Close back rounded vowel

The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|u}} (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|  ̫}}, can be used as an ad hoc symbol {{angbr IPA|u̫}}. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|uʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɯʷ}} (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

{{close vowel}}

{{back vowel}}

{{protruded vowel}}

File:IPA u Sagittal Section.svg of a vocal tract pronouncing {{angbr IPA|u}}. Note that a wavy glottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.]]

{{Clear}}

|-

| colspan="2" | Kazakh || туған/tuğan || {{IPA|[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪]}} || 'native' || Transcribed phonemically as {{angbr IPA|ʊw}}

|-

| colspan="2" | Khmer || {{lang|km|ភូមិ}} / {{Transliteration|km|phumĭ}} || {{IPA|[pʰuːm]}} || 'village' || See Khmer phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Korean || {{lang|ko-Hang|눈}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|nun}} || {{IPA|[nuːn]}}|| 'snow'|| See Korean phonology

|-

| rowspan="3" |Kurdish{{sfnp|Thackston|2006a|p=1}}{{sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}Fattah describes the sound as being voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116).

|Kurmanji (Northern)

|{{lang|ku|çû}}

| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|[tʃʰuː]}}

| rowspan="3" |'wood'

| rowspan="3" |See Kurdish phonology

|-

|Sorani (Central)

| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ku|چوو}}/çû

|-

|Palewani (Southern)

|-

| Latin || Classical{{sfnp|Wheelock's Latin|1956}} || {{lang|la|sus}} || {{IPA|[suːs]}} || 'pig' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Limburgish{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} || {{lang|li|sjoen}} || {{IPA|[ʃu̟n]}} || 'beautiful' || Back{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} or near-back,{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.

|-

| colspan="2" | Lower Sorbian{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} || {{lang|dsb|zub}} || {{IPA|[z̪up]}} || 'tooth' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Luxembourgish{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|Luucht}} || {{IPA|[luːχt]}} || 'air' || See Luxembourgish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" |Malay

|ubat

|{{IPA|[u.bät]}}

|'medicine'

|See Malay phonology

|-

| colspan="2" |Malayalam

|{{Lang|ml|ഉപ്പ്}}

|{{IPA|upːɨ̆}}

|'Salt'

|See Malayalam phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Mongolian{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}} || {{lang|mn-Cyrl|үүр}}/üür ||{{IPA|[uːɾɘ̆]}}|| 'nest'||

|-

| colspan="2" | Mpade{{sfnp|Allison|2006}} || {{lang|mpi|kusumu}} || {{IPA|[kusumu]}} || 'mouse' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Nogai || {{lang|nog|сув}} ||{{IPA|[suː]}}|| 'water'||

|-

| colspan="2" |Persian

|دور/dur

|[duɾ]

|'far'

|See Persian phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Polish{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}} || {{lang|pl|buk}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-buk.ogg|[buk]|help=no}} || 'beech tree' || Also represented orthographically by {{angbr|ó}}. See Polish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|tu}} || {{IPA|[ˈtu]}} || 'you'|| See Portuguese phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Romanian{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}} || {{lang|ro|unu}} || {{IPA|[ˈun̪u]}} || 'one' || See Romanian phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Russian{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=67}} || {{lang|ru|узкий}}/uzkiy/uzkij ||{{Audio-IPA|Ru-узкий.ogg|[ˈus̪kʲɪj]|help=no}} || 'narrow' || See Russian phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic || ùbhlan || {{IPA|[ˈuːl̪ˠən]}} || 'apples' || Normal realisation of {{IPA|/uː/}} in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; {{IPA|/uː/}} elsewhere fronted to {{IPAblink|ʉː}} or {{IPAblink|yː}}.{{Cite web|title=Aspiration|url=https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424000221/https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9 |archive-date=2021-04-24 }}{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=75–76}}

|-

| colspan="2" | Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|дуга}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|duga}} || {{IPA|[d̪ǔːɡä]}} || 'rainbow' || See Serbo-Croatian phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Shiwiar{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}} || {{lang|es|curable}} || {{IPA|[kuˈɾäβ̞le̞]}} || 'curable' || See Spanish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Sotho{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} || {{lang|st|tumo}} || {{IPA|[tʼumɔ]}} || 'fame' || Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See Sotho phonology

|-

| colspan="2" |Swahili

|{{lang|sw|ubongo}}

|[ubongo]

|'brain'

|

|-

| colspan="2" |Tagalog

|{{lang|tl|utang}}

|[ˈʔutɐŋ]

|'debt'

|

|-

| Thai || Standard{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=24}} || ชลบุรี/chonburi || style="text-align:center;" |{{Audio-IPA|th-chonburi.ogg|[tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː]}} || 'Chonburi' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=11}} || {{lang|tr|uzak}} || {{IPA|[uˈz̪äk]}} || 'far' || See Turkish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Udmurt{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=64, 68}} || {{lang|udm-Cyrl|урэтэ}}/urėtė ||{{IPA|[urete]}} || 'to divide' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Ukrainian{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} ||{{lang|uk|рух}}/rukh ||{{IPA|[rux]}}|| 'motion'|| See Ukrainian phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}} || {{lang|hsb|žuk}} || {{IPA|[ʒuk]}} || 'beetle' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Urdu

|| {{Lang|ur|دُور|rtl=yes}}/dur

|| {{IPA|[duɾ]}}

|| 'far'

|| See Urdu phonology

|-

| colspan="2" |Welsh

|mwg

|[muːɡ]

|'smoke'

|See Welsh phonology

|-

| colspan="2" |West Frisian

|jûn

|[juːn]

|'evening, tonight'

|See West Frisian phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Yoruba{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} || itọju || [itɔju]

| ||

|-

| Zapotec|| Tilquiapan{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || gdu || {{IPA|[ɡdu]}} || 'all' ||

|}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Close back compressed vowel

|ipa symbol = u͍

|ipa symbol2 = ɯᵝ

|ipa symbol3 = u̜

|ipa symbol4 = ɯ̹

}}

Some languages, such as Japanese and Swedish, have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=295}} Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɯ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɯ]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɯᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɯ]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|  ͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|u͍}} as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

{{close vowel}}

{{back vowel}}

{{compressed vowel}}

• Index of phonetics articles
• Close central compressed vowel
• Close front protruded vowel

{{reflist|25em}}

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