisemitic hate crimes, while only 6% were "anti-Muslim" hate crimes.{{cite web |website=OSCE ODIHR |url=https://hatecrime.osce.org/poland |title=OSCE ODIHR HATE CRIME REPORT: Poland |access-date=16 October 2024 |quote=The police records represent the number of proceedings initiated by police for hate crimes cases in 2022, including proceedings that were later discontinued owing to a lack of evidence. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005031711/https://hatecrime.osce.org/poland |archive-date=5 October 2024}}{{cite web |website=OSCE ODIHR |url=https://hatecrime.osce.org/reporting/poland/2022 |title=Poland Hate Crime Report 2022 |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

During Hanukkah of 2023, Polish MP Grzegorz Braun used a fire extinguisher to put out the menorah after a lighting ceremony in parliament.{{cite news |last=Wright |first=George |date=18 January 2024 |title=Grzegorz Braun: Polish MP who doused Hanukkah candles loses immunity |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68014535 |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120100243/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68014535 |archive-date=20 January 2025}} As a result, the Polish parliament stripped him of his immunity, allowing for his potential prosecution. On 1 May 2024, the Nożyk Synagogue in Warsaw was hit with three firebombs by a 16-year old. Poland's President Andrzej Duda condemned the firebombing.{{bulleted list|

|{{cite news |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/05/01/warsaw-synagogue-attacked-with-three-molotov-cocktails_6670098_4.html |title=Warsaw synagogue attacked with three Molotov cocktails |date=1 May 2024 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502222301/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/05/01/warsaw-synagogue-attacked-with-three-molotov-cocktails_6670098_4.html |archive-date=2 May 2024}}

|{{cite news |work=TVP World |url=https://tvpworld.com/77319367/16-year-old-arrested-for-attempted-arson-at-nozyk-synagogue-in-warsaw |title=16-year-old arrested for attempted arson at Nożyk Synagogue in Warsaw |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

|{{cite news |work=Jurist News |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/05/poland-synagogue-attacked-by-molotov-cocktails-amid-surge-in-antisemitism |title=Poland synagogue attacked by Molotov cocktails amid surge in antisemitism |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

}}

{{Further|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in the Soviet Union}}

{{See also|Antisemitism in the Russian Empire|Antisemitism in the Soviet Union|Pogrom}}

File:protestinrussia.jpg and Empress Elizabeth.]]

The Pale of Settlement was the Western region of Imperial Russia to which Jews were restricted by the Tsarist Ukase of 1792. It consisted of the territories of former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, annexed with the existing numerous Jewish population, and the Crimea (which was later cut out from the Pale).{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} During 1881–1884, 1903–1906, and 1914–1921, waves of antisemitic pogroms swept Russian Jewish communities. At least some pogroms are believed to have been organized or supported by the Russian Okhrana (secret police). Although there is no hard evidence for this, the Russian police and army generally displayed indifference to the pogroms, for instance during the three-day First Kishinev pogrom of 1903.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} During this period the May Laws policy was also put into effect, banning Jews from rural areas and towns, and placing strict quotas on the number of Jews allowed into higher education and many professions. The combination of the repressive legislation and pogroms propelled mass Jewish emigration, and by 1920 more than two million Russian Jews had emigrated, most to the United States while some made aliya to the Land of Israel.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In 1903 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an antisemitic tractate, was fabricated by the Russian Okhrana, a literary hoax, meant to blame the Jews for Russia's problems during the period of revolutionary activity.

Even though many Old Bolsheviks were ethnically Jewish, they sought to uproot Judaism and Zionism and established the Yevsektsiya to achieve this goal. By the end of the 1940s, the Communist leadership of the former USSR had liquidated almost all Jewish organizations, including Yevsektsiya.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Joseph Stalin's antisemitic campaign of 1948–1953 against so-called "rootless cosmopolitans", destruction of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, the fabrication of the "Doctors' plot", the rise of "Zionology" and subsequent activities of official organizations such as the Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public were officially carried out under the banner of "anti-Zionism," but the use of this term could not obscure the antisemitic content of these campaigns, and by the mid-1950s the state persecution of Soviet Jews emerged as a major human rights issue in the West and domestically. See also: Jackson–Vanik amendment, Refusenik, Pamyat.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Stalin sought to segregate Russian Jews into "Soviet Zion", with the help of Komzet and OZET in 1928{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast with the center in Birobidzhan in the Russian Far East attracted only limited settlement, and never achieved Stalin's goal of an internal exile for the Jewish people.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}

Around the year 2000, antisemitic pronouncements, speeches, and articles were common in Russia, and there were a number of antisemitic neo-Nazi groups in the republics of the former Soviet Union, leading Pravda to declare in 2002 that "Anti-semitism is booming in Russia."{{cite news |last=Litvinovich |first=Dmitri |url=http://english.pravda.ru/main/2002/07/30/33489.html |title=Explosion of anti-Semitism in Russia |work=Pravda |date=30 July 2002 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Around 2015–19, there have been bombs attached to antisemitic signs, apparently aimed at Jews, and other violent incidents, including stabbings, have been recorded. Antisemitic conspiracy theories were still widespread in Russian media by 2019 as well.{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/antistud.3.2.05 |title=Anti-Jewish Conspiracy Theories in Putin's Russia |first=Ilya |last=Yablokov |author-link=:ru:Яблоков, Илья Александрович |journal=Antisemitism Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |pages=291–316 |date=21 October 2019 |volume=3 |issue=2 |doi=10.2979/antistud.3.2.05 |jstor=10.2979/antistud.3.2.05 |s2cid=208619530 |access-date=26 February 2022}}

File:Ľudové noviny 1941.jpg

Following Jewish emancipation in 1896, many Jews in Slovakia (then Upper Hungary, part of the Kingdom of Hungary) had adopted Hungarian language and customs in order to advance. Many Jews moved to cities and joined the professions; others remained in the countryside, mostly working as artisans, merchants, and shopkeepers. Their multilingualism helped them advance in business, but put many Jews in conflict with the Slovak national revival.{{cite book |last1=Hutzelmann |first1=Barbara |editor1-last=Hutzelmann |editor1-first=Barbara|editor2-last=Hausleitner |editor2-first=Mariana |editor3-last=Hazan |editor3-first=Souzana|title=Slowakei, Rumänien und Bulgarien|trans-title=Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria |year=2018 |publisher=Institut für Zeitgeschichte |location=Munich |isbn=978-3-11-036500-9 |language=de| series={{ill|Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945|de}} [The Persecution and Murder of European Jews by Nazi Germany 1933–1945] |volume=13 |chapter=Einführung: Slowakei |trans-chapter=Introduction: Slovakia|pages=18–20}} The leader of the Slovak national revival, Ľudovít Štúr, believed that Slovak Jews lacked a common history, culture, and society with Slovaks. Traditional religious antisemitism was joined by the stereotypical view of Jews as exploiters of poor Slovaks (economic antisemitism), and a form of "national anti-Semitism" accusing Jews of Hungarian irredentism, and later Czechoslovakism as Jews came to be associated with the Czechoslovak state. By the mid-1930s, a broad consensus of antisemitism had emerged across Slovak society.{{cite book |last1=Láníček |first1=Jan |title=Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation |year=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-31747-6 |language=en |pages=35, 110}}

Antisemitism in Slovakia has declined from the mid-20th century, which saw the deportation and murder of most of the Slovak Jews by the Slovak People's Party government led by Jozef Tiso. Antisemitism after the war manifested itself in events such as the Topoľčany pogrom in September 1945.{{cite journal |first1=Nina |last1=Paulovičová |title=Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Slovakia: The Postwar Era to the Present |journal=Antisemitism Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2018 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=5, 10, 14, 25 |doi=10.2979/antistud.2.1.02 |s2cid=165383570}} More recently, politician Marian Kotleba has promoted the Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory and described Jews as "devils in human skin".{{cite news |last1=N. |first1=Denník |title=My sme národnosti slovenskej, nie židovskej. Čo všetko už Kotleba povedal o slovenskom štáte |trans-title=We are of Slovak nationality, not Jewish. What else has Kotleba said about the Slovak state? |url=https://dennikn.sk/404134/zidovska-otazka-nas-zaujimat-nemusi-co-vsetko-uz-kotleba-povedal-snp-zidoch-slovenskom-state/ |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=Denník N |date=13 March 2016 |language=sk-SK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126072558/https://dennikn.sk/404134/zidovska-otazka-nas-zaujimat-nemusi-co-vsetko-uz-kotleba-povedal-snp-zidoch-slovenskom-state/ |archive-date=26 January 2025}}{{cite journal |first1=Nina |last1=Paulovičová |title=Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Slovakia: The Postwar Era to the Present |journal=Antisemitism Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2018 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=17, 19–22|doi=10.2979/antistud.2.1.02 |s2cid=165383570 |quote=On 14 March 2004, in his public speech to commemorate the establishment of the 1939 Slovak state, Marian Kotleba, the leader of the extreme PP-OS (People's Party Our Slovakia), mocked efforts to come to terms with the Holocaust past and marked out Jews as "devils in human skin". Kotleba further promoted the view of Ľudovít Štúr—the leading representative of Slovak national revival in the nineteenth century—that Jews have no historical, cultural, or social ties with Slovaks. When the Jewish community expressed outrage against the demonstration of Kotleba supporters in Komárno in 2005, Kotleba defended the extremists by accusing Jews of plotting "against the Slovak nation, statehood, and Christian traditions" often with the help of the "Magyar chauvinists and domestic traitors". In Kotleba's eyes, every political skirmish in Slovakia is a "very well prepared performance" directed by Z. O. G. (the "Zionist Occupation Government").}}

{{See also|History of the Jews in Slovenia}}

File:Maribor Synagogue January 2009.jpg Synagogue, January 2009]]

The first noticeable antisemitic movement dates back to 1496 when the entire Jewish community in the territory of Carinthia and Styria was expelled due to the decree issued by Emperor Maximilian I.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} He was under strong pressure from the local nobility. The last of these evictions was issued in 1828 but restrictions on settlement and business remained until 1861.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Modern antisemitism emerged in Slovenia in the late 19th century, first among ultra-traditionalist Catholics, such as the Bishop Anton Mahnič. However, this was still a cultural and religious antisemitism, and not a racist one. Racial antisemitism was first advanced in Slovenia by some liberal nationalists, like Josip Vošnjak.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} At the turn of the 20th century, antisemitism spread widely due to the influence of Austrian Christian Social Movement. The founder of Slovene Christian Socialism, Janez Evangelist Krek, was fiercely antisemitic, although many of his followers were not. However, antisemitism remained a recognizable feature of conservative, ultra-Catholic, and far-right groups in Slovenia until 1945.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

About 4,500 Jews lived in Slovene areas before the mass transportation to the concentration camps in 1941. Many of them were refugees from neighboring Austria, while the number of Slovenian Jews with Yugoslav citizenship was much lower.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} According to the 1931 census, the Jewish community in the Drava Banovina (the administrative unit corresponding to the Yugoslav part of Slovenia) had less than 1,000 members, mostly concentrated in the easternmost Slovenian region of Prekmurje.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} In the late 1930s, anti-Jewish legislation was adopted by the pro-German regime of the Yugoslav Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović, supported also by the largest political party in Slovenia, the conservative Slovene People's Party. The party's leader, Dr. Anton Korošec had a strong antisemitic discourse and was instrumental in the introduction of the numerus clausus in all Yugoslav universities in 1938.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

The vast majority of Slovene Jewry was murdered in Auschwitz and other extermination camps. The Nazis continued deporting Slovene Jews until 1945. The once-noticeable Jewish community of Prekmurje disappeared. Only individuals have returned; many immigrated to Israel soon after 1945.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In 1954, the local Communist party destroyed the last standing synagogue in Slovenia – the synagogue of Murska Sobota, which had survived the two years of Nazi occupation between 1944 and 1945. Before the final destruction, the synagogue was robbed and burned by the members of the party.{{cite web |url=http://www.inv.si/psja/spomin/esobota.htm |title=Jews in Murska Sobota |website=Inv.si |access-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

After returning from the concentration camps, many Jews realized they had been dispossessed by the new Communist government. Jewish people were automatically marked as an upper class, although the Nazis took most of the property.{{Clarify|reason=what does it mean that they were automatically marked as an upper class?|date=May 2022}} Jews who still owned houses or larger apartments were allowed to live in one room; the rest of their properties were owned by the Communist party. Some of the Jews who opposed this policy were told they were "welcome to leave at any time".{{cite web |url=http://www.inv.si/psja/spomin/vajs.htm |title=The story of Eluizabeta Vajs |website=Inv.si |access-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Jews were also told it was better for them to leave if they wanted peace from OZNA.{{cite web |url=http://www.inv.si/psja/spomin/gru_ziv.htm |title=The story of Alice Gruenwald |website=Inv.si |access-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

During the Yugoslav socialist period, Jews were allowed to leave to go to Israel. However, if they decided to go, all of their properties and any possessions were automatically taken by the Communist party with no possibility of return.[http://www.inv.si/psja/spomin/ljudje.htm Stories of Slovenian Jews]. Inv.si. Retrieved 1 June 2012. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia, some properties were returned to them. Many Jews who had immigrated from Slovenia to Israel have said they are now too old and too tired to start the process of returning.[http://www.inv.si/psja/spomin/ljudje.htm Slovenian Jews of Prekmurje]. Inv.si. Retrieved 1 June 2012.

In the 1990s and 2000s, antisemitism made a resurgence in Slovenia, mostly linked to anti-globalization and far-left movements. Since 1990, antisemitic discourse in Slovenia has been predominantly linked to the left of the political spectrum, while it has been mostly absent from right-wing rhetoric. The Slovenian National Party, which has been described by many as chauvinistic, has not been antisemitic. On the other hand, antisemitic remarks have been frequent among left-wing activists and commentators, as well as among the extra-parliamentary far-right groups.

In January 2009, during the Gaza War, the exterior of the synagogue{{Which|date=May 2022}} was defaced with antisemitic graffiti, including {{Lang|de|Juden raus}} and Gaza.[http://www.sta.si/en/foto.php?nid=1355808 Pictures]. Slovenian pres agency. Sta.si (19 January 2009). Retrieved 1 June 2012. Although the synagogue is protected by security cameras, the culprits were never found.[http://www.ednevnik.si/entry.php?w=judovstvo&e_id=82582 Jews and Judaism in Slovenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724012751/http://www.ednevnik.si/entry.php?w=judovstvo&e_id=82582 |date=24 July 2011 }}. Ednevnik.si. Retrieved 1 June 2012. On 15 April 2009, the public broadcaster RTV Slovenija published an article about Adolf Hitler where they wrote: "... 17 million people were killed automatically, among them probably 6 million Jews...." After being criticized for denying the number of Jewish victims, they changed the article. No official statement or explanation was made by RTV.[http://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/drugo/hitler-propadli-umetnik-ki-je-postal-diktator/158815 Hitler: Propadli umetnik, ki je postal diktator]. Rtvslo.si (15 April 2009). Retrieved 1 June 2012.

On 31 January, RTV again made controversial statements about the Holocaust and Israel, during the news. After showing the video of the liberation of Auschwitz, a TV reporter called the surviving Jews "successor of the terror who abuses the innocent people in a ghetto called Gaza with excessive brutal force". They ended an article with a statement, "when victim becomes a criminal." They also stated that Jews are abusing the meaning of Holocaust for political reasons.[http://tvslo.si/predvajaj/zrcalo-tedna/ava2.58762178/ News on RTV, 31 January]. Tvslo.si. Retrieved 1 June 2012.

{{Main|Antisemitism in Spain|Spanish Inquisition|History of the Jews in Spain}}

File:Expulsion judios-en.svg

Jews in Islamic-occupied Spain, Al-Andalus, were second-class dhimmis who were targeted in pogroms such as the 1066 Granada massacre. In 1492, via the Alhambra Decree, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ordered the expulsion of an estimated 800,000 Jews from the country, and thus put an end to the largest and most distinguished Jewish community in Europe. The coercive baptisms eventually produced the phenomenon of the conversos (Marranos), the Inquisition, and statutes of "blood purity" five centuries before the race laws in Nazi Germany. From the end of the nineteenth century, Jews have been perceived as conspirators, alongside the notion of a universal Jewish conspiracy to control the world. Following the Soviet revolution and the founding of the Spanish Communist Party in 1920, such "anti-Spanish forces" were primarily identified with the "destructive communist virus," often considered to be guided by the Jews.{{cite web |last=Jiménez |first=José L. Rodríguez |title=Antisemitism and the Extreme Right in Spain (1962–1997) |url=http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/15spain.html |publisher=The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |access-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926151250/http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/15spain.html |archive-date=26 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}

During the Spanish Civil War, the alliance between Franco's faction and Nazi Germany opened the way for the emergence of antisemitism in the Spanish Right. It was during the 1960s that the first Spanish neo-fascist and neo-Nazi groups appeared, such as CEDADE. Later on, the Spanish neo-Nazis attempted to use antisemitic discourse to explain the political transition to democracy (1976–1982) following the death of General Franco. It drew on the same ideas that had been expressed in 1931 when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed – that political turning points could be explained as the result of various "intrigues". From 1948 until 1986, Israel was not recognized by Spain, and Israel and Spain had no diplomatic ties. In 1978, Jews were recognized as full citizens in Spain, and today the Jewish population numbers about 40,000 – 1 percent of Spain's population, 20,000 of whom are registered in the Jewish communities. The majority live in the larger cities of Spain on the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa or the islands.{{cite web |title=Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 – 2003 |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/184-AS-Main-report.pdf |publisher=EUMC |access-date=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223023601/https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/184-AS-Main-report.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2024}}

Many of the prejudices cultivated during the Franco years persist in the twenty-first century. According to some,{{cite web |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |title=EUROPEAN ANTI-SEMITISM REINVENTS ITSELF |url=http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42d75369-d582-4380-8395-d25925b85eaf%7D/wistrich.pdf |publisher=The American Jewish Committee |access-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002625/http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/wistrich.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead}} derived from the fact that almost all Spaniards are Catholic, and Spain remains to this day one of the most homogeneous Western countries, Spanish Judeophobia reflects a national obsession with religious and ethnic unity which is based on the conception of an imaginary "internal enemy" plotting the downfall of the Catholic religion and the traditional social order.{{cite web |last1=Bergman |first1=Werner |first2=Juliane |last2=Wetzel |title=Manifestations of anti-Semitism in the European Union |url=http://www.erinnern.at/bundeslaender/oesterreich/e_bibliothek/antisemitismus-1/431_anti-semitism_in_the_european_union.pdf |publisher=EUMC |access-date=31 August 2013}} However, this assumption clashes with the fact that 21st-century Spain is one of the most secularized countries in Europe,{{cite news |last=Loewenberg |first=Samuel |title=As Spaniards Lose Their Religion, Church Leaders Struggle to Hold On |work=The New York Times |date=26 June 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/weekinreview/26loew.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |access-date=21 October 2008}}{{cite news |last=Pingree |first=Geoff |title=Secular drive challenges Spain's Catholic identity |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=1 October 2004 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1001/p07s02-woeu.htm |access-date=21 October 2008}} with only 3% of Spaniards considering religion as one of their three most important values{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb69/eb69_values_en.pdf |title=Eurobarometer 69 – Values of Europeans – page 16 |access-date=24 March 2009 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} and thus not linking it to their national or personal identity. Furthermore, in modern Spain there is not an "internal enemy" scare but in far-right circles, which are more often focused against Muslim immigration as well as Catalan and Basque separatism, way more visible phenomena. Modern antisemitic-like attitudes in Spain are actually related to the perceived abusive policies of the State of Israel against Palestinians and in the international scene rather than to any kind of religious or identity obsession, and it has been defined by Jewish authors as an "antisemitism without antisemites."{{cite news |url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2015/09/08/actualidad/1441707339_106016.html |title=Antisemitismo sin antisemitas |language=es |trans-title=Antisemitism and antisemites |first1=Alejandro |last1=Baer |first2=Paula |last2=López |date=13 September 2015 |newspaper=El País |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115202422/https://elpais.com/politica/2015/09/08/actualidad/1441707339_106016.html |archive-date=15 November 2024}}

Pablo Iglesias, the founder of the Spanish political party Unidas Podemos, has a history of antisemitic remarks including: "the Holocaust was a mere bureaucratic problem," "the great Wall Street companies are practically all in the hands of Jews," and "the Jewish lobby supports initiatives against the peoples of the world," among others.{{Cite web |date=14 December 2016 |title=La Comunidad Judía critica la "perversión antisemita" de Iglesias y le advierte de acciones legales |trans-title= |url=https://okdiario.com/espana/comunidad-judia-critica-perversion-antisemita-iglesias-advierte-acciones-legales-599121 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=okdiario.com |language=es}}{{Cite web |last=Kasnett |first=Israel |date=20 April 2021 |title=Spanish watchdog warns of far-left anti-Semitic parties in regional elections |url=https://www.jns.org/spanish-watchdog-warns-of-far-left-anti-semitic-parties-in-upcoming-regional-elections/|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Jewish News Syndicate |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{Main|Antisemitism in Sweden}}

After Germany and Austria, Sweden has the highest rate of antisemitic incidents in Europe, though the Netherlands reports a higher rate of antisemitism in some years. A government study in 2006 estimated that 15% of Swedes agree with the statement: "The Jews have too much influence in the world today".Henrik Bachner and Jonas Ring.{{cite web |url=http://intolerans.levandehistoria.se/article/article_docs/antisemitism_english.pdf |title=Antisemitic images and attitudes in Sweden |access-date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221140257/http://intolerans.levandehistoria.se/article/article_docs/antisemitism_english.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007}} . levandehistoria.se 5% of the total adult population and 39% of adult Muslims "harbour systematic antisemitic views". The former prime minister Göran Persson described these results as "surprising and terrifying". However, the rabbi of Stockholm's Orthodox Jewish community, Meir Horden, said that "It's not true to say that the Swedes are anti-Semitic. Some of them are hostile to Israel because they support the weak side, which they perceive the Palestinians to be."{{cite news |first=Cnaan |last=Liphshiz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/922248.html |title=Anti-Semitism, in Sweden? Depends who you're asking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418045705/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/922248.html |archive-date=18 April 2009 |work=Haaretz |date=9 November 2007}}

In October 2010, The Forward reported on the current state of Jews and the level of antisemitism in Sweden. Henrik Bachner, a writer, and professor of history at the University of Lund, claimed that members of the Swedish Parliament have attended anti-Israel rallies where the Israeli flag was burned while the flags of Hamas and Hezbollah were waved, and the rhetoric was often antisemitic—not just anti-Israel. But such public rhetoric is not branded hateful and denounced.{{cite news |first=Donald |last=Snyder |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/129233/ |title=For Jews, Swedish City Is a 'Place To Move Away From' |work=The Forward |date=7 July 2010 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

Charles Small, director of the Yale University Initiative for the Study of antisemitism, stated that "Sweden is a microcosm of contemporary antisemitism. It's a form of acquiescence to radical Islam, which is diametrically opposed to everything Sweden stands for." Per Gudmundson, the chief editorial writer for Svenska Dagbladet, has sharply criticized politicians whom he claims offer "weak excuses" for Muslims accused of antisemitic crimes. "Politicians say these kids are poor and oppressed, and we have made them hate. They are, in effect, saying the behavior of these kids is in some way our fault."

Two documentaries, one produced in 2013 and another in 2015, secretly filmed reporters walking around Malmö wearing a kippah. In the 2013 documentary, the reporter only received strange looks and giggles, but in the 2015 documentary, in the mainly Muslim Rosengård neighborhood, the reporter was physically and verbally assaulted and had to flee. Fred Kahn, a leader of the local Jewish community, claimed that most incidents are committed by Muslims or Arabs.{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.638771 |title=Swedish reporter assaulted after wearing kippah to test attitudes toward Jews |work=Haaretz |date=24 January 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

• History of the Jews in Switzerland#Antisemitism in Switzerland

{{Main|Antisemitism in Turkey}}

{{main|Antisemitism in Ukraine}}

There have been Jews in Ukraine since the Greek colonies of the Black Sea coast had their Jewish traders.[http://www.berdichev.org/a_brief_history_of_antisemitism_in_ukraine.html Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine] by Anna Reid, Westview Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-8133-3792-5}} Antisemitism has existed since at least the time of the Rus Primary Chronicle. Leaders{{who|date=June 2019}} of the Ukrainian nationalists of OUN (b) participated in the Holocaust during World War II.Евреи в Украине. Учебно-методические материалы. Составитель И. Б. Кабанчик. — Львов, 2004. — с.186.Евреи в Украине. Учебно-методические материалы. Составитель И. Б. Кабанчик. — Львов, 2004. — с.187. In Ukraine violence against Jews and antisemitic graffiti remains.[http://www.hrwf.org/Joom/images/reports/2010/2010%20antisemitism%20ukraine.pdf ANTI-SEMITISM IN UKRAINE IN 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123174356/http://www.hrwf.org/Joom/images/reports/2010/2010%20antisemitism%20ukraine.pdf |date=23 January 2016 }}, Human Rights Watch (7 October 2010) Antisemitism has declined since Ukrainian independence in 1991.[https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ds6X1j_qkgC&pg=PA150 Anti-Semitism Worldwide, 1999/2000] by Stephen Roth Institute, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-8032-5945-X}}

{{Main|Antisemitism in the United Kingdom}}

In 2004, members of the UK Parliament set up an inquiry into antisemitism, which published its findings in 2006. The inquiry stated that "until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the Jewish community and beyond [had been] that antisemitism had receded to the point that it existed only on the margins of society." It found a reversal of this progress since 2000. It aimed to investigate the problem, identify the sources of contemporary antisemitism and make recommendations to improve the situation.{{cite web |title=Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism |url=http://thepcaa.org/Report.pdf |date=September 2006 |access-date=14 February 2007 |author=All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism (UK) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614033520/http://thepcaa.org/Report.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=usurped}}See Anthony Julius, Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England, Oxford University Press. 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-19-929705-4}} As of 2014, 9 percent of the British population held negative attitudes towards Jews.Malik, Kenan. [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/22/opinion/kenan-malik-muslims-and-jews-are-targets-of-bigotry-in-europe.html "Muslims and Jews Are Targets of Bigotry in Europe."] The New York Times. 21 August 2014. In 2024, there has been a spike in antisemitism.{{cite news |date=15 February 2024 |title=UK Jewish group records all-time high in antisemitic incidents after October 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/uk-jewish-group-records-all-time-high-in-antisemitic-incidents-after-october-7/ |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} According to the Community Security Trust, nearly 2,000 antisemitic incidents were recorded in UK in the first half of 2024, marking the highest number ever documented in a six-month period.{{Cite news |last=Stub |first=Zev |title=Most British Jews believe they don't have a long-term future in the UK, survey finds |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/most-british-jews-believe-they-dont-have-a-long-term-future-in-the-uk-survey-finds/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{Portal|Judaism}}

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• Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946
• Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946
• Antisemitic trope
• Antisemitism
• Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany
• Ashkenazi Jews
• Dreyfus Affair
• Eichmann in Jerusalem
• European interwar dictatorships
• European Jewish Congress
• Fascism in Europe
• Geography of antisemitism
• Hilsner Affair
• History of antisemitism
• History of the Jews during World War II
• History of the Jews in Europe
• Human rights in Europe
• The Holocaust in Poland
• The Origins of Totalitarianism
• Nazi racial theories
• Neo-fascism in Europe
• Neo-Nazism in Europe
• Racism in Europe

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{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |editor1-last=Hauser |editor1-first=Jakub |editor2-last=Janáčová |editor2-first=Eva |title=Visual Antisemitism in Central Europe: Imagery of Hatred |year=2021 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-061641-5}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• {{cite web |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%202020%20Annual%20Report_42720_new_0.pdf |title=USCIRF 2020 Annual Report: "Rising Anti-Semitism in Europe and Elsewhere" |author= |date=April 2020 |website=Uscirf.gov |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |pages=87–88 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428174043/https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%202020%20Annual%20Report_42720_new_0.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=live}}
• [https://european-forum-on-antisemitism.org/ The European Forum on Antisemitism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035537/https://european-forum-on-antisemitism.org/ |date=2 April 2018 }}

{{Antisemitism topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Europe topic |Antisemitism in |countries_only=yes |no_other_entities=yes |AB= |NKR= |PMR= |SO= |TRNC= |XK= |AD=|MC=|SM=}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antisemitism in Europe}}

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Category:Racism in Europe

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