Australian native police

The general template for native police forces in Australia was the sepoy and sowar armies of the East India Company. However, the more compact forces of the Cape Regiment in southern Africa and the Kaffir and Malay Corps in Ceylon are a closer comparison.{{cite web |last1=Richards |first1=Jonathan |title=Native Police |url=http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/native-police |publisher=Queensland Historical Atlas |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813051602/http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/native-police |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=live}} Before the creation of the first official Native Police forces, there were some informal and privately funded examples of using Aboriginal men as enforcers of land occupation by European settlers during colonisation.

Armed Aboriginal men were used to capture runaway convicts in the region and John Macarthur sometimes appeared at public functions with a bodyguard of uniformed Dharawal and Gandangara men.{{cite book |last1=Turbet |first1=Peter |title=The First Frontier |date=2011 |pages=163, 268}}

In 1824, at the conclusion of the Bathurst War against the Wiradjuri, Governor Thomas Brisbane sent a letter to Major James Thomas Morisset, commandant of the colonial forces at Bathurst, congratulating him on his efforts. In the letter, Brisbane outlined his desire to give "rewards to the natives who assisted in the police" and advised Morisset that he had "directed £50 subject to detailed accounts of its expenditure" to be at his disposal.{{cite web |title=Papers relating to Colonel and Mrs Emily Morisset, 1822-1838 Appendix A |url=https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/1kVdq4pn |publisher=State Library of NSW |access-date=28 April 2023}}

File:Musquito bushranger.jpg and resistance leader Musquito]]

Musquito was a Hawkesbury Aboriginal man who was exiled first to Norfolk Island in 1805, then to Van Diemen's Land in 1813. He proved to be a valuable asset to the government there in tracking down bushrangers. He later became a renegade and was himself tracked down and shot in the groin by another Hawkesbury aboriginal named Teague. Teague was sent by Hawkesbury settler Edward Luttrell to capture Musquito, on the promise of a whaleboat as payment. Teague never received the boat and Musquito was hanged in 1825.{{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=David |title=Forgotten Rebels |date=1994 |pages=10–11}}

In the 1830s, John Batman also used armed Aboriginal men from the Sydney region such as Pigeon and Tommy to assist in his roving parties to capture or kill indigenous Tasmanians.{{Citation|author1=Batman, John.|title=John Batmans diary from March 3rd 1830 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-115989636|access-date=30 July 2017}}

Up until at least the 1830s, Aboriginal men around the Newcastle and Port Macquarie penal settlements were regularly used to recapture escaped convicts. Awabakal men such as Bob Barrett, Biraban and Jemmy Jackass would track down the runaways, disable them with spears or firearms, strip them, and return them to the soldiers in return for clothing, blankets, corn and tobacco.{{cite book |last1=Bigge |first1=J. T. |title=The State of the Colony of NSW |volume=1 |date=1822 |page=117}}

In 1830, Bob Barrett was made a non-commissioned officer and given charge of a group of 11 other Aboriginal men in a paramilitary force that was to be sent to Tasmania to fight in the Black War against the Aboriginal people there. The detachment was to be headed by the commissary officer at Port Macquarie George James MacDonald, but the colonial authorities disbanded the unit before it was deployed.{{cite book |last1=McLachlan |first1=Iaen |title=Place of Banishment, Port Macquarie 1818-1832 |date=1988 |publisher=Hale & Iremonger |location=Sydney |isbn=0868063177}}

At Port Stephens, the Australian Agricultural Company had obtained a million acre land acquisition. In the early 1830s, the superintendent of the company, Sir Edward Parry, established a private native constabulary to augment a small garrison of soldiers. The black constables, such as Jonathan and William, were involved in dispensing lethal summary justice to Aboriginal people accused of murdering a company employee,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article138208913 |title=Summary Justice |newspaper=Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 November 1926 |accessdate=28 April 2023 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} and were also permitted to shoot armed runaway convicts.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article138216361 |title=Early Days Of Port Stephens: A Runaway's Fate |newspaper=Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=26 November 1926 |accessdate=28 April 2023 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}} Parry was later officially accused of putting a price on the heads of certain Aboriginal people, which he unequivocally denied.{{cite book|title=In the Service of the Company: Letters of Sir Edward Parry. Vol 2|date=2003|publisher=ANU Press|pages=196–197}} By 1841, the new superintendent P. P. King still employed black constables, but their duties may have been limited to dingo culling.{{cite book|title=Accounts and Papers, Correspondence relative to Emigration, NSW. Vol 6|date=1842|pages=103–104}}

Also in the 1830s, Major Edmund Lockyer a magistrate in the Goulburn region, employed at least one Aboriginal constable, who captured murderers and gangs of armed bushrangers in the region.{{cite book|title=Accounts and Papers: Correspondence relative to emigration, NSW, Vol 6|date=1842|page=86}}

In the late 1830s, the NSW government found it was having trouble financing the NSW Mounted Police, a corps of mounted soldiers that, since 1825, had operated as the main enforcers of colonial rule in frontier areas.{{cite book|last1=O'Sullivan|first1=John|title=Mounted Police in NSW|date=1979|publisher=Rigby}} Officials looked at cheaper alternatives and came up with two solutions. One was the Border Police, which was a mounted force of armed convicts under the command of a commissioner, and the other was the trial of a force of armed and mounted Aboriginal police under the command of white officers.

By 1840, the Border Police became the main replacement for the NSW Mounted Police along the frontier, while the Native Police Corps, as the Aboriginal force was known, was limited initially to one division in the Port Phillip District of the colony, around Melbourne. Requests for the establishment of a Native Police Corps were made from as early as 1837 when Captain William Lonsdale proposed legislation for its formation.{{cite web|title=Proposal for the regulations for the formation of an Aboriginal Police Corps|url=http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/other_features/correspondence/documents/document_54/|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729183458/http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/other_features/correspondence/documents/document_54/|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live}}

In October 1837, Christian Ludolph Johannes de Villiers was appointed to command the first official Native Police troopers from their station at Nerre Nerre Warren, in spite of warnings against the use of native police from the House of Commons Select Committee on Aborigines, based on the argument that "uncivilized men" enlisted "in defence of order" would "become the victims of their own zeal".{{cite journal |last1=Nettelbeck |first1=Amanda |last2=Ryan |first2=Lyndall |date=27 October 2017 |title=Salutary Lessons: Native Police and the 'Civilising' Role of Legalised Violence in Colonial Australia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2017.1390894 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2017.1390894 |s2cid=159915712 |access-date=29 March 2022|url-access=subscription }} It was disbanded briefly in January 1838 but reorganised in April of the same year with its new headquarters in Jolimont, where the Melbourne Cricket Ground car park is now situated.

Due to funding problems, the force was again dissolved in 1839. The same problem delayed the reformation of the corps until 1842, when Superintendent Charles La Trobe indicated he was willing to underwrite the costs. A significant factor in the restoration of the force was the successful capture of five Tasmanian aboriginal people near Westernport in 1840 by local Aboriginal men who were attached to a party of Border Police and soldiers.

File:Victorian Native Police.jpg

Henry Dana was selected to command the corps in 1842. Except for a brief period during which the corps was based at Merri Creek, the headquarters was at the Aboriginal Protectorate Station at Nerre Nerre Warren, near to present day Dandenong, about {{convert|25|km}} south-east of Melbourne. The force made use of Aboriginal men from the Wurundjeri and Bunurong tribes, and had 60 members, three-quarters of whom were "natives".Public Records Office Victoria, [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/background.html Dana's Native Police Corps (1842–1853) – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501232238/http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/background.html |date=1 May 2007 }}, accessed 2 November 2008 The force had two goals: to make use of the indigenous peoples' tracking abilities, and to assimilate the Aboriginal troopers into white society. Both La Trobe and William Thomas, Protector of Aborigines, expected that the men would give up their traditional way of life when exposed to the discipline of police work. To their disappointment, troopers continued to participate in corroborees and ritual fighting, although not in uniform.

As senior Wurundjeri elder, Billibellary's cooperation in the proposal was important for its success and, after deliberation, he backed the initiative and even proposed himself for enlistment. He donned the uniform and enjoyed the status of parading through the camp, but was careful to avoid active duty as a policeman, to avoid a conflict of interest between his duties as a Wurundjeri ngurungaeta.

After about a year, Billibellary resigned from the Native Police Corps when he found that it was to be used to capture and kill other Aborigines. From then on, he did his best to undermine the corps and, as a result, many native troopers deserted and few remained longer than three or four years.{{cite book |last1=Wiencke |first1=Shirley W. |title=When the Wattles Bloom Again: The Life and Times of William Barak, Last Chief of the Yarra Yarra Tribe |date=1984 |publisher=self published |isbn=9780959054903}}

The main duty of the Native Police was to deploy to areas around the Port Phillip region where Aboriginal resistance to European colonisation could not be suppressed by armed settlers. Once in those areas, the troopers and their officers were placed under the command of the local Commissioner for Crown Lands, who would then seek out and capture or destroy the dissident Indigenous groups and individuals. In addition to Native Police, the Commissioner had the support of troopers of the Border Police and NSW Mounted Police, as well as armed volunteer settlers, to conduct punitive raids on Aboriginal people.{{cite web |last1=Fels |first1=M. H. |title=Good Men and True. 1986 PhD Thesis |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/35589 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825071853/https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/35589 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=live |year=1986}}

Other more minor duties of the native police included searching for missing persons, carrying messages, and escorting dignitaries through unfamiliar territory. During the goldrush era, they were also used to patrol goldfields and search for escaped prisoners.Public Records Office Victoria, [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/background_duties.html Large Variety of Duties of the Native Police – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828131416/http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/background_duties.html |date=28 August 2008 }}, accessed 2 November 2008 They were provided with uniforms, firearms, food rations, and a rather dubious salary. However, the lure of the goldfields, poor salary, and Dana's death in 1852, led to the official disintegration of his Native Police Corps in January 1853.Public Records Office Victoria, [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/background_postscript.html The disbanding of the Native Police – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012000/http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/background_postscript.html |date=28 September 2007 }} Accessed 2 November 2008

During its existence, there were three main areas of activity for the corps: Portland Bay, the Murray River, and Gippsland. Divisions of the Native Police were deployed to those areas in the winter of each year until 1852, and mostly spent the rest of the year garrisoned at the Narre Narre Warren barracks. Winter was chosen as the period of active duty, because the Aboriginal people they targeted were more sedentary in the colder periods and therefore much easier to find.

Native police were called upon to take part in operations in the Victorian Western District in 1843.{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Ian |title=Scars in the Landscape |date=1995 |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0dIhJqRqYgC |access-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730110258/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=N0dIhJqRqYgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y |archive-date=30 July 2017 |url-status=live |isbn=9780855755959}} Operations in that year included attacks upon the Gunditjmara and Jardwadjali at the Crawford River, Mount Eckersley, Victoria Range and at Mount Zero. Upon their return to Melbourne, one of the troopers described an incident in which 17 Aboriginal men had been killed by the corps, stating:

:"Captain say big one stupid catch them very good shoot them, you blackfellows, no shoot them me hand cuff you and send you to jail."Public Records Office Victoria, [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/westerndist_methods.html Western District Clashes – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327154350/http://prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/westerndist_methods.html |date=27 March 2011 }}. Accessed 2 November 2008

With reduced reports of attacks in the Western District following two years of policing, two new troopers were signed up from the Port Fairy area in 1845.Public Records Office Victoria, [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/westerndist_peace.html Western District Clashes Imposing Peace – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816093352/http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/westerndist_peace.html |date=16 August 2008 }}. Accessed 2 November 2008

Although 1843 appears to be the year in which the largest number of casualties was caused by the operatipon of the corps in that region, operations in other years up to 1847 resulted in further mass fatalities, patricualry at Lake Learmonth, Cape Otway, the Eumeralla area, and at Captain Firebrace's Mount Vectis property.

In 1844, the Native Police based at Portland Bay were ordered to conduct operations across the border at Mount Gambier in South Australia. Likewise, South Australian police forces at the same time were used to investigate the rape of an aboriginal boy named Syntax near Portland. The officer involved found that when the boy tried to shoot a man named Robertson, he was shot by the Native Police.{{cite book|last1=Tolmer|first1=Alexander|title=Reminiscences, Vol. II|date=1882|url=https://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesan00tolmgoog#page/n22/mode/2up/search/syntax|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011105644/https://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesan00tolmgoog#page/n22/mode/2up/search/syntax|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|location=Adelaide|publisher=Libraries Board of South Australia}}

The Native Police deployed to the Murray region operated over a large area, that included forays across the Murray into the Tumut region right down to the Wimmera. They worked under their own officers such as Cowan, Walsh and Dana, while also under the authority of Commissioners Smythe, Bingham, Powlett and McDonald. In 1843 and 1844, Commissioner Smythe led large punitive missions, with forces including Native Police, along the Moira area of the Murray, down Mitta Mitta creek and along the Edward River. Other skirmishes occurred near Tongala. Further down the Murray, punitive operations were conducted near McLeod's station in 1846, Lake Bael Bael in 1846, and around Swan Hill in 1850. Swan Hill and Echuca (Maidan's Punt) became bases for Native Police operations.

A Wemba Wemba man killed a trooper near Swan Hill. He, in the company of another Aboriginal man, approached a Native Police camp and induced one of the Aboriginal troopers to go fishing. After walking about half a mile, they held the trooper down and cut out his kidney fat, leaving him to die.{{cite book |last1=Beveridge |first1=Pete r|title=The Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina |year=1889 |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheAboriginesOfVictoriaAndRiverina/The_Aborigines_of_Victoria_and_Riverina#page/n113/mode/2up |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805011815/https://archive.org/stream/TheAboriginesOfVictoriaAndRiverina/The_Aborigines_of_Victoria_and_Riverina#page/n113/mode/2up|archive-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=live |publisher=M. L. Hutchinson, Melbourne}}

Native Police operations in Gippsland began in 1843 with the appointment of Charles Tyers as Commissioner of Crown Lands in the region.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12421572 |title=More Aggression by the Blacks |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XVI |issue=1979 |date=19 September 1843 |access-date=25 August 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} Tyers had command of a permanent force of Border Police based at Eagle Point, augmented with a seasonal deployment of native police based at Boisdale. The closeness of the Border Police and the Native Police is demonstrated by officer Windredge, who was employed in both forces in Gippsland. In 1845 and 1846, Tyers led his forces on extensive punitive raids around Lake Wellington, up the Avon River and down to the Gippsland Lakes region.

In late 1846 and early 1847, a rumour began that a shipwrecked white woman had been abducted by a clan of the Gunai people . Outraged sensibility among the colonists demanded both the rescue of the supposed damsel and the wholesale punishment of the natives involved. A special Native Police mission was organised in September 1846, led by Henry Dana, which failed to locate the white woman. A private posse of ten armed Aboriginal men and six whites was then organised under de Villiers, which was also unsuccessful. Eventuaqlly, the rumour about the white woman proved to be false, but the result for the Gunai was devastating. Tyers estimated that the two punitive groups killed at least 50 Aboriginal people and wounded many more.

At the same time, more regular combined Native and Border Police operations resulted in mass killings of Gunai around Boisdale and on the MacAllister River. iI late 1846, there was a large punitive operation at the mouth of the Snowy River, during which the forces were split into three groups to surround and engage Aboriginal people residing in the estuary area. The Native Police Corps then continued upstream along the river.Public Records Office Victoria, [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/gippsland_clashes.html Gippsland Clashes – Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904225133/http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/gippsland_clashes.html |date=4 September 2008 }}. Accessed 2 November 2008 Aboriginal Protector, William Thomas described how the Aborigines killed one man, two women and six children, returning with fragments of their flesh to eat, or with the mummified severed hands of the defeated as trophies.

In the late 1830s, Western Australia was in a similar situation to the eastern colonies, in that the regular Mounted Police force was proving expensive and increasingly ineffectual in subduing the resistance of Aboriginal people. In 1840, this culminated in the murders of a white woman and her child in York. John Nicol Drummond, a young man who had grown up amongst Aboriginal people in the areas of the Swan and Helena Valleys, was able to capture the perpetrator due to his knowledge of the local tribes-people. As a result, in August 1840 Drummond was rewarded with the title of Inspector in the newly formed Native Police.

The Western Australian Native Police force was smaller than those of other colonies in that usually only two or three mounted Aboriginal constables were under the command of attached a white officer. It was also different in that the Aboriginal officers were given monetary rewards for capturing wanted people and that they were placed under the control of the Native Protector. However, extrajudicial killings of Aboriginal people by the police still occurred during the 1840s. The force also became less formalised in its command structure, to the point where, in 1854, Drummond concurrently held the positions of Native Protector, magistrate, and Superintendent of Police in the Champion Bay area. That situation gave Drummond complete freedom to subdue Aborigines around Geraldton, by whatever method he deemed appropriate. The result was a massacre of Aboriginal people by the police and armed stockholders at Bootenal swamp near Greenough.{{cite book |last1=Pashley |first1=A. R. |title=A Colonial Pioneer: The Life and Times of John Nico l Drummond |date=2002 |publisher=Educant}}

In 1865, Maitland Brown was sent on a search expedition through the La Grange and Roebuck Bay areas, following the murder of a number of gold prospectors by the local Aboriginal people. The search team seized two Aboriginal informers and, when they tried to escape, they were shot by the native police.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32337952 |title=Blazing the Trail |newspaper=The West Australian |volume=XLV |issue=8,576 |location=Western Australia |date=14 December 1929 |access-date=2 August 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}} As late as the 1920s, native constables, or trackers as they were called by then, aided white officers and stockmen in massacres of Aboriginal people, a notorious example being the Forrest River massacre.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article25296942 |title=Police Arrested |newspaper=The Queenslander |issue=9 |date=9 June 1927 |access-date=2 August 2017 |page=36 |via=National Library of Australia}}

{{Infobox military unit

| unit_name = Native Police (NSW and QLD division)

| dates = 1848 – c.1915

| country = British Empire (New South Wales and Queensland colonies)

| allegiance = British Empire

| type = Mounted Infantry

| nickname = The Black Police
Queensland Mounted Native Police

| commander1 = Frederick Walker (1848–1854)

| commander1_label = Commandant

| commander2 = Richard Purvis Marshall (1854–1855)

| commander2_label = Commandant

| commander3 = William Colburn Mayne (1855–1856)

| commander3_label = Inspector General of Police

| commander4 = John McLerie (1856)

| commander4_label = Inspector General of Police

| commander5 = John Clements Wickham (1856–1857)

| commander5_label = Government Resident

| commander6 = Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset (1857–1861)

| commander6_label = Commandant

| commander7 = John O'Connell Bligh (1861–1864)

| commander7_label = Commandant

| commander8 = David Thompson Seymour (1864–1895)

| commander8_label = Queensland Police Commissioner

| commander9 = William Edward Parry-Okeden (1895–1905)

| commander9_label = Queensland Police Commissioner

}}

From 1839, the main frontier policing force in New South Wales was divisions of mounted convict soldiers known as the Border Police.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230383322 |title=No. 27. " An Act further to restrain the unauthorised " occupation of Crown Lands, and to provide " the means of defraying the expense of a "Border Police." |newspaper=New South Wales Government Gazette |issue=405 |date=6 April 1839 |page=393 |via=National Library of Australia |access-date=4 August 2017 }} However, in the late 1840s, with the end of convict transportation looming, a new source of cheap and effective troopers was required to subdue Aboriginal resistance along the ever-extending frontier. The need was especially apparent in the north, where conflict between squatters and Aboriginal people in the Darling Downs area was slowing pastoral expansion.{{cite web |last1=Copland |first1=Mark |title=The Native Police at Callandoon, A Blueprint for Forced Assimilation? |url=http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/hcpp/copland.pdf |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212104157/http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/hcpp/copland.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}

As a result, the NSW government passed legislation in 1848 to fund a new section of Native Police based on the Port Phillip model.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230131694 |title=No. LII. An Act for applying certain sums arising from the Revenue receivable in New South Wales, to the service thereof, for the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-nine; and for further appropriating the said Revenue. [Assented to, 16th June, 1848.] |newspaper=New South Wales Government Gazette |issue=68 |date=27 June 1848 |access-date=4 August 2017 |page=26 |via=National Library of Australia}} Frederick Walker, a station manager and court official residing in the Murrumbidgee area, was appointed as the first Commandant of the Native Police force. Walker recruited 14 native troopers from four different language groups in the Murrumbidgee, Murray, and Edwards Rivers areas. The first troopers were Jack, Henry (both Wiradjuri), Geegwaw, Jacky Jacky, Wygatta, Edward, Logan (all Wemba Wemba), Alladin, Paddy, Larry, Willy, Walter, Tommy Hindmarsh (all Barababaraba), and Yorky (Yorta Yorta). Logan and Jack who were both previously employed in the Border Police, were given the rank of corporal.

Although most of the operations of the force over the following 60 years occurred in what is now Queensland, Native Police were stationed in various parts of New South Wales, and patrolling continued there until at least 1868. The areas included Kempsey/Macleay River, Grafton/Ballina (Clarence River), Murrumbidgee, Lower Darling/Albert and Upper Darling/Paroo regions.

File:Frederick Walker (Commandant of Native Police).jpg]]

The force was consolidated and trained by Walker at Deniliquin before travelling to the Darling River, where the first attack on Aborigines occurred {{convert|100|mi}} below Fort Bourke, at a place called Moanna, resulting in at least five natives being killed by the troopers.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3711641 |title=Colonail Extracts |newspaper=The Moreton Bay Courier |volume=III |issue=154 |location=Queensland|date=26 May 1849 |access-date=8 September 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} In 1849, Walker mobilised his force north beyond the MacIntyre River to police the out-stations.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12918743 |title=No. 2. |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXVII |issue=4081 |date=15 June 1850 |access-date=4 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Arriving at the Macintyre River on 10 May 1849, the force checked the aggressions of the local Aboriginal people and, when trying to capture six Aboriginal men charged with murder, there were "some lives lost".

The force was then deployed to the Condamine River, where the "Fitzroy Downs blacks" were routed, and another group were "compelled to fly" from the area.{{cite web|title=Letters Received Colonial Secretary from Frederick Walker|url=http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/198651/SLQ-A2-SERIES-Reel-A2.19-Part-2-of-3-2015-07.pdf|publisher=State Library of Queensland|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808152937/http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/198651/SLQ-A2-SERIES-Reel-A2.19-Part-2-of-3-2015-07.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=live}} One of the skirmishes was described as a dawn raid on an Aboriginal encampment, during which around 100 native people were killed and two Native Police troopers were fatally injured.{{Citation | author1=Telfer, William | author2=Milliss, Roger, 1934– | title=The Wallabadah manuscript : the early history of the northern districts of New South Wales : recollections of the early days | date=1980 | publisher=New South Wales University Press | isbn=978-0-86840-168-3 }}

Walker found most of the squatters in the region thought the Native Police existed to shoot down the natives so they would not have to it themselves. Walker advocated a method of "bringing in" the Aboriginal people, allowing them onto pastoral stations where they could obtain a lawful means of a livelihood. Those who stayed away were consequently regarded as potential enemies and risked being targeted in punitive missions. Walker's measure of success was the resulting increase in land values.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12937650 |title=Native Police |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXII |issue=4708 |date=16 June 1852 |access-date=10 August 2017 |page=1 (supplement) |via=National Library of Australia}} The actions of the Native Police greatly reduced Aboriginal resistance to squatters in the Macintyre and Condamine regions.

Walker returned to Deniliquin in July 1850 to recruit 30 new troopers,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article226521293 |title=Edward's River |newspaper=The Melbourne Daily News |volume=XIII |issue=7336 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=15 August 1850 |access-date=10 August 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} in order to enable an expansion into the Wide Bay–Burnett region.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12921497 |title=Original Correspondence |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXIX |issue=4175 |date=3 October 1850 |access-date=10 August 2017 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}} With those fresh reinforcements, he created four divisions of Native Police, one based at the Callandoon station of Augustus Morris, one at Wide Bay–Burnett, one in the Maranoa Region, and one roving division. While Walker was away, Richard Purvis Marshall, the squatter at Goondiwindi station, assumed command of Native Police operations. Marshall, with the native troopers and contingents of armed stockmen, conducted punitive raids at Tieryboo, Wallan, Booranga and Copranoranbilla Lagoon, shooting Aboriginal people and destroying their camps. That resulted in an inquiry by the local Crown Lands Commissioner and a vaguely worded official reminder from the NSW Attorney General to only shoot in "extreme cases".

In 1851, Commandant Walker, with his newly appointed officers Richard Purvis Marshall, George Fulford, Doolan and Skelton, conducted wide-ranging and frequent operations, resulting in many dispersals and summary killings. Dispersals of large numbers of Aborigines occurred at Dalgangal, Mary River, Toomcul, and Goondiwindi, and at various places along the Maranoa River. In his the end-of-year report in 1851, Governor Fitzroy noted that a great many blacks were killed, but no official action was taken to modify the aggression of the Native Police.

On 18 February 1851, a meeting of magistrates was held at the newly established town of Maryborough. Three Native Police officers, Commissioner Bidwill, and squatter Edmund B. Uhr were present, issuing warrants against a number of Aboriginal men accused of murder and felony. Nearby Fraser Island (now called K'gari)was being used as a sanctuary for the Badtjala people. It was not until late December 1851 that the force was ready to search Fraser Island. Walker, Marshall, Doolan, and their three divisions of troopers, together with local landholders, the Leith Hay brothers and Mr Wilmot, set out down the Mary River aboard Captain Currie's schooner Margaret and Mary. Aboriginal people in a stolen dinghy were shot at along the way and the boat seized.

The force landed on the west coast of the island where the divisions split up to scour the region. During the night a group of Aboriginal men attempted to surprise Marshall's section resulting in two Aboriginal men being shot. Bad weather hampered operations and Commandant Walker subsequently allowed his division to track down other groups of Badtjala without him. That group followed the Aboriginal people across to the east coast where they "took to the sea".{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3709051 |title=To the Editor of the Moreton Bay Courier. |newspaper=The Moreton Bay Courier |volume=VII |issue=327 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=18 September 1852 |access-date=9 September 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} The force returned to Maryborough in early January 1852 and Captain Currie received a reward of £10 for his contribution.

File:StateLibQld 1 47804 Inspector John Murray, Native Police, ca. 1866.jpg]]

The year 1852 saw further recruitment and the Native Police was expanded to eight divisions. Forty-eight new troopers were signed up, mostly from the northern inland rivers area of NSW. Lieutenant John Murray was appointed to the 4th Division, Lieutenant Blandford to the 3rd Division, and Sergeants Skelton, Pincolt and Richard A. Dempster were appointed as officers in charge of other divisions. The Traylan barracks on the Burnett River was established, near the now-abandoned site of Ceratodus, and north of present-day Eidsvold, while the other major barracks, besides Callandoon, was at Wondai Gumbal near Yuleba.

Sergeant Dempster was responsible for several large scale dispersals in 1852. The first was at Wallumbilla where an ex-trooper named Priam and a number of others were shot dead. Dempster then travelled to Ogilvie's Wachoo station near St. George and shot a large number of Aboriginal people with the aid of a man named Johnson, who was the superintendent of the property. During the dispersal, Johnson killed a white storeperson in a "friendly fire" incident. Dempster, having fallen sick, then allowed Johnson to take charge of his division and lead it to Yamboukal (modern-day Surat), where a lot of Mandandanji people, working peacefully on a pastoral station, were subsequently killed.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13002464 |title=Parliamentary Papers |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXVIII |issue=6057 |date=4 November 1857 |access-date=10 September 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} As a result, Dempster was suspended for three months. It appears that neither Johnson nor Dempster faced any legal repercussions.

Sergeant Skelton also led a number of dispersal raids across the Dawson River area and down to Ukabulla (also near Surat), during which Mandandanji leader Bussamarai was killed.{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Patrick |title=Goodbye Bussamarai |date=2002|publisher=University of Queensland Press |location=St Lucia}} Battles also occurred between John Murray's troopers and the Kabi Kabi at Widgee, and with Walker's forces and the Bigambul south of Callandoon. Native Police were also employed tracking down Chinese coolie labourers who had run away from the stations of powerful squatters such as Gordon Sandeman.

In 1853, several new sub-lieutenants were appointed, including John O'Connell Bligh, Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset, Frederick Keen, Samuel Crummer, Francis Nicoll, and Frederick Walker's brother, Robert G. Walker. The Sydney Morning Herald described the operations of Lieutenants Marshall and John Murray along the Burnett River as "taking and shooting hosts of murderers, never stopping, never tiring".{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12945702 |title=Wide Bay The Burnett District |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXIV |issue=4987 |date=11 May 1853 |access-date=10 September 2017 |page=2 (supplement) |via=National Library of Australia}}

New barracks were built at Rannes, Walla and at Swanson's Yabba station at the top of Yabba Falls. Squatters Holt and Hay pursued an overland path to the taking up of lands toward Port Curtis. Two men accompanying them were killed by Aboriginal people and, as a consequence, the 1st Division of Native Police, under Commandant Walker, was sent into the area.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article668707 |title=Sydney News. |newspaper=The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser |volume=XI |issue=934 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=15 June 1853 |access-date=10 September 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} Additionally, Lieutenant John Murray and the 3rd Division, with the troopers of Sergeant Doolan were deployed by ship to Gladstone to ensure a strong garrison at the fledgling settlement there. The surveyor sent to mark out Gladstone, Francis MacCabe, felt so unsafe that he established the camp in an area close to the coast, two miles away from any freshwater.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60147062 |title=PORT CURTIS. |newspaper=The Empire |issue=908 |location=New South Wales|date=8 December 1853 |access-date=11 September 2017 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}

As Walker's force originated in this area, native troopers from outside this region were utilised to punish Aboriginal resistance in the Murrumbidgee. For instance, in 1852, after the murder of an American worker at Deniliquin, Sergeant O'Halloran from Moulamein imported both native and White troopers from Victoria to shoot Aboriginal people as a collective punishment. His force drove a camp of people, most of them older women and children, across the Edward River, fatally wounding 2 women and a child.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article114835766 |title=(To The Editor's of the Freeman's Journal.) |newspaper=Freeman's Journal |volume=III |issue=112 |location=New South Wales|date=12 August 1852 |access-date=28 August 2017 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}

By 1853, 12 troopers of Native Police were officially stationed in the Murrumbidgee District under the command of the local Commissioner for Crown Lands.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article61327646 |title=WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7. |newspaper=The Empire |issue=830 |location=New South Wales|date=8 September 1853 |access-date=28 August 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} The need for native troopers in this region was soon deemed superfluous and the government dissolved this detachment in 1857.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28637048 |title=LOWER MURRUMBIDGEE. |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXVIII |issue=5855 |date=10 March 1857 |access-date=28 August 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}} However, the Murrumbidgee was still utilised as a recruitment area for troopers to fight in Queensland with Lieut. John Murray returning to the area as late as 1865 to enlist local Aboriginal men.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8834465 |title=New South Wales |newspaper=The Mercury |volume=X |issue=1467 |location=Tasmania|date=14 August 1865 |access-date=28 August 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} In 1864, Murray visited the region bringing with him the remaining four living troopers from Walker's first recruitment in 1848. After 15 years service, one of them was lucky enough to be reunited with his father in Echuca.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66347767 |title=COUNCIL OF CRESWICKSHIRE |newspaper=The Star |volume=IX |issue=211 |location=Ballarat, Victoria|date=3 September 1864 |access-date=28 August 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:StateLibQld 1 51460 Edric Morisset.jpg]]

In 1853, Walker reluctantly deployed the 5th Section of the Native Police under 2nd Lieutenant Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset to the Clarence River region. He thought this was a "retrograde step" because he viewed the Aboriginal problem is that area as minor.{{cite web|title=Correspondence from Frederick Walker 1853|url=http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/320568/SLQ-A2-SERIES-Reel-A2.26-Part-2-of-3-2016-12.pdf|publisher=State Library of Queensland|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824034907/http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/320568/SLQ-A2-SERIES-Reel-A2.26-Part-2-of-3-2016-12.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live}} But under pressure from powerful squatters in the area like William Forster he relented, even though the section did not have enough horses.

Morisset and his 12 troopers were stationed on the Orara River at Braunstone{{Citation | last=Medcalf |first=Rory | title=Rivers of blood : massacres of the Northern Rivers Aborigines and their resistance to the White occupation 1838–1870 | date=1993 |work=The Northern Star | location=Lismore |edition=2nd |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10870384 | access-date=25 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153804/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10870384 | archive-date=25 July 2018 | url-status=live}} {{convert|10|mi}} south of Grafton. Morisset was given warrants for the arrest of some Aboriginal people who worked as shearers at Newton Boyd. After arriving in the area on a borrowed horse, he wanted to capture them while they were working in the wool shed. When they saw they police they ran, with two being shot and three captured. That resulted in a government inquiry.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article61637931 |title=Blacks and Early Dwellers |newspaper=Clarence and Richmond Examiner |location=New South Wales|date=3 November 1914 |access-date=4 August 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}

The other significant punitive raid occurred in East Ballina, where the troopers conducted an early morning raid on Aboriginal people sleeping on the slopes near Black Head. That resulted in at least 30 or 40 deaths and many wounded. Complaints were made to the government about the massacre but no action was taken.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article234048684 |title=Seventy-Five Years on the Richmond. |newspaper=Casino and Kyogle Courier and North Coast Advertiser |volume=20 |issue=59 |location=New South Wales |date=7 October 1922 |access-date=4 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Edric Morisset later became Commandant of the Native Police based in Brisbane and was replaced on the Clarence by 2nd Lieutenant John O'Connell Bligh. A few years later, when a Clarence River squatter was asked if he thought any Aboriginal criminals were still at large, he simply replied "No, I think they are dead."{{cite web|title=1858 Report from the select committee on murders by the aborigines on the Dawson River|url=http://www.kathystavrou.net/caught-in-the-act/1858-SCRep-dawson-murders.html|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113718/http://www.kathystavrou.net/caught-in-the-act/1858-SCRep-dawson-murders.html|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live}}

The Native Police were officially withdrawn from the area in 1859. Sub-Inspector Galbraith was dismissed in 1863 for the accidental shooting death of a native girl while out "routing the blacks" near Grafton.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3164409 |title=Clarence and Richmond District |newspaper=The Courier |volume=XVIII |issue=1688 |location=Brisbane |date=11 July 1863 |access-date=4 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:Troopernativepolice.jpg

In 1854, Sub Lieutenant Dempster, who was initially stationed as a sergeant at Grafton with Morisset, was ordered to travel to the Macleay River with six troopers and set up a Native Police station near Kempsey.{{cite web|title=Correspondence from Frederick Walker 1854|url=http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/281810/SLQ-A2-SERIES-Reel-A2.30-Part-1-of-2-2016-12.pdf|publisher=State Library of Queensland|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824034910/http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/281810/SLQ-A2-SERIES-Reel-A2.30-Part-1-of-2-2016-12.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live}} Squatters in the area had recently placed official requests for a section to be garrisoned on the Macleay.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12940581 |title=To the Editors of the Sydney Morning Herald. |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXIII |issue=4806 |date=8 October 1852 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} The Native Police camp was located at the old Border Police barracks at Belgrave Flat near Belgrave Falls just west of Kempsey.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article234560076 |title=History of Macleay And Early Pioneers |newspaper=Macleay Argus |issue=9712 |location=New South Wales|date=1 September 1950 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In 1859, 2nd Lieutenant Richard Bedford Poulden (sometimes written as Poulding) was deployed to Belgrave Flat with his troopers from the Upper Dawson area in Queensland. Poulden was previously an Ensign in 56th Foot who fought in the Crimean War, and was the great-grandson of the Earl of Devon.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13517928 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |issue=13,941 |date=4 December 1882 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}} In addition to performing patrolling duties, he also came for the purpose of recruiting more troopers.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60488958 |title=KEMPSEY. |newspaper=The Empire |issue=3041 |location=New South Wales|date=4 July 1861 |access-date=4 August 2017 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}} In 1859 he conducted a raid on Aboriginal people living at Christmas Creek near Frederickton.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13029275 |title=Macleay River |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XL |issue=6610 |date=15 August 1859 |access-date=4 August 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} He captured a Dunghutti man called Doughboy who had murdered a sawyer named Dan Page.

In 1860, Poulden was called out again to capture Aboriginal criminals who had laid siege to Mrs McMaugh at Nulla Nulla Creek. Poulden and his six troopers tracked them up Five Day Creek to the ranges, where several were killed after a gunfight. An orphaned child was taken after the skirmish and delivered to local Towal Creek squatter John Warne to look after.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13040328 |title=The Macleay River Blacks |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XLI |issue=6839 |date=9 May 1860 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}} The native police involved in such raids used to strip naked and wear red headbands to distinguish them from the "wild blacks", to try to ensure that they did not shoot each other by mistake.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article112533948 |title=A Week on the Macleay. |newspaper=The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate |location=New South Wales|date=28 April 1928 |access-date=8 August 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Not long after that, at the request of prominent station manager John Vaughan McMaugh, the Belgrave Flat Native Police barracks was moved to Nulla Nulla station near Bellbrook.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article112525283 |title=Peeps into the Past. |newspaper=The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate |location=New South Wales|date=14 July 1928 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}} After some cedar cutters were hacked to death and others had their skulls smashed in during an ambush, stockmen and native police troopers went out after the murderers. Again another battle ensued and in the end there were a great number of dead and wounded Dunghutti. The creek where this occurred was named Waterloo Creek (halfway between Dyke River and Georges Creek) as a result of the carnage. Four prisoners were taken.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article112534576 |title=The Days of Yore. |newspaper=The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate |location=New South Wales|date=28 July 1928 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In 1863, Senior Constable Nugent took control of the Native Police at Nulla Nulla. In September 1864, he and his troopers were involved in a mission that ranged from Georges Creek, Lagoon Creek and then up Five Day Creek to Moy Buck Mountain. When the Aboriginal camp was discovered the Aboriginal fled in all directions.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18697266 |title=UPPER MACLEAY. |newspaper=The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser |volume=XXI |issue=2559 |location=New South Wales|date=11 October 1864 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Later in 1864, there is a record of the murderer named Blue Shirt being captured and handcuffed to the stirrup of a horse belonging to a Native Police trooper. The horse subsequently become frightened and kicked him to death. Names of some of the troopers posted to the Macleay region include Carlo, Quilt, Paddy and Dundally.

Nulla Nulla barracks appears to have closed in 1865 when Henry Sauer bought the property and turned it into a dairy farm. In 1885, 36.4 hectares of the property was gazetted as an Aboriginal Reserve.{{cite web|title=Kempsey Shire Heritage Study|url=https://www.kempsey.nsw.gov.au/pdfs/documents/docs/thematichistory.pdf|access-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309121501/http://kempsey.nsw.gov.au/pdfs/documents/docs/thematichistory.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}} In 1902 the skeletons of a woman and child with shot holes in their skulls were found on Taylors Arm Mountain in the Macleay region. It was reported as a double murder mystery.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31091465 |title=A DOUBLE MURDER MYSTERY. |newspaper=Queanbeyan Age |location=New South Wales|date=19 February 1902 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} Local Aboriginal Left-Handed Billy solved the case by stating that there was a Native Police camp at Nulla Nulla and these two people were some of its victims. Billy offered to take the authorities and show them the other places where people were shot.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233720869 |title=The Taylor's Arn Skeletons. |newspaper=Macleay Argus |issue=1920 |location=New South Wales|date=22 March 1902 |access-date=6 August 2017 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}

During the period in question, the Lower Darling district extended from near the confluence of the Murrumbidgee with the Murray, up to the Darling and north to near the confluence of the Warrego. The Albert region was the area west of the Darling River.{{cite web |title=Reuss & Browne's map of New South Wales and part of Queensland shewing the relative positions of the pastoral runs, squattages, districts, counties, towns, reserves &c. |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-230694679/view |website=Trove |language=en}} (By the late 1870s this had changed significantly). In late 1853, Stephen Cole, the Commissioner for Crown Lands for the Lower Darling district had organised six troopers for his Native Police based in Euston.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48546758 |title=NAVIGATION OF THE MURRAY. |newspaper=South Australian Register |volume=XVII |issue=2205 |date=10 October 1853 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} This force was involved in arresting European sly-grog sellers.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30940251 |title=Lower Darling |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXV |issue=5285 |date=4 May 1854 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}

At the same time, Commissioner for Crown Lands for the Albert District, G. M. Perry, had organised another six Native Police troopers based at Moorana, an administrative town that used to exist just west of Wentworth.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48548199 |title=NAVIGATION OF THE MURRAY. |newspaper=South Australian Register |volume=XVII |issue=2259 |date=12 December 1853 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

By the late 1850s, the jurisdiction of the native troopers had been transferred from the Crown Lands department to the Native Police proper, with E. M. Lockyer{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3724430 |title=New South Wales |newspaper=The Moreton Bay Courier |volume=XII |issue=590 |location=Queensland|date=1 August 1857 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} and A. T. Perry{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12996934 |title=Native Police |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXVIII |issue=5934 |date=13 June 1857 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} being appointed 2nd Lieutenants for the Lower Darling and Albert districts respectively. Perry and his troopers, while investigating the death of a White man at Baker's station, threatened and watched four Aboriginal people residing on the property into making confessions. While they were being escorted to prison, they escaped, and after refusing to surrender, one was shot dead.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28634214 |title=LOWER MURRUMBIDGEE. |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXIX |issue=6141 |date=10 February 1858 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}

The other three managed to escape but were found at Euston where two more were shot dead. Their hands were cut off and presented as proof of their demise.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28634397 |title=LOWER MURRUMBIDGEE. |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |volume=XXXIX |issue=6152 |date=23 February 1858 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Perry also dispersed a large congregation of Aboriginal people assembled at the Murray-Darling junction.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49904208 |title=Report on the Aborigines of the Murray and Lake Districts |newspaper=South Australian Register |volume=XXIII |issue=3909 |date=18 April 1859 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}} When investigating another murder of a white man near Menindie, Perry had the ring leader tied to a tree and shot dead as a method of "keeping the blacks quiet".{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55068050 |title=Gold Escort Days |newspaper=The Register |volume=XCIII |issue=26,972 |location=Adelaide |date=26 January 1928 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}} It appears that the Native Police units had been dissolved in the Lower Darling and Albert Districts by the early 1860s.

Lieutenant Perry occasionally sent several native troopers into the Upper Darling areas to accompany official expeditions into the area.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49904605 |title=Review |newspaper=South Australian Register |volume=XXIII |issue=3839 |date=26 January 1859 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} A police station was established at Tintinalogy between Menindee and Wilcannia.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49826774 |title=CAPTAIN CRAWFORD'S EXPEDITION. |newspaper=South Australian Register |volume=XXIII |issue=4109 |date=14 December 1859 |access-date=30 August 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

As late as 1868, Native Police based at Thargomindah in Queensland conducted patrols down the Paroo River as far as Fort Bourke in New South Wales. Sub-Inspector W. R. O. Hill described one of these patrols. Hill saw one of Aboriginal troopers named Vick carrying a four-year-old son of an aboriginal man who "had been deservedly shot". The boy spat in the eye of the trooper who then killed the boy by smashing his head into a tree. Although Hill flogged the trooper as punishment, as Hill stated, it showed "the savage instinct will come out in the aboriginal."{{cite book|last1=Hill|first1=W. R. O.|title=Forty-Five Years Experiences in North Queensland|date=1907|publisher=H. Pole & Co|location=Brisbane|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:216455|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430074350/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:216455|archive-date=30 April 2012|url-status=live}}

The size of the Native Police expanded further in 1854 to 10 Divisions. Commandant Walker was suspended from duty in September and the inquiry, to be held in Brisbane, was set for December. The inquiry was closed to the public and the report was kept secret for two years. Even then, only fragments of information were released. It revealed that Walker arrived at the inquiry completely drunk and surrounded by nine of his black troopers. The troopers were denied entry, and after an attempt to continue with proceedings, the inebriation of Walker forced an adjournment to the inquiry which was later quickly and conveniently abandoned altogether. An attempt by 2nd Lieut. Irving to confront Walker, resulted in the ex-Commandant drawing a sword against him.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78850513 |title=BRISBANE. |newspaper=The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser |volume=I |issue=15 |location=Queensland|date=8 January 1856 |access-date=11 September 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Eventually, Walker wandered off and was subsequently dismissed from the Native Police. He was later apprehended at Bromelton, charged with the embezzlement of £100 and sent to Sydney.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3714044 |title=Domestic Intelligence. |newspaper=The Moreton Bay Courier |volume=X |issue=503 |location=Queensland|date=29 September 1855 |access-date=11 September 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

After the dismissal of Frederick Walker, the force entered a period of poor funding and uncertainty. Many troopers either deserted or were discharged. Richard Purvis Marshall was promoted to Commandant but was soon discharged from the position after complaining of the trooper reductions. With the force in a weakened state, aboriginal resistance became more bold. In September 1855, in retaliation against two previous dispersals and for the stealing of women, Gangulu warriors attacked the Native Police barracks at Rannes, killing three troopers of R. G. Walker's division. Mt. Larcom station was also attacked around this time, resulting in the deaths of five station-hands. Multiple punitive missions were conducted by John Murray and R. G. Walker's sections after these attacks, including one which went north of the Fitzroy River. Charles Archer of Gracemere provided assistance with this dispersal by attaching his own private native troopers to the corps. This augmented party killed 14 Aboriginal people. In revenge, these Aboriginal people then attacked Elliot's new pastoral run at Nine Mile on the Fitzroy River, killing one person and wounding three including Elliot.

Charles Archer had arrived in Gracemere in August 1855 with an escort of 35 people including four Native Police troopers and four "Burnett boys". Once arrived, he obtained the protective services of a local Fitzroy River clan led by "King Harold" which Archer utilised to "restrain the outside blacks".{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71985857 |title=Rockhampton |newspaper=The Capricornian Illustrated Christmas Supplement 1882 |volume=8 |issue=52 |location=Queensland|date=30 December 1882 |access-date=6 October 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}} In July 1856, Richard E. Palmer travelled to the Fitzroy River from Gladstone, escorted by sub-Lieutenant W. D. T. Powell and his troopers, to set up the first store at Rockhampton. Powell went first to this area and constructed a Native Police barracks. This was the first habitable dwelling erected by European colonists in Rockhampton. It was on the south side of the river at the end of Albert Street.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71948250 |title=Rockhampton in the Early Days |newspaper=The Capricornian |volume=29 |issue=23 |location=Queensland|date=6 June 1903 |access-date=6 October 2017 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}

With increased attacks around that time, and reports of discharged troopers conducting armed robberies around the region,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article64566407 |title=Outrage By Discharged Native Policemen |newspaper=Portland Guardian and Normanby General Advertiser |volume=XVI |issue=1205 |location=Victoria|date=28 July 1856 |access-date=12 September 2017 |page=3 (EVENING.) |via=National Library of Australia}} squatters began to call for an immediate re-strengthening of the Native Police.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78849103 |title=The Native Police |newspaper=The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser |volume=I |issue=26 |location=Queensland|date=25 March 1856 |access-date=12 September 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} A select committee inquiry into improving the Native Police was set up and, in late 1856, the control of the Native Police was transferred from the Inspector General of Police in Sydney to John Clements Wickham, who was the Government Resident in Brisbane. New officers were appointed, such as Moorhead, Thomas Ross, Walter David Taylor Powell, Francis Allman, Evan Williams, Frederick Carr and Charles Phibbs. In May 1857, the vacant position of Commandant was filled by E. N. V. Morisset and the headquarters of the Native Police was shifted from Traylan to Cooper's Plains, just west of Maryborough. However, even with that reorganisation, strong indigenous resistance continued.

After an aboriginal ambush at Miriam Vale near Gladstone, it was determined that Curtis Island, like Fraser Island previously, was a safe haven for natives that needed to be breached. 2nd Lieutenant R. G. Walker organised a seaborne punitive expedition that included several troopers, 2nd Lieutenant W. D. T. Powell, and local squatters J. Landsborough and Ranken. The mission was a failure and, despite shooting two Aboriginal people in a canoe, Curtis Island was deemed dangerously populated.

On the Dawson River at Eurombah station 2nd Lieutenant Ross, with local squatter Boulton, carried out several punitive missions, killing at least 10 Aboriginal people. Trooper desertions continued to be a problem in the area and the containment of aboriginal resistance was problematic. A large attack on Eurombah station resulted in the deaths of six station workers. Officers Ross, Powell and E. N. V. Morisset led subsequent deadly punitive raids. Ross was suspended, due to neglect of duty for allowing the Eurombah attack to occur.

File:Nativepolicedispersal.jpg

Not long after, on 27 October 1857, a combined Aboriginal offensive on neighbouring Hornet Bank station resulted in the death of eleven settlers. This was, at the time, the largest loss of life suffering by European settlers in conflicts on the Australian frontier and with the concurrent Indian Rebellion being brutally suppressed, the military response was merciless. Officer W. D. T. Powell was the first Native Police officer to arrive and immediately tracked down and killed at least eight Aboriginal people. Multiple punitive missions conducted in the subsequent months under Powell, Carr and Moorhead killed at least 70 Aboriginal people. These shootings were blatantly indiscriminate with W. D. T. Powell reporting shooting down three unarmed Aboriginal women while they were running away.

In addition to the official government Native Police response, there were at least three other private militias formed in the Dawson River area to conduct wholesale killings of Aboriginal people. The first was the private native police formed by ex-commandant Frederick Walker. This group consisted of ten ex-Native Police troopers which conducted missions as far south as Surat.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3719472 |title=GAYNDAH. |newspaper=The Moreton Bay Courier |volume=XII |issue=630 |location=Queensland|date=6 March 1858 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} The second was the so-called "Browne's" death squad that consisted of a posse of twelve local squatters which killed around 90 Aboriginal people. The last was the group associated with William Fraser, who had most of his family killed in the Hornet Bank massacre. This group killed around 40 Aboriginal people, some of which were buried beside a lagoon on Juandah creek.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article141768262 |title=JUANDAH TO HORNET BANK |newspaper=The Australasian |volume=CXL |issue=4,541 |location=Victoria|date=18 January 1936 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=4|edition= METROPOLITAN |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:Sketch of the retaliation after the Hornet Bank Massacre, 1925.jpg

Another government inquiry in Sydney was ordered in July 1858 which concluded with the recommendation that "there is no alternative but to carry matters through with a strong hand and punish with necessary severity all future outrages".{{cite web|last1=NSW Legislative Assembly|title=1858 Report from the Select Committee on the Murders by the Aborigines on the Dawson River|url=http://www.kathystavrou.net/caught-in-the-act/1858-SCRep-dawson-murders.html|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113718/http://www.kathystavrou.net/caught-in-the-act/1858-SCRep-dawson-murders.html|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live}} New officers were appointed including Frederick Wheeler and George Poultney Malcolm Murray and in August, Commandant Edric Morisset organised a large combined force of 17 troopers under Phibbs, Carr and G. P. M. Murray with a month's rations to scour the Upper Dawson area. The explorer A. C. Gregory accompanied this force and partook in their actions. Officers Bligh and Moorhead at the same time patrolled the stations adjoining the scrubs in the region. Gwambegwine and Kinnoul near Taroom became barracks for the Native Police. Ex-Commandant Walker wrote several letters to the Attorney General admonishing the murders of innocent Aboriginal people including that of Tommy Hippi, Tahiti and the massacre of Aboriginal people at a Juandah courthouse after they were found not guilty of crime.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77431888 |title=THE NATIVE POLICE. |newspaper=The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser |volume=VI |issue=377 |location=Queensland|date=9 August 1861 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:The Way We Civilise.jpg criticising the use of Native Police in Queensland]]

The colony of Queensland separated from the colony of New South Wales, becoming a self-governing British colony in December 1859. E. N. V. Morisset, in addition to retaining his role as Commandant of the Native Police, also became the Inspector General of Police in the new colony. Under this new administration, the Native Police had even fewer checks and balances than it had previously. Morisset appointed new officers such as A. M. G. Patrick, A. F. Matveieff, J. T. Baker, as well as his own brother Rudolph S. Morisset.

The Native Police operated in Queensland was the longest-operating force of its kind in colonial Australian history and was, arguably, also the most controversial. Its mode of operation cannot by any standard be classified as "law enforcement". From the period 1859 onward to the 1890s, there are no signs that the force was engaged in anything but general punitive expeditions, commonly performed as deadly daybreak attacks on Aboriginal camps. All the indicaions are that the force generally took no prisoners at the frontier and, in the few cases on record when that did happen, the prisoners were on record as having been shot during attempts to escape.The Way We Civilize, editorials and articles authored and edited by Carl Feilberg and printed in the Brisbane Courier, and its weekly The Queenslander, between March and December 1880, and in the form of a pamphlet. See also Skinner, L.E., Police of the Pastoral Frontier. Native Police 1849–59, University of Queensland Press, 1975, p27ff, {{ISBN|0-7022-0977-5}}; Richards, Jonathan: The Secret War; Ørsted-Jensen, Robert: Frontier History Revisited and Bottoms, Timothy: Conspiracy of Silence, Allan & Unwin Sydney 2013.

Danish-born Australian journalist and Indigenous rights advocate Carl Feilberg wrote many articles and editorials in the Brisbane Courier and The Queenslander decrying the government's policies towards its Aboriginal inhabitants, in particular the use of Native Police. He ran a major campaign in the newspapers in 1880, culminating in December of that year with the publication of a pamphlet entitled The Way We Civilise: Black and White: The Native Police, which reprinted many of the pieces. Historian Henry Reynolds has played a big part in disseminating Feilberg's work in recent years.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2018/sep/21/wholesale-massacre-carl-feilberg-exposed-the-ugly-truth-of-the-australian-frontier |first=Paul |last=Daley |date=21 September 2018 | title='Wholesale massacre': Carl Feilberg exposed the ugly truth of the Australian frontier| work= The Guardian}}

File:John OConnell Bligh.jpg]]

In 1860, near Yuleba, a two-hour battle between Lieutenant Carr's Native Police and the "Dawson blacks" led by Baulie, resulted in Carr being wounded and Baulie and fifteen other Yiman being shot dead.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3719258 |title=(Untitled) |newspaper=The Moreton Bay Courier |volume=XIV |issue=845 |location=Queensland|date=27 March 1860 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} A traveller at the time described how some Aboriginal "refugees" of the upper Dawson River conflicts had encamped at Euthulla. Their wailing for their dead kept him awake at night and many had gunshot wounds, some being crippled by their injuries.

In 1860, a number of settlers sent letters requesting Lieutenant Wheeler's aid in the Broadsound region, which was suffering from Aboriginal raids. On 24 December 1860, Lieutenant Wheeler and six of his Aboriginal troopers went to John Hardies' out-station at Fassifern and shot dead three Aboriginal males.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77431642 |title=Shooting of Blacks at AT Fassifern |newspaper=The North Australian, Ipswich And General Advertiser |location=Queensland, Australia |date=19 February 1861 |access-date=7 June 2020 |page=4 |via=Trove }} The subsequent newspaper coverage pushed the Queensland Government into organising an inquiry into the Native Police.

In evidence given at the 1861 Select Committee report on the Native Police, Lieutenant Carr gave many other examples of shootings of Aboriginal people in the area.{{Citation| author1=Queensland. Parliament. Legislative Assembly. Select Committee on Native Police Force and the Condition of the Aborigines Generally.| title=Report from the Select Committee on the Native Police Force and the Condition of the Aborigines Generally together with the proceedings of the Committee and minutes of evidence | date=1861 | publisher=Fairfax and Belbridge | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52862431| access-date=17 September 2017}} Likewise, in the still "unconquered" Pine Rivers region, just north of Brisbane, Lieutenant Williams' patrol was attacked by around 300 Ningi Ningi warriors. Many of the Aborigines were shot but, of the eight troopers with Williams, one was killed and two were seriously wounded.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3717048 |title=The Moreton Bay Courier. |newspaper=The Moreton Bay Courier |volume=XII |issue=644 |location=Queensland|date=24 April 1858 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Seven "station blacks" were shot dead at Couyar by Native Police,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77427785 |title=The North Australian. Ipswich, Tuesday, June 29, 1858. |newspaper=The North Australian, Ipswich And General Advertiser |volume=III |issue=144 |location=Queensland|date=29 June 1858 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Lieut. Wheeler shot several innocent Aboriginal people at Dugandan,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77431814 |title=CORONER'S INQUEST. |newspaper=The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser |volume=VI |issue=313 |location=Queensland|date=28 December 1860 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Lieut. John Murray conducted a massacre in the Wide Bay area{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article150317383 |title=THE NATIVE POLICE. |newspaper=Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser |volume=I |issue=20 |location=Queensland|date=4 April 1861 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} and officers John O'Connell Bligh and Rudolph Morisset indiscriminately shot "station blacks" on properties around the Conondale Range.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4599246 |title=The Native Police |newspaper=The Courier |volume=XV |issue=1039 |location=Brisbane|date=4 June 1861 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In a separate incident, Bligh also chased and shot dead some Aboriginal people along the main street of Maryborough and into the river in broad daylight. Bligh was honoured with a special ceremony and a commemorative sword from the citizens of that town for his exploits.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3716916 |title=MARYBOROUGH. |newspaper=The Moreton Bay Courier |volume=XIV |issue=830 |location=Queensland|date=21 February 1860 |access-date=17 September 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}

The violence of the early 1860s culminated in the Cullin-la-ringo massacre which occurred on 17 October 1861. Aboriginal people from the Nogoa River area, near modern-day Emerald, attacked Horatio Wills' newly formed pastoral station, resulting in the deaths of nineteen white settlers. One of the survivors, cricketer and Australian rules football founder Tom Wills, blamed the incident on Jesse Gregson, a local property manager who, previous to the attack, had conducted a punitive mission against Aboriginal people in the area, with the aid of a detachment of Native Police under the command of A. M. G. Patrick. In his own diaries, Gregson reveals that he accidentally shot Patrick in the leg during this preliminary dispersal. Gregson and other squatters were involved in the punitive raids after the massacre, with Lieutenant Cave being the first Native Police officer on the scene not long after. He was soon joined by officers G. P. M. Murray, Morehead, and the Commandant John O'Connell Bligh, and together they conducted a number of shooting patrols. The Queensland Governor estimated that up to 300 Aboriginal people were indiscriminately killed in those retaliatory operations.{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Gordon |title=A Nest of Hornets |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne |pages=129–134}}

File:NativePoliceMarlowe.jpg, G. P. M. Murray and Walter Compigne with Trooper Billy]]

Elsewhere in the colony, Lieutenant Wheeler and his detachment of Native Police killed eight innocent Aboriginal people at Caboolture.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4608375 |title=The Late Massacre of Blacks at the Cabulture |newspaper=The Courier (Brisbane) |volume=XVII |issue=1453 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=4 October 1862 |access-date=24 March 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} Lieutenant John Marlow and his Native police were attacked in the Maranoa Region, resulting in the deaths of thirteen Aboriginal males.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article115763642 |title=Intercolonial |newspaper=Freeman's Journal |volume=XII |issue=787 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=30 November 1861 |access-date=10 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} In April 1861, George Elphinstone Dalrymple, the lands commissioner for the Leichhardt district, utilised two detachments of Native Police. Lieutenant Powell later conducting operations in that region.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4602926 |title=PORT DENISON. |newspaper=The Courier (Brisbane) |volume=XVI |issue=1208 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=23 December 1861 |access-date=24 March 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} The Queensland government budget for the force in 1862 was £14,541 which allowed for 17 officers, 11 NCOs, 7 cadets and 134 troopers.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4606493 |title=Legislative Assembly |newspaper=The Courier (Brisbane) |volume=XVII |issue=1368 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=27 June 1862 |access-date=24 March 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:Davidseymour.jpeg]]

In 1864, all sections of police enforcement in Queensland underwent a major restructuring. Administration of the police, including that of the paramilitary Native Police, became centralised in Brisbane under the command of the Queensland Police Commissioner. The role of Commandant of the Native Police was abolished and the title of Lieutenant was replaced with Inspector. Although those changes to the Native Police appeared to give the force a more civilian role, in reality it remained an instrument of enforcing imperial control in the colony. The new Commissioner, David Thompson Seymour, took up the position after resigning from the role of commanding officer of the British Army detachment in Queensland. Seymour recognised the importance of the Native Police in the colonisation of Aboriginal lands, and was focused on improving and expanding its capabilities.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123151728 |title=First Report of the Commissioner of Police |newspaper=Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser |volume=IV |issue=481 |date=29 June 1865 |access-date=25 March 2018 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} Seymour remained command of the Native Police for thirty years, a period during which around 20,000 Aboriginal people were killed by the force.{{cite book |last1=Orsted-Jensen |first1=Robert |title=Frontier History Revisited |date=2011 |publisher=Lux Mundi |location=Brisbane |pages=180–181}}

The mid-1860s was a period of great expansion of European colonisation into the coastal and inland areas of north-eastern Australia. All those areas were inhabited by Indigenous communities and the restructured, re-enhanced Native Police had a major role in the elimination of Aboriginal custodianship of the land. For example, in April 1864, the first surveying group to assess the future site of Townsville left Bowen with the armed protection of eight troopers under the command of Inspector John Marlow and sub-Inspector E. B. Kennedy. The unit of Native Police conducted around four dispersals on the journey, resulting in the deaths of at least 24 Aboriginal men. An unknown number of women and children were killed but it is recorded that 15 females were abducted by the troopers and taken back to the Don River barracks as "wives".{{Citation | last=Kennedy |first=E. B. (Edward B.) | title=The black police of Queensland : reminiscences of official work and personal adventures in the early days of the colony | date=1902 | publisher=J. Murray | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/5073099 | access-date=9 December 2018 }}

Inspector Marlow, who had replaced Inspector Powell at Bowen in 1863,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3162002 |title=KENNEDY DISTRICT. |newspaper=The Courier (Brisbane) |volume=XVII |issue=1585 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=12 March 1863 |access-date=9 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} continued his work of "clearing the blacks" off the land after returning from this foundation expedition to Townsville.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147934208 |title=BOWEN. |newspaper=Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser |volume=IV |issue=214 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=9 November 1864 |access-date=9 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} Earlier on in that year, Marlow had also provided a Native Police escort for the voyage of George Elphinstone Dalrymple to establish the town of Cardwell. Marlow's troopers here also "dispersed" and "rather cut up" some local Aboriginal people.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article150315942 |title=JOURNAL OF AN EXPEDITION TO BUCKINGHAM BAY. |newspaper=Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser |volume=IV |issue=179 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=21 April 1864 |access-date=10 December 2018 |page=1 (Maryborough Chronicle, SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:Dispersal.jpg

In May 1865, after leading a shooting raid on a camp of Aboriginal people at Pearl Creek, near the modern-day town of Duaringa, Inspector Cecil Hill was assassinated in a surprise revenge attack. Hill was the first Native Police officer in Australia to be killed in the Australian frontier wars. Chief Inspector George Murray sent sub-Inspector Oscar Pescher and his troopers to conduct a series of reprisal raids in the district. Pescher's detachment was later reinforced by officers Blakeney and Bailey and their 12 troopers. The combined forces effected a large massacre in the Expedition Range.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article64141945 |title=Massacre of the Blacks in Queensland |newspaper=The Empire |issue=4,308 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 August 1865 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In December 1864, an Aboriginal Native police officer, under the command of sub-Inspector Thomas Coward's unit, killed eight Aboriginal people at Belyando,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51562322 |title=Clermont |newspaper=Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser |issue=37[?] |location=Queensland, Australia |date=20 December 1864 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=1 (Supplement to the Rockhampton Bulletin) |via=National Library of Australia}} while sub-Inspector Reginald Uhr, with the support of his troopers and local pastoralists, killed a large number around Natal Downs.{{cite book |last1=Fetherstonhaugh |first1=Cuthbert |title=After Many Days |date=1917 |publisher=E. W. Cole |location=Melbourne |pages=[https://archive.org/details/aftermanydaysbei00fethiala/page/272 272]–274 |url=https://archive.org/details/aftermanydaysbei00fethiala}}

The Aboriginal Native police, under the command of Officer Rogers shot six Aborigines in self defence at Glenmore,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51567718 |title=MELBOURNE. |newspaper=Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser |issue=469 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=18 July 1865 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} sub-Inspector Aubin doing likewise near Morinish{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123612787 |title=THE BLACK POLICE. |newspaper=Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser |volume=VI |issue=801 |date=20 July 1867 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} and at Yaamba.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article169703471 |title=ROCKHAMPTON. |newspaper=Mackay Mercury And South Kennedy Advertiser |issue=[?] |location=Queensland, Australia |date=20 March 1867 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Further north, sub-Inspector Robert Arthur Johnstone was leading killings of Aboriginal groups around Mackay,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article169701076 |title=Untitled |newspaper=Mackay Mercury And South Kennedy Advertiser |issue=56 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=24 April 1867 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} and Nebo,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51569717 |title=MACKAY. |newspaper=Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser |issue=1005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=26 December 1868 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} while officers John Murray and Charles Blakeney headed sweeping destructive raids on the local people north of Cardwell.{{Citation | last=Poignant |first=Roslyn | title=Professional savages : captive lives and western spectacle | date=2004 | publisher=University of New South Wales Press | isbn=978-0-86840-743-2 }}{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51567521 |title=ROCKINGHAM BAY. |newspaper=Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser |issue=426 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=8 April 1865 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Inspector John Marlow, aided by the detachments of sub-Inspectors John Bacey Isley and Ferdinand Tompson, also continued his punitive missions around the Bowen and Proserpine areas.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20308524 |title=Bowen |newspaper=The Queenslander |volume=I |issue=23 |date=7 July 1866 |access-date=13 December 2018 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}

While in the Gulf Country of the colony, officer Wentworth D'Arcy Uhr and his troopers massacred around 60–100 native people in series of raids around Burketown.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1299073 |title=Taroom |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |volume=XXII |issue=3,337 |date=9 June 1868 |access-date=14 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Near Hughenden sub-Inspector Frederick Murray conducted several large "dispersals".{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51565721 |title=PORT DENISON. |newspaper=Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser |issue=727 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=14 March 1867 |access-date=14 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Cecil Hill's brother, W. R. O. Hill, was also a Native Police officer and, in 1867, he and his troopers were accused of killing up to ten Aboriginal people.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1288842 |title=The Native Police |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |volume=XXII |issue=3,162 |date=29 November 1867 |access-date=15 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} In the same year, Native Police under the command of Inspector Frederick Wheeler, together with a number of armed pastoralists, perpetrated a very large massacre of native people at Goulbulba Hills near Emerald.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52554410 |title=St. Helens |newspaper=Morning Bulletin |volume=LXI |issue=10,[?]47 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=4 August 1899 |access-date=15 December 2018 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:1870nativepolice.jpg

As European pastoralists moved further into the north and the west of the colony, Commissioner David Thompson Seymour expand the operations of the Native Police. Not only were the numbers of troopers and officers increased but their weaponry also became more modern. Long range, large bore Snider rifles gradually replaced the carbines and double-barreled rifles previously used. From the early 1870s, the Native Police became a more effective unit of law-enforcement, especially when considering the fact that they would sometimes come up against Aboriginal groups using more short-ranged weaponry such as spears, waddies and boomerangs.

In 1872, in the far north of the colony, sub-Inspectors Robert Arthur Johnstone and Richard Crompton undertook a sweeping search of Hinchinbrook Island and surrounding islets, in response to the alleged murder of two fishermen.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51787665 |title=Murder Near Cardwell |newspaper=Rockhampton Bulletin |issue=1502 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=9 March 1872 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:StateLibQld 2 85432 Robert Arthur Johnstone.jpg]]

Also that year, allegations that Johnstone conducted massacres along the coast north of Cardwell, during reprisal raids for the killing of the captain of a shipwrecked vessel ''Maria'", were raised in parliament by the Queensland Premier Arthur Hunter Palmer, who emphatically denied the accusation.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article27271452 |title=Legislative Assembly |newspaper=The Queenslander |volume=VII |issue=333 |date=22 June 1872 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}} Johnstone also prevented a number of Aboriginal people near the Whyandot station from helping shepherds lambing.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1293153 |title=CRUELTY TO BLACKS. |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |volume=XXVII |issue=4,638 |date=10 August 1872 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}} Johnstone and his troopers allegedly committed numerous massacres at various places along the coast following the killing of Whites at Green Island{{Citation | author1=Johnstone, Robert Arthur | author2=Johnstone-Need, J. W. (James Walter), 1906– | title=Spinifex and wattle : reminiscences of pioneering in North Queensland | date=1984 | publisher=J. W. Johnstone-Need | isbn=978-0-9590470-0-4 }} and during the 1873 North Queensland exploratory expedition led by George Elphinstone Dalrymple.{{cite web |last1=Dalrymple |first1=George Elphinstone |title=Narrative of the North East Expedition |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19112206?q=narrative+of+north+east+coast+expedition&c=book&online=true |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032058/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19112206?q=narrative+of+north+east+coast+expedition&c=book&online=true |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live}}

In the Cumberland Islands, sub-Inspector George Nowlan led his troopers in a dispersal action against the Ngaro people living on Whitsunday Island after they hijacked and burnt the Louisa Maria schooner.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213777316 |title=(From the Courier). |newspaper=The Daily Northern Argus |issue=2895 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=21 September 1878 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} The Ngaro who survived the action fled in canoes to the mainland near Mackay and were further pursued by Sergeant Graham and his troopers.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107944091 |title=Hunting up Aboriginal Desperadoes. |newspaper=Evening News |issue=3473 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 September 1878 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Further north, at Somerset on the tip of the Cape York Peninsula, officer Frank Jardine, who had previously murdered many Aboriginal people as a drover, led his troopers in massacres against the mainland Yadhaykenu people, and the Kaurareg people of the Torres Strait, after the crew of a ship were murdered by other people.{{Citation |first=Nonie |last=Sharp |title=Footprints Along the Cape York Sand Beaches |date=2000 |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Pr |isbn=978-0-85575-230-9 }}{{cite web | title=Hammond | website=Queensland Government | date=26 November 2014 | url=https://www.qld.gov.au/atsi/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-e-i/community-histories-hammond | access-date=22 February 2020}}{{cite web | title=Thursday Island (Waiben) | website=Queensland Government | date=26 November 2014 | url=https://www.qld.gov.au/atsi/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-s-t/community-histories-thursday-island | access-date=22 February 2020}} In 1875, sub-Inspector H. M. Chester even managed to lead his troops in a number of pillaging raids of native villages along the Fly River as part of Luigi D'Albertis' journey to the uncolonised southern New Guinea region.{{cite book|last1=D'Albertis|first1=Luigi|title=New Guinea: what I did and what I saw. Vol II|date=1880|publisher=Sampson Low|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/afj6862.0002.001.umich.edu/page/1 1]–40|url=https://archive.org/details/afj6862.0002.001.umich.edu}}

At that time the northern goldfields at Palmer River, Cape River, Hodgkinson River and the Normanby River opened up, causing a massive influx of prospectors and miners. Native Police camps were quickly established in those areas to unreservedly punish any Aboriginal resistance. Sub-Inspectors Alexander Douglas-Douglas, Aulaire Morisset, George Townsend, Lionel Tower, Tom Coward and Stanhope O'Connor, amongst others, conducted regular "dispersals" throughout the 1870s at the sites. In an 1876 first-hand description of one of these Native Police dispersals, Palmer River prospector Arthur Ashwin wrote:

"Just as daylight was breaking we heard volley after volley of rifles. Jack said the black trackers had got on to a mob of wild blacks. We went over the next day and found the niggers camp, they must have been a hundred strong. There were two large fires still alight where the trackers had burnt the dead bodies. We were very lucky the trackers were ahead of us and cleaned this bit of country of the blacks"{{Citation |last1=Ashwin|first1=Arthur C. (Arthur Cranbrook) | last2=Bridge |first2=Peter J. (Peter John) |title=Gold to grass : the reminiscences of Arthur C. Ashwin, 1850–1930, prospector and pastoralist |date=2002 |publisher=Hesperian Press |isbn=978-0-85905-284-9 }}

A journalist in Cooktown recalled how Douglas' troopers would make notches on the stocks of their rifles for every person they killed in the "nigger raids". One had 25 notches, of which nine were added in a week.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article169503916 |title=The Queensland Native Police |newspaper=The Telegraph |issue=2,013 |location=Brisbane |date=1 April 1879 |access-date=21 September 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} In another massacre, Stanhope O'Connor and his troopers killed about 30 Aboriginal people to the north of Cooktown at Cape Bedford.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article150420895 |title=Massacre of Blacks |newspaper=Geelong Advertiser |issue=9,875 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=10 March 1879 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} Very soon after committing this mass-killing, O'Connor and his unit were sent to Victoria to assist in the capture of the infamous bushranger Ned Kelly .{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article202423961 |title=The Kelly Gang |newspaper=Avoca Mail |issue=1,156 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=7 March 1879 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} In the late 1870s, around the Mossman River region, sub-Inspector Robert Little was regularly dispersing groups of native inhabitants.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67362971 |title=NORTHERN MAIL NEWS. |newspaper=The Capricornian |volume=5 |issue=24 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=14 June 1879 |access-date=8 January 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}

The Etheridge goldfields, in the vicinity of Georgetown, were also discovered around that time and, as in the north-east of the colony, Native Police barracks were soon constructed. In 1871, sub-Inspector Denis McCarthy and his unit shot dead 17 local Aboriginal people who had murdered Mr. Corbett near Gilberton.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article27266792 |title=Country News, by Mail. |newspaper=The Queenslander |volume=VI |issue=284 |date=15 July 1871 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}} North of Boulia, sub-Inspector Eglinton pursued a number of Aboriginal people following the killing of four drovers.{{cite web |last1=Wallis |first1=Lynley |title=How unearthing Queensland's 'native police' camps gives us a window onto colonial violence |url=http://theconversation.com/how-unearthing-queenslands-native-police-camps-gives-us-a-window-onto-colonial-violence-100814 |website=The Conversation, Australia |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120708/http://theconversation.com/how-unearthing-queenslands-native-police-camps-gives-us-a-window-onto-colonial-violence-100814 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live}}

At Bladensburg near Winton at least 100 local tribespeople were allegedly shot down by the detachment of sub-Inspector Moran.{{cite web |last1=Booth |first1=Andrea |title=What are the frontier wars? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/explainer/what-were-frontier-wars |website=NITV |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216164922/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/explainer/what-were-frontier-wars |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live}} In 1876, two detachments of Native police under the command of Sub-Inspectors William Edington Armit and Lyndon Poingdestre attacked a large number of Aboriginal people displaying "determined resistance" at Creen Creek after they had attacked a telegraph station.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224357772 |title=A Skirmish With Aborigines at Green Cree, Queensland |newspaper=The Illustrated Adelaide News |volume=II |issue=25 |location=South Australia |date=1 November 1876 |access-date=8 January 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:Alexanderddouglas.jpg]]

In the south-west of the colony, many dispersals of Aboriginal people occurred in the 1870s at the hands of the Native Police. After the killings of pastoralists Welford, Maloney and Dowling, Native Police, based at places such as Tambo and Thargomindah, went on numerous punitive expeditions, often assisted by stockmen. For example, sub-Inspector Armstrong dispersed a camp in the Cheviot Range,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article128275045 |title=Old Barces Days. |newspaper=The World's News |issue=245 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=25 August 1906 |access-date=17 December 2018 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}} sub-Inspector Gilmour did likewise near the future towns of Betoota{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129318113 |title=The Story of John Conrick, Pioneer |newspaper=The News |volume=I |issue=116 |location=Adelaide |date=5 December 1923 |access-date=17 December 2018 |page=11|edition=HOME |via=National Library of Australia}} and Birdsville.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129819078 |title=The Story of John Conrick, Pioneer |newspaper=The News |volume=I |issue=12 |location=Adelaide |date=6 August 1923 |access-date=17 December 2018 |page=10|edition=Home |via=National Library of Australia}} Sub-Inspectors Gough and Kaye led a lengthy mission of dispersals from Bluff Station near Birdsville north to Glengyle Station.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article883742 |title=Native Police Duty in the North. |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |volume=XXXIII |issue=3,747 |date=22 May 1879 |access-date=17 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} Other officers such as Cheeke, Dunne and Stafford led further missions throughout this decade.

In 1876, two officers in the force were charged with murder. In the first case, Sub-Inspector John Carroll, stationed at Aramac, shot one of his troopers dead and flogged another after he thought one of the tropers had attempted to poison them. He was also charged with chaining up an Aboriginal woman by her legs continuously for a month. The murder charge was dismissed due to lack of evidence.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19769323 |title=Serious Changes against an ex-Native Police Officer. |newspaper=The Queenslander |volume=XI |issue=60 |date=7 October 1876 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=32 |via=National Library of Australia}} In the second case, Inspector Frederick Wheeler was charged after a prolonged and brutal flogging at the Belyando barracks led to the death of an Aboriginal man from peritonitis.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article218322878 |title=Charge of Murder against Inspector Wheeler, of the Native Police. |newspaper=Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser |issue=1104 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=29 April 1876 |access-date=16 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Public incidents such as those forced the government into a commission of enquiry in regards to ameliorating the condition of Aboriginal people. After some initial research, the commission requested a grant of £1600 from parliament to implement reserves for the Indigenous population. Parliament quickly denied the funds and in 1878 the commission was wound up.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article890525 |title=The Aboriginal Commission |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |volume=XXXIV |issue=4,072 |date=9 June 1880 |access-date=17 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:Skirmish near Creen Creek.jpg

The Native Mounted Police expanded in the early 1880s. By 1882, Commissioner Seymour had 184 officers and troopers in this force at his disposal.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article218312474 |title=The Police Department. |newspaper=Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser |issue=3081 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=6 October 1883 |access-date=18 December 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In 1881, there were reports of some notable incidents of murder. In February, sub-Inspector George Dyas was speared and clubbed to death by Aboriginal people near the isolated town of Croydon.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160141236 |title=Queensland |newspaper=Adelaide Observer |volume=XXXVIII |issue=2054 |date=12 February 1881 |access-date=18 December 2018 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article920787 |title=Cloncurry. |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |volume=XXXVI |issue=7,345 |date=27 July 1881 |access-date=18 December 2018 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}} Sub-Inspector Kaye was speared through the heart and killed in a desperate defensive action by an Aboriginal man.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article918269 |title=The Murder of Sub-inspector Kaye. |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |volume=XXXVI |issue=7,417 |date=19 October 1881 |access-date=18 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Many Indigenous people were killed following the incident.{{cite web |last1=Wallis |first1=Lynley |title=Woolgar Massacre |url=https://wallisheritageconsulting.com.au/the-woolgar-massacre/ |website=Wallis Heritage Consulting |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218210540/https://wallisheritageconsulting.com.au/the-woolgar-massacre/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}} Some fled the shootings by going to another town in Gilberton and sought protection with the police there.{{Citation | author1=Hillier, Alan J | title=The native police under scrutiny | date=1994-01-01 | publisher=Royal Historical Society of Queensland | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/38258960 | access-date=18 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193442/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/38258960 | archive-date=18 December 2018 | url-status=live}}

Later that same year Mary Watson, the wife of a beche-de-mer fisherman at Lizard Island was attacked by local Aboriginal people. A Chinese workman named Ah Leong was killed and Mary, her baby and another workman named Ah Sam escaped in a large iron boiling pot which was quickly improvised into a makeshift raft. It was assumed that the three were later killed by Aboriginal people from the McIvor River to the north of Cooktown.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article138073069 |title=THE LIZARD ISLAND MASSACRE. |newspaper=The Australasian |volume=XXXI |issue=816 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=19 November 1881 |access-date=18 December 2018 |page=24 |via=National Library of Australia}} Sub-Inspector Hervey Fitzgerald led a series of reprisal raids in which "tenfold vengeance has been exacted".{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28383519 |title=THE LIZARD ISLAND TRAGEDY. |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |issue=13,641 |date=19 December 1881 |access-date=18 December 2018 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}} It was later discovered that Mrs Watson, her baby and Ah Sam had drifted onto a nearby island and died of thirst.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3151980 |title=The Lizard Island Tragedy. |newspaper=Northern Territory Times and Gazette |volume=VII |issue=437 |location=Northern Territory, Australia |date=25 February 1882 |access-date=18 December 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In January 1883, near the mining township of Cloncurry, the local Kalkadoon and Maithakari people attacked a Native Police camp, which resulted in the death of a Native Police officer. Sub-Inspector Marcus Beresford was also beaten to death and several of his troopers wounded.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19790476 |title=The Murder of Mr. Beresford. |newspaper=The Queenslander |volume=XXIII |issue=393 |date=7 April 1883 |access-date=30 December 2018 |page=548 |via=National Library of Australia}} A massacre perpetrated by the Native Police were afterwards conducted,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article217878542 |title=Wholesale Massacre of Blacks |newspaper=Glen Innes Examiner and General Advertiser |volume=XII |issue=611 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=9 September 1884 |access-date=25 November 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} but in the following year the Kalkadoon were still able to kill the well-known pastoralist James Powell at Calton Hills. In response, sub-Inspector Frederic Urquhart, his troopers tracked down a group of around 150 Kalkadoon.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67862994 |title=MR. POWELL'S MURDER. |newspaper=The Capricornian |volume=10 |issue=43 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=25 October 1884 |access-date=30 December 2018 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}} This dispersal came to be known as the Conflict of Battle Mountain. Urquhart and his troopers stayed in the area on patrol for a further nine weeks, killing more Aboriginal people.{{Citation |last=Fysh |first=Hudson (Sir) |title=Taming the north |date=1950 |publisher=Angus and Robertson | edition= Rev. and enl. | isbn=978-0-207-12112-8 }}

The Irvinebank massacre of October 1884 is widely regarded as the turning point in the history of the Native Police, after which a gradual reduction in the force began. Sub-Inspector William Nichols, who was involved in the earlier Woolgar killings, was stationed with his troopers at the Nigger Creek barracks. He led a patrol to Irvinebank which resulted in two Aboriginal males being captured and shot dead, followed by the slaughter of an old man, two women and child.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3436110 |title=ALLEGED SLAUGHTER OF ABORIGINES. |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |volume=XXXIX |issue=8,377 |date=14 November 1884 |access-date=30 December 2018 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}} The government of Samuel Griffith pursued murder charges against Nichols and his troopers. While the seven troopers were kept in prison on remand for some time, the charges against Nichols were quickly thrown out due to a lack of evidence.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19796331 |title=The Irvinebank Murders. |newspaper=The Queenslander |volume=XXVII |issue=489 |date=7 February 1885 |access-date=30 December 2018 |page=227 |via=National Library of Australia}} Nichols was dismissed from the force, and some detachments of Native Police were disbanded and replaced with normal police units. The operations of the Native Police, however, still continued relatively unabated for the rest of the 1880s with the force receiving more modern weaponry in the form of Martini-Henry rifles in 1884.

File:Frederic Urquhart.png]]

Examples of the further conflict include reports by sub-Inspector James Lamond, based at the Carl Creek barracks near the Lawn Hill run of Frank Hann, that the Native police shot "over 100 blacks" from 1883 to 1885 on that pastoral lease alone. Frank Hann, his property manager Jack Watson and Frank Shadforth on the neighbouring Lilydale station also shot large numbers of Aboriginal people in this region themselves.{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Tony |title=Frontier Justice |date=2005 |publisher=UQP |location=St Lucia |isbn=0702233617}} A visitor to Lawn Hill described how Jack Watson had 40 pairs of ears taken from Aboriginal people shot in reprisals and nailed them to the walls of his residence.{{Citation | author1=Creaghe, Emily Caroline | author2=Monteath, Peter, 1961- | title=The diary of Emily Caroline Creaghe : explorer | date=2004 | publisher=Corkwood Press | isbn=978-1-876247-14-0}} Hann himself was wounded in a violent encounter on Lawn Hill station with the Aboriginal outlaw, Joe Flick. In this shoot-out, Flick killed Native Police sub-Inspector Alfred Wavell before dying of wounds himself.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65785778 |title=JOE FLICK AT BAY. |newspaper=The Capricornian |volume=15 |issue=45 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=9 November 1889 |access-date=7 January 2019 |page=27 |via=National Library of Australia}} Near the Batavia River in the extreme far north, sub-Inspector Frederic Urquhart dispersed a large number of Aboriginal people following the killing of pastoralist Edmund Watson,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52278678 |title=QUEENSLAND NEWS. |newspaper=Morning Bulletin |volume=XLII |issue=8039 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=20 May 1889 |access-date=6 January 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}} with Urquhart being speared in the leg during this operation.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52280995 |title=NORTHERN MAIL NEWS |newspaper=Morning Bulletin |volume=XLII |issue=8089 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=19 July 1889 |access-date=6 January 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}} In the rainforest areas of far north eastern coast, the dispersals also continued. Naturalist Robert Grant observed a number of massacres by the Native Police during his scientific expedition to the Atherton Tableland region in the late 1880s. He obtained two Aboriginal children after one of these massacres, one of which was a boy who he took back to New South Wales and raised in Scottish tradition. This boy became Douglas Grant, the notable Aboriginal who fought for the British Empire in World War I.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article234991756 |title=THE END of a HUMAN EXPERIMENT |newspaper=Smith's Weekly |volume=XIII |issue=17 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=6 June 1931 |access-date=6 January 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}

By 1890, atrocities by the Native Police were coming under increased scrutiny from members of the public and the press. A. J. Vogan's novel 'Black Police', published in that year, was closely based on incidents that Vogan said he saw or investigated in 1888–1889. The book included stories of massacres committed by the Queensland Native Police in close cooperation with settlers antagonistic to the presence of Aboriginal people on or near their runs.{{Citation | author1=Vogan, A. J. (Arthur James) | author2=Vogan, A. J. (Arthur James), 1859–1948. Slave map of modern Australia | title=The black police : a story of modern Australia | date=1890 | publisher=Hutchinson | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18586476 | access-date=6 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055230/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18586476 | archive-date=6 January 2019 | url-status=live}} Continued newspaper focus on incidents, an increasingly influential social criticism, and the shifting of the colonial frontier into the Northern Territory and British New Guinea eventually had some effect on changing the Queensland government's policy of "dispersal".

File:StateLibQld 1 115804 William Parry-Okeden dressed in his military uniform, ca. 1870.jpg]]

In 1889, two police officials in the Herberton area, Charles Hansen and Andrew Zillman, experimented with allocating rations to displaced Aboriginal people instead of shooting them. They found that the trial was a success with an almost complete reduction in the spearing of cattle and settler casualties. Leading officials of the Queensland government, in particular the Colonial Secretary Horace Tozer, opted to expand the funding of the rationing experiment. As a result, the Native Police budget was dramatically reduced with only 45 troopers and a handful of officers being employed in 1895. 1895 also saw David Thompson Seymour, the long serving Queensland Police Commissioner who commanded the exterminating operations of the Native Police for thirty years, replaced with the more moderate William Parry-Okeden. Also in that year, Tozer commissioned Archibald Meston to conduct a thorough research report into the condition of Aboriginal people in the colony. Meston recommended the often discussed proposal of segregating Aboriginal people from White society and forcibly detaining them on isolated reserves. This report was largely accepted by the government and led to the passing of the Aboriginal Protection Act of 1897. For most Aboriginal people in the colony of Queensland, this meant that they faced a reduced likelihood of being shot but also had almost all aspects of their lives controlled by the government. Even though Meston recommended the immediate disbanding of the Native Police, this aspect was rejected with Native Police units continuing to operate out of a number of barracks on the Cape York Peninsula and in the Gulf Country.

File:Nativepolicemusgrave.jpg barracks around 1898]]

Many Native Police troops in this period were decommissioned or redeployed as unarmed trackers to work with regular police. Also, a considerable number of mission stations were utilised to assist in providing food for local Aboriginal populations.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article81618603 |title=HOW THE BLACKS ARE FED. |newspaper=The North Queensland Register |volume=VII |issue=38 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 October 1897 |access-date=18 January 2019 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In 1893, a very large group consisting of 20 Native Police troopers led by sub-Inspector Charles Savage, together were sent to investigate the murders of Charles Bruce and Captain Rowe near the Ducie River in the far north. Aboriginal people in this area had murdered at least eight men. When the Native police encountered about 300 attacking Aboriginal people, a sharp engagement occurred, killing five troopers.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123349856 |title=Outrage by Blacks. |newspaper=Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser |volume=XXXV |issue=5064 |date=16 December 1893 |access-date=18 January 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} In 1894, the Aboriginal head man responsible for the murder of Bill Baird was captured.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article173165893 |title=Murder of Prospectors. |newspaper=The Telegraph |issue=6757 |location=Brisbane |date=13 June 1894 |access-date=18 January 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} After the murder of Donald MacKenzie at Lakefield station in 1896, the Native Police found many of the local tribe dead from arsenic poisoning when they mistook the poison for baking powder.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123363905 |title=The Murder of Donald Mackenzie. |newspaper=Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser |volume=XXXVI |issue=5446 |date=4 June 1896 |access-date=18 January 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}

File:Oscarnativepolice.jpg

Toward the border with the Northern Territory in the Gulf Country, the last operational barracks in this region was at Turn Off Lagoon near to where the modern-day community of Doomadgee is now located. In 1896 after the murder of Cresswell Downs manager, Thomas Perry, this unit shot a large number of Aboriginal people in that region. Indiscriminate dispersals also followed the spearing of Harry Shadforth at Wollogorang Station in 1897. Constables Richard Alford and Timothy Lyne were in charge of these troopers at this time. An Aboriginal boy named Oscar who was kidnapped from the Cooktown area by Native Police and brought to work at Rocklands station near Camooweal, made some unique recordings of the operations of the Native Police based at Turn Off Lagoon. From 1895 to 1899, Oscar produced a number of drawings depicting Native Police troopers shooting tribal Aboriginal people either as they were running away or as they were tied to trees.

File:Turnofflagoonnp1.png

While travelling near the Wenlock River, Reverend Gilbert White and anthropologist Walter Roth were shown the remains of four local Aboriginal men shot dead by Native Police in a surprise attack.{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Gilbert |title=Thirty Years in Tropical Australia |date=1918 |publisher=Angus and Robertson |location=Sydney |url=https://archive.org/stream/thirtyyearsintr00whitgoog?ref=ol#page/n132/mode/2up}} Reports reached Commissioner William Parry-Okeden and a large investigation ensued. The officer in charge, constable John Hoole was acquitted of any wrongdoing but was transferred and soon after forced into retirement.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article173552114 |title=Aboriginals Shot. |newspaper=The Telegraph |issue=9,317 |location=Brisbane |date=30 September 1902 |access-date=19 January 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}

By 1909, the only functional Native Police barracks remaining was at Coen but this was manned by only several veteran troopers. This barracks finally closed in 1929.{{Citation | author1=Richards, Jonathan | title="A Question of Necessity" : The Native Police in Queensland | date=2005 | publisher=Griffith University | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/160238164 | access-date=19 January 2019 }} Native police still officially had a role in Queensland until at least the 1960s with unarmed troopers being assigned to maintain control in Aboriginal isolation and detention facilities such as the Palm Island facility. Eddie Mabo gave a description of these native police on his visit to Palm Island in 1957.{{Citation | author1=Loos, Noel | author2=Mabo, Edward, 1936–1992 | title=Edward Koiki Mabo : his life and struggle for land rights | date=1996 | publisher=University of Queensland Press | isbn=978-0-7022-2905-3 }}

Commissioner Alexander Tolmer formed the South Australian Native Police Force in 1852 at the specific direction of the South Australian Government. Later that year a newspaper reported, "A dozen powerful natives, chiefly of the Moorundee tribe [from Blanchetown, South Australia district on the River Murray], have been selected to be sent to the Port Lincoln district to act as Mounted Police."{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38464092 |title=THE FIRE IN GRENFELL-STREET. |newspaper=South Australian Register |date=2 December 1852 |access-date=23 February 2020 |page=3 |via=Trove }} The little corps, under the command of Mounted Police Corporal John Cusack (1809–1887), sailed for Port Lincoln on the government schooner Yatala on 29 December 1852, for service on Eyre Peninsula. It was confidently expected they would be usefully employed in protection of the settlers in that district.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38457970 |title=Native Police |newspaper=South Australian Register |date=30 December 1852 |access-date=23 February 2020 |page=2 |via=Trove }}

The Native Police were soon extended, the strength in 1856 being: Murray District (based at Moorundee and Wellington): 2 inspectors, 2 corporals, 13 constables, 16 horses; Venus Bay: 1 sergeant, 1 corporal, 7 constables, 8 horses; and at Port Augusta: 3 constables and 2 horses. The six officers were all European, while the twenty-three constables were all Aboriginal, all being issued with standard police arms and uniforms.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49749377 |title=NO. 5.— STRENGTH OF THE NATIVE POLICE FORCE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ON THE 31ST DECEMBER. 1855. |newspaper=South Australian Register |date=2 February 1856 |access-date=23 February 2020 |page=3 |via=Trove }}

Both Aboriginal and European offenders were brought to justice by these men, but on the Eyre Peninsula the Aboriginal people were largely ineffectual as they were in unfamiliar territory, while on the Murray the majority of the troopers abandoned the force to work on nearby farms and did not return.Clyne, R. E., Colonial Blue, p120-121. The force appears to have had a limited role in frontier conflict as much of the violence during the period of colonisation had already subsided in the regions in which they were stationed.{{Citation | author1=Foster, Robert | author2=Nettelbeck, Amanda | title=Out of the silence : the history and memory of South Australia's frontier wars | date=2012 | publisher=Wakefield Press | isbn=978-1-74305-039-2 }}

In 1857 it was abolished as a distinct corps, although a few Aboriginal constables continued to be employed from time to time at certain remote police stations. Also, Aboriginal trackers were employed as needed, but were not sworn police constables. In 1884 a native police scheme was revived by the South Australia Police in Central Australia (see Northern Territory, below), and the operations of this force were similar to the notorious Queensland and New South Wales corps.

In 1884, the South Australian Police Commissioner, William John Peterswald established a Native Police Force. Six Aboriginal men were recruited in November 1884. Aged between 17 and 26 years of age, they came from Alice Springs, Charlotte Waters, Undoolya and Macumba.

The Native Police became notorious for their violent activities, especially under the command of Constable William Willshire. In 1891, two Aboriginal men were 'shot whilst attempting to escape'. The deaths were noticed and the South Australian Register called for an Enquiry to establish whether or not police had been justified in killing the two Aboriginal men.

Eventually, F. J. Gillen, Telegraph Stationmaster and Justice of the Peace at Alice Springs, received instructions from the Government to investigate the matter and report to the Attorney-General. Gillen found Willshire responsible for ordering the killings. At the conclusion of Gillen's investigation, Willshire was suspended, arrested and charged with murder. He became the first Northern Territory police officer charged with this offence. He was subsequently acquitted.Refer to Wilson, W. R. A Force Apart, PhD Thesis, NT University 2000 and The Establishment of, and Operations by The Northern Territory Native Police 1884–1891, Journal of NT History, No 7, 1996

Australian and British forces took command of Nauru from German control in late 1914. The Germans had set up their own Native Police force on the island with the troopers being from New Guinea. These quickly changed allegiance to the British and were utilised maintaining order over the Kanaka and Chinese coolie labourers mining the guano deposits.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15540246 |title=NAURU. |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=21 January 1915 |access-date=17 February 2020 |page=8 |via=Trove }} By the 1920s the troopers were mostly from Tuvalu and the Gilbert Islands with some local men and Māori from New Zealand also being employed. In 1930, the Native Police subdued a riot amongst the Chinese workers which saw one trooper killed and 18 labourers injured.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21567116 |title=NAURU RIOT. |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |date=10 May 1930 |access-date=17 February 2020 |page=10 |via=Trove }} During World War II many troopers remained loyal to the British and conducted espionage operations while Nauru was under Japanese control. After the war, the island and its Native Police returned to being under Anglo-Australian administration.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78776564 |title=Two Heroes of Nauru |newspaper=The Daily News |location=Western Australia |date=22 September 1945 |access-date=17 February 2020 |page=11|edition=HOME |via=Trove }}

In 1948, Chinese guano mining workers went on strike over pay and conditions. The Administrator for Nauru, Eddie Ward, imposed a state of emergency with the Native Police and armed volunteers of locals and Australian officials being mobilised. This force, using sub-machine guns and other firearms, opened fire on the Chinese workers killing two and wounding sixteen. Around 50 of the workers were arrested and two of these were bayoneted to death while in custody. The Native Police trooper who bayoneted the prisoners was charged but later acquitted on grounds that the wounds were "accidentally received."{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63066635 |title=NAURU RIOT |newspaper=Townsville Daily Bulletin |location=Queensland, Australia |date=2 July 1949 |access-date=17 February 2020 |page=1 |via=Trove }}{{Citation| title=Chinese Lose Nauru and Manus Cases| journal=Pacific Islands Monthly| year=1949| volume=XIX| issue=6 ( 1 Jan. 1949)| location=Sydney| publisher=Pacific Publications| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-330063007| id=nla.obj-330063007| access-date=17 February 2020| via=Trove}} The governments of the Soviet Union and China made official complaints against Australia at the United Nations over this incident.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49714695 |title=Nauru, New Guinea |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |location=Brisbane |date=5 October 1949 |access-date=17 February 2020 |page=4 |via=Trove }} The Native Police was eventually replaced with a civilian police force once Nauru became self-governing in 1966.

• Aboriginal tracker
• First Nations Police (Ontario)
• History of Victoria
• History of Queensland
• List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
• United States Indian Police
• Victorian gold rush
• White Woman of Gippsland

{{Reflist}}

On the Native Police Corps of Victoria (1842–1853)

• Canon, Michael: BLACK LAND, WHITE LAND, Port Melbourne 1993, 290 pages
• Fels, Marie Hansen: GOOD MEN AND TRUE: THE ABORIGINAL POLICE OF THE PORT PHILLIP DISTRICT 1837–1853, Melbourne 1988, 308 pages.

On the Native Police in South Australia (Northern Territory) (1884–1891)

• Amanda Nettelbeck & Robert Foster: IN THE NAME OF THE LAW: William Willshire and the policing of the Australian Frontier, Kent Town SA 2007, 227 pages, illustrated {{ISBN|978-1-86254-748-3}}
• Robert Foster & Amanda Nettelbeck: OUT OF THE SILENCE: The history and memory of South Australia's frontier wars, Kent Town SA 2012, 233 pages.

On Queensland's Native Police Force (1848–1897):

• Bottoms, Timothy: CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE: Queensland's frontier killing times, Allan & Unwin Sydney 2013, 258 pages, ill.
• Evans, Raymond in Evans, Saunders, & Cronin: RACE RELATIONS IN COLONIAL QUEENSLAND: A HISTORY OF EXCLUSION, EXPLOITATION AND EXTERMINATION, third edition Brisbane 1993 (first edition publ. Sydney, 1975), 456 pages, ill.
• Evans, Raymond: ACROSS THE QUEENSLAND FRONTIER In Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience, eds Bain Attwood and S. G. Foster. National Museum of Australia, Canberra, 2003, pp. 63–75 'Frontier Conflict' Dec. 2001 14 pages.
• Evans, Raymond: THE COUNTRY HAS ANOTHER PAST: QUEENSLAND AND THE HISTORY WARS, chapter in 'Passionate Histories: Myth, memory and Indigenous Australia' Aboriginal History Monograph 21, September 2010. Edited by Frances Peters-Little, Ann Curthoys and John Docker.
• Feilberg, Carl: THE WAY WE CIVILISE (pamphlet, see external links below)
• Ørsted-Jensen, Robert: FRONTIER HISTORY REVISITED – QUEENSLAND AND THE 'HISTORY WAR', Brisbane. {{ISBN|9781466386822}}
• Richards, Jonathan: THE SECRET WAR. A TRUE HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND'S NATIVE POLICE, St Lucia Queensland 2008, 308 pages
• Roberts, Tony: FRONTIER JUSTICE. A History of the Gulf Country to 1900, St Lucia 2005, 316 pages.
• Rosser, Bill: UP RODE THE TROOPERS: The Black Police in Queensland, St Lucia 1990, 211 pages.
• Skinner, Leslie Edward: POLICE OF THE PASTORAL FRONTIER – NATIVE POLICE, 1849–1859, Brisbane, St Lucia, 1975, 455 pages.
• Vogan, Arthur James: THE BLACK POLICE: A STORY OF MODERN AUSTRALIA, London, Hutchinson & Co., 1890, 392 pages.
• Wright, Judith Arundell: THE CRY FOR THE DEAD, Melbourne 1981, 303 pages.

Fictional depiction

• Howarth, Paul: ONLY KILLERS AND THIEVES, London,2008, {{ISBN|978-1-91159-003-3}}

• [http://users.netconnect.com.au/~ianmac/aborigin.html Defending Victoria – Aboriginal People in the Victorian Colonial Forces]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061229151542/http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/nativepolice/home.html Tracking the Native Police], an online exhibition of images and transcripts of documents at Public Record Office Victoria.
• [http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2280447?lookfor=title:(The%20way%20we%20civilise)%20{pi:nla.*%20AND%20-pi:nla.arc*}&offset=1&max=64395) The Way We Civilise] A series of articles and letters Reprinted from the 'Queenslander' (Brisbane, December 1880)

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