Anyin language

{{Short description|Kwa language spoken in West Africa}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Anyin

| nativename = Anyi

| states = Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana

| ethnicity = Anyi

| speakers = {{sigfig|1.5164|2}} million

| date = 2017

| ref = e22

| familycolor = Niger-Congo

| fam2 = Atlantic–Congo

| fam3 = Kwa

| fam4 = Potou–Tano

| fam5 = Tano

| fam6 = Central Tano

| fam7 = Bia

| fam8 = North

| lc1 = any

| ld1 = Anyin

| lc2 = mtb

| ld2 = Anyin Morofo

| glotto = anyi1246

| glottorefname = Anyinic

}}

Anyin, also known as Agni, Agny, and Anyi, is a Niger-Congo language spoken mainly in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. It is a Kwa language of the Central Tano branch, forming a dialect continuum with Baoulé, and is closely related to Nzema and Sehwi.{{Cite thesis |last=Koffi |first=Ettien N'da |title=The interface between phonology and morpho(phono)logy in the standardization of Anyi orthography |date=1990 |degree=PhD |publisher=Indiana University |url=http://orthographyclearinghouse.org/papers/koffi_Ettien_1990_Phonology_and_Orthography_of_Anyi.pdf}} Its dialects, divided into Northern and Central dialect areas, include Sannvin, Abé, Ano, Bona, Bini, and Barabo in the Northern area and Ndenye and Juablin in the Central area. In Côte d'Ivoire, there are approximately 1.45 million native speakers of Anyin, along with 10,000 second-language users; in Ghana, there are approximately 66,400 speakers.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/any|title=Anyin|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2020-01-03}}

Morofo, spoken by 300,000 in southeastern Côte d'Ivoire, is sometimes classified as a dialect of Anyin, but may also be classified as a separate language.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mtb|title=Anyin Morofo|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2020-01-03}}

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |

!Labial

!Labial-velar

!Alveolar

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

rowspan="2" |Plosive/
Affricate

!{{small|voiceless}}

|p

|{{IPA link|kp}}

|{{IPA link|t̪|t}}

|{{IPA link|c}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|

{{small|voiced}}

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|gb}}

|{{IPA link|d̪|d}}

|{{IPA link|ɟ}}

|{{IPA link|g}}

|

Fricative

!{{small|voiceless}}

|{{IPA link|f}}

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

colspan="2" |Approximant

|{{IPA link|ɥ}}

|{{IPA link|w}}

|({{IPA link|l}})

|{{IPA link|j}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Trill

|

|

|{{IPA link|r}}|| || ||

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!

! colspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" |Back

Close

|i

|ɪ

|ʊ

|u

Mid

|e

|ɛ

|ɔ

|o

Open

| colspan="2" |a

|

|

Of these vowels, five may be nasalized: /ĩ/, /ɪ̃/, /ã/, /ũ/, and /ʊ̃/.{{Cite thesis |last=Ahua |first=Mouchi Blaise |title=Conditions linguistiques pour une orthographe de l’agni: une analyse contrastive des dialectes sanvi et djuablin |date=2004 |degree=PhD |publisher=Osnabrück University |language=French |trans-title=Linguistic conditions for an orthography of Agni: a contrastive analysis of the Sanvi and Djuablin dialects |id={{URN|nbn|de:gbv:700-2005041316}}}}

= Tones =

Anyin has two level tones, high and mid; two contour tones, high-low and low-high; and one neutral tone. Tones are distinguished orthographically only to distinguish minimal pairs and grammatical constructions, or when two otherwise identical vowels with differing tones co-occur: cf. ⟨baá⟩ ([bàá], "child") vs. ⟨ba⟩ ([bá], "to arrive", "to come").

Grammar

= Pronouns =

Anyin uses the following pronouns:{{Cite journal |last=Burmeister |first=Jonathan |date=1988 |title=Personal pronouns in Anyi and related languages |url=http://main.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/index.php/downloads/download/52-volume1802/245-personal-pronouns-in-anyi-and-related-languages |journal=Journal of West African Languages |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=83–104 |access-date=2020-01-04}}

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" |Person

!Singular

!Plural

rowspan="2" |1st

!subject

|mĩ

|jɛ

non-subject

|mĩ́

|jɛ

rowspan="2" |2nd

!subject

| rowspan="2" |émɔ́

non-subject

|wɔ́

rowspan="2" |3rd

!subject

|bɛ́

non-subject

|jí

|bɛ́

See also

References

{{reflist}}